U.S. patent application number 11/234586 was filed with the patent office on 2006-04-20 for treating prostate cancer with anti-erbb2 antibodies.
Invention is credited to Mark X. Sliwkowski.
Application Number | 20060083739 11/234586 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22495163 |
Filed Date | 2006-04-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060083739 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sliwkowski; Mark X. |
April 20, 2006 |
Treating prostate cancer with anti-ErbB2 antibodies
Abstract
The present application discloses treatment of prostate cancer
with anti-ErbB2 antibodies.
Inventors: |
Sliwkowski; Mark X.; (San
Carlos, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HELLER EHRMAN LLP
275 MIDDLEFIELD ROAD
MENLO PARK
CA
94025-3506
US
|
Family ID: |
22495163 |
Appl. No.: |
11/234586 |
Filed: |
September 23, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09602800 |
Jun 23, 2000 |
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11234586 |
Sep 23, 2005 |
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60141315 |
Jun 25, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/144.1 ;
514/449 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 39/39558 20130101;
A61K 2039/505 20130101; C07K 2317/565 20130101; A61P 31/00
20180101; A61K 39/39558 20130101; A61K 39/39558 20130101; C07K
2317/73 20130101; A61K 39/39558 20130101; A61K 47/6809 20170801;
C07K 2317/76 20130101; C07K 2317/24 20130101; C07K 16/32 20130101;
C07K 2317/55 20130101; A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101;
A61K 31/365 20130101; A61K 31/335 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/144.1 ;
514/449 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/395 20060101
A61K039/395; A61K 31/337 20060101 A61K031/337 |
Claims
1. A method of treating prostate cancer in a human comprising
administering to the human therapeutically effective amounts of a
chemotherapeutic agent and of an antibody which binds ErbB2, blocks
ligand activation of an ErbB receptor more effectively than
humanized monoclonal antibody huMAb4D5-8, and blocks by 50% or
greater binding of monoclonal antibody 2C4 (ATCC HB12697) to
ErbB2.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the prostate cancer is androgen
independent.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the antibody blocks TGF-.alpha.
activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the antibody blocks formation of
an ErbB hetero-oligomer.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the antibody comprises monoclonal
antibody 2C4 (ATCC HB12697) or a humanized form thereof that binds
to the same epitope as the monoclonal antibody 2C4 (ATCC
HB12697).
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the antibody is an antibody
fragment.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the antibody fragment is a Fab
fragment.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the antibody is not conjugated
with a cytotoxic agent.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the antibody fragment is not
conjugated with a cytotoxic agent.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is a
taxane
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or
docetaxel.
12. A method of treating prostate cancer in a human comprising
administering to the human therapeutically effective amounts of a
chemotherapeutic agent and of an antibody which binds ErbB2, blocks
ligand activation of an ErbB receptor, blocks by 50% or greater
binding of monoclonal antibody 2C4 (ATCC HB12697) to ErbB2, and
blocks TGF-.alpha. activation of mitogen activated protein kinase
(MAPK).
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the prostate cancer is androgen
independent.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the antibody comprises
monoclonal antibody 2C4 (ATCC HB12697) or a humanized form thereof
that binds to the same epitope as the monoclonal antibody 2C4 (ATCC
HB12697).
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the antibody is an antibody
fragment.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the antibody fragment is a Fab
fragment.
17. The method of claim 12 wherein the antibody fragment is not
conjugated with a cytotoxic agent.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the antibody fragment is not
conjugated with a cytotoxic agent.
19. The method of claim 12 wherein the cytotoxic agent is a
taxane.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or
docetaxel.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional application of
non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/602,800 filed on Jun. 23,
2000, claiming priority under 37 CFR 1.119(e) to provisional
application number 60/141,315, filed Jun. 25, 1999, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention concerns the treatment of prostate
cancer with anti-ErbB2 antibodies.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases are important
mediators of cell growth, differentiation and survival. The
receptor family includes four distinct members including epidermal
growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2 or
p185.sup.neu), HER3 (ErbB3) and HER4 (ErbB4 or tyro2).
[0004] EGFR, encoded by the erbB1 gene, has been causally
implicated in human malignancy. In particular, increased expression
of EGFR has been observed in breast, bladder, lung, head, neck and
stomach cancer as well as glioblastomas. Increased EGFR receptor
expression is often associated with increased production of the
EGFR ligand, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.), by the
same tumor cells resulting in receptor activation by an autocrine
stimulatory pathway. Baselga and Mendelsohn Pharmac. Ther.
64:127-154 (1994). Monoclonal antibodies directed against the EGFR
or its ligands, TGF-.alpha. and EGF, have been evaluated as
therapeutic agents in the treatment of such malignancies. See,
e.g., Baselga and Mendelsohn., supra; Masui et al. Cancer Research
44:1002-1007 (1984); and Wu et al. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1897-1905
(1995).
[0005] The second member of the ErbB family, p185.sup.neu, was
originally identified as the product of the transforming gene from
neuroblastomas of chemically treated rats. The activated form of
the neu proto-oncogene results from a point mutation (valine to
glutamic acid) in the transmembrane region of the encoded protein.
Amplification of the human homolog of neu is observed in breast and
ovarian cancers and correlates with a poor prognosis (Slamon et
al., Science, 235:177-82 (1997); Slamon et al., Science,
244:707-712 (1989); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,603). To date, no point
mutation analogous to that in the neu proto-oncogene has been
reported for human tumors. Overexpression of ErbB (frequently but
not uniformly due to gene amplification) has also been observed in
other carcinomas including carcinomas of the stomach, endometrium,
salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreas and bladder.
See, among others, King et al., Science, 229:974 (1985); Yokota et
al., Lancet, 1:765-767 (1986); Fukushige et al., Mol. Cell Biol.,
6:955-958 (1986); Guerin et al., Oncogene Res., 3:21-31 (1988);
Cohen et al., Oncogene, 4:81-88 (1989); Yonemura et al., Cancer
Res., 51:1034 (1991); Borst et al., Gynecol. Oncol., 38:364 (1990);
Weiner et al., Cancer Res., 50:421-425 (1990); Kern et al., Cancer
Res., 50:5184 (1990); Park et al., Cancer Res., 49:6605 (1989);
Zhau et al., Mol. Carcinog., 3:254-257 (1990); Aasland et al., Br.
J. Cancer, 57:358-363 (1988); Williams et al., Pathiobiology
59:46-52 (1991); and McCann et al., Cancer, 65:88-92 (1990). ErbB
may be overexpressed in prostate cancer (Gu et al., Cancer Lett.,
99:185-189 (1996); Ross et al., Hum. Pathol., 28:827-833 (1997);
Ross et al., Cancer, 79:2162-2170 (1997); and Sadasivan et al., J.
Urol., 150:126-131 (1993)). Antibodies directed against the rat
p185neu and human ErbB protein products have been described. Drebin
and his colleagues have raised antibodies against the rat neu gene
product, p185.sup.neu. See, for example, Drebin et al., Cell,
41:695-706 (1985); Myers et al., Meth. Enzym., 1-98:277-290 (1991);
and WO94/22478. Drebin et al., Oncogene, 2:273-277 (1988) report
that mixtures of antibodies reactive with two distinct regions of
p185.sup.neu result in synergistic anti-tumor effects on
neu-transformed NIH-3T3 cells implanted into nude mice. See also
U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,311, issued Oct. 20, 1988.
[0006] Hudziak et al, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9(3): 1165-1172 (1989)
describe the generation of a panel of anti-ErbB2 antibodies which
were characterized using the human breast tumor cell line SKBR3.
Relative cell proliferation of the SKBR3 cells following exposure
to the antibodies was determined by crystal violet staining of the
monolayers after 72 hours. Using this assay, maximum inhibition was
obtained with the antibody called 4D5 which inhibited cellular
proliferation by 56%. Other antibodies in the panel reduced
cellular proliferation to a lesser extent in this assay. The
antibody 4D5 was further found to sensitize ErbB2-overexpressing
breast tumor cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-.alpha..
See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,171 issued Oct. 14, 1997. The
anti-ErbB2 antibodies discussed in Hudziak et al. are further
characterized in Fendly et al. Cancer Research 50:1550-1558 (1990);
Kotts et al. In Vitro 26(3):59A (1990); Sarup et al. Growth
Regulation 1:72-82 (1991); Shepard et al. J. Clin. Immunol. 11(3):
117-127 (1991); Kumar et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (2):979-986
(1991); Lewis et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 37:255-263 (1993);
Pietras et al. Oncogene 9:1829-1838 (1994); Vitetta et al. Cancer
Research 54:5301-5309 (1994); Sliwkowski et al. J. Biol. Chem.
269(20):14661-14665 (1994); Scott et al. J Biol. Chem. 266:14300-5
(1991); D'souza et al. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. 91:7202-7206 (1994);
Lewis et al. Cancer Research 56:1457-1465 (1996); and Schaefer et
al. Oncogene 15:1385-1394(1997).
[0007] A recombinant humanized version of the murine anti-ErbB2
antibody 4D5 (huMAb4D5-8, rhuMAb HER2 or HERCEPTIN.RTM.; U.S. Pat.
No. No. 5,821,337) is clinically active in patients with
ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancers that have received
extensive prior anti-cancer therapy (Baselga et al., J. Clin.
Oncol. 14:737-744 (1996)). HERCEPTIN.RTM. received marketing
approval from the Food and Drug Administration Sep. 25, 1998 for
the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer whose
tumors overexpress the ErbB2 protein.
[0008] Other anti-ErbB2 antibodies with various properties have
been described in Tagliabue et al. Int. J. Cancer 47:933-937
(1991); McKenzie et al. Oncogene 4:543-548 (1989); Maier et al.
Cancer Res. 51:5361-5369 (1991); Bacus et al. Molecular
Carcinogenesis 3:350-362 (1990); Stancovski et al. PNAS (USA)
88:8691-8695 (1991); Bacus et al. Cancer Research 52:2580-2589
(1992); Xu et al. Int. J. Cancer 53:401-408 (1993); WO94/00136;
Kasprzyk et al. Cancer Research 52:2771-2776 (1992); Hancock et al.
Cancer Res. 51:4575-4580 (1991); Shawver et al. Cancer Res.
54:1367-1373 (1994); Arteaga et al. Cancer Res. 54:3758-3765
(1994); Harwerth et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267:15160-15167 (1992); U.S.
Pat. No. 5,783,186; and Klapper et al. Oncogene 14:2099-2109
(1997).
[0009] Homology screening has resulted in the identification of two
other ErbB receptor family members; ErbB3 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,884
and 5,480,968 as well as Kraus et al. PNAS (USA) 86:9193-9197
(1989)) and ErbB4 (EP Pat Appln No 599,274; Plowman et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:1746-1750 (1993); and Plowman et al.,
Nature, 366:473-475 (1993)). Both of these receptors display
increased expression on at least some breast cancer cell lines.
[0010] The ErbB receptors are generally found in various
combinations in cells and heterodimerization is thought to increase
the diversity of cellular responses to a variety of ErbB ligands
(Earp et al. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 35: 115-132
(1995)). EGFR is bound by six different ligands; epidermal growth
factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.),
amphiregulin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF),
betacellulin and epiregulin (Groenen et al. Growth Factors
11:235-257 (1994)). A family of heregulin proteins resulting from
alternative splicing of a single gene are ligands for ErbB3 and
ErbB4. The heregulin family includes alpha, beta and gamma
heregulins (Holmes et al., Science, 256:1205-1210 (1992); U.S. Pat.
No. 5,641,869; and Schaefer et al. Oncogene 15:1385-1394 (1997));
neu differentiation factors (NDFs), glial growth factors (GGFs);
acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA); and sensory and
motor neuron derived factor (SMDF). For a review, see Groenen et
al. Growth Factors 11:235-257(1994); Lemke, G. Molec. & Cell.
Neurosci.7:247-262(1996) and Lee et al. Pharm. Rev. 47:51-85
(1995). Recently three additional ErbB ligands were identified;
neuregulin-2 (NRG-2) which is reported to bind either ErbB3 or
ErbB4 (Chang et al. Nature 387 509-512 (1997); and Carraway et al
Nature 387:512-516 (1997)); neuregulin-3 which binds ErbB4 (Zhang
et al. PNAS (USA) 94(18):9562-7 (1997)); and neuregulin-4 which
binds ErbB4 (Harari et al. Oncogene 18:2681-2689 (1999)) HB-EGF,
betacellulin and epiregulin also bind to ErbB4.
[0011] While EGF and TGF.alpha. do not bind ErbB2, EGF stimulates
EGFR and ErbB2 to form a heterodimer, which activates EGFR and
results in transphosphorylation of ErbB2 in the heterodimer.
Dimerization and/or transphosphorylation appears to activate the
ErbB2 tyrosine kinase. See Earp et al., supra. Likewise, when ErbB3
is co-expressed with ErbB2, an active signaling complex is formed
and antibodies directed against ErbB2 are capable of disrupting
this complex (Sliwkowski et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
269(20):14661-14665 (1994)). Additionally, the affinity of ErbB3
for heregulin (HRG) is increased to a higher affinity state when
co-expressed with ErbB2. See also, Levi et al., Journal of
Neuroscience 15: 1329-1340 (1995); Morrissey et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad Sci. USA 92: 1431-1435 (1995); and Lewis et al., Cancer Res.,
56:1457-1465 (1996) with respect to the ErbB2-ErbB3 protein
complex. ErbB4, like ErbB3, forms an active signaling complex with
ErbB2 (Carraway and Cantley, Cell 78:5-8 (1994)).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method
of treating prostate cancer in a human comprising administering to
the human a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody which
binds ErbB2 and blocks ligand activation of an ErbB receptor.
Preferably, the antibody blocks binding of monoclonal antibody 2C4
to -ErbB2 and/or blocks TGF-.alpha. activation of mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK).
[0013] The invention further provides a method of treating prostate
cancer in a human comprising administering to the human
therapeutically effective amounts of a chemotherapeutic agent (e.g.
a taxane) and of an antibody which binds ErbB2 and blocks ligand
activation of an ErbB receptor.
[0014] In another aspect, the invention pertains to an article of
manufacture comprising a container and a composition contained
therein, wherein the composition comprises an antibody which binds
ErbB2 and blocks ligand activation of an ErbB receptor, and further
comprising a package insert indicating that the composition can be
used to treat prostate cancer.
[0015] In addition, the invention pertains to a method of treating
androgen dependent prostate cancer in a human comprising
administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of an
antibody which binds ErbB2. The method optionally results in an
increased prostate specific antigen (PSA) index in the human. In
one embodiment, the antibody is one, such as monoclonal antibody
4D5 (e.g. humanized 4D5), which inhibits the growth of cancer cells
overexpressing ErbB2. In another embodiment, the antibody is one,
like monoclonal antibody 2C4 (e.g. humanized 2C4), which blocks
ligand activation of an ErbB2 receptor. The method optionally
further comprises administering a chemotherapeutic agent,
preferably a taxane, to the human.
[0016] The invention, in a further aspect, provides an article of
manufacture comprising a container and a composition contained
therein, wherein the composition comprises an antibody which binds
ErbB2, and further comprising a package insert indicating that the
composition can be used to treat androgen dependent prostate
cancer. The package insert optionally further indicates treating
the patient with a chemotherapeutic agent, such as taxane.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIGS. 1A and 1B depict epitope mapping of residues 22-645
within the extracellular domain (ECD) of ErbB2 (amino acid
sequence, including signal sequence, shown in FIG. 1A; SEQ ID
NO:13) as determined by truncation mutant analysis and
site-directed mutagenesis (Nakamura et al. J. of Virology
67(10):6179-6191 (1993); and Renz et al. J. Cell Biol.
125(6):1395-1406 (1994)). The various ErbB2-ECD truncations or
point mutations were prepared from cDNA using polymerase chain
reaction technology. The ErbB2 mutants were expressed as gD fusion
proteins in a mammalian expression plasmid. This expression plasmid
uses the cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer with SV40 termination
and polyadenylation signals located downstream of the inserted
cDNA. Plasmid DNA was transfected into 293 cells. One day following
transfection, the cells were metabolically labeled overnight in
methionine and cysteine-free, low glucose DMEM containing 1%
dialyzed fetal bovine serum and 25 .mu.Ci each of .sup.35S
methionine and .sup.35S cysteine. Supernatants were harvested and
either the anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibodies or control antibodies
were added to the supernatant and incubated 2-4 hours at 4.degree.
C. The complexes were precipitated, applied to a 10-20% Tricine SDS
gradient gel and electrophoresed at 100 V. The gel was
electroblotted onto a membrane and analyzed by autoradiography. As
shown in FIG. 1B, the anti-ErbB2 antibodies 7C2, 7F3, 2C4, 7D3,
3E8, 4D5, 2H11 and 3H4 bind various ErbB2 ECD epitopes.
[0018] FIGS. 2A and 2B show the effect of anti-ErbB2 monoclonal
antibodies 2C4 and 7F3 on rHRG.beta.1 activation of MCF7 cells.
FIG. 2A shows dose-response curves for 2C4 or 7F3 inhibition of HRG
stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation. FIG. 2B shows
dose-response curves for the inhibition of .sup.1251I-labeled
rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-244 binding to MCF-7 cells by 2C4 or 7F3.
[0019] FIG. 3 depicts inhibition of specific .sup.125I-labeled
rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-244 binding to a panel of human tumor cell
lines by the anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibodies 2C4 or 7F3.
Monoclonal antibody-controls are isotype-matched murine monoclonal
antibodies that do not block rHRG binding. Nonspecific
.sup.125I-labeled rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-244 binding was determined
from parallel incubations performed in the presence of 100 nM
rHR.beta.1. Values for nonspecific .sup.125I-labeled
rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-244 binding were less than 1% of the total for
all the cell lines tested.
[0020] FIGS. 4A and 4B show the effect of monoclonal antibodies 2C4
and 4D5 on proliferation of MDA-MB-175 (FIG. 4A) and SK-BR-3 (FIG.
4B) cells. MDA-MB-175 and SK-BR-3 cells were seeded in 96 well
plates and allowed to adhere for 2 hours. Experiment was carried
out in medium containing 1% serum. Anti-ErbB2 antibodies or medium
alone were added and the cells were incubated for2 hours at
37.degree. C. Subsequently rHRG.beta.1 (1 nM) or medium alone were
added and the cells were incubated for 4 days. Monolayers were
washed and stained/fixed with 0.5% crystal violet. To determine
cell proliferation the absorbance was measured at 540 nm.
[0021] FIGS. 5A and 5B show the effect of monoclonal antibody 2C4,
HERCEPTIN.RTM. antibody or an anti-EGFR antibody on heregulin (HRG)
dependent association of ErbB2 with ErbB3 in MCF7 cells expressing
low/normal levels of ErbB2 (FIG. 5A) and SK-BR-3 cells expressing
high levels of ErbB2 (FIG. 5B); see Example 2 below.
[0022] FIGS. 6A and 6B compare the activities of intact murine
monoclonal antibody 2C4 (mu 2C4) and a chimeric 2C4 Fab fragment.
FIG. 6A shows inhibition of .sup.125I-HRG binding to MCF-7 cells by
chimeric 2C4 Fab or intact murine monoclonal antibody 2C4. MCF7
cells were seeded in 24-well plates (1.times.10.sup.5 cells/well)
and grown to about 85% confluency for two days. Binding experiments
were conducted as described in Lewis et al. Cancer Research
56:1457-1465 (1996). FIG. 6B depicts inhibition of rHRG.beta.1
activation of p180 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells
performed as described in Lewis et al. Cancer Research 56:1457-1465
(1996).
[0023] FIGS. 7A and 7B depict alignments of the amino acid
sequences of the variable light (V.sub.L) (FIG. 7A) and variable
heavy (V.sub.H) (FIG. 7B) domains of murine monoclonal antibody 2C4
(SEQ ID Nos. 1 and 2, respectively); V.sub.L and V.sub.H domains of
humanized Fab version 574 (SEQ ID Nos. 3 and 4, respectively), and
human V.sub.L and V.sub.H consensus frameworks (hum .kappa.1, light
kappa subgroup I; humIII, heavy subgroup III) (SEQ ID Nos. 5 and 6,
respectively). Asterisks identify differences between humanized Fab
version 574 and murine monoclonal antibody 2C4 or between humanized
Fab version 574 and the human framework. Complementarity
Determining Regions (CDRs) are in brackets.
[0024] FIGS. 8A to C show binding of chimeric Fab 2C4 (Fab.v1) and
several humanized 2C4 variants to ErbB2 extracellular domain (ECD)
as determined by ELISA in Example 3.
[0025] FIG. 9 is a ribbon diagram of the V.sub.L and V.sub.H
domains of monoclonal antibody 2C4 with white CDR backbone labeled
(L1, L2, L3, H1, H2, H3). V.sub.H side chains evaluated by
mutagenesis during humanization (see Example 3, Table 2) are also
shown.
[0026] FIG. 10 depicts the effect of monoclonal antibody 2C4 or
HERCEPTIN.RTM. on EGF, TGF-.alpha., or HRG-mediated activation of
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
[0027] FIGS. 11A to H depict response of xenograft tumors to
HERCEPTIN.RTM. (H, .box-solid.), control (C, .largecircle.),
TAXOL.RTM. (T, .DELTA.) and combination HERCEPTIN.RTM./TAXOL.RTM.
(H/T, .diamond-solid.) treatment. The response of the androgen
independent tumors CWR22R and CWRSA6 (FIGS. 11A and B,
respectively) and the androgen dependent tumors CWR22 and LNCaP
(FIGS. 11C and D, respectively) to HERCEPTIN.RTM. and control are
shown. The response of the tumors to HERCEPTIN.RTM., TAXOL.RTM.,
HERCEPTIN.RTM./TAXOL.RTM. and control are shown in FIG. 11E
(CWR22); FIG. 11F (LNCaP); FIG. 11G (CWR22R); and FIG. 11H
(CWRSA6). Results are given as mean tumor volume +/-SE.
