U.S. patent application number 11/186705 was filed with the patent office on 2006-04-13 for gamma-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Invention is credited to Horng-Jyh Harn, Shinn-Zong Lin.
Application Number | 20060079575 11/186705 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34059470 |
Filed Date | 2006-04-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060079575 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lin; Shinn-Zong ; et
al. |
April 13, 2006 |
Gamma-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof
Abstract
A .gamma.-butyrolactone compound as shown in Formula (I) and
pharmaceutical composition thereof: ##STR1## wherein X.dbd.N, O, S,
Se; and A and B are selected from substituents having the following
formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and
R.sub.5 are selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a
hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, an alkoxy group,
and a nitro group. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof butyrolactone have inhibitory
effects on hepatoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer,
malignant glioblastoma or colorectal carcinoma, and are cytotoxic
with high specificity to inhibit Paclitaxel-resistant tumour cells
at later stage of chemotherapy without any damage on normal
cells.
Inventors: |
Lin; Shinn-Zong; (Taipei,
TW) ; Harn; Horng-Jyh; (Taipei, TW) |
Correspondence
Address: |
EDWARDS & ANGELL, LLP
P.O. BOX 55874
BOSTON
MA
02205
US
|
Family ID: |
34059470 |
Appl. No.: |
11/186705 |
Filed: |
July 20, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10690992 |
Oct 21, 2003 |
|
|
|
11186705 |
Jul 20, 2005 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/464 ;
549/320 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 36/23 20130101;
A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/464 ;
549/320 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/365 20060101
A61K031/365; C07D 405/02 20060101 C07D405/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 16, 2003 |
TW |
092119380 |
Claims
1. A .gamma.-butyrolactone compound as shown in Formula (I):
##STR35## wherein X.dbd.N, O, S, Se; and A and B are selected from
substituents having the following formula: ##STR36## wherein
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 are selected from a
hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group,
an amino group, an alkoxy group, and a nitro group.
2. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound of claim 1, wherein the A and
B substituents are selected from following substituent structures:
##STR37##
3. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound of claim 1, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having a Z configuration.
4. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound of claim 1, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having an E configuration.
5. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound of claim 1, wherein the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (II) and is
named Chaihulactone ##STR38## wherein R represents an alkoxy
group.
6. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound of claim 1, wherein the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (III) and is
named Isochaihulactone ##STR39## wherein R represents hydrogen
atom, an alkoxy group or aromatic group.
7. A use of any one compound of claims 1-6, wherein the compound is
used to manufacture a medicine.
8. A method for preparing extracts from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium,
which comprising a .gamma.-butyrolactone compound shown in Formula
(I) as an active ingredient: ##STR40## (wherein X.dbd.N, O, S, Se;
and A and B are selected from substituents having the following
formula: ##STR41## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4,
R.sub.5 are selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a
hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, an alkoxy group,
and a nitro group), the method comprising steps of: extracting a
lignan mixture from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium wherein the lignan
mixture further comprises at least one antineoplastic component;
and isolating a Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract from the lignan
mixture.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of extracting a lignan
mixture from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium further comprising steps
of: dissolving Bupleurum scorzonerifolium powder using a first
solution to obtain a first extract and residues; extracting from
the residues using a second solution to obtain a second extract;
extracting the first extract using a third solution to obtain a
third extract and an alcohol portion, and dehydrating alcohol in
the alcohol portion to obtain an aqueous portion; and extracting
and concentrating the aqueous portion using a fourth solution,
wherein the first, second, third, and fourth solution have
different polarity from each other.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first solution is
acetone.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the second solution is
methanol.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the third solution is 95%
methanol solution.
13. The method of claim 7, wherein the fourth solution is
chloroform.
14. The method of claim 7, wherein the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound is shown in Formula (II) and is named Chaihulactone:
##STR42## where R represents a methoxyl group.
15. The method of claim 7, wherein the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound is shown in Formula (III) and is named Isochaihulactone:
##STR43## where R represents a hydrogen atom, a methoxyl group, or
an aromatic group.
16. The method of any one of claims 7-14, wherein the A and B
substituents are selected from following substituent structures:
##STR44##
17. The method of any one of claims 7-14, wherein a carbon 2(5)
position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a heterocyclic
compound having a Z configuration.
18. The method of any one of claims 7-14, wherein a carbon 2(5)
position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a heterocyclic
compound having an E configuration.
19. A pharmaceutical composition for treating cell proliferative
disorder, which is characterized by comprising a
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound shown in Formula (I) as an active
ingredient: ##STR45## wherein X.dbd.N, O, S, Se; and A and B are
selected from substituents having the following formula: ##STR46##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 are selected
from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto
group, an amino group, an alkoxy group, and a nitro group.
20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the A and B
substituents are selected from following substituent structures:
##STR47##
21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having a Z configuration.
22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having an E configuration.
23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (II) and is
named Chaihulactone: ##STR48## wherein R represents an alkoxy
group.
24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (III) and is
named Isochaihulactone ##STR49## wherein R represents hydrogen
atom, alkoxy group or aromatic group.
25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the cell
proliferative disorder is a malignant cancer.
26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein the
malignant cancer is one selected from a group consisting of
hepatoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, human malignant
glioblastoma, and human colorectal cancer.
27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the cell
proliferative disorder develops drug-resistance when treated with
Paclitaxel.
28. A pharmaceutical composition for anti RNA virus, which is
characterized by having a .gamma.-butyrolactone compound shown in
Formula (I) as an active ingredient: ##STR50## wherein X.dbd.N, O,
S, Se; and A and B are selected from substituents having the
following formula: ##STR51## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, R.sub.5 are selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom,
a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, an alkoxy
group, and a nitro group.
29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the A and B
substituents are selected from following substituent structures:
##STR52##
30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having a Z configuration.
31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having an E configuration.
32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (II) and is
named Chaihulactone: ##STR53## wherein R represents an alkoxy
group.
33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (III) and is
named Isochaihulactone ##STR54## wherein R represents hydrogen
atom, alkoxy group or aromatic group.
34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the RNA
virus is HIV.
35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the RNA
virus is a RNA virus except HIV.
36. A pharmaceutical composition for treating disorders associated
with abnormal telomerase activity, which is characterized by having
a .gamma.-butyrolactone compound shown in Formula (I) as an active
ingredient: ##STR55## wherein X.dbd.N, O, S, Se; and A and B are
selected from substituents having the following formula: ##STR56##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 are selected
from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto
group, an amino group, an alkoxy group, and a nitro group.
37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the A and B
substituents are selected from following substituent structures:
##STR57##
38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having a Z configuration.
39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein a carbon
2(5) position of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound is a
heterocyclic compound having an E configuration.
40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (II) and is
named Chaihulactone: ##STR58## wherein R represents an alkoxy
group.
41. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is shown in Formula (III) and is
named Isochaihulactone ##STR59## wherein R represents hydrogen
atom, alkoxy group or aromatic group.
42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the
disorders are associated with a enhanced level of telomerase
activity.
