U.S. patent application number 11/104860 was filed with the patent office on 2006-04-06 for adhesive tape for producing a joint during a static reel change.
This patent application is currently assigned to tesa Aktiengesellschaft. Invention is credited to Bernhard Gebbeken, Christoph Nagel.
Application Number | 20060073301 11/104860 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35519912 |
Filed Date | 2006-04-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060073301 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Nagel; Christoph ; et
al. |
April 6, 2006 |
Adhesive tape for producing a joint during a static reel change
Abstract
In order to provide an adhesive tape (10) for producing a joint
during a static reel change between two flat web materials (40, 41)
wound up onto reels, having a carrier (11) and a self-adhesive
compound (12), with which the exposure of the self-adhesive
compound (12) during the further processing of the webs (40, 41)
bonded to each other is avoided, it is proposed that, in the
self-adhesive compound (12), a gap be formed in the longitudinal
direction of the adhesive tape (10), in order to form two
self-adhesive compounds (12) having a spacing (V), as viewed in the
width of the adhesive tape (10). Furthermore, a corresponding
method is proposed.
Inventors: |
Nagel; Christoph; (Hamburg,
DE) ; Gebbeken; Bernhard; (Hamburg, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
NORRIS, MCLAUGHLIN & MARCUS, PA
875 THIRD AVENUE
18TH FLOOR
NEW YORK
NY
10022
US
|
Assignee: |
tesa Aktiengesellschaft
Hamburg
DE
|
Family ID: |
35519912 |
Appl. No.: |
11/104860 |
Filed: |
April 13, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/43 ;
428/354 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09J 7/20 20180101; B65H
2301/46078 20130101; B65H 19/102 20130101; Y10T 428/2848 20150115;
Y10T 428/15 20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/043 ;
428/354 |
International
Class: |
G09F 3/00 20060101
G09F003/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Oct 6, 2004 |
DE |
10 2004 048 880.0 |
Claims
1. An adhesive tape for producing a joint during a static reel
change between two flat web materials wound up onto reels, said
adhesive tape comprising a carrier layer and a self-adhesive
compound adhered to at least one side of the carrier, wherein the
self-adhesive compound adhered to said at least one side comprises
at least two distinct regions of self-adhesive compound separated
from each other by a gap having a spacing (V).
2. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, which has a cleavable system
on a side of the carrier opposite that to which the self-adhesive
compound is adhered.
3. Adhesive tape according to claim 2, wherein the carrier is wider
than the cleavable system.
4. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the self-adhesive
compound has a holding time of at least 1000 min. on coating body
paper and at least 2000 min. on gravure printing paper, in each
case measured at 23.degree. C., and 55% relative atmospheric
humidity and under 1 kg loading (F).
5. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the self-adhesive
compound is applied to the carrier in an amount of 20 to 60
g/m.sup.2
6. Adhesive tape according to claim 5, wherein the self-adhesive
compound is applied to the carrier in an amount of 25 to 50
g/m.sup.2.
7. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the self-adhesive
compound comprises an acrylate base.
8. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the self-adhesive
compound is applied to the carrier by strip coating.
9. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a
tear-resistant paper or film carrier.
10. Adhesive tape according to claim 1, which further comprises a
covering for the self-adhesive compound.
11. Adhesive tape according to claim 10, wherein the covering
comprises a perforation and/or a slit in a longitudinal direction
of the adhesive tape.
12. Method for joining two webs, said method comprising sticking an
of each of the webs to the self-adhesive compounds of an adhesive
tape according to claim 1, each of said self-adhesive compounds
being spaced apart from one another at the spacing (V) such that a
break between the ends of the webs is smaller than the spacing (V).
Description
[0001] The invention relates to an adhesive tape for producing a
joint during a static reel change between two flat web materials
wound up onto reels, having a carrier and a self-adhesive
compound.
[0002] Flat web materials, in particular paper, are wound up onto
reels in order, for example, to be supplied to a paper-processing
machine or to a printing or packaging machine. During a static reel
change, the reels, such as a parent paper reel, are stopped, that
is to say their rotation is stopped, the end of the one parent reel
is stuck to the start of the other and the new parent reel can then
be set rotating again. The static reel change, carried out manually
by production employees, from an empty to a full reel is a familiar
process in paper mills or the like in order, inter alia, to obtain
continuous paper webs. In the paper industry, this method is used,
for example, on rewinders, slitter-rewinders and cross-cutters. A
static reel change is a complicated procedure which normally has to
be carried out by two specialists.