[0028] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict relative prostate specific antigen
(PSA) index response of animals with androgen dependent prostate
cancer xenografts treated with HERCEPTIN.RTM.. In FIG. 12A, PSA
index was measured in the LNCaP xenograft model prior to treatment
and at days 9 and 21 after initiating treatment and expressed as
relative to pretreatment values. In FIG. 12B, PSA index was
measured in the CWR22 xenograft model prior to treatment and at
days 9 and 21 after initiating treatment and expressed as relative
to pretreatment values. Results are given as mean relative PSA
+/-SE.
[0029] FIG. 13 depicts response of the androgen dependent tumor
CWR22 to therapy with control antibody (C, .DELTA.), HERCEPTIN.RTM.
(H, .largecircle.) or monoclonal antibody 2C4 (2, .box-solid.).
Administration of 2C4 designated by *; administration of
HERCEPTIN.RTM. designated by +.
[0030] FIG. 14 depicts response of the androgen dependent tumor
CWR22 to therapy with TAXOL.RTM. alone (T, .largecircle.),
monoclonal antibody 2C4 alone (2, .box-solid.) or a combination of
monoclonal antibody 2C4 and TAXOL.RTM. (2/T, .DELTA.).
Administration of 2C4 designated by *; administration of TAXOL.RTM.
(6.25 mg/kg) designated by +.
[0031] FIG. 15 depicts response of the androgen independent tumor
CWR22R to therapy with control antibody (C, .DELTA.),
HERCEPTIN.RTM. (H, .largecircle.) or monoclonal antibody 2C4 (2,
.box-solid.). Administration of monoclonal antibody 2C4 designated
by +; administration of HERCEPTIN.RTM. designated by +.
[0032] FIG. 16 depicts response of the androgen independent tumor
CWR22R to therapy with TAXOL.RTM. alone (T, .largecircle.),
monoclonal antibody 2C4 alone (2, .box-solid.) or a combination of
monoclonal antibody 2C4 and TAXOL.RTM. (2/T, .DELTA.).
Administration of 2C4 designated by *; administration of TAXOL.RTM.
(6.25 mg/kg) designated by +.
[0033] FIG. 17 depicts response of the androgen independent tumor
CWRSA6 to therapy with control antibody (C, .DELTA.),
HERCEPTIN.RTM. (H, .largecircle.) or monoclonal antibody 2C4 (2,
.box-solid.). Administration of monoclonal antibody 2C4 designated
by +; administration of HERCEPTIN.RTM. designated by +.
[0034] FIG. 18 depicts response of the androgen independent tumor
CWRSA6 to therapy with TAXOL.RTM. alone (T, .largecircle.),
monoclonal antibody 2C4 alone (2, .box-solid.) or a combination of
monoclonal antibody 2C4 and TAXOL.RTM. (2/T, .DELTA.).
Administration of 2C4 designated by *; administration of TAXOL.RTM.
(6.25 mg/kg) designated by +.
[0035] FIG. 19 depicts relative TGF-.alpha. mRNA expression by
CWR22R or CWR22 cells as determined by Real Time Quantitative
PCR.
[0036] FIG. 20 depicts relative HB-EGF mRNA expression by CWR22R or
CWR22 cells as determined by Real Time Quantitative PCR.
[0037] FIG. 21 depicts the effect of anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody
treatment on the growth of prostate cancer xenografts. Tumor growth
is normalized to control tumors at the end of each experiment when
control animals were sacrificed. The values shown for CWR22
correspond to day 23 after the formation of a palpable tumor; for
LNCaP, to day 51; for CWR22R, to day 22; for CWR22SA6, to day
33.
[0038] FIG. 22 shows the effect of anti-ErbB2 monoclonal-antibody
treatment on PSA index. PSA index is defined as the amount of serum
PSA normalized to tumor volume.
[0039] FIG. 23 evaluates the activity of recombinant humanized
monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb 2C4), a pegylated Fab fragment thereof,
and murine 2C4, on the CWR22R androgen independent prostate
xenograft.
[0040] FIG. 24 depicts dose response of rhuMAb 2C4 on the CWR22R
androgen independent prostate xenograft.
[0041] FIG. 25 depicts dose response of rhuMAb 2C4 on the MSKPC6
androgen independent prostate xenograft.
[0042] FIG. 26 depicts 2C4 and 7C2 dose response in androgen
dependent prostate xenograft (CWR22).
[0043] FIG. 27 depicts tumor volume in CWR22R xenografts treated
with TAXOL.RTM. and anti-ErbB2 antibodies 2C4 and 7C2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
I. Definitions
[0044] An "ErbB receptor" is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase
which belongs to the ErbB receptor family and includes EGFR, ErbB2,
ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors and other members of this family to be
identified in the future. The ErbB receptor will generally comprise
an extracellular domain, which may bind an ErbB ligand; a
lipophilic transmembrane domain; a conserved intracellular tyrosine
kinase domain; and a carboxyl-terminal signaling domain harboring
several tyrosine residues which can be phosphorylated. The ErbB
receptor may be a "native sequence" ErbB receptor or an "amino acid
sequence variant" thereof. Preferably the ErbB receptor is native
sequence human ErbB receptor.
[0045] The terms "ErbB1", "epidermal growth factor receptor" and
"EGFR" are used interchangeably herein and refer to EGFR as
disclosed, for example, in Carpenter et al. Ann. Rev. Biochem.
56:881-914 (1987), including naturally occurring mutant forms
thereof (e.g. a deletion mutant EGFR as in Humphrey et al. PNAS
(USA) 87:4207-4211 (1990)). erbB1 refers to the gene encoding the
EGFR protein product.
[0046] The expressions "ErbB2" and "HER2" are used interchangeably
herein and refer to human HER2 protein described, for example, in
Sembaet al., PNAS (USA) 82:6497-6501 (1985) and Yamamoto et al.
Nature 319:230-234 (1986) (Genebank accession number X03363). The
term "erbB2 " refers to the gene encoding human ErbB2 and "neu"
refers to the gene encoding rat p185.sup.neu. Preferred ErbB2 is
native sequence human ErbB2.
[0047] "ErbB3 " and "HER3 " refer to the receptor polypeptide as
disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,884 and 5,480,968
as well as Kraus et al. PNAS (USA) 86:9193-9197 (1989).
[0048] The terms "ErbB4 " and "HER4 " herein refer to the receptor
polypeptide as disclosed, for example, in EP Pat Appln No 599,274;
Plowman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 90:1746-1750 (1993); and
Plowman et al., Nature, 366:473-475 (1993), including isoforms
thereof, e.g., as disclosed in WO99/19488 published Apr. 22,
1999.
[0049] By "ErbB ligand" is meant a polypeptide which binds to
and/or activates an ErbB receptor. The ErbB ligand of particular
interest herein is a native sequence human ErbB ligand such as
epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Savage et al., J. Biol. Chem.
247:7612-7621 (1972)); transforming growth factor alpha
(TGF-.alpha.) (Marquardt et al., Science 223:1079-1082 (1984));
amphiregulin also known as schwanoma or keratinocyte autocrine
growth factor (Shoyab et al. Science 243: 1074-1076 (1989); Kimura
et al. Nature 348:257-260 (1990); and Cook et al. Mol. Cell. Biol.
11:2547-2557 (1991)); betacellulin (Shing et al., Science
259:1604-1607 (1993); and Sasada et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun. 190:1173 (1993)); heparin-binding epidermal growth factor
(HB-EGF) (Higashiyama et al., Science 251:936-939 (1991));
epiregulin (Toyoda et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:7495-7500 (1995); and
Komurasaki et al. Oncogene 15:2841-2848 (1997)); a heregulin (see
below); neuregulin-2 (NRG-2) (Carraway et al., Nature 387:512-516
(1997)); neuregulin-3 (NRG-3) (Zhang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
94:9562-9567 (1997)); neuregulin-4 (NRG-4) (Harari et al. Oncogene
18: 2681-2689 (1999)); or cripto (CR-1) (Kannan et al. J. Biol.
Chem. 272(6):3330-3335 (1997)). ErbB ligands which bind EGFR
include EGF, TGF-.alpha., amphiregulin, betacellulin, HB-EGF and
epiregulin. ErbB ligands which bind ErbB3 include heregulins. ErbB
ligands capable of binding ErbB4 include betacellulin, epiregulin,
HB-EGF, NRG-2, NRG-3, NRG-4 and heregulins.
[0050] "Heregulin" (HRG) when used herein refers to a polypeptide
encoded by the heregulin gene product as disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No.5,641,869 or Marchionni et al., Nature, 362:312-318 (1993).
Examples of heregulins include heregulin-.alpha.,
heregulin-.beta.1, heregulin-.beta.2 and heregulin-.beta.3 (Holmes
et al., Science, 256:1205-1210 (1992); and U.S. Pat. No.
5,641,869); neu differentiation factor (NDF) (Peles et al. Cell 69:
205-216 (1992)); acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity (ARIA)
(Falls et al. Cell 72:801-815 (1993)); glial growth factors (GGFs)
(Marchionni et al., Nature, 362:312-318 (1993)); sensory and motor
neuron derived factor (SMDF) (Ho et al. J. Biol. Chem.
270:14523-14532 (1995)); .gamma.-heregulin (Schaefer et al.
Oncogene 15:1385-1394 (1997)). The term includes biologically
active fragments and/or amino acid sequence variants of a native
sequence HRG polypeptide, such as an EGF-like domain fragment
thereof (e.g. HRG.beta.1.sub.177-244)
[0051] An "ErbB hetero-oligomer" herein is a noncovalently
associated oligomer comprising at least two different ErbB
receptors. Such complexes may form when a cell expressing two or
more ErbB receptors is exposed to an ErbB ligand and can be
isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE as
described in Sliwkowski et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269(20):14661-14665
(1994), for example. Examples of such ErbB hetero-oligomers include
EGFR-ErbB2, ErbB2-ErbB3 and ErbB3-ErbB4 complexes. Moreover, the
ErbB hetero-oligomer may comprise two or more ErbB2 receptors
combined with a different ErbB receptor, such as ErbB3, ErbB4 or
EGFR. Other proteins, such as a cytokine receptor subunit (e.g.
gp130) may be included in the hetero-oligomer.
[0052] By "ligand activation of an ErbB receptor" is meant signal
transduction (e.g. that caused by an intracellular kinase domain of
an ErbB receptor phosphorylating tyrosine residues in the ErbB
receptor or a substrate polypeptide) mediated by ErbB ligand
binding to a ErbB hetero-oligomer comprising the ErbB receptor of
interest. Generally, this will involve binding of an ErbB ligand to
an ErbB hetero-oligomer which activates a kinase domain of one or
more of the ErbB receptors in the hetero-oligomer and thereby
results in phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in one or more of
the ErbB receptors and/or phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in
additional substrate polypeptides(s). ErbB receptor activation can
be quantified using various tyrosine phosphorylation assays.
[0053] A "native sequence" polypeptide is one which has the same
amino acid sequence as a polypeptide (e.g., ErbB receptor or ErbB
ligand) derived from nature. Such native sequence polypeptides can
be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or
synthetic means. Thus, a native sequence polypeptide can have the
amino acid sequence of naturally occurring human polypeptide,
murine polypeptide, or polypeptide from any other mammalian
species.
[0054] The term "amino acid sequence variant" refers to
polypeptides having amino acid sequences that differ to some extent
from a native sequence polypeptide. Ordinarily, amino acid sequence
variants will possess at least about 70% homology with at least one
receptor binding domain of a native ErbB ligand or with at least
one ligand binding domain of a native ErbB receptor, and
preferably, they will be at least about 80%, more preferably at
least about 90% homologous with such receptor or ligand binding
domains. The amino acid sequence variants possess substitutions,
deletions, and/or insertions at certain positions within the amino
acid sequence of the native amino acid sequence.
[0055] "Homology" is defined as the percentage of residues in the
amino acid sequence variant that are identical after aligning the
sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the
maximum percent homology. Methods and computer programs for the
alignment are well known in the art. One such computer program is
"Align 2", authored by Genentech, Inc., which was filed with user
documentation in the United States Copyright Office, Washington,
D.C. 20559, on Dec. 10, 1991.
[0056] The term "antibody" herein is used in the broadest sense and
specifically covers monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies,
multispecific antibodies (e.g. bispecific antibodies) formed from
at least two intact antibodies, and antibody fragments, so long as
they exhibit the desired biological activity.
[0057] The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an
antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous
antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the
population are identical except for possible naturally occurring
mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal
antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single
antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody
preparations which include different antibodies directed against
different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is
directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition
to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in
that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies.
The modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody
as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of
antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of
the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal
antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may
be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al.,
Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods
(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The "monoclonal antibodies"
may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the
techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991)
and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991), for
example.
[0058] The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include
"chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light
chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in
antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a
particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the
chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences
in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another
antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such
antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity
(U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984)). Chimeric antibodies of interest
herein include "primatized" antibodies comprising variable domain
antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate (e.g.
Old World Monkey, Ape etc) and human constant region sequences.
[0059] "Antibody fragments" comprise a portion of an intact
antibody, preferably comprising the antigen-binding or variable
region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab',
F(ab').sub.2, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies;
single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies
formed from antibody fragment(s).
[0060] An "intact" antibody is one which comprises an
antigen-binding variable region as well as a light chain constant
domain (C.sub.L) and heavy chain constant domains, C.sub.H1,
C.sub.H2 and C.sub.H3. The constant domains may be native sequence
constant domains (e.g. human native sequence constant domains) or
amino acid sequence variant thereof. Preferably, the intact
antibody has one or more effector functions.
[0061] Antibody "effector functions" refer to those biological
activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc
region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody.
Examples of antibody effector functions include C1q binding;
complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding;
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis;
down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor;
BCR), etc.
[0062] Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain
of their heavy chains, intact antibodies can be assigned to
different "classes". There are five major classes of intact
antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may
be further divided into "subclasses" (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2,
IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that
correspond to the different classes of antibodies are called
.alpha., .delta., .epsilon., 65 , and .mu., respectively. The
subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of
different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
[0063] "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity" and "ADCC"
refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic
cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g. Natural Killer (NK)
cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a
target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell. The
primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express Fc.gamma.RIII
only, whereas monocytes express Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RII and
Fc.gamma.RIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells in summarized
is Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol
9:457-92 (1991). To assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest,
an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells for
such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and
Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC
activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g.,
in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. PNAS
(USA) 95:652-656 (1998).
[0064] "Human effector cells" are leukocytes which express one or
more FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells
express at least Fc.gamma.RIII and perform ADCC effector function.
Examples of human leukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells,
monocytes, cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils; with PBMCs and NK
cells being preferred. The effector cells may be isolated from a
native source thereof, e.g. from blood or PBMCs as described
herein.
[0065] The terms "Fc receptor" or "FcR" are used to describe a
receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody. The preferred
FcR is a native sequence human FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is
one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes
receptors of the Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RII, and Fc.gamma.RIII
subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced
forms of these receptors. Fc.gamma.RII receptors include
Fc.gamma.RIIA (an "activating receptor") and Fc.gamma.RIIB (an
"inhibiting receptor"), which have similar amino acid sequences
that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof.
Activating receptor Fc.gamma.RIIA contains an immunoreceptor
tyrosine-based activation motif(ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
Inhibiting receptor Fc.gamma.RIIB contains an immunoreceptor
tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
(see review M. in Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)).
FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92
(1991); Capel et al., Immunomethods 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et
al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 126:330-41 (1995). Other FcRs, including
those to be identified in the future, are encompassed by the term
"FcR" herein. The term also includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn,
which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus
(Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J.
Immunol. 24:249 (1994)).
[0066] "Complement dependent cytotoxicity" or "CDC" refers to the
ability of a molecule to lyse a target in the presence of
complement. The complement activation pathway is initiated by the
binding of the first component of the complement system (C l q) to
a molecule (e.g. an antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen. To
assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g. as described in
Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996), may be
performed.
[0067] "Native antibodies" are usually heterotetrameric
glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical
light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light
chain is linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond,
while the number of disulfide linkages varies among the heavy
chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes. Each heavy and light
chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each
heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (V.sub.H) followed by
a number of constant domains. Each light chain has a variable
domain at one end (V.sub.L) and a constant domain at its other end.
The constant domain of the light chain is aligned with the first
constant domain of the heavy chain, and the light-chain variable
domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain.
Particular amino acid residues are believed to form an interface
between the light chain and heavy chain variable domains.
[0068] The term "variable" refers to the fact that certain portions
of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among
antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each
particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the
variability is not evenly distributed throughout the variable
domains of antibodies. It is concentrated in three segments called
hypervariable regions both in the light chain and the heavy chain
variable domains. The more highly conserved portions of variable
domains are called the framework regions (FRs). The variable
domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs,
largely adopting a .beta.-sheet configuration, connected by three
hypervariable regions, which form loops connecting, and in some
cases forming part of, the .beta.-sheet structure. The
hypervariable regions in each chain are held together in close
proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable regions from the
other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding
site of antibodies (see Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991)). The constant domains
are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but
exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the
antibody in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
[0069] The term "hypervariable region" when used herein refers to
the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for
antigen-binding. The hypervariable region generally comprises amino
acid residues from a "complementarity determining region" or "CDR"
(e.g. residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light
chain variable domain and 31-35 (H1),50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in
the heavy chain variable domain; Kabat et al., Sequences of
Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)) and/or those
residues from a "hypervariable loop" (e.g. residues 26-32 (L1),
50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and
26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable
domain; Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)).
"Framework Region" or "FR" residues are those variable domain
residues other than the hypervariable region residues as herein
defined.
[0070] Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical
antigen-binding fragments, called "Fab" fragments, each with a
single antigen-binding site, and a residual "Fc" fragment, whose
name reflects its ability to crystallize readily. Pepsin treatment
yields an F(ab').sub.2 fragment that has two antigen-binding sites
and is still capable of cross-linking antigen.
[0071] "Fv" is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a
complete antigen-recognition and antigen-binding site. This region
consists of a dimer of one heavy chain and one light chain variable
domain in tight, non-covalent association. It is in this
configuration that the three hypervariable regions of each variable
domain interact to define an antigen-binding site on the surface of
the V.sub.H-V.sub.L dimer. Collectively, the six hypervariable
regions confer antigen-binding specificity to the antibody.
However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising
only three hypervariable regions specific for an antigen) has the
ability to recognize and bind antigen, although at a lower affinity
than the entire binding site.
[0072] The Fab fragment also contains the constant domain of the
light chain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain.
Fab' fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few
residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CH1 domain
including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region.
Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine
residue(s) of the constant domains bear at least one free thiol
group. F(ab').sub.2 antibody fragments originally were produced as
pairs of Fab' fragments which have hinge cysteines between them.
Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.
[0073] The "light chains" of antibodies from any vertebrate species
can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa
(.kappa.) and lambda (.lamda.), based on the amino acid sequences
of their constant domains.
[0074] "Single-chain Fv" or "scFv" antibody fragments comprise the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L domains of antibody, wherein these domains are
present in a single polypeptide chain. Preferably, the Fv
polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L domains which enables the scFv to form the
desired structure for antigen binding. For a review of scFv see
Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113,
Rosenburg and Moore eds., Springer-Verlag, N.Y., pp. 269-315
(1994). Anti-ErbB2 antibody scFv fragments are described in
WO93/16185; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Pat. No.
5,587,458.
[0075] The term "diabodies" refers to small antibody fragments with
two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a variable
heavy domain (V.sub.H) connected to a variable light domain
(V.sub.L) in the same polypeptide chain (V.sub.H-V.sub.L). By using
a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains
on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the
complementary domains of another chain and create two
antigen-binding sites. Diabodies are described more fully in, for
example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993).
[0076] "Humanized" forms of non-human (e.g., rodent) antibodies are
chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from
non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part, humanized antibodies
are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues
from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by
residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor
antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the
desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances,
framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are
replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore,
humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in
the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These
modifications are made to further refine antibody performance. In
general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of
at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or
substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of
a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs
are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized
antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an
immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human
immunoglobulin. For further details, see Jones et al., Nature
321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988);
and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992).
[0077] Humanized anti-ErbB2 antibodies include huMAb4D5-1,
huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6,
huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 (HERCEPTIN.RTM.) as described in Table 3
of U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 expressly incorporated herein by
reference; humanized 520C9 (WO93/21319) and humanized 2C4 as
described hereinbelow.
[0078] An "isolated" antibody is one which has been identified and
separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural
environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are
materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses
for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other
proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. In preferred
embodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95%
by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most
preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to
obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid
sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity
by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using
Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody
includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at
least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not
be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared
by at least one purification step.
[0079] An antibody "which binds" an antigen of interest, e.g. ErbB2
antigen, is one capable of binding that antigen with sufficient
affinity such that the antibody is useful as a therapeutic agent in
targeting a cell expressing the antigen. Where the antibody is one
which binds ErbB2, it will usually preferentially bind ErbB2 as
opposed to other ErbB receptors, and may be one which does not
significantly cross-react with other proteins such as EGFR, ErbB3
or ErbB4. In such embodiments, the extent of binding of the
antibody to these non-ErbB2 proteins (e.g., cell surface binding to
endogenous receptor) will be less than 10% as determined by
fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or
radioimmunoprecipitation (RIA). Sometimes, the anti-ErbB2 antibody
will not significantly cross-react with the rat neu protein, e.g.,
as described in Schecter et al. Nature 312:513 (1984) and Drebin et
al., Nature 312:545-548 (1984).