43. Any one pharmaceutical composition of claims 18-42, wherein the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound is contained in an extract obtained
by one method of claims 7-17.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a novel compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof for treating mammalian cell
proliferative disorders, chemo-therapy resistance and virus
infections, particularly a novel .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof for treating human malignant
tumours such as hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast
cancer, human malignant glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, malignant
brain spongiocyte lump and the like; chemo-therapy resistance such
as paclitaxel and for treating RNA virus infections.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, is the leading cause
of death worldwide. In 1993, Boring et al. estimated approximately
526,000 deaths from cancer alone in the U.S. each year. For
example, breast cancer has been the leading cause of death from
cancer in woman between the age of 40 and 55. And with increasing
pollutions, the incidence of developing ovarian carcinoma, lung
cancer, liver cancer and skin cancer has also increased. Studies
from Fitzpatrick et al. in 1986 indicated the number of cancer
occurrence has increased six times since 1945, revealing the urgent
need for a novel method in diagnosis and treatment for cancer.
[0003] It was found from the current cancer studies that the
senescence, replication and division of eukaryocyte are all
regulated by the cell cycle. During a cell replication, chromosome
numbers and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of the cell
increased from 2N to 4N in order to produce two daughter cells
after cell mitosis, so that each daughter cell has 2N chromosomes.
In 1995, Blackburn et al. discovered a repeat sequence at the end
of each chromosome, (5'TTAGGG), which is now known as a telomere is
shortened after each mitotic cycle. And when the telomere shortens
to a critical length, the telomere that covers the terminal end of
the chromosome becomes sticky and causes abnormal pairing of the
chromosomes and even a cell death in some cases.
[0004] In 1995, Feng et al. discovered a high expression of a
ribonucleoprotein complex called telomerase that binds on the
telomere at the end of the chromosome from the genetic studies of
germ-line cells, stem cells, and tumour cells. The role of this
telomerase is to maintain the telomere length, preventing the
telomere to become shortened after multiple mitoses. The presence
of telomerase helps the cell to escape from the cell cycle and
become immortal.
[0005] Further research on telomerase activity using Telomerase
Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP), lead to the finding of
significant high telomerase activity in tumour cells and in germ
cells, whereas almost no telomerase activity is found in normal
somatic cells. In 1994 and 1995, Kim and Broccoli et al have also
demonstrated an important role of telomerase in controlling
apoptotic cascade of tumour cells. Thus, telomerase activity and
its expression level are useful in cancer diagnosis and prognosis
during cancer treatment due to its high specificity.
[0006] On the other hand, based on years of clinical experiences in
Chinese medicine, 50 to 60 of Chinese herbs estimated to possess
anti-tumour effect are selected using TRAP activity assay. Among
these, Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium, Phellodendron amurense, Angelica sinensis,
Gentiana scabra, and Scutellaria baicalensis have proved to be very
effective in the treatment of malignant tumours. Moreover, in
comparison with current anti-cancer drugs, those Chinese herbs have
shown less side effects, like reduction in number of white cells,
cachexia and so on. Thus, extraction of anti-cancer components from
Chinese herbs opens up a new source of novel anti-cancer drug
screening.
[0007] Further, as an example, paclitaxel injection (commercially
known as TAXOL), widely used as a potent chemotherapeutic agent to
treat a variety of solid cancers, has a major component of Taxanol
which is first isolated from the Pacific yew tree and represented
by the following formula: (a molecular formula of
C.sub.47H.sub.51NO.sub.14, molecular weight of 854 Da and a
diterpene core) ##STR3##
[0008] Paclitaxel injection is mainly used in treating ovarian
cancer breast cancer metastasis, lung cancer and melanoma via its
chemical mechanism of cytotoxicity on tumor cells by inhibiting
depolymerization of microtubulin by combining to .beta.-tubulin of
cell cytoskeleton in the ratio of 1:1, so as to interrupt cell
mitosis and initiate cell death for the tumour cell (Blafosklonny
et al., 1995). Therefore, application of Taxane drugs, such as
Taxol, is effective in delivering toxicity towards tumour cells at
the initial stage of ovarian cancer, improving the survival rate of
the patient by about 15% in two years.
[0009] However, as the treatment was prolonged, many tumour cells
gradually developed drug resistant to Paclitaxel. From the recent
research, it was discovered that some of Paclitaxel resistant cells
exhibit different .beta.-tubulin expression level and different
electrophoresis mobility from the conventional tumour cells.
Research works from Rao et al. in 1995 have shown that tumour cells
(for example human lung tumour cell lines A549-AT12) are capable of
changing their configuration of six .beta.-tubulin subunits to
prevent binding with paclitaxel. Instead, paclitaxel is discharged
out of the cell through ion pumping, making the tumour cells
drug-resistant to paclitaxel after a period of chemotherapy.
[0010] Also, other anti-cancer agents such as 5-fluorouracil,
epothilone, cisdiammine dichloroplatinum (Cisplatin), procarbazine
and cyclophosphamide when clinically used alone or in conjunction
with paclitaxel cannot provide a satisfactory outcome in terms of
killing the cancer cells developed with drug resistant to
paclitaxel. Results from cell culture experiment also indicate that
it is difficult to effectively inhibit proliferation of
Paclitaxel-resistant tumour cells using current anti-cancer drugs.
In order to achieve a higher efficacy, it is often necessary to
increase the administering dosage. For example, in an animal
experiment, a rat may be injected with 300 mg/kg of paclitaxel.
However this would result in high degree of necrosis for the normal
cells due to its strong cytotoxicity possessed by the drug.
[0011] Thus, in order to improve the cytotoxic effect towards
tumour cells at latter stages of chemotherapy, it is imperative to
find and isolate anti-cancer components from Chinese herbs that
have previously shown promising result in the treatment of cancer
to effectively suppress proliferation of Paclitaxel-resistant
tumour cell lines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] One aspect of the present invention is to provide a
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof for treating mammalian cell proliferation disorders (such
as human tumours such as hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer,
breast cancer, human malignant glioblastoma, colorectal cancer and
the like).
[0013] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof having inhibitory effect on the growth of
Paclitaxel-resistance tumour cell line and are named as
Chaihulactone, Isochaihulactone, and other chaihulactone
derivatives.
[0014] A further aspect of the present invention is to provide the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof which are cytotoxic to Paclitaxel-resistance tumour cell
line with high specificity without causing harmful effects to the
liver and kidney functions.
[0015] In order to achieve the foregoing and other aspects, a
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical compositions
thereof are proposed for treating cancer cells of lung cancer,
ovarian cancer, breast cancer, hepatoma, malignant glioblastoma and
colorectal carcinoma. The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof further comprise at least one
compound having a Z configuration or E configuration for its carbon
2(5) location at the core, and named respectively as
"Chaihulactone", "Isochaihulactone" and their derivatives.
[0016] The .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof comprise a compound having
.gamma.-butyrolactone as a core and Z configuration or E
configuration for its carbon 2(5) location as illustrated in
formula (I). ##STR4##
[0017] wherein X.dbd.N, O, S, Se; and A and B can be selected from
the following substituents: ##STR5##
[0018] where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are
selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a
mercapto group, an amino group, an alkoxy group, and/or a nitro
group
[0019] In addition, Formula (I) further comprises novel
heterocyclic compounds named chaihulactone, isochaihulactone and
their derivatives as shown in Formula (II) and Formula (III).