[0003] The joint between old and new paper web, which is also
designated a splice ("to splice"), is frequently contained in the
paper web composed in this way and is supplied to an end customer.
In order to produce joints of this type, double-sided adhesive
tapes (German "Fixe") or single-sided adhesive tapes are known. The
carriers used for the adhesive tapes are normally paper carriers
and also water-soluble self-adhesive compounds, which are coated
onto one or both sides of the carrier.
[0004] In the case in which a double-sided adhesive tape is used to
produce a joint, the adhesive tape is stuck to the outer ply of the
web material substantially in the longitudinal direction of a full
reel of the web material. Then, on the side of the adhesive tape
that points radially outwards, the release or covering paper is
pulled off the other self-adhesive compound, and the end of the web
of the empty reel, such as the paper web of the empty parent reel,
is stuck onto the self-adhesive compound. Any projecting paper
residues can be cut off or torn off.
[0005] Half of single-sided adhesive tapes are stuck under the end
of the uppermost ply of one reel such that substantially still half
of the self-adhesive compound, as viewed in the width of the
adhesive tape, is available to be stuck to the other web end. The
single-sided adhesive tapes are advantageously provided with a
centrally slit release or covering paper, so that the bonds can be
made one after another, in each case only a section of the release
paper being pulled off. Bonding with single-sided adhesive tapes is
used in particular in bonds which remain in a paper reel for a
longer time. Because of their lower thickness, they do not cause
any pressure points during the further processing of the paper web,
and the elastic self-adhesive compound is not squeezed out
laterally by the further processing.
[0006] The adhesive tapes used are always distinguished by
particularly shear-resistant, mostly water-soluble adhesive
compounds, since otherwise there is the risk of failure under the
high tensile stresses or, during winding up onto reels and
relatively long storage, the adhesive tapes squeeze out and thus
stick to the next paper plies, which can then lead to problems
during the further processing but, on the other hand, because of
their water-soluble self-adhesive compounds and paper carriers, do
not cause disruption in the papermaking machine when the paper
waste is reused.
[0007] Furthermore, single-sided adhesive tapes are known which are
provided with a cleavable system on their rear side, which is
opposite the self-adhesive compound which is coated onto the
carrier. In this case, the cleavable system, which substantially
likewise comprises a double-sided adhesive tape, is stuck onto the
second outer ply of the web material on the reel, in order in this
way to fix the outer ply, which is half-stuck to the exposed
self-adhesive compound of the adhesive tape, to the reel. As soon
as the end of the old web has been stuck firmly to the other half
of the self-adhesive compound of the adhesive tape and the web
material is, for example, pulled into a paper-processing machine,
the cleavable system, preferably the carrier of this double-sided
adhesive tape, is cleaved by the forces which occur and which act
substantially at right angles to the main plane of the adhesive
tape, the outer ply is unwound from the reel and supplied to the
machine, the self-adhesive compound on the second outer ply being
covered in a non-adhesive way by the cleavable system.
[0008] In the case of single-sided adhesive tapes it is to be seen
as disadvantageous that, on account of the high tensile forces in
the web material, following the production of the joint it is
possible for the two web ends to be pulled apart in the
longitudinal direction of the web material at the adhesive bond. As
a result, the self-adhesive compound is exposed at the gap pulled
open between the two web ends and, for example when wound onto a
new reel, can stick in an undesirable way to the web lying above. A
further disadvantage can arise if, when the projecting webs are
torn, they are not torn with straight edges and the webs overlap
partly. As a result of this overlapping, undesired thickenings
occur which, in the wound reel, can lead to pressure points or to
problems in the further processing of the paper reel, for example
during printing.
[0009] On the basis of this prior art, those skilled in the art are
presented with the object of specifying an adhesive tape with which
a static reel change can be carried out in a simple manner, the
intention being for the occurrence of uncovered regions of the
self-adhesive compound to be avoided, even under high tensile
loadings in the web material. Furthermore, a corresponding method
is to be specified.
[0010] These objects are achieved by the features specified in
Claims 1 and 10.
[0011] The basic idea of the invention is that the self-adhesive
compound is not arranged distributed as a continuous layer
substantially over the entire surface of the adhesive tape but has
a gap or break extending in the longitudinal direction of the
adhesive tape, in order in this way to divide the self-adhesive
compound into two substantially symmetrical sections. In this case,
the gap is preferably arranged centrally, as viewed in the width of
the adhesive tape.