[0080] An antibody which "blocks" ligand activation of an ErbB
receptor is one which reduces or prevents such activation as
hereinabove defined, wherein the antibody is able to block ligand
activation of the ErbB receptor substantially more effectively than
monoclonal antibody 4D5, e.g. about as effectively as monoclonal
antibodies 7F3 or 2C4 or Fab fragments thereof and preferably about
as effectively as monoclonal antibody 2C4 or a Fab fragment
thereof. For example, the antibody that blocks ligand activation of
an ErbB receptor may be one which is about 50-100% more effective
than 4D5 at blocking formation of an ErbB hetero-oligomer. Blocking
of ligand activation of an ErbB receptor can occur by any means,
e.g. by interfering with: ligand binding to an ErbB receptor, ErbB
complex formation, tyrosine kinase activity of an ErbB receptor in
an ErbB complex and/or phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase
residue(s) in or by an ErbB receptor. Examples of antibodies which
block ligand activation of an ErbB receptor include monoclonal
antibodies 2C4 and 7F3 (which block HRG activation of ErbB2/ErbB3
and ErbB2/ErbB4 hetero-oligomers; and EGF, TGF-.alpha.,
amphiregulin, HB-EGF and/or epiregulin activation of an EGFR/ErbB2
hetero-oligomer); and L26, L96 and L288 antibodies (Klapper et al.
Oncogene 14:2099-2109 (1997)), which block EGF and NDF binding to
T47D cells which express EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4.
[0081] An antibody having a "biological characteristic" of a
designated antibody, such as the monoclonal antibody designated
2C4, is one which possesses one or more of the biological
characteristics of that antibody which distinguish it from other
antibodies that bind to the same antigen (e.g. ErbB2). For example,
an antibody with a biological characteristic of 2C4 may block HRG
activation of an ErbB hetero-oligomer comprising ErbB2 and ErbB3 or
ErbB4; block EGF, TGF-.alpha., HB-EGF, epiregulin and/or
amphiregulin activation of an ErbB receptor comprising EGFR and
ErbB2; block EGF, TGF-.alpha. and/or HRG mediated activation of
MAPK; and/or bind the same epitope in the extracellular domain of
ErbB2 as that bound by 2C4 (e.g. which blocks binding of monoclonal
antibody 2C4 to ErbB2).
[0082] Unless indicated otherwise, the expression "monoclonal
antibody 2C4" refers to an antibody that has antigen binding
residues of, or derived from, the murine 2C4 antibody of the
Examples below. For example, the monoclonal antibody 2C4 may be
murine monoclonal antibody 2C4 or a variant thereof, such as a
humanized 2C4, possessing antigen binding amino acid residues of
murine monoclonal antibody 2C4. Examples of humanized 2C4
antibodies are provided in Example 3 below. Unless indicated
otherwise, the expression "rhuMAb 2C4" when used herein refers to
an antibody comprising the variable light (V.sub.L) and variable
heavy (V.sub.H) sequences of SEQ ID Nos. 3 and 4, respectively,
fused to human light and heavy IgG I (non-A allotype) constant
region sequences optionally expressed by a Chinese Hamster Ovary
(CHO) cell.
[0083] Unless indicated otherwise, the term "monoclonal antibody
4D5" refers to an antibody that has antigen binding residues of, or
derived from, the murine 4D5 antibody (ATCC CRL 10463). For
example, the monoclonal antibody 4D5 may be murine monoclonal
antibody 4D5 or a variant thereof, such as a humanized 4D5,
possessing antigen binding residues of murine monoclonal antibody
4D5. Exemplary humanized 4D5 antibodies include huMAb4D5-1,
huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6,
huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 (HERCEPTIN.RTM.) as in U.S. Pat. No.
5,821,337, with huMAb4D5-8 (HERCEPTIN.RTM.) being a preferred
humanized 4D5 antibody.
[0084] A "growth inhibitory agent" when used herein refers to a
compound or composition which inhibits growth of a cell, especially
an ErbB expressing cancer cell either in vitro or in vivo. Thus,
the growth inhibitory agent may be one which significantly reduces
the percentage of ErbB expressing cells in S phase. Examples of
growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle
progression (at a place other than S phase), such as agents that
induce GI arrest and M-phase arrest. Classical M-phase blockers
include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), taxanes, and topo
II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin,
etoposide, and bleomycin. Those agents that arrest G1 also spill
over into S-phase arrest, for example, DNA alkylating agents such
as tamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin,
methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and ara-C. Further information can be
found in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn and Israel,
eds., Chapter 1, entitled "Cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, and
antineoplastic drugs" by Murakami et al. (W B Saunders:
Philadelphia, 1995), especially p. 13.
[0085] Examples of "growth inhibitory" antibodies are those which
bind to ErbB2 and inhibit the growth of cancer cells overexpressing
ErbB2. Preferred growth inhibitory anti-ErbB2 antibodies inhibit
growth of SK-BR-3 breast tumor cells in cell culture by greater
than 20%, and preferably greater than 50% (e.g. from about 50% to
about 100%) at an antibody concentration of about 0.5 to 30
.mu.g/ml, where the growth inhibition is determined six days after
exposure of the SK-BR-3 cells to the antibody (see U.S. Pat. No.
5,677,171 issued Oct. 14, 1997). The SK-BR-3 cell growth inhibition
assay is described in more detail in that patent and
hereinbelow.
[0086] An antibody which "induces cell death" is one which causes a
viable cell to become nonviable. The cell is generally one which
expresses the ErbB2 receptor, especially where the cell
overexpresses the ErbB2 receptor. Preferably, the cell is a cancer
cell, e.g. a breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland,
lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic or bladder cell. In vitro,
the cell may be a SK-BR-3, BT474, Calu 3, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-361 or
SKOV3 cell. Cell death in vitro may be determined in the absence of
complement and immune effector cells to distinguish cell death
induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or
complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Thus, the assay for cell
death may be performed using heat inactivated serum (i.e. in the
absence of complement) and in the absence of immune effector cells.
To determine whether the antibody is able to induce cell death,
loss of membrane integrity as evaluated by uptake of propidium
iodide (PI), trypan blue (see Moore et al. Cytotechnology 17:1-11
(1995)) or 7AAD can be assessed relative to untreated cells.
Preferred cell death-inducing antibodies are those which induce PI
uptake in the PI uptake assay in BT474 cells (see below).
[0087] An antibody which "induces apoptosis" is one which induces
programmed cell death as determined by binding of annexin V,
fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage, dilation of endoplasmic
reticulum, cell fragmentation, and/or formation of membrane
vesicles (called apoptotic bodies). The cell is usually one which
overexpresses the ErbB2 receptor. Preferably the cell is a tumor
cell, e.g. a breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland,
lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic or bladder cell. In vitro,
the cell may be a SK-BR-3, BT474, Calu 3 cell, MDA-MB-453,
MDA-MB-361 or SKOV3 cell. Various methods are available for
evaluating the cellular events associated with apoptosis. For
example, phosphatidyl serine (PS) translocation can be measured by
annexin binding; DNA fragmentation can be evaluated through DNA
laddering; and nuclear/chromatin condensation along with DNA
fragmentation can be evaluated by any increase in hypodiploid
cells. Preferably, the antibody which induces apoptosis is one
which results in about 2 to 50 fold, preferably about 5 to 50 fold,
and most preferably about 10 to 50 fold, induction of annexin
binding relative to untreated cell in an annexin binding assay
using BT474 cells (see below). Sometimes the pro-apoptotic antibody
will be one which further blocks ErbB ligand activation of an ErbB
receptor (e.g. 7F3 antibody); i.e. the antibody shares a biological
characteristic with monoclonal antibody 2C4. In other situations,
the antibody is one which does not significantly block ErbB ligand
activation of an ErbB receptor (e.g. 7C2). Further, the antibody
may be one like 7C2 which, while inducing apoptosis, does not
induce a large reduction in the percent of cells in S phase (e.g.
one which only induces about 0-10% reduction in the percent of
these cells relative to control).
[0088] The "epitope 2C4" is the region in the extracellular domain
of ErbB2 to which the antibody 2C4 binds. In order to screen for
antibodies which bind to the 2C4 epitope, a routine cross-blocking
assay such as that described in Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and David Lane (1988), can
be performed. Alternatively, epitope mapping can be performed to
assess whether the antibody binds to the 2C4 epitope of ErbB2 (e.g.
any one or more residues in the region from about residue 22 to
about residue 584 of ErbB2, inclusive; see FIGS. 1A-B).
[0089] The "epitope 4D5" is the region in the extracellular domain
of ErbB2 to which the antibody 4D5 (ATCC CRL 10463) binds. This
epitope is close to the transmembrane domain of ErbB2. To screen
for antibodies which bind to the 4D5 epitope, a routine
cross-blocking assay such as that described in Antibodies, A
Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and
David Lane (1988), can be performed. Alternatively, epitope mapping
can be performed to assess whether the antibody binds to the 4D5
epitope of ErbB2 (e.g. any one or more residues in the region from
about residue 529 to about residue 625, inclusive; see FIGS.
1A-B).
[0090] The "epitope 3H4" is the region in the extracellular domain
of ErbB2 to which the antibody 3H4 binds. This epitope includes
residues from about 541 to about 599, inclusive, in the amino acid
sequence of ErbB2 extracellular domain; see FIGS. 1A-B.
[0091] The "epitope 7C2/7F3" is the region at the N terminus of the
extracellular domain of ErbB2 to which the 7C2 and/or 7F3
antibodies (each deposited with the ATCC, see below) bind. To
screen for antibodies which bind to the 7C2/7F3 epitope, a routine
cross-blocking assay such as that described in Antibodies, A
Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and
David Lane (1988), can be performed. Alternatively, epitope mapping
can be performed to establish whether the antibody binds to the
7C2/7F3 epitope on ErbB2 (e.g. any one or more of residues in the
region from about residue 22 to about residue 53 of ErbB2; see
FIGS. 1A-B).
[0092] "Treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and
prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment
include those already with the disorder as well as those in which
the disorder is to be prevented. Hence, the mammal to be treated
herein may have been diagnosed as having the disorder or may be
predisposed or susceptible to the disorder. "Mammal" for purposes
of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including
humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals,
such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc. Preferably, the mammal is
human.
[0093] The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an
amount of a drug effective to treat a disease or disorder in a
mammal. In the case of cancer, the therapeutically effective amount
of the drug may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor
size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop)
cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e.,
slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit,
to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or
more of the symptoms associated with the cancer. To the extent the
drug may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may
be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic. For cancer therapy, efficacy can,
for example, be measured by assessing the time to disease
progression (TTP) and/or determining the response rate (RR).
[0094] The terms "cancer" and "cancerous" refer to or describe the
physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized
by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include, but are not
limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or
lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers
include squamous cell cancer (e.g. epithelial squamous cell
cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small
cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma
of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer,
gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer,
pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer,
liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon
cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine
carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer,
prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma,
anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, as well as head and neck
cancer.
[0095] An "ErbB-expressing cancer" is one comprising cells which
have ErbB protein present at their cell surface. An
"ErbB2-expressing cancer" is one which produces sufficient levels
of ErbB2 at the surface of cells thereof, such that an anti-ErbB2
antibody can bind thereto and have a therapeutic effect with
respect to the cancer.
[0096] A cancer "characterized by excessive activation" of an ErbB
receptor is one in which the extent of ErbB receptor activation in
cancer cells significantly exceeds the level of activation of that
receptor in non-cancerous cells of the same tissue type. Such
excessive activation may result from overexpression of the ErbB
receptor and/or greater than normal levels of an ErbB ligand
available for activating the ErbB receptor in the cancer cells.
Such excessive activation may cause and/or be caused by the
malignant state of a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cancer
will be subjected to a diagnostic or prognostic assay to determine
whether amplification and/or overexpression of an ErbB receptor is
occurring which results in such excessive activation of the ErbB
receptor. Alternatively, or additionally, the cancer may be
subjected to a diagnostic or prognostic assay to determine whether
amplification and/or overexpression an ErbB ligand is occurring in
the cancer which attributes to excessive activation of the
receptor. In a subset of such cancers, excessive activation of the
receptor may result from an autocrine stimulatory pathway.
[0097] In an "autocrine" stimulatory pathway, self stimulation
occurs by virtue of the cancer cell producing both an ErbB ligand
and its cognate ErbB receptor. For example, the cancer may express
or overexpress EGFR and also express or overexpress an EGFR ligand
(e.g. EGF, TGF-.alpha. or HB-EGF). In another embodiment, the
cancer may express or overexpress ErbB2 and also express or
overexpress a heregulin (e.g. .gamma.-HRG).
[0098] A cancer which "overexpresses" an ErbB receptor is one which
has significantly higher levels of an ErbB receptor, such as ErbB2,
at the cell surface thereof, compared to a noncancerous cell of the
same tissue type. Such overexpression may be caused by gene
amplification or by increased transcription or translation. ErbB
receptor overexpression may be determined in a diagnostic or
prognostic assay by evaluating increased levels of the ErbB protein
present on the surface of a cell (e.g. via an immunohistochemistry
assay; IHC). Alternatively, or additionally, one may measure levels
of ErbB-encoding nucleic acid in the cell, e.g. via fluorescent in
situ hybridization; (FISH; see WO98/45479 published October, 1998),
southern blotting, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques,
such as real time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). One may also study
ErbB receptor overexpression by measuring shed antigen (e.g., ErbB
extracellular domain) in a biological fluid such as serum (see,
e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,294 issued Jun. 12, 1990; WO91/05264
published Apr. 18, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,638 issued Mar. 28,
1995; and Siaset al. J. Immunol. Methods 132: 73-80 (1990)). Aside
from the above assays, various in vivo assays are available to the
skilled practitioner. For example, one may expose cells within the
body of the patient to an antibody which is optionally labeled with
a detectable label, e.g. a radioactive isotope, and binding of the
antibody to cells in the patient can be evaluated, e.g. by external
scanning for radioactivity or by analyzing a biopsy taken from a
patient previously exposed to the antibody.
[0099] Conversely, a cancer which is "not characterized by
overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor" is one which, in a diagnostic
assay, does not express higher than normal levels of ErbB2 receptor
compared to a noncancerous cell of the same tissue type.
[0100] A cancer which "overexpresses" an ErbB ligand is one which
produces significantly higher levels of that ligand compared to a
noncancerous cell of the same tissue type. Such overexpression may
be caused by gene amplification or by increased transcription or
translation. Overexpression of the ErbB ligand may be determined
diagnostically by evaluating levels of the ligand (or nucleic acid
encoding it) in the patient, e.g. in a tumor biopsy or by various
diagnostic assays such as the IHC, FISH, southern blotting, PCR or
in vivo assays described above.
[0101] A "hormone-independent" cancer is one in which proliferation
thereof is not dependent on the presence of a hormone which binds
to a receptor expressed by cells in the cancer. Such cancers do not
undergo clinical regression upon administration of pharmacological
or surgical strategies that reduce the hormone concentration in or
near the tumor. Examples of hormone-independent cancers include
androgen-independent prostate cancer, estrogen-independent breast
cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. Such cancers may
begin as hormone-dependent tumors and progress from a
hormone-sensitive stage to a hormone-refractory tumor following
anti-hormonal therapy.
[0102] The term "cytotoxic agent" as used herein refers to a
substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or
causes destruction of cells. The term is intended to include
radioactive isotopes (e.g. At.sup.211, I.sup.131, I.sup.125,
Y.sup.90, Re.sup.186, Re.sup.188, Sm.sup.153, Bi.sup.212, P.sup.32
and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents, and
toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins
of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments
and/or variants thereof.
[0103] A "chemotherapeutic agent" is a chemical compound useful in
the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents
include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide
(CYTOXAN.TM.); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and
piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa,
and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including
altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide,
triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; nitrogen
mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide,
estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide
hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine,
trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine,
chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine;
antibiotics such as aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin,
azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, calicheamicin, carabicin,
carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin,
daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin,
epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins,
mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin,
potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin,
streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin;
anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU);
folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin,
trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine,
thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine,
azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine,
doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, 5-FU; androgens such as
calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane,
testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane,
trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid;
aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid;
amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine;
demecolcine; diaziquone; elfornithine; elliptinium acetate;
etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine;
mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin;
phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide;
procarbazine; PSK.RTM.; razoxane; sizofiran; spirogermanium;
tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine;
urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol;
mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ("Ara-C");
cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxanes, e.g. paclitaxel (TAXOL.RTM.,
Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.) and docetaxel
(TAXOTERE.RTM., Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chlorambucil;
gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum
analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum;
etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone;
vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; leucovorin (LV), novantrone;
teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11;
topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO);
retinoic acid; esperamicins; capecitabine; and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. Also
included in this definition are anti-hormonal agents that act to
regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens
including for example tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting
4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene,
LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston); and
anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide,
leuprolide, and goserelin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
acids or derivatives of any of the above.
[0104] The term "cytokine" is a generic term for proteins released
by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular
mediators. Examples of such cytokines are lymphokines, monokines,
and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines
are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human
growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone;
thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein
hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic
growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental
lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. and -.beta.;
mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated
peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor;
integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as
NGF-.beta.; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors
(TGFs) such as TGF-.alpha. and TGF-.beta.; insulin-like growth
factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors;
interferons such as interferon-.alpha., -.beta., and -.gamma.;
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF);
granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF);
interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1, IL-1.alpha., IL-2, IL-3, IL-4,
IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; a tumor necrosis
factor such as TNF-.alpha. or TNF-.beta.; and other polypeptide
factors including LIF and kit ligand (KL). As used herein, the term
cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or from recombinant
cell culture and biologically active equivalents of the native
sequence cytokines.
[0105] As used herein, the term "EGFR-targeted drug" refers to a
therapeutic agent that binds to EGFR receptor and, optionally,
inhibits EGFR receptor activation. Examples of such agents include
antibodies and small molecules that bind to EGFR. Examples of
antibodies which bind to EGFR include MAb 579 (ATCC CRL HB 8506),
MAb 455 (ATCC CRL HB8507), MAb 225 (ATCC CRL 8508), MAb 528 (ATCC
CRL 8509) (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,533, Mendelsohn et al.) and
variants thereof, such as chimerized 225 (C225) and reshaped human
225 (H225) (see, WO96/40210, Imclone Systems Inc.); antibodies that
bind type II mutant EGFR (U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,290); humanized and
chimeric antibodies that bind EGFR as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,891,996; and human antibodies that bind EGFR (see WO98/50433,
Abgenix). The anti-EGFR antibody may be conjugated with a cyotoxic
agent, thus generating an immunoconjugate (see, e.g., EP659,439A2,
Merck Patent GmbH). Examples of small molecules that bind to EGFR
include ZD1839 (Astra Zeneca), CP-358774 (OSI/Pfizer) and AG
1478.
[0106] An "anti-angiogenic agent" refers to a compound which
blocks, or interferes to some degree, the development of blood
vessels. The anti-angiogenic factor may, for instance, be a small
molecule or antibody that binds to a growth factor or growth factor
receptor involved in promoting angiogenesis. The preferred
anti-angiogenic factor herein is an antibody that binds to Vascular
Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF).
[0107] The term "prodrug" as used in this application refers to a
precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance
that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug
and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into
the more active parent form. See, e.g., Wilman, "Prodrugs in Cancer
Chemotherapy" Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp. 375-382,
615th Meeting Belfast (1986) and Stella et al., "Prodrugs: A
Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery," Directed Drug
Delivery, Borchardt et al., (ed.), pp. 247-267, Humana Press
(1985). The prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited
to, phosphate-containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing
prodrugs, sulfate-containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs,
D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs,
.beta.-lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted
phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted
phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other
5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more
active cytotoxic free drug. Examples of cytotoxic drugs that can be
derivatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include,
but are not limited to, those chemotherapeutic agents described
above.
[0108] A "liposome" is a small vesicle composed of various types of
lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for
delivery of a drug (such as the anti-ErbB2 antibodies disclosed
herein and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent) to a mammal. The
components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer
formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological
membranes.
[0109] The term "package insert" is used to refer to instructions
customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic
products, that contain information about the indications, usage,
dosage, administration, contraindications and/or warnings
concerning the use of such therapeutic products.
[0110] A "cardioprotectant" is a compound or composition which
prevents or reduces myocardial dysfunction (i.e. cardiomyopathy
and/or congestive heart failure) associated with administration of
a drug, such as an anthracycline antibiotic and/or an anti-ErbB2
antibody, to a patient. The cardioprotectant may, for example,
block or reduce a free-radical-mediated cardiotoxic effect and/or
prevent or reduce oxidative-stress injury. Examples of
cardioprotectants encompassed by the present definition include the
iron-chelating agent dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) (Seifert et al. The
Annals of Pharmacotherapy 28:1063-1072 (1994)); a lipid-lowering
agent and/or anti-oxidant such as probucol (Singal et al. J. Mol.
Cell Cardiol. 27:1055-1063 (1995)); amifostine (aminothiol
2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol-dihydrogen phosphate ester,
also called WR-2721, and the dephosphorylated cellular uptake form
thereofcalled WR-1065) and
S-3-(3-methylaminopropylamino)propylphosphorothioic acid
(WR-151327), see Green et al. Cancer Research 54:738-741 (1994);
digoxin (Bristow, M. R. In: Bristow M R, ed. Drug-Induced Heart
Disease. New York: Elsevier 191-215 (1980)); beta-blockers such as
metoprolol (Hjalmarson et al. Drugs 47:Suppl 4:31-9 (1994); and
Shaddy et al. Am. Heart J. 129:197-9 (1995)); vitamin E; ascorbic
acid (vitamin C); free radical scavengers such as oleanolic acid,
ursolic acid and N-acetylcysteine (NAC); spin trapping compounds
such as alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN); (Paracchini et al.,
Anticancer Res. 13:1607-1612 (1993)); selenoorganic compounds such
as P251 (Elbesen); and the like.
II. Production of Anti-ErbB2 Antibodies
[0111] A description follows as to exemplary techniques for the
production of the antibodies used in accordance with the present
invention. The ErbB2 antigen to be used for production of
antibodies may be, e.g., a soluble form of the extracellular domain
of ErbB2 or a portion thereof, containing the desired epitope.
Alternatively, cells expressing ErbB2 at their cell surface (e.g.