Chaihulactone, isochaihulactone and related analogues or
derivatives of chaihulactone belong to a lignan skeleton. By
comparing the formulae (I) (II) and (III), it is known that both
chaihulactone and isochaihulactone are heterocyclic compounds each
having .gamma.-butyrolactone as a core and having a Z or E
configuration at its carbon 2(5) location. ##STR6## [0020] wherein
R represents an alkoxy group. ##STR7## [0021] wherein R represents
a hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group, or an aromatic group.
[0022] From the experimental results of the preferred embodiment
invention it is found that the .gamma.-butyrolactone heterocyclic
compounds and pharmaceutical composition thereof isolated from
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium using different solvents (such as
acetone or methanol) can all inhibit proliferation of tumor cells
effectively. Different extracts extracted from Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium using acetone are analyzed for their molecular
structures to identify novel heterocyclic compounds such as
chaihulactone, isochaihulactone and their derivatives.
[0023] From the experimental results of the preferred embodiments
of the invention, it is found that as chaihulactone,
isochaihulactone and their derivatives having .gamma.-butyrolactone
structure are added to cell lines of human lung cancer, hepatoma,
malignant gioblastoma, and colorectal carcinoma, the telomerase
activity of the treated tumor cells is significantly reduced by 5
times when compared to the untreated control group. A prominent
cytotoxic effect was shown when the .gamma.-butyrolactone
heterocyclic compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof are
added to the Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cell lines, indicating
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium indeed contain active components for
inhibiting tumor growth. The active components for inhibiting tumor
growth refer to the novel compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof having a .gamma.-core and having a Z or E configuration for
its carbon 2(5) location at the core. Moreover, it is found that
chaihulactone and isochaihulactone and their derivatives show the
most prominent cytotoxic effects on tumors.
[0024] Furthermore, the inhibition of telomerase activity is
observed in TRAP assay after the addition of .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof. It is found that
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof are capable of effectively inhibiting the telomerase
activity and hTERT expression on human lung cancer cell lines A549,
suggesting the potential of .gamma.-butyrolactone compound to
produce highly specific cytotoxicity to tumor cells.
[0025] In particular, after adding chaihulactone to
Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cells such as A549-T12 cells (A549 cells
resistant to Paclitaxel), it is found that the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and the pharmaceutical composition
thereof are capable of inducing apoptosis of Paclitaxel-resistant
tumor cells. From the results of flow cytometric analysis and
Western blotting analysis to study the mechanism of Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium extracts containing the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound, it is found that Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts can
induce high expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p53. As a
result, the tumor cells are arrested at the spindle polymerisation
stage (G2/M stage) of the cell cycle. Thus, in view of cell cycle
regulation, the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof can serve as a microtubule stabilizing agent,
having a mechanism similar to that of paxlitaxel, as both enhance
microtubule polymerization. Accordingly, the tumor cells are
arrested at G2/M stage and subsequently become junk cells leading
to apoptosis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] The present invention can be more fully understood by
reading the following detailed description of the preferred
embodiments, with reference made to the accompanying drawings,
wherein:
[0027] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing change in cell
viability ratio (in percentage of untreated group) for human lung
cancer cell lines (A549 cells) subjected to a Methyl Thiazole
Tetrazolium (MTT) assay with respect to the dosage (.mu.g/ml) of
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts, such as Acetone Extract
(BS-AE), Methanol Extract (BS-ME) and Water Extract (BS-WE)
isolated according to the extracting method of the invention;
[0028] FIGS. 2A through to FIG. 2D illustrate the cell cycle peak
change detected using flow cytometry for A549 cells treated with
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts: acetone extract (BS-AE),
methanol extract (BS-ME) and water extract (BS-WE) isolated
according to the extracting method of the invention;
[0029] FIGS. 3A through to FIG. 3C are cytograms showing the extent
of cell apoptosis detected using flow cytometry for A 549 cells
either untreated, treated with 20 .mu.M of isochalihulactone, or 60
.mu.g/ml of BS-AE and cultured for 48 hrs (wherein X-axis indicates
fluorescence intensity of tumor cells bound with Annexin V-FLOUS
antibodies; and Y-axis indicates fluorescence intensity of tumor
cells bound with PI antibodies);
[0030] FIG. 4 is a bar chart showing cell cycle changes detected
using flow cytometry for A549 cells untreated, treated with BS-AE,
isochaihulactone (BS-8), and Paclitaxel;
[0031] FIG. 5 is a western blot analysis diagram showing the amount
of tumor suppressors: p21 and p53 expressed in A 549 cells either
untreated (B), treated with DMSO (D) or BS-AE, BS-ME, BS-WE,
isochaihulactone (BS-1), or chaihulactone (BS-2) for 1 day (1D) or
3 days (3D);
[0032] FIG. 6 is a western blot analysis diagram of reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showing messenger
ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of type-1 .alpha. tubulin and
type-5 .beta.-tubulin in A549 cells either untreated (C), treated
with BS-AE for 12 hrs, 24 hrs, and 48 hrs;
[0033] FIG. 7 is a western blot analysis diagram showing expression
of soluble (S) and particular (P) form of .beta.-tubulin in A549
cells either untreated (C), treated with BS-AE, isochaihulactone
(BS-8), Paclitaxel, or Vinblastine;
[0034] FIG. 8 is a confocal microscopic section showing elongation
of spindles in the fluorescent labeled A549 cells treated with
BS-AE;
[0035] FIGS. 9A through to 9D are cytograms showing the extent of
cell apoptosis detected using flow cytometry for
Paclitaxel-resistant human lung cancer cell lines (A549-T12 cells)
either untreated, treated with BS-AE, isochalihulactone (BS-8), or
isokaerophyllin (BS-15) for 24 hrs (wherein X-axis indicates
fluorescence intensity of tumor cells bound with Annexin V-FLOUS
antibodies; and Y-axis indicates fluorescence intensity of tumor
cells bound with PI antibodies);
[0036] FIGS. 10A through to 10C illustrate results of MTT assays
for A549-T12 cells treated with BS-AE, isochaihulactone (BS-8), and
isokaerophyllin (BS-15) respectively for 24 hrs and 48 hrs;
[0037] FIG. 11A is a histological section of mouse subcutaneous
tumor tissue inoculated with A549 tumor cells, the section is
stained with haematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E stain) and
observed with a 100 times magnification;
[0038] FIG. 11B is a histological section showing a large area of
necrosis for tumor cells taken from the mouse subcutaneous tumor
tissue inoculated with A549 tumor cells one week after
intraperitoneal (I.P.) administration of 500 mg/kg of BS-AE for 5
consecutive days.