[0012] With this adhesive tape having two separate sections of the
self-adhesive compound, during the manual production of a joint
between the web materials during a static reel change, it is
possible for example for paper webs in each case to be stuck onto
the two self-adhesive compounds spaced apart by the gap in such a
way that, as viewed towards the centre of the adhesive tape, the
self-adhesive compounds in each case completely cover or at least
partly cover the gap between the self-adhesive compounds. This
means that the spacing between the mutually facing ends of the webs
is less than the width of the gap. This ensures that, in the event
that tensile forces occur in the bonded web, which can lead to a
slight displacement of the respective web ends at the joint,
exposure of regions of the self-adhesive compound does not occur
immediately, since the ends of the respective webs are arranged so
as to overlap the self-adhesive compounds. It is possible for those
skilled in the art to choose the width of the gap or the holding
time of the self-adhesive compounds in such a way that, even under
the greatest tensile stresses that occur in the web material, the
ends are in each case at most displaced relative to the
self-adhesive compounds to such an extent that the latter are just
still completely covered, in order to avoid bonds to further webs
or plies of the material, for example when wound up onto a new
reel.
[0013] The advantage of the invention is that, with a single-sided
adhesive tape, thin joints can be produced which, in particular for
the end customer for the webs bonded to each other, cause virtually
no problems during further processing. Furthermore, as a result of
the configuration having two mutually spaced self-adhesive
compounds, it is ensured that exposure of the self-adhesive
compound does not occur, even under high tensile loadings.
[0014] Advantageous refinements of the invention are characterized
in the subclaims.
[0015] According to the refinement in Claim 2, it is proposed that
a cleavable system be arranged on the side of the carrier facing
away from the self-adhesive compounds, that is to say on its rear
side. It is also possible for a plurality of cleavable systems to
be provided. With this cleavable system, the adhesive tape can be
fixed in a manner known per se onto the second outer ply of the web
wound up onto a reel. For this purpose, a covering film of the
cleavable system is pulled off manually and the adhesive tape, of
which half has already been stuck from below to the end of the web
on the reel, is stuck to the second outer ply. In this case, the
cleavable system advantageously has a considerably smaller cleavage
resistance than a paper carrier, which has to absorb tensile
forces. Within the scope of the invention, it is also possible for
a plurality of cleavable systems, in particular even of different,
cleavable systems, to be arranged on the rear side of the adhesive
tape. These preferably comprise sized, highly compacted paper from
a composite of paper and film or a composite of two films, it being
possible for the composite to consist of papers and/or films
connected in a defined manner point by point and/or line by line.
For this purpose, for example, the following papers, paper
composite systems or films are suitable: easily cleavable paper
systems, duplex papers, that is to say papers laminated together in
a defined manner, in which the cleavage operation proceeds
homogeneously and no stress peaks occur, in particular for
wallpapers and filters, or highly compacted papers glued together
in a defined manner and having a high tear propagation resistance.
The gluing can be carried out, for example, with starch,
starch-containing derivatives, and wallpaper paste based on methyl
cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol derivatives. Such systems are
described, for example, in DE 199 56 442, paragraph 4, lines 35ff.
Furthermore, cleavable systems are known in which the cleavage
forces are determined by the magnitude, structure and sum of the
bonding points (DE 198 41 609, paragraph 2, line 22). The use of
coextruded films is also possible. In the case of a plurality of
cleavable systems on an adhesive tape, these can consist of the
same material and thus exhibit the same cleavage forces but it is
also possible to form the cleavable systems in each case from
different materials, in order to assign them different cleavage
forces. The tear propagation resistance of the cleavable system is
preferably between 5 and 70 cN/cm, in particular 12 to 60 cN/cm.
With regard to the measurement of the tear propagation resistance,
reference is made to DE 199 02 179 A1.
[0016] The carrier, as viewed in the transverse direction of the
adhesive tape, is advantageously wider than the cleavable system or
systems, as specified in Claim 3. This means that the carrier, as
viewed in cross section or in the width of the adhesive tape,
laterally overlaps or projects beyond the cleavable systems. As
viewed in the transport direction of the web, the carrier can
project beyond the cleavable system or systems in the region of the
leading edge of the adhesive tape by up to 20 mm, in order to
ensure the cleavage of the system reliably when the web is unwound
from the new reel. In particular embodiments, this projection can
also be less, for example between 0.5 and 15 mm, in a further
preferred way between 1 and 7 mm and, in a particularly preferred
way, between 1.5 and 3.5 mm. If a plurality of cleavable systems is
arranged on the rear side of the carrier of the adhesive tape, then
the spacing of the cleavable systems from one another is, for
example, 3 to 40 mm, in particular 25 to 45 mm and, particularly
advantageously, 20 to 30 mm.