NIH-3T3 cells transformed to overexpress ErbB2; or a carcinoma cell
line such as SKBR3 cells, see Stancovski et al. PNAS (USA)
88:8691-8695 (1991)) can be used to generate antibodies. Other
forms of ErbB2 useful for generating antibodies will be apparent to
those skilled in the art.
[0112] (i) Polyclonal Antibodies
[0113] Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by
multiple subcutaneous (sc) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of
the relevant antigen and an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate
the relevant antigen to a protein that is immunogenic in the
species to be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum
albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a
bifunctional or derivatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl
sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues),
N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde,
succinic anhydride, SOCl.sub.2, or R.sup.1N.dbd.C.dbd.NR, where R
and R.sup.1 are different alkyl groups.
[0114] Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic
conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e.g., 100 .mu.g or 5 .mu.g
of the protein or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively)
with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the
solution intradermally at multiple sites. One month later the
animals are boosted with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of peptide
or conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous
injection at multiple sites. Seven to 14 days later the animals are
bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are
boosted until the titer plateaus. Preferably, the animal is boosted
with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a
different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent.
Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein
fusions. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to
enhance the immune response.
[0115] (ii) Monoclonal Antibodies
[0116] Monoclonal antibodies are obtained from a population of
substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual
antibodies comprising the population are identical except for
possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor
amounts. Thus, the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of
the antibody as not being a mixture of discrete antibodies.
[0117] For example, the monoclonal antibodies may be made using the
hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495
(1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Pat. No.
4,816,567).
[0118] In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host
animal, such as a hamster, is immunized as hereinabove described to
elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing
antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for
immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro.
Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable
fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell
(Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103
(Academic Press, 1986)).
[0119] The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a
suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more
substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused,
parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells
lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
(HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically
will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium),
which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
[0120] Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently,
support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected
antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT
medium. Among these, preferred myeloma cell lines are murine
myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-1 1 mouse
tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center,
San Diego, Calif. USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from
the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. USA. Human
myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been
described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies
(Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133:3001 (1984); and Brodeur et al.,
Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp.
51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).
[0121] Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is
assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against
the antigen. Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal
antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by
immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as
radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
(ELISA).
[0122] The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for
example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson et al.,
Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980).
[0123] After hybridoma cells are identified that produce antibodies
of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity, the clones
may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by
standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and
Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media
for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium.
In addition, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites
tumors in an animal.
[0124] The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are
suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum
by conventional antibody purification procedures such as, for
example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel
electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
[0125] DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated
and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using
oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to
genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once
isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are
then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS
cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do
not otherwise produce antibody protein, to obtain the synthesis of
monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. Review
articles on recombinant expression in bacteria of DNA encoding the
antibody include Skerra et al., Curr. Opinion in Immunol.,
5:256-262 (1993) and Pluckthun, Immunol. Revs., 130:151-188
(1992).
[0126] In a further embodiment, monoclonal antibodies or antibody
fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated
using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., Nature,
348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and
Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991) describe the
isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage
libraries. Subsequent publications describe the production of high
affinity (nM range) human antibodies by chain shuffling (Marks et
al., Bio/Technology, 10:779-783 (1992)), as well as combinatorial
infection and in vivo recombination as a strategy for constructing
very large phage libraries (Waterhouse et al., Nuc. Acids. Res.,
21:2265-2266 (1993)). Thus, these techniques are viable
alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibody hybridoma
techniques for isolation of monoclonal antibodies.
[0127] The DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting
the coding sequence for human heavy chain and light chain constant
domains in place of the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Pat. No.
4,816,567; and Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851
(1984)), or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding
sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a
non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
[0128] Typically such non-immunoglobulin polypeptides are
substituted for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are
substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site
of an antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising
one antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and
another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different
antigen.
[0129] (iii) Humanized Antibodies
[0130] Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies have been
described in the art. Preferably, a humanized antibody has one or
more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is
non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred
to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import"
variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed
following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al.,
Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327
(1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by
substituting hypervariable region sequences for the corresponding
sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such "humanized"
antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567)
wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has
been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human
species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human
antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly
some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites
in rodent antibodies.
[0131] The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy,
to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to
reduce antigenicity. According to the so-called "best-fit" method,
the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is
screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain
sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that of the
rodent is then accepted as the human framework region (FR) for the
humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol., 151:2296 (1993);
Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 196:901 (1987)). Another method uses
a particular framework region derived from the consensus sequence
of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy
chains. The same framework may be used for several different
humanized antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
89:4285 (1992); Presta et al., J. Immunol., 151:2623 (1993)).
[0132] It is further important that antibodies be humanized with
retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable
biological properties. To achieve this goal, according to a
preferred method, humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of
analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized
products using three-dimensional models of the parental and
humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are
commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
Computer programs are available which illustrate and display
probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected
candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays
permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the
functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the
analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate
immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be
selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so
that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased
affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the
hypervariable region residues are directly and most substantially
involved in influencing antigen binding.
[0133] Example 3 below describes production of exemplary humanized
anti-ErbB2 antibodies which bind ErbB2 and block ligand activation
of an ErbB receptor. The humanized antibody of particular interest
herein blocks EGF, TGF-.alpha. and/or HRG mediated activation of
MAPK essentially as effectively as murine monoclonal antibody 2C4
(or a Fab fragment thereof) and/or binds ErbB2 essentially as
effectively as murine monoclonal antibody 2C4 (or a Fab fragment
thereof). The humanized antibody herein may, for example, comprise
nonhuman hypervariable region residues incorporated into a human
variable heavy domain and may further comprise a framework region
(FR) substitution at a position selected from the group consisting
of 69H, 71 H, and 73H, utilizing the variable domain numbering
system set forth in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). In one embodiment, the
humanized antibody comprises FR substitutions at two or all of
positions 69H, 71H and 73H.
[0134] An exemplary humanized antibody of interest herein comprises
variable heavy domain complementarity determining residues
GFTFTDYTMX, where X is preferably D or S (SEQ ID NO:7),
DVNPNSGGSIYNQRFKG (SEQ ID NO:8); and/or NLGPSFYFDY (SEQ ID NO:9),
optionally comprising amino acid modifications of those CDR
residues, e.g. where the modifications essentially maintain or
improve affinity of the antibody. For example, the antibody variant
of interest may have from about one to about seven or about five
amino acid substitutions in the above variable heavy CDR sequences.
Such antibody variants may be prepared by affinity maturation,
e.g., as described below. The most preferred humanized antibody
comprises the variable heavy domain amino acid sequence in SEQ ID
NO:4.
[0135] The humanized antibody may comprise variable light domain
complementarity determining residues KASQDVSIGVA (SEQ ID NO: 10),
SASYX.sup.1X.sup.2X.sup.3, where X.sup.1 is preferably R or L;
X.sup.2 is preferably Y or E; and X.sup.3 is preferably T or S (SEQ
ID NO: 11); and QQYYIYPYT (SEQ ID NO: 12), e.g. in addition to
those variable heavy domain CDR residues in the preceding
paragraph. Such humanized antibodies optionally comprise amino acid
modifications of the above CDR residues, e.g. where the
modifications essentially maintain or improve affinity of the
antibody. For example, the antibody variant of interest may have
from about one to about seven or about five amino acid
substitutions in the above variable light CDR sequences. Such
antibody variants may be prepared by affinity maturation, e.g., as
described below. The most preferred humanized antibody comprises
the variable light domain amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:3.
[0136] The present application also contemplates affinity matured
antibodies which antibodies which bind ErbB2 and block ligand
activation of an ErbB receptor. The parent antibody may be a human
antibody or a humanized antibody, e.g., one comprising the variable
light and/or heavy sequences of SEQ ID Nos.3 and 4, respectively
(i.e. variant 574). The affinity matured antibody preferably binds
to ErbB2 receptor with an affinity superior to that of murine 2C4
or variant 574 (e.g. from about two or about four fold, to about
100 fold or about 1000 fold improved affinity, e.g. as assessed
using a ErbB2-extracellular domain (ECD) ELISA). Exemplary variable
heavy CDR residues for substitution include H28, H30, H34, H35,
H64, H96, H99, or combinations of two or more (e.g. two three,
four, five, six or seven of these residues). Examples of variable
light CDR residues for alteration include L28, L50, L53, L56, L91,
L92, L93, L94, L96, L97 or combinations of two or more (e.g. two to
three, four, five or up to about ten of these residues).
[0137] Various. forms of the humanized or affinity matured antibody
are contemplated. For example, the humanized or affinity matured
antibody may be an antibody fragment, such as a Fab, which is
optionally conjugated with one or more cytotoxic agent(s) in order
to generate an immunoconjugate. Alternatively, the humanized or
affinity matured antibody may be an intact antibody, such as an
intact IgG1 antibody.
[0138] (iv) Human Antibodies
[0139] As an alternative to humanization, human antibodies can be
generated. For example, it is now possible to produce transgenic
animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of
producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of
endogenous immunoglobulin production. For example, it has been
described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain
joining region (J.sub.H) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice
results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production.
Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such
germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human
antibodies upon antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al.,
Nature, 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immuno.,
7:33 (1993); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,669, 5,589,369 and
5,545,807.
[0140] Alternatively, phage display technology (McCafferty et al.,
Nature 348:552-553 (1990)) can be used to produce human antibodies
and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V)
domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors. According to this
technique, antibody V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either
a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage,
such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments
on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous
particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome,
selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also
result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting
those properties. Thus, the phage mimics some of the properties of
the B-cell. Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats;
for their review see, e.g., Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David
J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571 (1993). Several
sources of V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson
et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of
anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library
of V genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice. A repertoire
of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and
antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens)
can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by
Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al.,
EMBO J. 12:725-734 (1993). See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,332 and
5,573,905.
[0141] As discussed above, human antibodies may also be generated
by in vitro activated B cells (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,567,610 and
5,229,275).
[0142] Human anti-ErbB2 antibodies are described in U.S. Pat.
No.5,772,997 issued Jun. 30, 1998 and WO 97/00271 published Jan. 3,
1997.
[0143] (v) Antibody Fragments
[0144] Various techniques have been developed for the production of
antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via
proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et
al., Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117
(1992); and Brennan et al., Science, 229:81 (1985)). However, these
fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells.
For example, the antibody fragments can be isolated from the
antibody phage libraries discussed above. Alternatively, Fab'-SH
fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically
coupled to form F(ab').sub.2 fragments (Carter et al.,
Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992)). According to another approach,
F(ab').sub.2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant
host cell culture. Other techniques for the production of antibody
fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner. In other
embodiments, the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment
(scFv). See WO 93/16185; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Pat. No.
5,587,458. The antibody fragment may also be a "linear antibody",
e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870 for example. Such
linear antibody fragments may be monospecific or bispecific.
[0145] (vi) Bispecific Antibodies
[0146] Bispecific antibodies are antibodies that have binding
specificities for at least two different epitopes. Exemplary
bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of the
ErbB2 protein. Other such antibodies may combine an ErbB2 binding
site with binding site(s) for EGFR, ErbB3 and/or ErbB4.
Alternatively, an anti-ErbB2 arm may be combined with an arm which
binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell
receptor molecule (e.g. CD2 or CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG
(Fc.gamma.R), such as Fc.gamma.RI (CD64), Fc.gamma.RII (CD32) and
Fc.gamma.RIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to
the ErbB2-expressing cell. Bispecific antibodies may also be used
to localize cytotoxic agents to cells which express ErbB2. These
antibodies possess an ErbB2-binding arm and an arm which binds the
cytotoxic agent (e.g. saporin, anti-interferon-.alpha., vinca
alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or radioactive isotope
hapten). Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length
antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g. F(ab').sub.2 bispecific
antibodies).
[0147] WO 96/16673 describes a bispecific
anti-ErbB2/anti-Fc.gamma.RIII antibody and U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,234
discloses a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-Fc.gamma.RI antibody. A
bispecific anti-ErbB2/Fc.alpha. antibody is shown in WO98/02463.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 teaches a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-CD3
antibody.
[0148] Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the
art. Traditional production of full length bispecific antibodies is
based on the coexpression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light
chain pairs, where the two chains have different specificities
(Millstein et al., Nature, 305:537-539 (1983)). Because of the
random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these
hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of 10 different
antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific
structure. Purification of the correct molecule, which is usually
done by affinity chromatography steps, is rather cumbersome, and
the product yields are low. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO
93/08829, and in Traunecker et al., EMBO J., 10:3655-3659
(1991).
[0149] According to a different approach, antibody variable domains
with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining
sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The
fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant
domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3
regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant
region (CH1) containing the site necessary for light chain binding,
present in at least one of the fusions. DNAs encoding the
immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the
immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression
vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. This
provides for great flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions
of the three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal
ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction
provide the optimum yields. It is, however, possible to insert the
coding sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains in one
expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide
chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when the ratios
are of no particular significance.
[0150] In a preferred embodiment of this approach, the bispecific
antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with
a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin
heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding
specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this asymmetric
structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific
compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the
presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the
bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation. This
approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690. For further details of
generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al.,
Methods in Enzymology, 121:210 (1986).
[0151] According to another approach described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,731,168, the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can
be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are
recovered from recombinant cell culture. The preferred interface
comprises at least a part of the C.sub.H3 domain of an antibody
constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side
chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are
replaced with larger side chains (e.g. tyrosine or tryptophan).
Compensatory "cavities" of identical or similar size to the large
side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody
molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller
ones (e.g. alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for
increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted
end-products such as homodimers.
[0152] Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or
"heteroconjugate" antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in
the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin.
Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune
system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No.4,676,980), and for
treatment of HIV infection (WO 91/00360, WO 92/200373, and EP
03089). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient
cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known
in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, along
with a number of cross-linking techniques.
[0153] Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from
antibody fragments have also been described in the literature. For
example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical
linkage. Brennan et al., Science, 229:81 (1985) describe a
procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to
generate F(ab').sub.2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the
presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to
stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide
formation. The Fab' fragments generated are then converted to
thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab'-TNB
derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab'-thiol by reduction with
mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the
other Fab'-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody. The
bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the
selective immobilization of enzymes.
[0154] Recent progress has facilitated the direct recovery of
Fab'-SH fragments from E. coli, which can be chemically coupled to
form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med., 175:
217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized
bispecific antibody F(ab').sub.2 molecule. Each Fab' fragment was
separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical
coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific
antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the
ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the
lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast
tumor targets.
[0155] Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific
antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also
been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been
produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. Immunol.,
148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos
and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab' portions of two different
antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at
the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the
antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the
production of antibody homodimers. The "diabody" technology
described by Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for
making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a
heavy-chain variable domain (V.sub.H) connected to a light-chain
variable domain (V.sub.L) by a linker which is too short to allow
pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with
the complementary V.sub.L and V.sub.H domains of another fragment,
thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for
making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv
(sFv) dimers has also been reported. See Gruber et al., J.
Immunol., 152:5368 (1994).
[0156] Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated.
For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al. J.
Immunol. 147: 60 (1991).
[0157] (vii) Other Amino Acid Sequence Modifications
[0158] Amino acid sequence modification(s) of the anti-ErbB2
antibodies described herein are contemplated. For example, it may
be desirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other
biological properties of the antibody. Amino acid sequence variants
of the anti-ErbB2 antibody are prepared by introducing appropriate
nucleotide changes into the anti-ErbB2 antibody nucleic acid, or by
peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example,
deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of,
residues within the amino acid sequences of the anti-ErbB2
antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution
is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final
construct possesses the desired characteristics. The amino acid
changes also may alter post-translational processes of the
anti-ErbB2 antibody, such as changing the number or position of
glycosylation sites.
[0159] A useful method for identification of certain residues or
regions of the anti-ErbB2 antibody that are preferred locations for
mutagenesis is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis" as described
by Cunningham and Wells Science, 244:1081-1085 (1989). Here, a
residue or group of target residues are identified (e.g., charged
residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a
neutral or negatively charged amino acid (most preferably alanine
or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with
ErbB2 antigen. Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional
sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing
further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution.
Thus, while the site for introducing an amino acid sequence
variation is predetermined, the nature of the mutation per se need
not be predetermined. For example, to analyze the performance of a
mutation at a given site, ala scanning or random mutagenesis is
conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed
anti-ErbB2 antibody variants are screened for the desired
activity.
[0160] Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or
carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to
polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as
intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues.
Examples of terminal insertions include an anti-ErbB2 antibody with
an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antibody fused to a
cytotoxic polypeptide. Other insertional variants of the anti-ErbB2
antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the
anti-ErbB2 antibody to an enzyme (e.g. for ADEPT) or a polypeptide
which increases the serum half-life of the antibody.
[0161] Another type of variant is an amino acid substitution
variant. These variants have at least one amino acid residue in the
anti-ErbB2 antibody molecule replaced by a different residue. The
sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include
the hypervariable regions, but FR. alterations are also
contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in Table 1 under
the heading of "preferred substitutions". If such substitutions
result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial
changes, denominated "exemplary substitutions" in Table 1, or as
further described below in reference to amino acid classes, may be
introduced and the products screened. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1
Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions Preferred Substitutions
Ala (A) val; leu; ile val Arg (R) lys; gln; asn lys Asn (N) gln;
his; asp, lys; arg gln Asp (D) glu; asn glu Cys (C) ser; ala ser
Gln (Q) asn; glu asn Glu (E) asp; gln asp Gly (G) ala ala His (H)
asn; gln; lys; arg arg Ile (I) leu; val; met; ala; phe; leu
norleucine Leu (L) norleucine; ile; val; met; ala; ile phe Lys (K)
arg; gln; asn arg Met (M) leu; phe; ile leu Phe (F) leu; val; ile;
ala; tyr tyr Pro (P) ala ala Ser (S) thr thr Thr (T) ser ser Trp
(W) tyr; phe tyr Tyr (Y) trp; phe; thr; ser phe Val (V) ile; leu;
met; phe; ala; leu norleucine
[0162] Substantial modifications in the biological properties of
the antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that
differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the
structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the
substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b)
the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or
(c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are
divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: [0163]
(1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile; [0164] (2)
neutral hydrophilic: cys, ser, thr; [0165] (3) acidic: asp, glu;
[0166] (4) basic: asn, gln, his, lys, arg; [0167] (5) residues that
influence chain orientation: gly, pro; and [0168] (6) aromatic:
trp, tyr, phe. Non-conservative substitutions will entail
exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
[0169] Any cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper
conformation of the anti-ErbB2 antibody also may be substituted,
generally with serine, to improve the oxidative stability of the
molecule and prevent aberrant crosslinking. Conversely, cysteine
bond(s) may be added to the antibody to improve its stability
(particularly where the antibody is an antibody fragment such as an
Fv fragment).
[0170] A particularly preferred type of substitutional variant
involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of
a parent antibody (e.g. a humanized or human antibody). Generally,
the resulting variant(s) selected for further development will have
improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from
which they are generated. A convenient way for generating such
substitutional variants involves affinity maturation using phage
display. Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g. 6-7
sites) are mutated to generate all possible amino substitutions at
each site. The antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a
monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to
the gene III product of M13 packaged within each particle. The
phage-displayed variants are then screened for their biological
activity (e.g. binding affinity) as herein disclosed. In order to
identify candidate hypervariable region sites for modification,
alanine scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify
hypervariable region residues contributing significantly to antigen
binding. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be beneficial to
analyze a crystal structure of the antigen-antibody complex to
identify contact points between the antibody and human ErbB2. Such
contact residues and neighboring residues are candidates for
substitution according to the techniques elaborated herein. Once
such variants are generated, the panel of variants is subjected to
screening as described herein and antibodies with superior
properties in one or more relevant assays may be selected for
further development.
[0171] Another type of amino acid variant of the antibody alters
the original glycosylation pattern of the antibody. By altering is
meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the
antibody, and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are
not present in the antibody.
[0172] Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-linked or
O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate
moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide
sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X
is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for
enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine
side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide
sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site.
O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the
sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino
acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline
or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
[0173] Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is
conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such
that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide
sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may
also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more
serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original
antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
[0174] Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants
of the anti-ErbB2 antibody are prepared by a variety of methods
known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to,
isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by
oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR
mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared
variant or a non-variant version of the anti-ErbB2 antibody.
[0175] It may be desirable to modify the antibody of the invention
with respect to effector function, e.g. so as to enhance
antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity (ADCC) and/or
complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the antibody. This may
be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in
an Fc region of the antibody. Alternatively or additionally,
cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby
allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The
homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved
internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated
cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
See Caron et al., J. Exp Med 176:1191 -1195 (1992) and Shopes, B.
J. Immunol. 148:2918-2922 (1992). Homodimeric antibodies with
enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using
heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolffet al. Cancer
Research 53:2560-2565 (1993). Alternatively, an antibody can be
engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced
complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al.
Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989).
[0176] To increase the serum half life of the antibody, one may
incorporate a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody
(especially an antibody fragment) as described in U.S. Pat.
5,739,277, for example. As used herein, the term "salvage receptor
binding epitope" refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG
molecule (e.g., IgG.sub.1, IgG.sub.2, IgG3, or IgG.sub.4) that is
responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG
molecule.
[0177] (viii) Screening for Antibodies with the Desired
Properties
[0178] Techniques for generating antibodies have been described
above. One may further select antibodies with certain biological
characteristics, as desired.
[0179] To identify an antibody which blocks ligand activation of an
ErbB receptor, the ability of the antibody to block ErbB ligand
binding to cells expressing the ErbB receptor (e.g. in conjugation
with another ErbB receptor with which the ErbB receptor of interest
forms an ErbB hetero-oligomer) may be determined. For example,
cells naturally expressing, or transfected to express, ErbB
receptors of the ErbB hetero-oligomer may be incubated with the
antibody and then exposed to labeled ErbB ligand. The ability of
the anti-ErbB2 antibody to block ligand binding to the ErbB
receptor in the ErbB hetero-oligomer may then be evaluated.