[0039] FIG. 12A is a histological section of mouse subcutaneous
tissue inoculated with A549-T12 tumor cells, the section is stained
with haematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E stain) and observed with
a 100 times magnification;
[0040] FIG. 12B is a histological section showing a large area of
tissue fibrosis and only a small proportion of residual tumor
cells, taken from mouse subcutaneous tumor tissue inoculated with
A549-T12 tumor cells one week after I.P. administration of 400
mg/kg of BS-AE for 5 consecutive days;
[0041] FIG. 13A are partial magnified pictures showing diameters of
subcutaneous tumors taken one week after from a nude mouse
inoculated with A549 tumor cells and I.P. administered with 500
mg/kg of BS-AE for 5 consecutive days;
[0042] FIG. 13B is a curve showing relative volume changes of
subcutaneous tumors from the mouse untreated and the mouse that is
I.P. administered with 500 mg/kg of BS-AE with respect to the
number of days for treatment;
[0043] FIG. 14 through to 14D include a variety of statistical
curves showing changes in indicative enzyme levels corresponding to
the functionality of pancreas, liver, heart, kidney and
hematopoietic systems in a conscious mouse within 72 hours after
intravenous administration of 400 mg/kg of BS-AE to the mouse.
[0044] FIGS. 15A and 15B include a variety of statistical curves
showing changes in platelets, white blood cells, and lymphocytes in
the conscious mouse within 72 hours after intravenous
administration of 400 mg/kg of BS-AE to the mouse.
[0045] FIGS. 16A and 16B include a variety of statistical curves
showing changes in cardiac pulse, diastolic pressure, systolic
pressure, and average blood pressure in the conscious mouse within
72 hours after intravenous administration of 400 mg/kg of BS-AE to
the mouse;
[0046] FIG. 17 includes histological sections illustrating liver
cells and kidney cells of the conscious mouse after 300 mg/kg of
BS-AE is I.P. administered to the mouse for 5 consecutive days;
[0047] FIG. 18 is a bar chart showing cell viability ratio (in
percentage of untreated group) for A549 cells either treated only
with Cisplatin at different concentrations or treated with
Cisplatin and 30 .mu.g/ml of BS-AE;
[0048] FIG. 19 is a TRAP assay analysis result showing telomerase
activity of the A549 cells either treated with AZT (control),
BS-AE, BS-ME, or BS-WE for 1 day (1D), 2 days (2D), and 3 days
(3D); and
[0049] FIG. 20 is a blotting result of RT-PCR for mRNA expression
of hTERT in the A549 cells treated with acetone extract (AE),
methanol extract (ME), and water extract (WE) from selected Chinese
herbs H1, H2, H3, and H4 (wherein H3 represents Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium), and in the cells which are either untreated (B),
or treated with DMSO at low (D1) and high (D2) concentrations
(where FL represents hTERT in full length and P as a spliced
variant form of hTERT subunit).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0050] The present invention is described in detail in the
following embodiments provided herein. It is to be understood that
the scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosed
embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various
modifications and similar arrangements. The scope of the claims,
therefore, should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to
encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
[0051] This invention is comprised of at least 3 sections:
[0052] First of all, a method is described for manufacturing
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract having inhibitory effects to
human hepatoma cell line J5 and Hep G2, ovarian cancer cell line
OVCAR-3, breast cancer cell line MCF 7, human malignant
glioblastoma cell line DBTRG-05MD, lung cancer cell line A549 and
WI-38, taxol resistant A549 subline A549-T12, and colorectal cancer
cell line HT29 from crude Bupleurum scorzonerifolium.
[0053] Secondly, after the Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract that
is cytotoxic to the Txanol-ressitnace tumor cell line is obtained,
a novel compound having tumor inhibitory effects is isolated from
the Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract. The novel compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof comprise at least one
heterocyclic compound having .gamma.-butyrolactone as a core and a
Z-configuration or E-configuration for its carbon 2(5)
location.
[0054] Thirdly, the novel .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof are tested on the tumor cells
lines in vivo and in vitro to examine the inhibitory effect of the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof on the tumor cell lines. Further, animal experiments are
performed to evaluate the effects of the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof on the normal cells
and tumor cells in a living organism, so as to evaluate the tumor
inhibitory effects of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof on hepatoma, ovarian cancer,
breast cancer, lung cancer, malignant glioblastoma, or colorectal
carcinoma.
[0055] In accordance with the method for manufacturing Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium extract in the preferred embodiments of the
invention, crude Bupleurum scorzonerifolium is ground into powder
and submerged in acetone. After repetitively stirring, extracting
and concentrating for four times, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
acetone crude extract (BS-AE) is obtained and filtered to yield
BS-AE residues. The residues are extracted again in methanol to
obtain Bupleurum scorzonerifolium methanol crude extract (BS-ME)
whose residues are further extracted in water to obtain Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium water extract (BS-WE). Subsequently, BS-AE is
dissolved in methanol aqueous solution and isolated using n-Hexane
solution to obtain Bupleurum scorzonerifolium n-hexane extract
(BS-HE) and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium methanol water extract. The
methanol in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium methanol water extract is
removed before the Bupleurum scorzonerifolium methanol water
extract (BS-MWE) is subjected to repetitive extraction and
concentration in chloroform to obtain Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
chloroform extract (BS-CE). Chromatography based method is then
utilised to isolate the BS-CE and collect individual fractions
after each methanol/dichloromethane elution. Lastly,
chromatographic method (such as silica gel chromatography or
preparative HPLC) is used to isolate and purify active
methanol/dichloromethane elution fraction, in order to obtain
active pure compounds.
[0056] The molecular mass and structure of the pure compounds
isolated from chromatography are identified using mass spectrometry
and nuclear magnetic resource spectrometry. The resultant
heterocyclic compounds are tabulated as follows: TABLE-US-00001
Isolated Molecular weight and Component Structure Formulae
structure Component 1 ##STR8## 368.39 Kaerophyllin Component 2
##STR9## 398.41 Yatein Component 3 ##STR10## 398.41 Chaihulactone
Component 4 ##STR11## 284.27 Oroxylin A Component 5 ##STR12##
284.27 Wogonin Component 6 ##STR13## 380.35 Chinensinaphthone
Component 7 ##STR14## 316.31 1,2,3,7-tetramethoxanthone Component 8
##STR15## 398.41 Isochaihulactone Component 9 ##STR16## 206.20
Eugenin Component 10 ##STR17## 222.20 Saikochromone A Component 12
##STR18## 300.27 Isoscutellarein-8-methyl ether Component 14
##STR19## 394.38 Chaihunaphthone Component 15 ##STR20## 368.39
Isokaerophyllin
[0057] The variety of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts obtained
and the aforementioned heterocyclic compounds isolated from the
acetone crude extracts of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium are subjected
to drug screening test to determine that majority of tumor
inhibitory components of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium lies in the
BS-AE and BS-ME. Besides, the extracts can be further purified
using chromatographic method (e.g. low pressure liquid
chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)),
such that different fractions are collected separately after each
elution, which fractions are concentrated to obtain the pure
compounds mentioned above.
[0058] From the results obtained from the drug screening test of
the preferred embodiment of the invention, among those components
isolated using chromatographic method, the third and eighth
components have the most prominent cytotoxic effects on human
hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, malignant glioblastoma and
colorectal cancer.
[0059] Moreover, from chemical analysis of the main representative
molecular structure of the third and eighth components, it was
observed that the compounds having the tumor inhibitory effects are
heterocyclic compounds and pharmaceutical composition thereof
having a .gamma.-butyrolactone core and a Z configuration or E
configuration for its carbon 2(5) location as illustrated in
formula (I). ##STR21## wherein, X.dbd.N, O, S, or Se; and A, B can
be selected from the following substituents: ##STR22##
[0060] where R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 can be selected from hydrogen atom,
a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group,
an alkoxy group, and a nitro group.
[0061] When the third, eighth, fourteenth and fifteenth components
are further analysed for their molecular structures, it is found a
novel group of heterocyclic compounds are present in Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium extracts. These novel heterocyclic compounds are
published for the first time and are named as Chaihulactone,
Isochaihulactone and Chaihulactone-related analogues or
derivatives, such as Chaihunaphthone. And among these compounds,
the chaihulactone and isochaihulactone are both
.gamma.-butyrolactone centred heterocyclic compounds and have
Z-configuration for their carbon 2(5) location. The formulae of
chaihulactone analogues and isochaihulactone analogues are shown by
Formula II and Formula III, respectively: ##STR23## [0062] wherein
R represents an alkoxy group. ##STR24## [0063] wherein R represents
hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group, or an aromatic group.
[0064] These novel heterocyclic compounds, i.e. Chaihulactone,
Isochaihulactone and Chaihulactone analogues or derivatives, belong
to a kind of lignan, which is present in crude Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium. Since it was found that BS-AE and
isochaihulactone have the most significant tumor-suppressing
effects among all those types of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
extracts described above. Therefore, the BS-AE and isochaihulactone
are used as index for assessing in vivo and in vitro tumor
inhibitory effects of the above-mentioned extracts on human
hepatoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, malignant glioblastoma and
colorectal carcinoma.
[0065] From results of the histological section according to the
preferred embodiments of the invention, it clearly indicated that
BS-AE could effectively reduce tumor volume, induce nuclear
fragmentation for tumor cell and lymphocyte infiltration, and
result in a large area of necrosis of tumor tissue. Moreover, from
the results of toxicity test on animals, the mammalian models do
not show significance differences in terms of internal organ
functionality indicators, such as lipase, amylase, creatinine
kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, GOT, BUN before or after BS-AE
containing the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof is applied to mammalian models. However, the
telomerase activity of the tumor cell was decreased significantly
after application of BS-AE. Thus, it is demonstrated that
administration of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof on mammals could exert highly
specific cytotoxicity to human hepatoma, ovarian cancer, lung
cancer, malignant glioblastoma and colorectal cancer without
damaging normal liver and kidney functions.
[0066] On the other hand, when the representative component "BS-AE"
of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof is applied on Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cell
line, for example, human lung cancer cell line A549-T12 to observe
their tumor inhibitory effect, it was found that following the
isolation and purification steps, the effective concentration
(about 1.2 .mu.g/mL) of isochaihulactone for inhibiting telomerase
activity of the Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cells is much smaller
than the effective concentration of (about 60 .mu.g/mL).
Furthermore, after crude Bupleurum scorzonerifolium is processed
according to the above-mentioned manufacturing method, its tumor
inhibitory effect is more prominent.
[0067] Moreover, the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof are similar to Paclitaxel in
terms of their mechanisms, as they both act as a microtubule
stabilizing agent to repress mitosis in a similar manner as
paclitaxel. However, these two drugs may target on different parts
of .beta.-tubulin.
[0068] In summary, the novel .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof, such as "chaihulactone,
isochaihulactone, and their derivatives," once isolated from
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium could potentially become source for the
new anti-tumor drugs.
[0069] This invention will be explained in detailed with the
following embodiments which is not intended to limit the scope of
this invention.
Preferred Embodiments
[0070] The present invention will be explained in detail with all
the tables and figures on the following subjects: (1) a method for
manufacutring Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts, (2) the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof isolated from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract to have
tumor-inhibitory effect, and (3) the preferred embodiments of
methods for treating human hepatoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer,
malignant glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma and other cancer
cells with the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof. The following embodiments are meant to provide
the best modes for carrying out the present invention, rather than
to limit the scope of the invention to the disclosed embodiments.
And when Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts and their active
components are made into pharmacologically compatible salts,
esters, ketones or analogues, the composition, formulation, and
synthesizing method thereof can be adjusted according to the
practical circumstances.
First Embodiment
Extraction Method of Antineoplastic Extracts and Compounds from
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
[0071] Bupleurum scorzonerifolium used in this invention is radix
Bupleuri of Umbelliferae family. After drying and grinding of the
Buleurum scorzonerifolium plant tissue, 6 kg of Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium powder is submerged and stirred within 20 L
acetone at room temperature for 4 hours and extracted 4 times
repeatedly to obtain the Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-acetone crude
extract (BS-AE). Methanol is added to the residues to obtain
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-methanol extract (BS-ME). Then water is
added to the residue to obtain Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-water
extract (BS-WE). Then 95% methanol solvent is used to dissolve
BS-AE, followed by partitioning with n-hexane for 3 times so as to
isolate Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-hexane extract (BS-HE) and
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-methanol water extract (BS-MWE). 500 ml
of distilled water is then added to the BS-MWE to remove the
methanol therein. Next, chloroform is further added to the BS-MWE
free of methanol to carry out extraction. After extracting with
chloroform for 3 times, chloroform and water are isolated and
concentrated to produce Bupleurum scorzonerifolium-chloroform
extract (BS-CE).
[0072] MTT assay is used to test the cytotoxic effect of BS-AE,
BS-ME, BS-HE, BS-CE and BS-WE on human lung cancer cell line A549.
Table 1 shows that extracts from BS-AE and BS-CE have the best
tumor inhibitory effect among all Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
extracts. According to the extraction process
"BS-AE.fwdarw.BS-MWE.fwdarw.BS-CE" all of the crude extracts
contain tumor inhibitory components. In order to further isolate
the tumor inhibitory components from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
extract, a "Chromatography" step is further employed to isolate the
BS-CE.
[0073] A Silica Gel Chromatography is employed to elute 10 g BS-CE
with 5% methanol/dichloromethane, 10% methanol/dichloromethane, 20%
methanol/dichloromethane and methanol to obtain 27.5 g of 5%
methanol/dichloromethane, 14.04 g of 10% methanol/dichloromethane,
10.96 g of 20% methanol/dichloromethane and 7.25 g of extract
respectively. The tumor inhibitory components are retained mainly
in the 5% methanol/dichloromethane extract. Then, preparative High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Medium Pressure Liquid
Chromatography (MPLC), Lobar, and other chromatographic methods are
employed to isolate the 5% methanol/dichloromethane extract, as
well as to further collect by concentrating the third, eighth,
fourteenth and fifteenth components having tumor inhibitory
effects.