[0180] For example, inhibition of HRG binding to MCF7 breast tumor
cell lines by anti-ErbB2 antibodies may be performed using
monolayer MCF7 cultures on ice in a 24-well-plate format
essentially as described in Example 1 below. Anti-ErbB2 monoclonal
antibodies may be added to each well and incubated for 30 minutes.
.sup.125I-labeled rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-224 (25 pm) may then be
added, and the incubation may be continued for 4 to 16 hours. Dose
response curves may be prepared and an IC.sub.50 value may be
calculated for the antibody of interest. In one embodiment, the
antibody which blocks ligand activation of an ErbB receptor will
have an IC.sub.50 for inhibiting HRG binding to MCF7 cells in this
assay of about 50 nM or less, more preferably 10 nM or less. Where
the antibody is an antibody fragment such as a Fab fragment, the
IC.sub.50 for inhibiting HRG binding to MCF7 cells in this assay
may, for example, be about 100 nM or less, more preferably 50 nM or
less.
[0181] Alternatively, or additionally, the ability of the
anti-ErbB2 antibody to block ErbB ligand-stimulated tyrosine
phosphorylation of an ErbB receptor present in an ErbB
hetero-oligomer may be assessed. For example, cells endogenously
expressing the ErbB receptors or transfected to expressed them may
be incubated with the antibody and then assayed for ErbB
ligand-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation activity using an
anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal (which is optionally conjugated
with a detectable label). The kinase receptor activation assay
described in U.S. Pat. No.5,766,863 is also available for
determining ErbB receptor activation and blocking of that activity
by an antibody.
[0182] In one embodiment, one may screen for an antibody which
inhibits HRG stimulation of p180 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF7
cells essentially as described in Example I below. For example, the
MCF7 cells may be plated in 24-well plates and monoclonal
antibodies to ErbB2 may be added to each well and incubated for 30
minutes at room temperature; then rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-244 may be
added to each well to a final concentration of 0.2 nM, and the
incubation may be continued for 8 minutes. Media may be aspirated
from each well, and reactions may be stopped by the addition of 100
.mu.l of SDS sample buffer (5% SDS, 25 mM DTT, and 25 mM Tris-HCl,
pH 6.8). Each sample (25 .mu.l) may be electrophoresed on a 4-12%
gradient gel (Novex) and then electrophoretically transferred to
polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Antiphosphotyrosine (at 1
.mu.g/ml) immunoblots may be developed, and the intensity of the
predominant reactive band at M.sub.r.about.180,000 may be
quantified by reflectance densitometry. The antibody selected will
preferably significantly inhibit stimulation of p180 tyrosime
phosphorylation to about 0-35% of control in this assay. A
dose-response curve for inhibition of HRG stimulation of p180
tyrosine phosphorylation as determined by reflectance densitometry
may be prepared and an IC.sub.50 for the antibody of interest may
be calculated. In one embodiment, the antibody which blocks ligand
activation of an ErbB receptor will have an IC.sub.50 for
inhibiting HRG stimulation of p180 tyrosine phosphorylation in this
assay of about 50 nM or less, more preferably 10 nM or less. Where
the antibody is an antibody fragment such as a Fab fragment, the
IC.sub.50 for inhibiting HRG stimulation of p180 tyrosine
phosphorylation in this assay may, for example, be about 100 nM or
less, more preferably 50 nM or less.
[0183] One may also assess the growth inhibitory effects of the
antibody on MDA-MB-175 cells, e.g, essentially as described in
Schaeferet al. Oncogene 15:1385-1394(1997). According to this
assay, MDA-MB-175 cells may treated with an anti-ErbB2 monoclonal
antibody (10 .mu.g/mL) for 4 days and stained with crystal violet.
Incubation with an anti-ErbB2 antibody may show a growth inhibitory
effect on this cell line similar to that displayed by monoclonal
antibody 2C4. In a further embodiment, exogenous HRG will not
significantly reverse this inhibition. Preferably, the antibody
will be able to inhibit cell proliferation of MDA-MB-175 cells to a
greater extent than monoclonal antibody 4D5 (and optionally to a
greater extent than monoclonal antibody 7F3), both in the presence
and absence of exogenous HRG.
[0184] In one embodiment, the anti-ErbB2 antibody of interest may
block heregulin dependent association of ErbB2 with ErbB3 in both
MCF7 and SK-BR-3 cells as determined in a co-immunoprecipitation
experiment such as that described in Example 2 substantially more
effectively than monoclonal antibody 4D5 and, optionally,
substantially more effectively than monoclonal antibody 7F3.
[0185] Alternatively, or additionally, one may determine the
ability of the antibody to block EGF, TGF-.alpha. and/or HRG
mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK),
e.g., as shown in Example 4 below. An antibody which blocks EGF,
TGF-.alpha. and/or HRG mediated activation of mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) to a greater extent than HERCEPTIN.RTM. or
monoclonal antibody 4D5 may be selected. Moreover, the antibody of
interest may block EGF, TGF-.alpha. and/or HRG mediated activation
of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to a greater extent than
monoclonal antibody 7F3.
[0186] To identify growth inhibitory anti-ErbB2 antibodies, one may
screen for antibodies which inhibit the growth of cancer cells
which overexpress ErbB2. In one embodiment, the growth inhibitory
antibody of choice is able to inhibit growth of SK-BR-3 cells in
cell culture by about 20-100% and preferably by about 50-100% at an
antibody concentration of about 0.5 to 30 .mu.g/ml. To identify
such antibodies, the SK-BR-3 assay described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,677,171 can be performed. According to this assay, SK-BR-3 cells
are grown in a 1:1 mixture of F 12 and DMEM medium supplemented
with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and penicillin streptomycin.
The SK-BR-3 cells are plated at 20,000 cells in a 35mm cell culture
dish (2 mls/35 mm dish). 0.5 to 30 .mu.g/ml of the anti-ErbB2
antibody is added per dish. After six days, the number of cells,
compared to untreated cells are counted using an electronic
COULTER.TM. cell counter. Those antibodies which inhibit growth of
the SK-BR-3 cells by about 20-100% or about 50-100% may be selected
as growth inhibitory antibodies.
[0187] To select for antibodies which induce cell death, loss of
membrane integrity as indicated by, e.g., PI, trypan blue or 7AAD
uptake may be assessed relative to control. The preferred assay is
the PI uptake assay using BT474 cells. According to this assay,
BT474 cells (which can be obtained from the American Type Culture
Collection (Rockville, Md.)) are cultured in Dulbecco's Modified
Eagle Medium (D-MEM):Ham's F-12 (50:50) supplemented with 10%
heat-inactivated FBS (Hyclone) and 2 mM L-glutamine. (Thus, the
assay is performed in the absence of complement and immune effector
cells). The BT474 cells are seeded at a density of 3.times.10.sup.6
per dish in 100.times.20 mm dishes and allowed to attach overnight.
The medium is then removed and replaced with fresh medium alone or
medium containing 10 .mu.g/ml of the appropriate monoclonal
antibody. The cells are incubated for a 3 day time period.
Following each treatment, monolayers are washed with PBS and
detached by trypsinization. Cells are then centrifuged at 1200 rpm
for 5 minutes at 4.degree. C., the pellet resuspended in 3 ml ice
cold Ca.sup.2+ binding buffer (10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4,140 mM NaCl, 2.5
mM CaCl.sub.2) and aliquoted into 35 mm strainer-capped 12.times.75
tubes (1 ml per tube, 3 tubes per treatment group) for removal of
cell clumps. Tubes then receive PI (10 .mu.g/ml). Samples may be
analyzed using a FACSCAN.TM. flow cytometer and FACSCONVERT.TM.
CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). Those antibodies which
induce statistically significant levels of cell death as determined
by PI uptake may be selected as cell death-inducing antibodies.
[0188] In order to select for antibodies which induce apoptosis, an
annexin binding assay using BT474 cells is available. The BT474
cells are cultured and seeded in dishes as discussed in the
preceding paragraph. The medium is then removed and replaced with
fresh medium alone or medium containing 10 .mu.g/ml of the
monoclonal antibody. Following a three day incubation period,
monolayers are washed with PBS and detached by trypsinization.
Cells are then centrifuged, resuspended in Ca.sup.2+ binding buffer
and aliquoted into tubes as discussed above for the cell death
assay. Tubes then receive labeled annexin (e.g. annexin V-FTIC) (1
.mu.g/ml). Samples may be analyzed using a FACSCAN.TM. flow
cytometer and FACSCONVERT.TM. CellQuest software (Becton
Dickinson). Those antibodies which induce statistically significant
levels of annexin binding relative to control are selected as
apoptosis-inducing antibodies.
[0189] In addition to the annexin binding assay, a DNA staining
assay using BT474 cells is available. In order to perform this
assay, BT474 cells which have been treated with the antibody of
interest as described in the preceding two paragraphs are incubated
with 9 .mu.g/ml HOECHST 33342.TM. for 2 hr at 37.degree. C., then
analyzed on an EPICS ELITE.TM. flow cytometer (Coulter Corporation)
using MODFIT LT.TM. software (Verity Software House). Antibodies
which induce a change in the percentage of apoptotic cells which is
2 fold or greater (and preferably 3 fold or greater) than untreated
cells (up to 100% apoptotic cells) may be selected as pro-apoptotic
antibodies using this assay.
[0190] To screen for antibodies which bind to an epitope on ErbB2
bound by an antibody of interest, a routine cross-blocking assay
such as that described in Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and David Lane (1988), can be
performed. Alternatively, or additionally, epitope mapping can be
performed by methods known in the art (see, e.g. FIGS. 1A and 1B
herein).
[0191] (ix) Immunoconjugates
[0192] The invention also pertains to therapy with immunoconjugates
comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a
chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g. a small molecule toxin or an
enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal
origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof), or a
radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate).
[0193] Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of such
immunoconjugates have been described above.
[0194] Conjugates of an antibody and one or more small molecule
toxins, such as a caliche amicin, a maytansine (U.S. Pat. No.
5,208,020), a trichothene, and CC1065 are also contemplated
herein.
[0195] In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the antibody
is conjugated to one or more maytansine molecules (e.g. about 1 to
about 10 maytansine molecules per antibody molecule). Maytansine
may, for example, be converted to May-SS-Me which may be reduced to
May-SH3 and reacted with modified antibody (Chari et al. Cancer
Research 52: 127-131 (1992)) to generate a maytansinoid-antibody
immunoconjugate.
[0196] Another immunoconjugate of interest comprises an anti-ErbB2
antibody conjugated to one or more calicheamicin molecules. The
calicheamicin family of antibiotics are capable of producing
double-stranded DNA breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations.
Structural analogues of calicheamicin which may be used include,
but are not limited to, .gamma..sub.1.sup.I, .alpha..sub.2.sup.I,
.alpha..sub.3.sup.I, N-acetyl-.gamma..sub.1.sup.I, PSAG and
.theta..sub.1.sup.I (Hinman et al. Cancer Research 53: 3336-3342
(1993) and Lode et al. Cancer Research 58: 2925-2928 (1998)).
[0197] Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can
be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of
diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa),
ric in A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin,
Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana
proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor,
curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin,
mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the
tricothecenes. See, for example, WO 93/21232 published Oct. 28,
1993.
[0198] The present invention further contemplates an
immunoconjugate formed between an antibody and a compound with
nucleolytic activity (e.g a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such
as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase).
[0199] A variety of radioactive isotopes are available for the
production of radioconjugated anti-ErbB2 antibodies. Examples
include At.sup.211, I.sup.131, I.sup.125, Y.sup.90, Re.sup.186,
Sm.sup.153, Bi.sup.212, P.sup.32 and radioactive isotopes of
Lu.
[0200] Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made
using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as
N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP),
succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate,
iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such
as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl
suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds
(such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium
derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine),
diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active
fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For
example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in
Vitetta et al. Science 238: 1098 (1987). Carbon-14-labeled
1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid
(MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of
radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026. The linker may be
a "cleavable linker" facilitating release of the cytotoxic drug in
the cell. For example, an acid-labile linker, peptidase-sensitive
linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et
al. Cancer Research 52: 127-131 (1992)) may be used.
[0201] Alternatively, a fusion protein comprising the anti-ErbB2
antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made, e.g. by recombinant
techniques or peptide synthesis.
[0202] In yet another embodiment, the antibody may be conjugated to
a "receptor" (such streptavidin) for utilization in tumor
pretargeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is
administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound
conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then
administration of a "ligand" (e.g. avidin) which is conjugated to a
cytotoxic agent (e.g. a radionucleotide).
[0203] (x) Antibody Dependent Enzyme Mediated Prodrug Therapy
(ADEPT)
[0204] The antibodies of the present invention may also be used in
ADEPT by conjugating the antibody to a prodrug-activating enzyme
which converts a prodrug (e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent,
see WO81/01145) to an active anti-cancer drug. See, for example, WO
88/07378 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278.
[0205] The enzyme component of the immunoconjugate useful for ADEPT
includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way so
as to covert it into its more active, cytotoxic form.
[0206] Enzymes that are useful in the method of this invention
include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for
converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs;
arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs
into free drugs; cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic
5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil;
proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin,
carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that
are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free
drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs
that contain D-amino acid substituents; carbohydrate-cleaving
enzymes such as .beta.-galactosidase and neuraminidase useful for
converting glycosylated prodrugs into free drugs; .beta.-lactamase
useful for converting drugs derivatized with .beta.-lactams into
free drugs; and penicillin amidases, such as penicillin V amidase
or penicillin G amidase, useful for converting drugs derivatized at
their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or phenylacetyl groups,
respectively, into free drugs. Alternatively, antibodies with
enzymatic activity, also known in the art as "abzymes", can be used
to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs
(see, e.g., Massey, Nature 328: 457-458 (1987)). Antibody-abzyme
conjugates can be prepared as described herein for delivery of the
abzyme to a tumor cell population.
[0207] The enzymes of this invention can be covalently bound to the
anti-ErbB2 antibodies by techniques well known in the art such as
the use of the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents discussed
above. Alternatively, fusion proteins comprising at least the
antigen binding region of an antibody of the invention linked to at
least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of the invention
can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques well known in
the art (see, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature, 312: 604-608
(1984).
[0208] (xi) Other Antibody Modifications
[0209] Other modifications of the antibody are contemplated herein.
For example, the antibody may be linked to one of a variety of
nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene
glycol, polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and
polypropylene glycol. The antibody also may be entrapped in
microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or
by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose
or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate)
microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems
(for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions,
nano-particles and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions. Such
techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
16th edition, Oslo, A., Ed., (1980).
[0210] The anti-ErbB2 antibodies disclosed herein may also be
formulated as immunoliposomes. Liposomes containing the antibody
are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in
Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:3688 (1985); Hwang
et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4030 (1980); U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and WO97/38731 published Oct. 23, 1997.
Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,013,556.
[0211] Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the
reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition
comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized
phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through
filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired
diameter. Fab' fragments of the antibody of the present invention
can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al. J.
Biol. Chem. 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange
reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained within
the liposome. See Gabizon et al. J. National Cancer Inst.
81(19)1484 (1989).
III. Pharmaceutical Formulations
[0212] Therapeutic formulations of the antibodies used in
accordance with the present invention are prepared for storage by
mixing an antibody having the desired degree of purity with
optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or
stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition,
Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or
aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers
are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations
employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other
organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine;
preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;
hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium
chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as
methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol;
3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10
residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin,
or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as
polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,
asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose,
or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose,
mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as
sodium; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes); and/or
non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN.TM., PLURONICS.TM. or
polyethylene glycol (PEG). Preferred lyophilized anti-ErbB2
antibody formulations are described in WO 97/04801, expressly
incorporated herein by reference.
[0213] The formulation herein may also contain more than one active
compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated,
preferably those with complementary activities that do not
adversely affect each other. For example, it may be desirable to
further provide antibodies which bind to EGFR, ErbB2 (e.g. an
antibody which binds a different epitope on ErbB2), ErbB3, ErbB4,
or vascular endothelial factor (VEGF) in the one formulation.
Alternatively, or additionally, the composition may further
comprise a chemotherapeutic agent, cytotoxic agent, cytokine,
growth inhibitory agent, anti-hormonal agent, and/or
cardioprotectant. Such molecules are suitably present in
combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose
intended.
[0214] The active ingredients may also be entrapped in
microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or
by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose
or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate)
microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems
(for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions,
nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such
techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences
16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980).
[0215] Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable
examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable
matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody,
which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or
microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include
polyesters, hydrogels (for example,
poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)),
polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic
acid and .gamma. ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl
acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as
the LUPRON DEPOT.TM. (injectable microspheres composed of lactic
acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and
poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
[0216] The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must
be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through
sterile filtration membranes.
IV. Treatment with the Anti-ErbB2 Antibodies
[0217] According to the present invention, the anti-ErbB2 antibody
is used to treat prostate cancer, such as androgen independent
prostate cancer or androgen dependent prostate cancer. Where the
cancer to be treated is androgen independent or dependent prostate
cancer, expression of the androgen (e.g. andosterone or
testosterone) and/or its cognate receptor in the tumor may be
assessed using any of the various assays available, e.g. as
described above. Alternatively, or additionally, a patient may be
diagnosed as having androgen independent prostate cancer in that
they no longer respond to anti-androgen therapy and the patient
diagnosed as having androgen dependent prostate cancer may be one
who responds to anti-androgen therapy. The cancer will generally
comprise ErbB2-expressing cells, such that the anti-ErbB2 antibody
is able to bind thereto. While the cancer may be characterized by
overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor, the present application
further provides a method for treating cancer which is not
considered to be an ErbB2-overexpressing cancer. To determine ErbB2
expression in the cancer, various diagnostic/prognostic assays are
available. In one embodiment, ErbB2 overexpression may be analyzed
by IHC, e.g using the HERCEPTEST.RTM. (Dako). Parrafin embedded
tissue sections from a tumor biopsy may be subjected to the IHC
assay and accorded a ErbB2 protein staining intensity criteria as
follows: [0218] Score 0 no staining is observed or membrane
staining is observed in less than 10% of tumor cells. [0219] Score
1+ a faint/barely perceptible membrane staining is detected in more
than 10% of the tumor cells. The cells are only stained in part of
their membrane. [0220] Score 2+ a weak to moderate complete
membrane staining is observed in more than 10% of the tumor cells.
[0221] Score 3+ a moderate to strong complete membrane staining is
observed in more than 10% of the tumor cells.
[0222] Those tumors with 0 or 1+ scores for ErbB2 overexpression
assessment may be characterized as not overexpressing ErbB2,
whereas those tumors with 2+ or 3+ scores may be characterized as
overexpressing ErbB2.
[0223] Alternatively, or additionally, FISH assays such as the
INFORM.TM. (sold by Ventana, Ariz.) or PATHVISION.TM. (Vysis, Ill.)
may be carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor
tissue to determine the extent (if any) of ErbB2 overexpression in
the tumor.
[0224] The prostate cancer to be treated herein may be one
characterized by excessive activation of an ErbB receptor, e.g.
EGFR. Such excessive activation may be attributable to
overexpression or increased production of the ErbB receptor or of
an ErbB ligand. In one embodiment of the invention, a diagnostic or
prognostic assay will be performed to determine whether the
patient's cancer is characterized by excessive activation of an
ErbB receptor. For example, ErbB gene amplification and/or
overexpression of an ErbB receptor in the cancer may be determined.
Various assays for determining such amplification/overexpression
are available in the art and include the IHC, FISH and shed antigen
assays described above. Alternatively, or additionally, levels of
an ErbB ligand, such as TGF-.alpha., in or associated with the
tumor may be determined according to known procedures. Such assays
may detect protein and/or nucleic acid encoding it in the sample to
be tested. In one embodiment, ErbB ligand levels in the tumor may
be determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC); see, for example,
Scher et al. Clin. Cancer Research 1:545-550 (1995). Alternatively,
or additionally, one may evaluate levels of ErbB ligand-encoding
nucleic acid in the sample to be tested; e.g. via FISH, southern
blotting, or PCR techniques.
[0225] Moreover, ErbB receptor or ErbB ligand overexpression or
amplification may be evaluated using an in vivo diagnostic assay,
e.g. by administering a molecule (such as an antibody) which binds
the molecule to be detected and is tagged with a detectable label
(e.g. a radioactive isotope) and externally scanning the patient
for localization of the label.
[0226] In certain embodiments, an immunoconjugate comprising the
anti-ErbB2 antibody conjugated with a cytotoxic agent is
administered to the patient. Preferably, the immunoconjugate and/or
ErbB2 protein to which it is bound is/are internalized by the cell,
resulting in increased therapeutic efficacy of the immunoconjugate
in killing the cancer cell to which it binds. In a preferred
embodiment, the cytotoxic agent targets or interferes with nucleic
acid in the cancer cell. Examples of such cytotoxic agents include
maytansinoids, calicheamicins, ribonucleases and DNA
endonucleases.
[0227] The anti-ErbB2 antibodies or immunoconjugates are
administered to a human patient, in accord with known methods, such
as intravenous administration, e.g., as a bolus or by continuous
infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal,
intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial,
intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes. Intravenous or
subcutaneous administration of the antibody is preferred.
[0228] Other therapeutic regimens may be combined with the
administration of the anti-ErbB2 antibody. The combined
administration includes coadministration, using separate
formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and
consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably
there is a time period while both (or all) active agents
simultaneously exert their biological activities.
[0229] In one preferred embodiment, the patient is treated with two
different anti-ErbB2 antibodies. For example, the patient may be
treated with a first anti-ErbB2 antibody which blocks ligand
activation of an ErbB receptor or an antibody having a biological
characteristic of monoclonal antibody 2C4 as well as a second
anti-ErbB2 antibody which is growth inhibitory (e.g.