Second Embodiment
Structure of Active Tumor Inhibitory Component in Buplerum
scorzonerifolium
[0074] Mass Spectrum and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum (NMR)
are employed to determine the molecular weight and structure of the
third, eighth, fourteenth and fifteenth components isolated from
the BS-AE, the mass spectrum is shown in the table 2 below:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 the components isolated from the
antineoplastic compounds in BS-AE Low pressure liquid Molecular
weight and chromatography Structure formulae structure Component 3
##STR25## 398.41 Chaihulactone Component 8 ##STR26## 398.41
Isochaihulactone Component 14 ##STR27## Chaihunaphthone Component
15 ##STR28## Isokaeophyllin
[0075] After analyzing the molecular structures, it is appreciated
that the pure compounds isolated from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium
having inhibitory effect on tumor cells of human hepatoma, ovarian
cancer, lung cancer, malignant glioblastoma and colorectal
carcinoma are heterocyclic compounds having a .gamma.-butyrolactone
core, and Z or E configuration for its carbon 2(5) location. From
the cytotoxicity test, it was found that the third and eighth
components show better cytotoxic effects than other components on
the lung cancer cell lines. Therefore hydrogen-nuclear magnetic
resonance (.sup.1H-NMR) and carbon 13-nuclear magnetic resonance
(.sup.13C-NMR) are used to further analyze the molecular structures
of the crystallized structure of the third and eighth components,
to obtain two novel compounds "chaihulactone" and
"isochaihulactone" which are shown as formulae I and II. ##STR29##
(white needle crystal, melting point of 137-138.degree. C.,
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25 -29.0.degree. (c0.5, CHCl3); IR (KBr)
.nu..sub.max cm.sup.-1; 1745, 1635, 1581, 1335, 1153; UV (CHl3)
.lamda..sub.max nm (log .epsilon.); 247(4.08), 298(4.17),
327(4.08))
[0076] In addition, other compound shaving tumor inhibitory
effects, for example the representative molecules of the first,
second, eleventh, and fifteenth components and their analogues or
derivatives are analyzed and compared with current pharmaceutical
database. The result of the comparison indicates that the
pharmaceutical compositions of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium showing
cytotoxic effect on tumors are heterocyclic compounds containing
.gamma.-butyrolactone as a core structure, and Z configuration or E
configuration for its carbon position 2(5). The formula (I) of the
heterocyclic compounds is listed as follows: ##STR30##
[0077] wherein X.dbd.N, O, S, or Se; and A, B can be selected from
the following substituents: ##STR31##
[0078] wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 can be selected from a hydrogen
atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an amino
group, an alkoxy group, and a nitro group and the substituents
further comprise the following structures: ##STR32##
[0079] The evaluation of the cytotoxicity shows that the eighth
component isochaihulactone elicits more prominent cytotoxic effect
than other chaihulactone analogs on lung cancer cell line.
Therefore, the following embodiments are described using the BS-AE
and isochaihulactone (BS-(8)) as representative substances to
evaluate the efficacy of .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Third Embodiment
The Effect of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Extracts on Cell
Proliferation
[0080] BS-AE, BS-ME and BS-8 are added to cell cultures of J5,
Ovcar-3. A549, DBTRG-05, and HT-29, respectively to observe growth
inhibition of the cancer cell lines during the 7 days treatment.
The present embodiment is described with lung cancer cell line A549
and colon cancer cell line HT-29 as examples. It was found that the
cancer cell lines administered with 60 .mu.g of BS-AE had their
tumor cell counts reduced to a similar level as the cancer cell
lines administered with 600 .mu.g of BS-ME three days after the
extracts were given, indicating that the tumor inhibitory component
in BS-ME is much lower than that in BS-AE. Therefore it is
concluded that the most effective tumor inhibitory compounds from
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium are mainly present in BS-AE.
[0081] Furthermore, flow cytometry is employed to observe the
changes in cell cycle before and after the addition of different
extracts from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium to A549 cells. In FIGS. 2A
through to 2D, X-axis represents chromosome numbers (2N, 4N, etc.)
of tumor cells in contact with the antibody, Y-axis represents the
fluorescent brightness of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC). It is
clearly noted that lung cancer cell line A549 is mainly distributed
at G0/G1 stage before treatment, but when BS-AE and BS-ME are added
to the tumor cells, the tumor cells are arrested at G2/M stage.
This effect is most significant for BS-AE. On the other hand, from
the Propidium Iodide (PI) staining result of the flow cytometry, it
was also found that the chromosome at G0/G1 stage is reduced in
number after adding the Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract, bur the
chromosome (2N, 4N and so on) at G2/M stage is significantly
increased in number. And the same effects are also seen in human
hepatoma cell lines, ovarian cancer cell lines, lung cancer cell
lines and colorectal cancer cell lines, suggesting the tumor
inhibition mechanism of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof is likely related to cell arrest
at G2/M stage of the cell cycle.
Fourth Embodiment
Buplerum scorzonerifolium Extracts and Apoptosis
[0082] In order to further prove the putative apoptosis effects of
the Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts on the tumor cell line,
flow cytometry, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RT-PCR), and Western Blotting analysis are used to monitor any
change in tumor cell cycle and change in expression level of the
regulatory protein p21 and p53 after tumor cell lines are added
with BS-AE and isochaihulcatone.
[0083] In the example of using cell line A549, untreated A549
cells, A549 cells treated with 20 .mu.M of Isochaihulactone and
A549 cells treated with 60 .mu.g/ml of BS-AE are cultured 48 hours
before utilizing flow cytometry to detect the staining results
between Annexin V-FLOUS and PI. In FIGS. 3A through to 3C, X-axis
represents the fluorescent brightness of tumor cells with antibody
Annexin V-FLOUS, and Y-axis represents the fluorescent brightness
of tumor cells with antibody PI. From the diagrams, it was shown
that the untreated group has only 3.8% of cells coupled to Annexin
V (showing peel-off of the cell membrane indicating cell
apoptosis), whereas A549 cells treated with Isochaihulactone and
BS-AE and cultured for 48 hours has significantly increased to
32.7% of the tumor cells coupled to Annexin V. These results
strongly suggest the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof play a role in inducing
apoptosis of the tumor cells.
[0084] Furthermore, from the Cell Cycle in FIG. 4 and the result of
Western Blotting analysis in FIG. 5, it was apparent that BS-AE and
isochaihulactone could induce the tumor cells to arrest at G2/M
stage in a manner similar to Paclitaxel. Moreover, BS-AE and
chaihulactone analogs (such as third and eighth components) result
in a significant increase in expression level for tumor suppressor
p21 and p53, which interfere with cyclin D and cyclin E, so as to
bar the cells from entering G0/G1 stage, causing the tumor cells to
arrest at G2/M stage.
[0085] Therefore, from the results shown above, it should be
apparent that the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof are effective in arresting the tumor cells at
G2/M stage as well as inducing the tumor cells to go into
apoptosis. The same effects are also observed in human hepatoma,
lung cancer, ovarian cancer, malignant glioblastoma and colorectal
carcinoma, suggesting the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof should have an inhibitory effect
on the cell proliferation of human hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian
cancer, malignant glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma. Thus, the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof may serve as a G2/M arresting agent having a similar
mechanism as Paclitaxel.
[0086] Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is
then used to analyze the change of cytoskeleton of tumor cell lines
treated with Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extract. As shown in FIG.
6, the cytoskeleton of type-I .alpha.-microtubule has no
significant change after treating A549 cells with BS-AE for 12, 24
and 48 hrs. Instead, a gradual decrease in the number of type-V
.beta.-microtubule is detected. Then, a polymerization event is
observed before and after the treatment of BS-AE. As shown in FIG.
7, after isochaihulactone, the soluble form (non-polymerized
.beta.-microtubule illustrated as S in the diagram) significantly
diminishes, whereas the particular form (polymerized
.beta.-microtubule illustrated as P in the diagram) increases. This
indicates that the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof have similar effect on the
polymerization of .beta.-tubulin as Paclitaxel.
[0087] Moreover, confocal microscopy is utilized to further analyze
the arrangement of the spindle inside the cytoskeleton of the
fluorescent-labeled microtubule. As shown in FIG. 8, after
treatment of BS-AE to the tumor cells, the polymerization of
.beta.-tubulin results in the progressive elongation of spindle.
Therefore, 2N or nN chromosomes are stopped from migrating towards
the spindle poles and divisions of tumor cells are inhibited. In
this way, tumor cells cannot progress through mitosis successfully
with accumulation of 2N and 4N chromosomes, resulting in apoptosis
of junk cells.
Fifth Embodiment
The Effect of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Extracts on
Paclitaxel-Resistant Tumor Cell Line
[0088] Recent cell culture study shows no satisfactory cytotoxic
effect on Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cell at late stage of
chemotherapy in vitro. The previous results from flow cytometry
show that BS-AE and isochaihulactone representing chaihulactone and
derivatives thereof and Paclitaxel have similar tumor inhibition
mechanism for human hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer,
malignant glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma. Therefore, the
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts serve as a source for screening
new drugs to further examine the cytotoxic effect of Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium extracts on Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cell
line.
[0089] The following embodiments are described with
Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cell A549-T12 (passage cultured from
lung cancer cell line A549 cells with low concentration of
Paclitaxel) as an example to test the effect of BS-AE and its pure
compounds BS-8 and BS-15 (these represent isochaihulactone and
chaihulactone analogues) on A549-T12 cells. Flow cytometry, drug
toxicity test, and histological sections are adopted to evaluate
cytotoxic effect of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof on Paclitaxel-resistant tumor
cells.
[0090] FIGS. 9A through to 9D are flow cytometry results
illustrating a comparison of the change of Annexin V-FLOUS and PI
for untreated group with that of the group treated with 100 nM of
Paclitaxel, 30 .mu.g/ml BS-AE, 8 .mu.g/ml BS-8 and 8 .mu.g/ml BS-15
to A549-T12. Among these figures, X-axis represents the fluorescent
brightness of tumor cells with antibody Annexin V-FLOUS whereas
Y-axis represents the fluorescent brightness of tumor cell with
antibody PI. The result shows that after 48 hours of treatment,
only 6.8% of the cells in the untreated group are coupled to
Annexin V. However, after the A549-T12 cell line is treated with
isochaihulactone, chaihulactone analogues or BS-AE and cultured for
48 hours, the ratios increase to 30.6%, 23.1% and 24% of the tumor
cells coupled to Annexin V respectively. This indicates
isochaihulactone has better induction for apoptosis of
Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cell line than other chaihulactone
analogues. Furthermore, BS-AE is more effective for tumor cell
apoptosis than crude extracts after purification. Therefore, it is
evident that the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof are active components cytotoxic to the tumor
cells.
[0091] Besides, after BS-AE, BS-8, and BS-15 are added to
Paclitaxel-resistant lung cancer cell line for 48 hours, viability
ratio of tumor cells is reduced as illustrated in FIGS. 10A through
to 10C. So, in view of IC.sub.50 or ED.sub.50, the cytotoxic effect
of purified chaihulactone analog on the tumor cells is weaker than
BS-AE. It demonstrates that chaihulacetone, isochaihulactone, and
their derivatives are indeed the main active in Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium for inhibiting tumors. Furthermore, a
substantially low dose (1.5 .mu.g/ml) of the compound is all that
requires to induce apoptosis for the tumor cells.
Sixth Embodiment
The Estimate of the Tumor Inhibitory Effect of the
.gamma.-butyrolactone Compound and Pharmaceutical Composition
thereof In Vivo
[0092] Histological sections were examined to determine the tumor
inhibitory effects of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof on A549 cell and A549-T12 cells
in vivo. FIGS. 11A, 11B, 12A, and 12B show the comparison of tumor
tissue necrosis before and after the administration of BS-AE from
100.times. histological slide stained with haematoxylin and eosin
stain (H&E stain). It is found that, infiltration of
lymphocytes, a large extent of tumor cell hemorrhage, and tumor
cell necrosis occur as 300 mg/kg or more of BS-AE is IP
administered to animals for 5 days. FIG. 12B shows that after BS-AE
treatment, only a few tumor cells remain from densely distributed
tumor cells. As shown in the comparison FIG. 13A, the volume of
tumor from subcutaneous tumor tissue (A549 cell line) clearly
decrease by 77% (tumor diameter is reduced from 13 .mu.m to 3
.mu.m) after 500 mg/kg of BS-AE is given. From the tumor volume
shown in FIG. 13B, it was found that the rate of tumor growth was
clearly decreased after the tumor was treated with the Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium extracts. Therefore, it can be understood from
histological sections and hypodermic tumor tissue that the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof are cytotoxic in vivo and are effective in controlling the
spreading rate of tumor volume.
Seventh Embodiment
The Cytotoxicity of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Extracts on Cells
and Animal Models
[0093] It is known from the experimental result of this invention,
BS-AE containing the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof have significant growth
inhibitory effect on human hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer,
breast cancer, malignant glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma
cells. As shown in Table 1, BS-AE and BS-8 (isochaiulactone) have
cytotoxicity on A549 (lung cancer cell line), A549-T12 (taxol
resistant A549 cubline), HT29 (colon cancer cell line), OVCAR-3
(ovarian cancen cell line), J5 (hepatocellular carcinoma), Hep G2
(Hepatocellular carcinoma), MCF 7 (breast cancer cell line),
DBTRG-05MG (brian cancern cell line (glioblastoma multiforme)) and
WI-38 (embryonic fibroblast cell line). The acetone fraction of
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium possesses strong cytotoxicity toward a
wide variety of cancer cell lines. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1
Cytotoxicity of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts Cytotoxicity of
Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts Cell Lines IC 50 (mg/ml) 24 hr
Extract A549 A549-T12 HT 29 OVCAR-3 J 5 HepG2 MCF 7 DBTRG-05MG WI
38 Cisplatin 17.2 .+-. 2.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21.3 .+-. 4.5
Taxol(nM) 4 .+-. 0.6 20 .+-. 2.7 3 .+-. 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- BS-AE
58 .+-. 4 36 .+-. 2.5 55 .+-. 4.1 55 .+-. 5.5 48 .+-. 4 55 .+-. 4.5
60 .+-. 5 55 .+-. 4.5 150 .+-. 16 BS-ME 580 .+-. 36 -- -- -- -- --
-- -- 510 .+-. 30 BS-WE >1,000.sup.a -- -- -- -- -- -- --
>1,000.sup.a BS-8 8 .+-. 0.8 1.7 .+-. 0.3 5 .+-. 0.8 7.2 .+-.