HERCEPTIN.RTM.) or an anti-ErbB2 antibody which induces apoptosis
of an ErbB2-overexpressing cell (e.g. 7C2, 7F3 or humanized
variants thereof). Preferably such combined therapy results in a
synergistic therapeutic effect.
[0230] It may also be desirable to combine administration of the
anti-ErbB2 antibody or antibodies, with administration of an
antibody directed against another tumor associated antigen. The
other antibody in this case may, for example, bind to EGFR, ErbB3,
ErbB4, or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
[0231] In one embodiment, the treatment of the present invention
involves the combined administration of an anti-ErbB2 antibody (or
antibodies) and one or more chemotherapeutic agents or growth
inhibitory agents, including coadministration of cocktails of
different chemotherapeutic agents. Preferred chemotherapeutic
agents include taxanes (such as paclitaxel and docetaxel) and/or
anthracycline antibiotics. Preparation and dosing schedules for
such chemotherapeutic agents may be used according to
manufacturers' instructions or as determined empirically by the
skilled practitioner. Preparation and dosing schedules for such
chemotherapy are also described in Chemotherapy Service Ed., M. C.
Perry, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (1992).
[0232] The antibody may be combined with an anti-hormonal compound;
e.g., an anti-estrogen compound such as tamoxifen; an
anti-progesterone such as onapristone (see, EP 616812); or an
anti-androgen such as flutamide, in dosages known for such
molecules. Where the cancer to be treated is androgen independent
cancer, the patient may previously have been subjected to
anti-androgen therapy and, after the cancer becomes androgen
independent, the anti-ErbB2 antibody (and optionally other agents
as described herein) may be administered to the patient.
[0233] Sometimes, it may be beneficial to also coadminister a
cardioprotectant (to prevent or reduce myocardial dysfunction
associated with the therapy) or one or more cytokines to the
patient. In addition to the above therapeutic regimes, the patient
may be subjected to surgical removal of cancer cells and/or
radiation therapy. Suitable dosages for any of the above
coadministered agents are those presently used and may be lowered
due to the combined action (synergy) of the agent and anti-ErbB2
antibody.
[0234] For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate
dosage of antibody will depend on the type of disease to be
treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease,
whether the antibody is administered for preventive or therapeutic
purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and
response to the antibody, and the discretion of the attending
physician. The antibody is suitably administered to the patient at
one time or over a series of treatments. Depending on the type and
severity of the disease, about 1 .mu.g/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g. 0.1-20
mg/kg) of antibody is an initial candidate dosage for
administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more
separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. A typical
daily dosage might range from about 1 .mu.g/kg to 100 mg/kg or
more, depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated
administrations over several days or longer, depending on the
condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression
of disease symptoms occurs. A preferred dosing regimen comprises
administering an initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg, followed by
a weekly maintenance dose of about 2 mg/kg of the anti-ErbB2
antibody. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The
progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional
techniques and assays.
[0235] Aside from administration of the antibody protein to the
patient, the present application contemplates administration of the
antibody by gene therapy. Such administration of nucleic acid
encoding the antibody is encompassed by the expression
"administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody".
See, for example, WO96/07321 published Mar. 14, 1996 concerning the
use of gene therapy to generate intracellular antibodies.
[0236] There are two major approaches to getting the nucleic acid
(optionally contained in a vector) into the patient's cells; in
vivo and ex vivo. For in vivo delivery the nucleic acid is injected
directly into the patient, usually at the site where the antibody
is required. For ex vivo treatment, the patient's cells are
removed, the nucleic acid is introduced into these isolated cells
and the modified cells are administered to the patient either
directly or, for example, encapsulated within porous membranes
which are implanted into the patient (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,892,538 and 5,283,187). There are a variety of techniques
available for introducing nucleic acids into viable cells. The
techniques vary depending upon whether the nucleic acid is
transferred into cultured cells in vitro, or in vivo in the cells
of the intended host. Techniques suitable for the transfer of
nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro include the use of
liposomes, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion,
DEAE-dextran, the calcium phosphate precipitation method, etc. A
commonly used vector for ex vivo delivery of the gene is a
retrovirus.
[0237] The currently preferred in vivo nucleic acid transfer
techniques include transfection with viral vectors (such as
adenovirus, Herpes simplex I virus, or adeno-associated virus) and
lipid-based systems (useful lipids for lipid-mediated transfer of
the gene are DOTMA, DOPE and DC-Chol, for example). In some
situations it is desirable to provide the nucleic acid source with
an agent that targets the target cells, such as an antibody
specific for a cell surface membrane protein or the target cell, a
ligand for a receptor on the target cell, etc. Where liposomes are
employed, proteins which bind to a cell surface membrane protein
associated with endocytosis may be used for targeting and/or to
facilitate uptake, e.g. capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic
for a particular cell type, antibodies for proteins which undergo
internalization in cycling, and proteins that target intracellular
localization and enhance intracellular half-life. The technique of
receptor-mediated endocytosis is described, for example, by Wu et
al., J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87:3410-3414 (1990). For review of the
currently known gene marking and gene therapy protocols see
Anderson et al., Science 256:808-813 (1992). See also WO 93/25673
and the references cited therein.
V. Articles of Manufacture
[0238] In another embodiment of the invention, an article of
manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of
prostate cancer is provided. The article of manufacture comprises a
container and a label or package insert on or associated with the
container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles,
vials, syringes, etc. The containers may be formed from a variety
of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a
composition which is effective for treating the condition and may
have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an
intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a
hypodermic injection needle). At least one active agent in the
composition is the anti-ErbB2 antibody. The label or package insert
indicates that the composition is used for treating prostate
cancer, androgen independent prostate cancer, or androgen dependent
prostate cancer. Moreover, the article of manufacture may comprise
(a) a first container with a composition contained therein, wherein
the composition comprises a first antibody which binds ErbB2 and
inhibits growth of cancer cells which overexpress ErbB2; and (b) a
second container with a composition contained therein, wherein the
composition comprises a second antibody which binds ErbB2 and
blocks ligand activation of an ErbB receptor. The article of
manufacture in this embodiment of the invention may further
comprises a package insert indicating that the first and second
antibody compositions can be used to treat prostate cancer.
Alternatively, or additionally, the article of manufacture may
further comprise a second (or third) container comprising a
pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water
for injection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution
and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials
desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other
buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.
VI. Deposit of Materials
[0239] The following hybridoma cell lines have been deposited with
the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard,
Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA (ATCC): TABLE-US-00002 Antibody
Designation ATCC No Deposit Date 7C2 ATCC HB-12215 Oct. 17, 1996
7F3 ATCC HB-1221 Oct. 17, 1996 4D5 ATCC CRL 10463 May 24, 1990 2C4
ATCC HB12697 Apr. 8, 1999
[0240] Further details of the invention are illustrated by the
following non-limiting Examples. The disclosures of all citations
in the specification are expressly incorporated herein by
reference.
EXAMPLE 1
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody 2C4
[0241] The murine monoclonal antibodies 2C4, 7F3, and 4D5 which
specifically bind the extracellular domain of ErbB2 were produced
as described in Fendly et al., Cancer Research, 50:1550-1558
(1990). Briefly, NIH 3T3/HER2-3.sub.400 cells (expressing
approximately 1.times.10.sup.5 ErbB2 molecules/cell) produced as
described in Hudziak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci (USA),
84:7159-7163 (1987) were harvested with phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) containing 25 mM EDTA and used to immunize BALB/c mice. The
mice were given injections i.p. of 10.sup.7 cells in 0.5 ml PBS on
weeks 0, 2, 5, and 7. The mice with antisera that
immunoprecipitated .sup.32P-labeled ErbB2 were given i.p.
injections of a wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose (WGA) purified
ErbB2 membrane extract on weeks 9 and 13. This was followed by an
i.v. injection of 0.1 ml of the ErbB2 prepration and the
splenocytes were fused with mouse myeloma line X63-Ag8.653.
Hybridoma supernatants were screened for ErbB2-binding by ELISA and
radioimmunoprecipitation.
[0242] The ErbB2 epitopes bound by monoclonal antibodies 4D5, 7F3
and 2C4 were determined by competitive binding analysis (Fendly et
al. Cancer Research 50:1550-155 8 (1990)). Cross-blocking studies
were done on antibodies by direct fluorescence on intact cells by
using the PANDEX.TM. Screen Machine to quantitate fluorescence.
Each monoclonal antibody was conjugated with fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC), using established procedures (Wofsy et al.
Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, p. 287, Mishel and Schiigi
(eds.) San Francisco: W. J. Freeman Co. (1980)). Confluent
monolayers of NIH 3T3/HER2-3.sub.400 cells were trypsinized, washed
once, and resuspended at 1.75.times.10.sup.6 cell/ml in cold PBS
containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.1% NaN.sub.3. A
final concentration of 1% latex particles (IDC, Portland, Oreg.)
was added to reduce clogging of the PANDEX.TM. plate membranes.
Cells in suspension, 20 .mu.l, and 20 .mu.l of purified monoclonal
antibodies (100.mu.g/ml to 0.1 .mu.g/ml) were added to the
PANDEX.TM. plate wells and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. A
predetermined dilution of FITC-labeled monoclonal antibodies in 20
.mu.l was added to each well, incubated for 30 minutes, washed, and
the fluorescence was quantitated by the PANDEX.TM.. Monoclonal
antibodies were considered to share an epitope if each blocked
binding of the other by 50% or greater in comparison to an
irrelevant monoclonal antibody control. In this experiment,
monoclonal antibodies 4D5, 7F3 and 2C4 were assigned epitopes 1,
G/F and F, respectively.
[0243] The growth inhibitory characteristics of monoclonal
antibodies 2C4, 7F3 and 4D5 were evaluated using the breast tumor
cell line, SK-BR-3 (see Hudziak et al. Molec. Cell. Biol. 9(3):
1165-1172 (1989)). Briefly, SK-BR-3 cells were detached by using
0.25% (vol/vol) trypsin and suspended in complete medium at a
density of 4.times.10.sup.5 cells per ml. Aliquots of 100 .mu.l
(4.times.10.sup.4 cells) were plated into 96-well microdilution
plates, the cells were allowed to adhere, and 100 .mu.l of media
alone or media containing monoclonal antibody (final concentration
5 .mu.g/ml) was then added. After 72 hours, plates were washed
twice with PBS (pH 7.5), stained with crystal violet (0.5% in
methanol), and analyzed for relative cell proliferation as
described in Sugarman et al. Science 230:943-945 (1985). Monoclonal
antibodies 2C4 and 7F3 inhibited SK-BR-3 relative cell
proliferation by about 20% and about 38%, respectively, compared to
about 56% inhibition achieved with monoclonal antibody 4D5.
[0244] Monoclonal antibodies 2C4, 4D5 and 7F3 were evaluated for
their ability to inhibit HRG-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of
proteins in the Mr 180,000 range from whole-cell lysates of MCF7
cells (Lewis et al. Cancer Research 56:1457-1465 (1996)). MCF7
cells are reported to express all known ErbB receptors, but at
relatively low levels. Since ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 have nearly
identical molecular sizes, it is not possible to discern which
protein is becoming tyrosine phosphorylated when whole-cell lysates
are evaluated by Western blot analysis. However, these cells are
ideal for HRG tyrosine phosphorylation assays because under the
assay conditions used, in the absence of exogenously added HRG,
they exhibit low to undetectable levels of tyrosine phosphorylation
proteins in the M.sub.r 180,000 range.
[0245] MCF7 cells were plated in 24-well plates and monoclonal
antibodies to ErbB2 were added to each well and incubated for 30
minutes at room temperature; then rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-244 was added
to each well to a final concentration of 0.2 nM, and the incubation
was continued for 8 minutes. Media was carefully aspirated from
each well, and reactions were stopped by the addition of 100 .mu.l
of SDS sample buffer (5% SDS, 25 mM DTT, and 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH
6.8). Each sample (25 .mu.l) was electrophoresed on a 4-12%
gradient gel (Novex) and then electrophoretically transferred to
polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Antiphosphotyrosine (4G10, from
UBI, used at 1 .mu.g/ml) immunoblots were developed, and the
intensity of the predominant reactive band at M.sub.r.about.180,000
was quantified by reflectance densitometry, as described previously
(Holmes et al. Science 256:1205-1210 (1992); Sliwkowski et al. J.
Biol. Chem. 269:14661-14665 (1994))
[0246] Monoclonal antibodies 2C4, 7F3, and 4D5, significantly
inhibited the generation of a HRG-induced tyrosine phosphorylation
signal at M.sub.r 180,000. In the absence of HRG, none of these
antibodies were able to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of
proteins in the M.sub.r 180,000 range. Also, these antibodies do
not cross-react with EGFR (Fendly et al. Cancer Research
50:1550-1558 (1990)), ErbB3, or ErbB4. Antibodies 2C4 and 7F3
significantly inhibited HRG stimulation of p 180 tyrosine
phosphorylation to <25% of control. Monoclonal antibody 4D5 was
able to block HRG stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by
.about.50%. FIG. 2A shows dose-response curves for 2C4 or 7F3
inhibition of HRG stimulation of p 180 tyrosine phosphorylation as
determined by reflectance densitometry. Evaluation of these
inhibition curves using a 4-parameter fit yielded an IC.sub.50 of
2.8.+-.0.7 nM and 29.0.+-.4.1 nM for 2C4 and 7F3, respectively.
[0247] Inhibition of HRG binding to MCF7 breast tumor cell lines by
anti-ErbB2 antibodies was performed with monolayer cultures on ice
in a 24-well-plate format (Lewis et al. Cancer Research
56:1457-1465 (1996)). Anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibodies were added
to each well and incubated for 30 minutes. .sup.125I-labeled
rHRG.beta.1.sub.177-224 (25 pm) was added, and the incubation was
continued for 4 to 16 hours. FIG. 2B provides dose-response curves
for 2C4 or 7F3 inhibition of HRG binding to MCF7 cells. Varying
concentrations of 2C4 or 7F3 were incubated with MCF7 cells in the
presence of .sup.125I-labeled rHRG.beta.1, and the inhibition
curves are shown in FIG. 2B. Analysis of these data yielded an
IC.sub.50 of 2.4.+-.0.3 nM and 19.0.+-.7.3 nM for 2C4 and 7F3,
respectively. A maximum inhibition of .about.74% for 2C4 and 7F3
were in agreement with the tyrosine phosphorylation data.
[0248] To determine whether the effect of the anti-ErbB2 antibodies
observed on MCF7 cells was a general phenomenon, human tumor cell
lines were incubated with 2C4 or 7F3 and the degree of specific
.sup.125I-labeled rHRG.beta.1 binding was determined (Lewis et al.
Cancer Research 56:1457 1465 (1996)). The results from this study
are shown in FIG. 3. Binding of .sup.121I-labeled rHRG.beta.1 could
be significantly inhibited by either 2C4 or 7F3 in all cell lines,
with the exception of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468, which
has been reported to express little or no ErbB2. The remaining cell
lines are reported to express ErbB2, with the level of ErbB2
expression varying widely among these cell lines. In fact, the
range of ErbB2 expression in the cell lines tested varies by more
than 2 orders of magnitude. For example, BT-20, MCF7, and Caov3
express .about.10.sup.4 ErbB2 receptors/cell, whereas BT-474 and
SK-BR-3 express .about.10.sup.6 ErbB2 receptors/cell. Given the
wide range of ErbB2 expression in these cells and the data above,
it was concluded that the interaction between ErbB2 and ErbB3 or
ErbB4, was itself a high-affinity interaction that takes place on
the surface of the plasma membrane.
[0249] The growth inhibitory effects of monoclonal antibodies 2C4
and 4D5 on MDA-MB-175 and SK-BR-3 cells in the presence or absence
of exogenous rHRG.beta.1 was assessed (Schaefer et al. Oncogene
15:1385-1394 (1997)). ErbB2 levels in MDA-MB-175 cells are 4-6
times higher than the level found in normal breast epithelial cells
and the ErbB2-ErbB4 receptor is constitutivelytyrosine
phosphorylated in MDA-MB-175 cells. MDA-MB-175 cells were treated
with an anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibodies 2C4 and 4D5 (10 .mu.g/mL)
for 4 days. In a crystal violet staining assay, incubation with 2C4
showed a strong growth inhibitory effect on this cell line (FIG.
4A). Exogenous HRG did not significantly reverse this inhibition.
On the other hand 2C4 revealed no inhibitory effect on the ErbB2
overexpressing cell line SK-BR-3 (FIG. 4B). Monoclonal antibody 2C4
was able to inhibit cell proliferation of MDA-MB-175 cells to a
greater extent than monoclonal antibody 4D5, both in the presence
and absence of exogenous HRG. Inhibition of cell proliferation by
4D5 is dependent on the ErbB2 expression level (Lewis et al. Cancer
Immunol. Immunother. 37:255-263 (1993)). A maximum inhibition of
66% in SK-BR-3 cells could be detected (FIG.4B). However this
effect could be overcome by exogenous HRG.
EXAMPLE 2
HRG Dependent Association of ErbB2 with ErbB3 is Blocked by
Monoclonal Antibody 2C4
[0250] The ability of ErbB3 to associate with ErbB2 was tested in a
co-immunoprecipitation experiment. 1.0.times.10.sup.6 MCF7 or
SK-BR-3 cells were seeded in six well tissue culture plates in
50:50 DMEM/Ham's F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)
and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2 (growth medium), and allowed to attach
overnight. The cells were starved for two hours in growth medium
without serum prior to beginning the experiment
[0251] The cells were washed briefly with phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) and then incubated with either 100 nM of the indicated
antibody diluted in 0.2% w/v bovine serum albumin (BSA), RPMI
medium, with 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2 (binding buffer), or with binding
buffer alone (control). After one hour at room temperature, HRG was
added to a final concentration of 5 nM to half the wells (+). A
similar volume of binding buffer was added to the other wells (-).
The incubation was continued for approximately 10 minutes.
[0252] Supernatants were removed by aspiration and the cells were
lysed in RPMI, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 1.0% v/v TRITON X-100.TM., 1.0%
w/v CHAPS (lysis buffer), containing 0.2 mM PMSF, 10 .mu.g/ml
leupeptin, and 10 TU/ml aprotinin. The lysates were cleared of
insoluble material by centrifugation.
[0253] ErbB2 was immunoprecipitated using a monoclonal antibody
covalently coupled to an affinity gel (Affi-Prep 10, Bio-Rad). This
antibody (Ab-3, Oncogene Sciences) recognizes a cytoplasmic domain
epitope. Immunoprecipitation was performed by adding 10 .mu.l of
gel slurry containing approximately 8.5 .mu.g of immobilized
antibody to each lysate, and the samples were allowed to mix at
room temperature for two hours. The gels were then collected by
centrifugation. The gels were washed batchwise three times with
lysis buffer to remove unbound material. SDS sample buffer was then
added and the samples were heated briefly in a boiling water
bath.
[0254] Supernatants were run on 4-12% polyacrylamide gels and
electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The presence of ErbB3
was assessed by probing the blots with a polyclonal antibody
against a cytoplasmic domain epitope thereof (c-1 7, Santa Cruz
Biotech). The blots were visualized using a chemiluminescent
substrate (ECL, Amersham).
[0255] As shown in the control lanes of FIGS. 5A and 5B, for MCF7
and SK-BR-3 cells, respectively, ErbB3 was present in an ErbB2
immunoprecipitate only when the cells were stimulated with HRG. If
the cells were first incubated with monoclonal antibody 2C4, the
ErbB3 signal was abolished in MCF7 cells (FIG. SA, lane 2C4 +) or
substantially reduced in SK-BR-3 cells (FIG. 6B, lane 2C4+). As
shown in FIGS. 5A-B, monoclonal antibody 2C4 blocks heregulin
dependent association of ErbB3 with ErbB2 in both MCF7 and SK-BR-3
cells substantially more effectively than HERCEPTIN.RTM..
Preincubation with HERCEPTIN.RTM. decreased the ErbB3 signal in
MCF7 lysates but had little or no effect on the amount of ErbB3
co-precipitated from SK-BR-3 lysates. Preincubation with an
antibody against the EGF receptor (Ab-1, Oncogene Sciences) had no
effect on the ability of ErbB3 to co-immunoprecipitate with ErbB2
in either cell line.
EXAMPLE 3
Humanized 2C4 Antibodies and Affinity Matured 2C4 Antibody
Variants
[0256] The variable domains of murine monoclonal antibody 2C4 were
first cloned into a vector which allows production of a mouse/human
chimeric Fab fragment. Total RNA was isolated from the hybridoma
cells using a Stratagene RNA extraction kit following
manufacturer's protocols. The variable domains were amplified by
RT-PCR, gel purified, and inserted into a derivative of a
pUC119-based plasmid containing a human kappa constant domain and
human C.sub.H1 domain as previously described (Carter et al. PNAS
(USA) 89:4285 (1992); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337). The resultant
plasmid was transformed into E. coli strain 16C9 for expression of
the Fab fragment. Growth of cultures, induction of protein
expression, and purification of Fab fragment were as previously
described (Werther et al. J. Immunol. 157:4986-4995 (1996); Presta
et al. Cancer Research 57: 4593-4599 (1997)). Purified chimeric 2C4
Fab fragment was compared to the murine parent antibody 2C4 with
respect to its ability to inhibit .sup.125I-HRG binding to MCF7
cells and inhibit rHRG activation of p180 tyrosine phosphorylation
in MCF7 cells. As shown in FIG. 6A, the chimeric 2C4 Fab fragment
is very effective in disrupting the formation of the high affinity
ErbB2-ErbB3 binding site on the human breast cancer cell line,
MCF7. The relative IC.sub.50 value calculated for intact murine 2C4
is 4.0.+-.0.4nM, whereas the value for the Fab fragment is
7.7.+-.1.1 nM. As illustrated in FIG. 6B, the monovalent chimeric
2C4 Fab fragment is very effective in disrupting HRG-dependent
ErbB2-ErbB3 activation. The IC.sub.50 value calculated for intact
murine monoclonal antibody 2C4 is 6.0.+-.2 nM, whereas the value
for the Fab fragment is 15.0.+-.2nM.
[0257] DNA sequencing of the chimeric clone allowed identification
of the CDR residues (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)) (FIGS. 7A and B). Using
oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis, all six of these CDR
regions were introduced into a complete human framework (V.sub.L
kappa subgroup I and V.sub.H subgroup III) contained on plasmid VX4
as previously described (Presta et al., Cancer Research 57:
4593-4599 (1997)). Protein from the resultant "CDR-swap" was
expressed and purified as above. Binding studies were performed to
compare the two versions. Briefly, a NUNC MAXISORP.TM. plate was
coated with 1 microgram per ml of ErbB2 extracellular domain (ECD;
produced as described in WO 90/14357) in 50 mM carbonate buffer, pH
9.6, overnight at 4.degree. C., and then blocked with ELISA diluent
(0.5% BSA, 0.05% polysorbate 20, PBS) at room temperature for 1
hour. Serial dilutions of samples in ELISA diluent were incubated
on the plates for 2 hours. After washing, bound Fab fragment was
detected with biotinylated murine anti-human kappa antibody (ICN
634771) followed by streptavidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase
(Sigma) and using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine (Kirkegaard &
Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Md.) as substrate. Absorbance was
read at 450 nm. As shown in FIG. 8A, all binding was lost on
construction of the CDR-swap human Fab fragment.
[0258] To restore binding of the humanized Fab, mutants were
constructed using DNA from the CDR-swap as template. Using a
computer generated model (FIG. 9), these mutations were designed to
change human framework region residues to their murine counterparts
at positions where the change might affect CDR conformations or the
antibody-antigen interface. Mutants are shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Designation of Humanized 2C4 FR Mutations
Mutant no. Framework region (FR) substitutions 560 ArgH71Val 561
AspH73Arg 562 ArgH71Val, AspH73Arg 568 ArgH71Val, AspH73Arg,
AlaH49Gly 569 ArgH71Val, AspH73Arg, PheH67Ala 570 ArgH71Val,
AspH73Arg, AsnH76Arg 571 ArgH71Val, AspH73Arg, LeuH78Val 574
ArgH71Val, AspH73Arg, IleH69Leu 56869 ArgH71Val, AspH73Arg,
AlaH49Gly, PheH67Ala
[0259] Binding curves for the various mutants are shown in FIGS.
8A-C. Humanized Fab version 574, with the changes ArgH71Val,
AspH73Arg and IleH69Leu, appears to have binding restored to that
of the original chimeric 2C4 Fab fragment. Additional FR and/or CDR
residues, such as L2L54, L56, H35 and/or H48, may be modified (e.g.
substituted as follows--IleL2Thr; ArgL54Leu; TyrL55Glu; ThrL56Ser;
AspH35Ser; and ValH48Ile) in order to further refine or enhance
binding of the humanized antibody. Alternatively, or additionally,
the humanized antibody may be affinity matured (see above) in order
to further improve or refine its affinity and/or other biological
activities.
[0260] Humanized 2C4 version 574 was affinity matured using a
phage-display method. Briefly, humanized 2C4.574 Fab was cloned
into a phage display vector as a geneIII fusion. When phage
particles are induced by infection with M13KO7 helper phage, this
fusion allows the Fab to be displayed on the N-terminus of the
phage tail-fiber protein, geneIII (Baca et al. J. Biol Chem.
272:10678 (1997)).
[0261] Individual libraries were constructed for each of the 6 CDRs
identified above. In these libraries, the amino acids in the CDRs
which were identified using a computer generated model (FIG. 9) as
being potentially significant in binding to ErbB2 were randomized
using oligos containing "NNS" as their codons. The libraries were
then panned against ErbB2 ECD coated on NUNC MAXISORP.TM. plates
with 3% dry milk in PBS with 0.2% TWEEN20.RTM. (MPBST) used in
place of all blocking solutions. In order to select for phage with
affinities higher than that of 2C4.574, in panning rounds 3, 4, and
5, soluble ErbB2 ECD or soluble Fab 2C4.574 was added during the
wash steps as competitor. Wash times were extended to I hour at
room temperature.
[0262] After 5 rounds of panning, individual clones were again
analyzed by phage-ELISA. Individual clones were grown in Costar
96-well U-bottomed tissue culture plates, and phage were induced by
addition of helper phage. After overnight growth, E. coli cells
were pelleted, and the phage-containing supernates were transfered
to 96-well plates where the phage were blocked with MPBST for 1 hr
at room temperature. NUNC MAXISORP.TM. plates coated with ErbB2 ECD
were also blocked with MPBST as above. Blocked phage were incubated
on the plates for 2 hours. After washing, bound phage were detected
using horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated anti-M13 monoclonal
antibody (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc. 27-9421-01) diluted
1:5000 in MPBST, followed by 3,3',5,5',-tetramethyl benzidine as
substrate. Absorbance was read at 450 nm.
[0263] The 48 clones from each library which gave the highest
signals were DNA sequenced. Those clones whose sequences occurred
the most frequently were subcloned into the vector described above
which allows expression of soluble Fabs. These Fabs were induced,
proteins purified and the purified Fabs were analyzed for binding
by ELISA as described above and the binding was compared to that of
the starting humanized 2C4.574 version.
[0264] After interesting mutations in individual CDRs were
identified, additional mutants which were various combinations of
these were constructed and tested as above. Mutants which gave
improved binding relative to 574 are described in Table 3.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Designation of mutants derived from affinity
maturation of 2C4.574 Mutant Name Change from 574 Mutant/574* H3.A1
serH99trp, metH34leu 0.380 L2.F5 serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34leu
0.087 H1.3.B3 thrH28gln, thrH30ser, metH34leu 0.572 L3.G6
tyrL92pro, ileL93lys, metH34leu 0.569 L3.G11 tyrL92ser, ileL93arg,
tyrL94gly, metH34leu 0.561 L3.29 tyrL92phe, tyrL96asn, metH34leu
0.552 L3.36 tyrL92phe, tyrL94leu, tyrL96pro, metH34leu 0.215 654
serL50trp, metH34leu 0.176 655 metH34ser 0.542 659 serL50trp,
metH34ser 0.076 L2.F5.H3.A1 serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34leu,
serH99trp 0.175 L3G6.H3.A1 tyrL92pro, ileL93lys, metH34leu,
serH99trp 0.218 H1.3.B3.H3.A1 thrH28gln, thrH30ser, metH34leu,
serH99trp 0.306 L3.G11.H3.A1 tyrL92ser, ileL93arg, tyrL94gly,
metH34leu, serH99trp 0.248 654.H3.A1 serL50trp, metH34leu,
serH99trp 0.133 654.L3.G6 serL50trp, metH34leu, tyrL92pro,
ileL93lys 0.213 654.L3.29 serL50trp, metH34leu, tyrL92phe,
tyrL96asn 0.236 654.L3.36 serL50trp, metH35leu, tyrL92phe,
tyrL94leu, tyrL96pro 0.141 *Ratio of the amount of mutant needed to
give the mid-OD of the standard curve to the amount of 574 needed
to give the mid-OD of the standard curve in an Erb2-ECD ELISA. A
number less than 1.0 indicates that the mutant binds Erb2 better
than 574 binds.
[0265] The following mutants have also been constructed, and are
currently under evaluation: TABLE-US-00005 659.L3.G6 serL50trp,
metH34ser, tyrL92pro, ileL93lys 659.L3.G11 serL50trp, metH34ser,
tyrL92ser, ileL93arg, tyrL94gly 659.L3.29 serL50trp, metH34ser,
tyrL92phe, tyrL96asn 659.L3.36 serL50trp, metH34ser, tyrL92phe,
tyrL94leu, tyrL96pro L2F5.L3G6 serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34leu,
tyrL92pro, ileL93lys L2F5.L3G11 serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34leu,
tyrL92ser, ileL93arg, tyrL94gly L2F5.L29 serL50trp, tyrL53gly,
metH34leu, tyrL92phe, tyrL96asn L2F5.L36 serL50trp, tyrL53gly,
metH34leu, tyrL92phe, tyrL94leu, tyrL96pro L2F5.L3G6.655 serL50trp,
tyrL53gly, metH35ser, tyrL92pro, ileL93lys L2F5.L3G11.655
serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34ser, tyrL92ser, ileL93arg, tyrL94gly
L2F5.L29.655 serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34ser, tyrL92phe, tyrL96asn
L2F5.L36.655 serL50trp, tyrL53gly, metH34ser, tyrL92phe, tyrL94leu,
tyrL96pro
[0266] The following mutants, suggested by a homology scan, are
currently being constructed: TABLE-US-00006 678 thrH30ala 679
thrH30ser 680 lysH64arg 681 leuH96val 682 thrL97ala 683 thrL97ser
684 tyrL96phe 685 tyrL96ala 686 tyrL91phe 687 thrL56ala 688
glnL28ala 689 glnL28glu
[0267] The preferred amino acid at H34 would be methionine. A
change to leucine might be made if there were found to be oxidation
at this position.
[0268] AsnH52 and asnH53 were found to be strongly preferred for
binding. Changing these residues to alanine or aspartic acid
dramatically decreased binding.
[0269] An intact antibody comprising humanized Fab version 574 with
a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region has been prepared (see
U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337). The intact antibody is produced by
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.
EXAMPLE 4
Monoclonal Antibody 2C4 Blocks EGF, TGF-A or HRG Mediated
Activation of MAPK
[0270] Many growth factor receptors signal through the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These dual
specificity kinases are one of the key endpoints in signal
transduction pathways that ultimately triggers cancer cells to
divide. The ability of monoclonal antibody 2C4 or HERCEPTIN.RTM. to
inhibit EGF, TGF-.alpha. or HRG activation of MAPK was assessed in
the following way.
[0271] MCF7 cells (10.sup.5 cells/well) were plated in serum
containing media in 12-well cell culture plates. The next day, the
cell media was removed and fresh media containing 0.1% serum was
added to each well. This procedure was then repeated the following
day and prior to assay the media was replaced with serum-free
binding buffer (Jones et al. J. Biol. Chem. 273:11667-998); and
Schaefer et al. J. Biol. Chem. 274:859-66 (1999)). Cells were
allowed to equilibrate to room temperature and then incubated for
30 minutes with 0.5 mL of 200 nM HERCEPTIN.RTM. or monoclonal
antibody 2C4. Cells were then treated with 1 nM EGF, 1 nM
TGF-.alpha. or 0.2 nM HRG for 15 minutes. The reaction was stopped
by aspirating the cell medium and then adding 0.2 mL SDS-PAGE
sample buffer containing 1% DTT. MAPK activation was assessed by
Western blotting using an anti-active MAPK antibody (Promega) as
described previously (Jones et al. J. Biol. Chem. 273:11667-74
(1998)).
[0272] As shown in FIG. 10, monoclonal antibody 2C4 significantly
blocks EGF, TGF-.alpha. and HRG mediated activation of MAPK to a
greater extent than HERCEPTIN.RTM.. These data suggest that
monoclonal antibody 2C4 binds to a surface of ErbB2 that is used
for its association with either EGFR or ErbB3 and thus prevents the
formation of the signaling receptor complex.
EXAMPLE 5
Effect of HERCEPTIN.RTM. on the Growth of Androgen Dependent and
Androgen Independent Human Prostate Cancer
[0273] The effect of HERCEPTIN.RTM. monotherapy in androgen
dependent and androgen independent prostate cancer xenograft models
and the combination of HERCEPTIN.RTM. with paclitaxel were studied
in preclinical models of human prostate cancer. The androgen
dependent CWR22 and LNCaP human prostate cancer xenograft models
and androgen independent sublines of CWR22 were used (Nagabhushan
et al. Cancer Res. 56:3042-3046 (1996); Wainstein et al. Cancer
Res. 54:6049-6052 (1994); and Stearns et al. Prostate 36:56-58
(1998)).
Materials and Methods
[0274] Animal studies. Four to six week old nude athymic BALB/c
male and female mice were obtained from the National Cancer
Institute-Frederick Cancer Center and maintained in pressurized
ventilated caging at the Sloan-Kettering Institute. Male animals
were inoculated s.c. with 1.times.10.sup.6 LNCaP cells or minced
tumor tissue from the androgen dependent CWR22, and females
received the androgen independent sublines CWR22R, or CWR22SA1,
CWRSA4, CWRSA6 which were obtained by selecting tumors for regrowth
and increased serum PSA after androgen withdrawal. All lines were
injected together with reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel;
Collaborative Research, Bedford, Mass.) as described previously
(Nagabhushan et al. Cancer Res. 56:3042-3046 (1996); Wainstein et
al. Cancer Res. 54:6049-6052 (1994); and Sato et al. Cancer Res.
57:1584-1589 (1997)). To maintain serum testosterone levels, male
mice were implanted with 12.5-mg sustained release testosterone
pellets (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, Fla.) s.c.
before receiving the tumor cell inoculation. Treatments consisted
of twice weekly i.p. injection of 20 mg/kg HERCEPTIN.RTM. in PBS
for no less than 3 weeks and/or paclitaxel (TAXOL.RTM., Bristol
Myers-Squibb Company, Princeton, N.J.) s.c. low dose (6.25mg/kg
s.c., 5.times./week.times.3 weeks) or high dose (12.5 mg/kg s.c.,
5.times./week.times.2 weeks) in sterile saline. Control mice were
given vehicle alone. Tumors were measured every 3-4 days with
vernier calipers, and tumor volumes were calculated by the formula:
p/6.times.larger diameter.times.(smaller diameter).sup.2. Animals
with palpably established tumors of at least 65 mm.sup.3 in volume
were designated to treatment groups.
[0275] Determination of the ErbB2 status of the xenografts.
Xenografts were assayed for ErbB2 expression by
immunohistochemistry using the DAKO ErbB2 kits (HERCEPTEST.RTM.,
DAKO Corporation, Carpinteria, Calif.). The samples were scored
blindly by comparison with standard controls in the DAKO kit
standards and scored as follows: 0 (no staining, or membrane
staining in less than 10% of the tumor cells), 1.sup.+ (faint
membrane staining in more than 10% of the tumor cells), 2.sup.+
(weak to moderate complete membrane stain in >10% of cells), or
3.sup.+ (moderate to strong complete membrane staining in >10%
of cells). A score of 0 or 1.sup.+ was considered negative for
ErbB2 overexpression, whereas 2.sup.+ or 3.sup.+ indicated ErbB2
overexpression. FISH analysis was done using the Oncor kits
(INFORM.RTM. ErbB2 gene detection system, Oncor Inc., Gaithersburg,
Md.). A minimum of 100 tumor cells in each tumor was evaluated for
nuclear ErbB2 gene copy number (Ross et al. Hum. Pathol. 28:827-833
(1997)).
[0276] Determination of serum PSA Values. Blood samples
(.about.50.sub.--1) from male mice collected in microtainer serum
separator tubes (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) by
superficial incision of the dorsal tail vein were taken prior to
therapy, and on days 9 and 21 of treatment. PSA values were then
determined from serum using the Tandem-R PSA immunoradiometric
assay (Hybritech, San Diego, Calif.).
[0277] Statistical Analysis. Pairwise differences between the tumor
volumes of the treatment groups were compared over time using a
permutation test. The null hypothesis for this test is that
treatment has no differential effect on the tumor volumes over
time. The statistic used to test the hypothesis was the sum of the
squared differences between mean tumor volume summed over all time
points. SS_DEV = i = 1 k .times. .times. ( x _ i - y _ i ) 2
##EQU1## SS_Dev was used in order to capture average differences
between treatment groups at each time point. This statistic
reflects the amount by which the trajectories of average tumor
volume of the two treatment groups are different.
Results
[0278] ErbB2 immunohistochemical staining and ErbB2 gene copy
number of the prostate xenografts. The ErbB2 expression patterns of
the androgen dependent and androgen independent prostate xenografts
were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and FISH. The parental
androgen dependent CWR22 tumors demonstrated 2.sup.+ ErbB2 staining
and the LNCaP tumors 3.sup.+ ErbB2 staining. The androgen
independent sublines of CWR22 demonstrate 2+(CWRSA 1),3.sup.+
(CWRSA4),2.sup.+ (CWRSA6) and 1.sup.+ (CWR22R) staining for ErbB2.
All tumors had a 2-4 ErbB2 gene copy (normal range) number by
FISH.
[0279] Effects of HERCEPTIN.RTM. on established prostate cancer
xenografts. Animal experiments were preformed to evaluate the
efficacy of HERCEPTIN.RTM. in well-established androgen dependent
and androgen independent prostate cancer xenografts. The CWR22,
LNCaP, CWR22R and CWRSA6 models were used for these experiments
because they provided reproducible growth curves. HERCEPTIN.RTM.
was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 20 mg/kg
twice weekly after the xenograft had been established. No effect of
HERCEPTIN.RTM. on tumor growth was observed in any of the androgen
independent tumors when compared to controls (CWR22R, p=0.60, n=10,
FIG. 11A; CWRSA6, p=0.63, n=10, FIG. 11B). The murine anti-ErbB2
antibody, 4D5, also had no effect on tumor growth in the CWR22R
androgen independent line (p=0.21, n=10). In contrast,
HERCEPTIN.RTM. did show significant growth inhibition in both of
the androgen dependent xenograft models, CWR22 (68% growth
inhibition; p<0.03, n=12, FIG. 11C) and LNCaP (89% growth
inhibition; p=0.002, n=12, FIG. 11D).
[0280] Effects of HERCEPTIN.RTM. combined with TAXOL.RTM. on
established tumor xenografts. When paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM.
were co-administered to animals there was a marked reduction in
tumor volume versus control for both androgen dependent and
androgen independent tumors (CWR22 98% growth inhibition,
p<0.01, FIG. 11E; CWR22R 92% growth inhibition, p<0.01, FIG.
11G; LNCaP 94% growth inhibition, p=0.006, FIG. 11F; CWRSA6 77%
growth inhibition, p<0.01, FIG. 11H). Increased growth
inhibition was observed with the combination of HERCEPTIN.RTM. and
paclitaxel as compared to each agent alone at the end of the
treatment period in the animals with androgen dependent xenografts
(FIGS. 11E-H): the CWR22 group (mean tumor volumes, n=6 in each
group, paclitaxel 408 mm.sup.3, HERCEPTIN.RTM. 520 mm.sup.3,
paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM. 76 mm.sup.3; p<0.03 paclitaxel
versus paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM.) and the LNCaP group (mean
tumor volumes, n=6 in each group, paclitaxel 233 mm.sup.3,
HERCEPTIN.RTM. 163 mm.sup.3, paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM. 82
mm.sup.3; p<0.03 paclitaxel versus paclitaxel and
HERCEPTIN.RTM.). In addition, there was increased growth inhibition
with the combination of HERCEPTIN.RTM. and paclitaxel versus each
agent alone at the end of the treatment period in the animals with
androgen independent xenografts (FIGS. 11E-H): the CWRSA6 group
(mean tumor volumes, n=5 in each group, paclitaxel 1,496 mm.sup.3,
HERCEPTIN.RTM. 2,941 mm.sup.3, paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM. 687
mm.sup.3; p<0.001 paclitaxel versus paclitaxel and
HERCEPTIN.RTM.) and the CWR22R group (mean tumor volumes, n=5 in
each group, paclitaxel 1,273 mm.sup.3, HERCEPTIN.RTM. 3,811
mm.sup.3, paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM. 592 mm.sup.3; p=0.095
paclitaxel versus paclitaxel and HERCEPTIN.RTM.).
[0281] Effects of HERCEPTIN.RTM. on PSA index in the treated
animals with androgen dependent xenografts. As shown in FIGS. 12A
and B, there was a significant increase in prostate specific
antigen (PSA) index (ng PSA/ml serum/mm.sup.3 tumor) in
HERCEPTIN.RTM.-treated androgen dependent groups compared with
control (CWR22, 1864% versus -4%, p<0.0001, FIG. 12A; LNCaP,
232% versus -68%, p<0.0001, FIG. 12B). There was also an
increase in the PSA index after combination treatment with
HERCEPTIN.RTM. and paclitaxel when compared with pretreatment
values.
Conclusions
[0282] In these prostate cancer model systems, HERCEPTIN.RTM. alone
has clinical activity only in the androgen dependent tumors and has
at least an additive effect on growth, in combination with
paclitaxel, in both androgen dependent and androgen independent
tumors. Response to HERCEPTIN.RTM. did not correlate with the PSA
levels, as the PSA index markedly increased in the
HERCEPTIN.RTM.-treated group, while remaining constant in the
control group.
EXAMPLE 6
Effect of Monoclonal Antibody 2C4 on the Growth of Androgen
Dependent and Androgen Independent Human Prostate Cancer
[0283] The effect of an antibody, which blocks ligand activation of
an ErbB receptor, on human prostate cancer was assessed. In
particular, response of xenograft tumors to HERCEPTIN.RTM.,
monoclonal antibody 2C4, paclitaxel and combination 2C4/paclitaxel
treatment was determined using the androgen dependent tumor CWR22
and androgen independent tumors CWR22R and CWRSA6 described in
Example 5 above. The antibodies and paclitaxel were administered as
described in Example 5.
[0284] The response of the androgen dependent tumor CWR22 to
therapy is shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. Results are given as mean
tumor volume .+-.SE. The tumor volumes of the animals depicted in
FIG. 13 demonstrate that HERCEPTIN.RTM. has clinical activity in
this androgen dependent model, as does monoclonal antibody 2C4. The
combination of monoclonal antibody 2C4 and TAXOL.RTM. demonstrates
increased growth inhibition when compared with either 2C4 or
TAXOL.RTM. alone (FIG. 14; p=0.003).