1.2 3.5 .+-. 0.7 5.5 .+-. 0.5 8 .+-. 0.8 7.5 .+-. 1 --
.sup.aMaximal dosage in this assay BS-AE: Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium-acetone crude extract BS-ME: Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium-methanol crude extract BS-WE: Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium-water crude extract BS-8: isochalihulactone
[0094] And from histological section and hypodermic tumor tissue
examination, the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof were also cytotoxic to tumor tissue in vivo.
Therefore, in order to further evaluate any possible harmful side
effects on other normal cells and organs while the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof are cytotoxic to the tumors, a conscious rat administered
with 400 .mu.g/kg of BS-AE was used to show the change of all
biochemical enzymes in the rat organs.
[0095] As shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, after the conscious rat was
administered with 400 .mu.g/kg of BS-AE intravenously for 72 hours,
there are no difference in the levels of Lipase, Amylase, glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase
(GPT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatinine Kinase (CK),
Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), pulse, diastolic pressure,
systolic pressure, platelets and white blood cells as compare to
those of the control group without treatment. This indicates the
intravenous (I.V.) administration of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium has
no significant toxic effects for digestive, circulation, metabolic
systems, haemopoietic mechanism and germ cells. The histological
sections of the liver and kidney shown in FIG. 15 prove that the
normal cells of liver and kidney are not destroyed after
intraperitoneal (I.P.) administration of 300 .mu.g/kg of BS-AE for
5 consecutive days. On the other hand, the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof have clearly
inhibited the telomerase activity of the tumor cells in the living
animal according to the above-mentioned results. Summarizing from
all the results obtained previously, the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof administered in
vivo has no effect on the normal cells or organ functions at the
therapeutic dosage. Yet, the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof are cytotoxic with high
specificity to the tumor cells including the Paclitaxel-resistant
cell line. Thus, the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof may serve as a treatment drug or
adjuvant to improve from current drug having incomplete
cytotoxicity for the Paclitaxel-resistant tumor cells. Accordingly,
the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof provide a new antineoplastic source to the cancer patients
and those patients who developed resistance to Paclitaxel at the
late stage of the chemotherapy.
Eighth Embodiment
The Synergistic Effect of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Extracts on
Other Anti-Tumor Drugs
[0096] According to the results from previous embodiment, it is
understood that Bupleurum scorzonerifolium extracts, particularly
BS-AE, isochaihulactone, and chaihulcatone are effective in
inducing apoptosis to Paclitaxel-resistant cells, suggesting
synergistic effect of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof on Paclitaxel. In recent
clinical treatment, two types of anti-tumor drugs, such as
Cisplatin, Caroplatin, Bleomycin, Adriamycin, and Vinblastin are
usually used in conjunction to improve survival rate of tumor
patients at later stage and alleviate side effect of the drug.
Therefore, the synergistic effect of the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof on the anti-tumor
drug is estimated by comparing inhibitory effect on the growth of
the tumor using either single anti-tumor drug or cocktail of the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof and the anti-tumor drugs.
[0097] The inhibitory effect on the growth of tumor cells is
studied using A549 cells treated either with Cisplatin or Cisplatin
and co-treatment of 30 .mu.g/ml of BS-AE. As shown in FIG. 18, the
cell viability ratio is significantly reduced when the cells were
both treated with Cisplatin and BS-AE, as compared to the cell
viability ratio when the cells were treated with Cisplatin alone.
In other words, the same tumor growth inhibition can be achieved
with less amount of anti-tumor drug administered when the
anti-tumor drug is used in conjunction with BS-AE. Therefore, less
cytotoxicity effect and side effect of the drug may be produced to
affect the tumor patients receiving anti-tumor medication, while
higher efficacy of anti-tumor treatment is achieved via synergistic
effect of BS-AE on the anti-tumor drug.
Ninth Embodiment
Down-Regulatory Effect of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Extracts on
Telomerase Activity
[0098] The tumor inhibition effect in vivo is further measured to
estimate the possibility of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof as a new source of drug
developement. A telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)
assay utilizing radioactive .gamma.-.sup.32p-ATP is conducted to
test telomerase activity of tumor after the .gamma.-butyrolactone
compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof are administered in
the living animal inoculated with tumor cells, so as to determine
whether BS-AE and isochaihulactone have a high specific
cytotoxicity for the tumor cells.
[0099] Referring to FIG. 19, the telomerase activity of the tumor
cell was significantly reduced when the tumor cells A549 were
treated with BS-AE. As it is evident from the current research that
telomerase activity is regulated by hTERT, an anti-HIV agent, AZT
that acts to down regulate expression of the hTERT gene is
administered to the tumor cells A549. The down-regulatory effect of
AZT is then compared with the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof. From FIG. 19, it is found the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof display a better inhibitory effect on the telomerase
activity of the tumor cells than AZT, suggesting that the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof produce a stronger down-regulatory effect on expression of
the hTERT gene than AZT. The down regulatory effect of the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof was further confirmed by results shown in FIG. 20, where
extracts from several different Chinese herbs, such as were also
included to compare with the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof for their roles in regulating
expression of hTERT gene. As evident in FIG. 20, the expression of
full length or spliced variant .beta. of hTERT is suppressed
following treatment with BS-AE, while the tumor cells treated with
other extracts are not inhibited in expressing hTERT. Thus, it is
very likely that the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and
pharmaceutical composition thereof further provides anti-HIV effect
other than AZT and other anti-HIV agents that act to inhibit
telomerase activity. Also, the down regulation of telomerase
activity of the .gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical
composition thereof may be applied as a therapeutic applications
for anti RNA virus.
[0100] Accordingly, the present invention provides a
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof as illustrated in the formula (I) below and having a Z or E
configuration for its carbon 2(5) location. The
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof include "isochaihulactone", "chaihulactone" and their
derivatives which serve as active components for inhibiting tumor
growth for hepatoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, malignant
glioblastoma or colorectal carcinoma. ##STR33## wherein X.dbd.N, O,
S, Se, and A, B can be selected from the following substituents:
##STR34##
[0101] wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 can be selected from a hydrogen
atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, an amino
group, an alkoxy group, and a nitro group.
[0102] In accordance with the foregoing preferred embodiments of
the invention, it is realised that the acetone crude extract being
extracted from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium has more significant
antineoplatic effects. Moreover, after applying BS-AE and
isochaihulactone to both tumour cells and Paclitaxel-resistant
tumour cells, they all show significant inhibition effects. And
BS-AE could reduce telomerase activity, suppress cell
proliferation, enhance cell apoptosis, and have in vivo anti tumour
effect, while there is no significant toxicity to body systems such
as digestive, circulation, metabolic systems, haemopoietic
mechanism and genital system.
[0103] In terms of cell control mechanism, the
.gamma.-butyrolactone compound and pharmaceutical composition
thereof act as a microtubule stabilizing agent, which promotes
polymerization of .beta.-tubulin inhibiting cancer cell mitosis and
leading to cell death. The mechanism leading to cell death is
similar to that of Paclitaxel for keeping the tumour cells arrested
at G2/M stage of the cell cycle and inhibiting further cell
proliferation.
[0104] The invention has been described using exemplary preferred
embodiments. However, it is to be understood that the scope of the
invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the
contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar
arrangements. The scope of the claims, therefore, should be
accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such
modifications and similar arrangements.
* * * * *