[0285] The response of the androgen independent tumors CWR22R and
CWRSA6 to therapy with HERCEPTIN.RTM., monoclonal antibody 2C4,
paclitaxel or combination 2C4/paclitaxel treatment is shown in
FIGS. 15-18. Results are given as mean tumor volume .+-.SE. The
tumor volumes of the animals depicted in FIGS. 15 and 17
demonstrate that HERCEPTIN.RTM. has little or no clinical activity
in these androgen independent models, while monoclonal antibody 2C4
has clinical activity in these models. The combination of
monoclonal antibody 2C4 and TAXOL.RTM.D demonstrates increased
growth inhibition when compared with either monoclonal antibody 2C4
or TAXOL.RTM. alone (FIGS. 16 and 18; p=0.002).
[0286] A Fab' fragment of rhuMAb 2C4 was expressed in E. coli and
conjugated to 20 kD branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) as described
in WO98/37200, expressly incorporated herein by reference. The
ability of the murine 2C4 antibody (20 mg/kg), rhuMAb 2C4 (20
mg/kg), and the pegylated Fab fragment (PEG-Fab; 20 or 40 mg/kg) to
treat androgen independent prostate cancer in vivo was assessed
using the above CWR22R xenograft. All injections were given IP
(N=5). The results of these studies are shown in FIG. 23. These
data demonstrate that the tumor inhibition seen with 2C4 in the
CWR22R model does not require an intact, bivalent antibody. Since
these Fab fragments do not contain Fc, an immunological mechanism
such as ADCC can likely be ruled out. These results are consistent
with that shown in FIG. 6 utilizing an in vitro system and chimeric
versions of the 2C4 Fab. The observation that 2C4 inhibits tumor
growth as a monovalent fragment also lends credence to the notion
that this inhibition is a result of blocking ErbB2 ability to
heterodimerize with other ErbB family members and thus inhibits
initiation of downstream signaling events.
[0287] Dose response studies were carried out using rhuMAb 4D5 in
the CWR22R and MSKPC6 (Agus et al. Cancer Research 59: 4761-4764
(1999)) androgen independent prostate xenografts. Animals were
dosed IP with: control; 6 mg/kg loading dose then 3 mg/kg twice
weekly; 20 mg/kg loading dose then 10 mg/kg twice weekly; or 60
mg/kg loading dose then 30 mg/kg twice weekly. The results of these
studies are shown in FIGS. 24 and 25. These data demonstrate that
2C4 suppresses the growth of androgen-independent tumor xenografts
in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, these results further
confirm that this inhibition of tumor growth is due to 2C4
treatment and not an experimental artifact.
[0288] A summary of typical results from the studies in Examples 5
and 6 is shown in FIG. 21.
EXAMPLE 7
TGF-.alpha. and HB-EGF Levels in Androgen Dependent and Androgen
Independent Human Prostate Cancer
[0289] TGF-.alpha. and HB-EGF mRNA levels in CWR22 cells (androgen
dependent) and CWR22R cells (androgen independent) were evaluated
in this example.
Materials and Methods
[0290] mRNA Preparation. Frozen tumor tissue was processed
according to the Qiagen protocol (Qiagen Maxi Kit #75163). Briefly,
homogenization of tissue was accomplished with a Brinkman Polytron
(Pt-3000) homogenizer equipped with the PT-DA 3012/2 TS generator
using 15 second pulses and then pausing for 30 seconds. This
process was repeated three times and the extract was loaded on to a
Qiagen column and washed according to the manufacturer's
specifications. Columns were eluted with 1 mL of RNAse-free water
and RNA content was determined by absorbance at 260 nm. Since
TGF-.alpha. and HB-EGF are expressed in the cell line MDA-MB-23 1,
total RNA from these cells was used as a standard for TGF-.alpha.
and HB-EGF quantification.
[0291] Real Time Quantitative PCR. TGF-.alpha. and HB-EGF mRNA was
quantified using real time quantitative PCR or TaqMan technique as
previously described (Gibson et al., Genome Research, 6:995-1001
(1996); and Heid et al., Genomic Research, 6:986-994 (1996)). The
sequence of the primer/probe sets used for this analysis are shown
below: TABLE-US-00007 TGF-.alpha. F 5'-GGACAGCACTGCCAGAGA -3' (SEQ
ID NO:14) R 5'-CAGGTGATTACAGGCCAAGTAG -3 '(SEQ ID NO:15) P
5'FAM-CCTGGGTGTGCCACAGACCTTCA-TAMRA-p-3' (SEQ ID NO:16) HB-EGF: F
5'-TGAAGTTACCTCCAGGTTGGT-3' (SEQ ID NO:17) R
5'-AGACACATTCTGTCCATTTTCAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:18) P
5'-FAM-CAAGCTGCAAAGTGCCTTGCTCAT-TAMRA-p-3' (SEQ ID NO:19)
[0292] where F and R are the forward and reverse primers
respectively, and P is the flourescent labeled probe. .beta.-actin
was used as a housekeeping gene. Primer/probe sets for .beta.-actin
are: TABLE-US-00008 .beta.-actin F 5'-ATGTATCACAGCCTGTACCTG-3' (SEQ
ID NO:20) R 5'-TTCTTGGTCTCTTCCTCCTTG-3' (SEQ ID NO:21) P
5'FAM-AGGTCTAAGACCAAGGAAGCACGCAA-TAMRA-p-3' (SEQ ID NO:22)
[0293] TaqMan analysis was performed in a standard 96-well plate
format. Standard curves were constructed using 0.6-150 ng of mRNA
for TGF-.alpha. and HB-EGF analysis and 9.4-150 ng for
.beta.-actin. Each dilution was run in duplicate. For tumor
samples, 100 ng was used for all genes analyzed.
Results
[0294] As shown in FIGS. 19-20, the androgen independent prostate
tumor line, CWR22R, expressed significantly greater levels of the
EGFR ligands TGF-.alpha. and HB-EGF in comparison to the androgen
dependent cell line, CWR22. Specifically, TGF-A was expressed at
levels 8-9 higher in the CWR22R tumor relative to the CWR22 tumor.
In a similar fashion, HB-EGF was expressed .about.19 fold higher in
CWR22R versus CR2.
EXAMPLE 8
Effect of 2C4 or HERCEPTIN.RTM. on PSA Index in Animals With
Androgen-Dependent Xenografts
[0295] As shown in FIG. 22, the PSA index (defined as ng PSA/mL
serum/mm.sup.3 tumor) was measured in the androgen-dependent
animals at day 21 near the end of treatment. There was a
significant increase in the PSA index in HERCEPTIN.RTM.-treated,
androgen-dependent animals, while the control animals showed a
decrease in the PSA index (LNCaP: control=0.6 relative to
pretreatment value, HERCEPTIN.RTM. group=2.35 relative to
pretreatment value at day 21; CWR22: control=1.0 relative to
pretreatment value, HERCEPTIN.RTM. group=18 relative to
pretreatment value at day 21). Relative PSA index decreased in the
LNCaP untreated group, presumably secondary to increased necrosis
with increasing tumor size. In contrast, there was no significant
effect of 2C4 on the PSA index of treated tumors compared with
controls. Without being limited to any one theory, a possible
explanation for this phenomenon might be related to the degree of
ErbB2 activation in prostate cancer cells. ErbB2 activation may
cause androgen-independent growth by crosstalk with the androgen
receptor signaling pathway (Craft et al. Nature Med. 5:280-285
(1999)). In our model systems, HERCEPTIN.RTM. binding to ErbB2 led
to increased cellular secretion of PSA in an androgen-independent
fashion (Agusetal. Cancer Res. 59:4761-4764 (1999)). This result
further supports the notion of crosstalk between the ErbB2 and
androgen receptor signaling pathways.
EXAMPLE 9
Effect of 7C2 anti-ErbB2 Antibody on Androgen Dependent and
Independent Xenografts
[0296] The effect of monoclonal antibody 7C2 (ATCC HB-12215) which
induces apoptosis of ErbB2 overexpressing cells was compared to
that of monoclonal antibody 2C4 in the androgen dependent CWR22
xenograft. Both antibodies were dosed at 20 mg/kg twice per week.
As shown in FIG. 26, like 2C4 and HERCEPTIN.RTM., 7C2 is also
effective in treating androgen dependent prostate cancer. The
effect of 7C2 on androgen independent prostate cancer was also
assessed using the CWR22R xenograft. FIG. 27 shows that 7C2 alone
was not effective in this model, but was effective when combined
with TAXOL.RTM..
EXAMPLE 10
Therapy of Relapsed or Refractory Metastatic Prostate Cancer
[0297] RhuMAb 2C4 is a full-length, humanized monoclonal antibody
(produced in CHO cells) directed against ErbB2. RhuMAb 2C4 blocks
the associated of ErbB2 with other ErbB family members thereby
inhibiting intracellular signaling through the ErbB pathway. In
contrast to HERCEPTIN.RTM., rhuMAb 2C4 not only inhibits the growth
of ErbB2 overexpressing tumors but also blocks growth of tumors
that require ErbB ligand-dependent signaling.
[0298] RhuMAb 2C4 is indicated as a single agent for treatment of
hormone-refractory (androgen independent) prostate cancer patients.
Primary endpoints for efficacy include overall survival compared to
best available care (Mitoxantrone/Prednisone), when used as a
single agent, and safety. Secondary efficacy endpoints include:
time to disease progression, response rate, quality of life, pain
and/or duration of response. RhuMAb 2C4 is administered
intravenously (IV) weekly or every three weeks at 2 or 4 mg/kg,
respectively, until disease progression. The antibody is supplied
as a multi-dose liquid formulation (20 mL fill at a concentration
of 20 mg/mL or higher concentration).
[0299] RhuMAb 2C4 is also indicated in combination with
chemotherapy for treatment of hormone-refractory (androgen
independent) prostate cancer patients. Primary endpoints for
efficacy include overall survival compared to chemotherapy, and
safety. Secondary efficacy endpoints include: time to disease
progression, response rate, quality of life, pain and/or duration
of response. RhuMAb 2C4 is administered intravenously (IV) weekly
or every three weeks at 2 or 4 mg/kg, respectively, until disease
progression. The antibody is supplied as a multi-dose liquid
formulation (20 mL fill at a concentration of 20 mg/mL or higher
concentration).
[0300] Examples of drugs that can be combined with the anti-ErbB2
antibody (which blocks ligand activation of an ErbB2 receptor) to
treat prostate cancer (e.g. androgen independent prostate cancer)
include a farnesyl transferase inhibitor; an anti-angiogenic agent
(e.g. an anti-VEGF antibody); an EGFR-targeted drug (e.g. C225 or
ZD1839); another anti-ErbB2 antibody (e.g. a growth inhibitory
anti-ErbB2 antibody such as HERCEPTIN.RTM., or an anti-ErbB2
antibody which induces apoptosis such as 7C2 or 7F3, including
humanized and/or affinity matured variants thereof); a cytokine
(e.g. IL-2, IL-12, G-CSF or GM-CSF); an anti-androgen (such as
flutamide or cyproterone acetate); leuprolide; suramin; a
chemotherapeutic agent such as vinblastine, estramustine,
mitoxantrone, liarozole (a retinoic acid metabolism-blocking
agent), cyclophosphamide, anthracycline antibiotics such as
doxorubicin, a taxane (e.g. paclitaxel or docetaxel), or
methotrexate, or any combination of the above, such as
vinblastine/estramustine or
cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate; prednisone;
hydrocortizone; or combinations thereof. Standard doses for these
various drugs can be administered, e.g. 40 mg/m.sup.2/wk docetaxel
(TAXOTERE.RTM.); 6 AUC carboplatin; and 200 mg/m.sup.2 paclitaxel
(TAXOL.RTM.).
Sequence CWU 1
1
22 1 107 PRT Mus musculus 1 Asp Thr Val Met Thr Gln Ser His Lys Ile
Met Ser Thr Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Asp Arg Val Ser Ile Thr Cys Lys
Ala Ser Gln Asp Val Ser 20 25 30 Ile Gly Val Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln
Arg Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Lys 35 40 45 Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ser Ala Ser
Tyr Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp 50 55 60 Arg Phe Thr Gly Ser Gly
Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr Ile 65 70 75 Ser Ser Val Gln Ala
Glu Asp Leu Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln 80 85 90 Tyr Tyr Ile Tyr
Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu 95 100 105 Ile Lys 2
119 PRT Mus musculus 2 Glu Val Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser Gly Pro Glu Leu
Val Lys Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Thr Ser Val Lys Ile Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Phe Thr Phe Thr 20 25 30 Asp Tyr Thr Met Asp Trp Val Lys Gln
Ser His Gly Lys Ser Leu 35 40 45 Glu Trp Ile Gly Asp Val Asn Pro
Asn Ser Gly Gly Ser Ile Tyr 50 55 60 Asn Gln Arg Phe Lys Gly Lys
Ala Ser Leu Thr Val Asp Arg Ser 65 70 75 Ser Arg Ile Val Tyr Met
Glu Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Phe Glu Asp 80 85 90 Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr
Cys Ala Arg Asn Leu Gly Pro Ser Phe Tyr 95 100 105 Phe Asp Tyr Trp
Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Leu Thr Val Ser Ser 110 115 3 107 PRT
Artificial Sequence Consensus Amino Acid Sequence 3 Asp Ile Gln Met
Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Asp Arg
Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Gln Asp Val Ser 20 25 30 Ile Gly
Val Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys 35 40 45 Leu
Leu Ile Tyr Ser Ala Ser Tyr Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Ser 50 55 60
Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile 65 70
75 Ser Ser Leu Gln Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln 80
85 90 Tyr Tyr Ile Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu
95 100 105 Ile Lys 4 119 PRT Artificial Sequence Consensus Amino
Acid Sequence 4 Glu Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln
Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe
Thr Phe Thr 20 25 30 Asp Tyr Thr Met Asp Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro
Gly Lys Gly Leu 35 40 45 Glu Trp Val Ala Asp Val Asn Pro Asn Ser
Gly Gly Ser Ile Tyr 50 55 60 Asn Gln Arg Phe Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr
Leu Ser Val Asp Arg Ser 65 70 75 Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gln Met
Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp 80 85 90 Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala
Arg Asn Leu Gly Pro Ser Phe Tyr 95 100 105 Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln
Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 110 115 5 107 PRT Homo sapiens 5
Asp Ile Gln Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val 1 5 10
15 Gly Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile Ser 20
25 30 Asn Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys
35 40 45 Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Glu Ser Gly Val Pro
Ser 50 55 60 Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu
Thr Ile 65 70 75 Ser Ser Leu Gln Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr
Cys Gln Gln 80 85 90 Tyr Asn Ser Leu Pro Trp Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly
Thr Lys Val Glu 95 100 105 Ile Lys 6 119 PRT Homo sapiens 6 Glu Val
Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly
Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser 20 25 30
Ser Tyr Ala Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 35 40
45 Glu Trp Val Ala Val Ile Ser Gly Asp Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr 50
55 60 Ala Asp Ser Val Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser
65 70 75 Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu
Asp 80 85 90 Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Gly Arg Val Gly Tyr
Ser Leu 95 100 105 Tyr Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val
Ser Ser 110 115 7 10 PRT Mus musculus VARIANT 10 Xaa = D or S 7 Gly
Phe Thr Phe Thr Asp Tyr Thr Met Xaa 1 5 10 8 17 PRT Mus musculus 8
Asp Val Asn Pro Asn Ser Gly Gly Ser Ile Tyr Asn Gln Arg Phe 1 5 10
15 Lys Gly 9 10 PRT Mus musculus 9 Asn Leu Gly Pro Ser Phe Tyr Phe
Asp Tyr 1 5 10 10 11 PRT Mus musculus 10 Lys Ala Ser Gln Asp Val
Ser Ile Gly Val Ala 1 5 10 11 7 PRT Mus musculus VARIANT 5 Xaa = R
or L 11 Ser Ala Ser Tyr Xaa Xaa Xaa 1 5 12 9 PRT Mus musculus 12
Gln Gln Tyr Tyr Ile Tyr Pro Tyr Thr 1 5 13 645 PRT Homo sapiens 13
Met Glu Leu Ala Ala Leu Cys Arg Trp Gly Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu 1 5 10
15 Leu Pro Pro Gly Ala Ala Ser Thr Gln Val Cys Thr Gly Thr Asp 20
25 30 Met Lys Leu Arg Leu Pro Ala Ser Pro Glu Thr His Leu Asp Met
35 40 45 Leu Arg His Leu Tyr Gln Gly Cys Gln Val Val Gln Gly Asn
Leu 50 55 60 Glu Leu Thr Tyr Leu Pro Thr Asn Ala Ser Leu Ser Phe
Leu Gln 65 70 75 Asp Ile Gln Glu Val Gln Gly Tyr Val Leu Ile Ala
His Asn Gln 80 85 90 Val Arg Gln Val Pro Leu Gln Arg Leu Arg Ile
Val Arg Gly Thr 95 100 105 Gln Leu Phe Glu Asp Asn Tyr Ala Leu Ala
Val Leu Asp Asn Gly 110 115 120 Asp Pro Leu Asn Asn Thr Thr Pro Val
Thr Gly Ala Ser Pro Gly 125 130 135 Gly Leu Arg Glu Leu Gln Leu Arg
Ser Leu Thr Glu Ile Leu Lys 140 145 150 Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Gln Arg
Asn Pro Gln Leu Cys Tyr Gln Asp 155 160 165 Thr Ile Leu Trp Lys Asp
Ile Phe His Lys Asn Asn Gln Leu Ala 170 175 180 Leu Thr Leu Ile Asp
Thr Asn Arg Ser Arg Ala Cys His Pro Cys 185 190 195 Ser Pro Met Cys
Lys Gly Ser Arg Cys Trp Gly Glu Ser Ser Glu 200 205 210 Asp Cys Gln
Ser Leu Thr Arg Thr Val Cys Ala Gly Gly Cys Ala 215 220 225 Arg Cys
Lys Gly Pro Leu Pro Thr Asp Cys Cys His Glu Gln Cys 230 235 240 Ala
Ala Gly Cys Thr Gly Pro Lys His Ser Asp Cys Leu Ala Cys 245 250 255
Leu His Phe Asn His Ser Gly Ile Cys Glu Leu His Cys Pro Ala 260 265
270 Leu Val Thr Tyr Asn Thr Asp Thr Phe Glu Ser Met Pro Asn Pro 275
280 285 Glu Gly Arg Tyr Thr Phe Gly Ala Ser Cys Val Thr Ala Cys Pro
290 295 300 Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Ser Thr Asp Val Gly Ser Cys Thr Leu Val
Cys 305 310 315 Pro Leu His Asn Gln Glu Val Thr Ala Glu Asp Gly Thr
Gln Arg 320 325 330 Cys Glu Lys Cys Ser Lys Pro Cys Ala Arg Val Cys
Tyr Gly Leu 335 340 345 Gly Met Glu His Leu Arg Glu Val Arg Ala Val
Thr Ser Ala Asn 350 355 360 Ile Gln Glu Phe Ala Gly Cys Lys Lys Ile
Phe Gly Ser Leu Ala 365 370 375 Phe Leu Pro Glu Ser Phe Asp Gly Asp
Pro Ala Ser Asn Thr Ala 380 385 390 Pro Leu Gln Pro Glu Gln Leu Gln
Val Phe Glu Thr Leu Glu Glu 395 400 405 Ile Thr Gly Tyr Leu Tyr Ile
Ser Ala Trp Pro Asp Ser Leu Pro 410 415 420 Asp Leu Ser Val Phe Gln
Asn Leu Gln Val Ile Arg Gly Arg Ile 425 430 435 Leu His Asn Gly Ala
Tyr Ser Leu Thr Leu Gln Gly Leu Gly Ile 440 445 450 Ser Trp Leu Gly
Leu Arg Ser Leu Arg Glu Leu Gly Ser Gly Leu 455 460 465 Ala Leu Ile
His His Asn Thr His Leu Cys Phe Val His Thr Val 470 475 480 Pro Trp
Asp Gln Leu Phe Arg Asn Pro His Gln Ala Leu Leu His 485 490 495 Thr
Ala Asn Arg Pro Glu Asp Glu Cys Val Gly Glu Gly Leu Ala 500 505 510
Cys His Gln Leu Cys Ala Arg Gly His Cys Trp Gly Pro Gly Pro 515 520
525 Thr Gln Cys Val Asn Cys Ser Gln Phe Leu Arg Gly Gln Glu Cys 530
535 540 Val Glu Glu Cys Arg Val Leu Gln Gly Leu Pro Arg Glu Tyr Val
545 550 555 Asn Ala Arg His Cys Leu Pro Cys His Pro Glu Cys Gln Pro
Gln 560 565 570 Asn Gly Ser Val Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Glu Ala Asp Gln
Cys Val 575 580 585 Ala Cys Ala His Tyr Lys Asp Pro Pro Phe Cys Val
Ala Arg Cys 590 595 600 Pro Ser Gly Val Lys Pro Asp Leu Ser Tyr Met
Pro Ile Trp Lys 605 610 615 Phe Pro Asp Glu Glu Gly Ala Cys Gln Pro
Cys Pro Ile Asn Cys 620 625 630 Thr His Ser Cys Val Asp Leu Asp Asp
Lys Gly Cys Pro Ala Glu 635 640 645 14 18 DNA Artificial Sequence
Synthetic Oligonucleotide Primer 14 ggacagcact gccagaga 18 15 22
DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic Oligonucleotide Primer 15
caggtgatta caggccaagt ag 22 16 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic
Oligonucleotide Probe 16 cctgggtgtg ccacagacct tca 23 17 21 DNA
Artificial Sequence Synthetic Oligonucleotide Primer 17 tgaagttacc
tccaggttgg t 21 18 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic
Oligonucleotide Primer 18 agacacattc tgtccatttt caa 23 19 24 DNA
Artificial Sequence Synthetic Oligonucleotide Probe 19 caagctgcaa
agtgccttgc tcat 24 20 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic
Oligonucleotide Primer 20 atgtatcaca gcctgtacct g 21 21 21 DNA
Artificial Sequence Synthetic Oligonucleotide Primer 21 ttcttggtct
cttcctcctt g 21 22 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic
Oligonucleotide Probe 22 aggtctaaga ccaaggaagc acgcaa 26
* * * * *