[0017] In a refinement proposed in Claim 4, the self-adhesive
compound has a holding time of at least 1000 minutes on coating
body paper and at least 2000 minutes on gravure printing paper, in
each case measured at 23.degree. C. and 55% relative atmospheric
humidity and under 1 kg loading. In this case, the holding time is
measured by the standardized measuring method known to those
skilled in the art. An adhesive tape having self-adhesive compounds
with such holding times ensures that the bonded ends of the webs do
not detach from the adhesive tape, even under high tensile
stresses, and exposure of the self-adhesive compound does not
occur.
[0018] The measurement of the holding time is carried out as
follows:
[0019] In order to measure the holding time of adhesive compounds,
these are coated onto a standard carrier (polyester film;
thickness: 25 .mu.m). An always constant application of 25
g/m.sup.2 is advantageously chosen.
[0020] Following drying and possible cross-linking of the adhesive
compound, a strip of 13 mm width and at least 20 mm length is cut
out and stuck onto a defined paper (for example gravure printing
paper, e.g. Neopress T 54, 54 g/m.sup.2 or coating body paper, e.g.
Mediaprint 135 g/m.sup.2). The bonding area is 13 mm.times.20 mm.
In order to ensure a constant contact pressure during bonding, a
roller (weight: 2 kg) is rolled slowly twice over the specimen. The
test pattern produced in this way is loaded with a weight of 1 kg
parallel to the bonding plane and the time during which the
adhesive strip remains on the paper is measured. For improved
differentiation of the individual adhesive compounds, the test is
carried out in a corresponding manner at further testing
temperatures (e.g. 40.degree. C. and 70.degree. C.).
[0021] With regard to the application of the self-adhesive
compounds, it is specified in Claim 5 that the self-adhesive
compounds are applied to the carrier at 20 to 60 g/m.sup.2, in
particular at 20 to 50 g/m.sup.2. This ensures that there is an
adequate quantity of self-adhesive compound for producing a
permanent joint without the self-adhesive compound thickening the
adhesive tape too much.
[0022] As the material for the self-adhesive compounds, Claim 6
proposes that the self-adhesive compound is an acrylate
self-adhesive compound. This is composed, for example, of 40 to 90%
by weight of acrylic acid and 60 to 10% by weight of butyl acrylate
or 40 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid, 30 to 5% by weight of butyl
acrylate and 30 to 5% by weight of ethyl hexyl acrylate.
Furthermore, it can have ethoxylated alkyl amines as plasticizer,
preferably C16 to C18 or with 15 to 25 ethoxy units. Here, the
mixture ratio between plasticizer and polymer is between 55 and 75%
by weight of plasticizer and 25 and 45% by weight of polymer. The
polymerization is carried out radically in polar solvents with
ethanol as regulator. Partial cross-linking is carried out with
aluminium chelate 0.3 to 1.2% by weight, based on the total
quantity. The acrylate self-adhesive compounds can be water-soluble
or water-insoluble. In alternative refinements, natural and
synthetic rubber compounds and also dispersions of the compounds
described above can be used as self-adhesive compounds.
[0023] The self-adhesive compounds can be applied in a simple
manner to the carrier by strip coating, as characterized in Claim
7, the application of two strips of the self-adhesive compounds to
the carrier, spaced apart in a defined manner, being possible for
those skilled in the art.
[0024] In Claim 8, it is proposed as material for the carrier that
this consist of tear-resistant paper or tear-resistant film. This
can be, inter alia, weakly creped papers, machine-finish body
papers, smoothed body papers coated on one side, compacted,
printable decorative papers coated on both sides, single-side,
double-coated, wood-free, highly glossy kraft papers or other films
made of plastics suitable for this purpose which have adequate
mechanical strength.
[0025] According to Claim 9, the self-adhesive compounds are
provided with a covering, for example a covering paper or a release
film, in order to be able to handle the adhesive tape in a
straightforward manner. In this case, the covering has a
perforation or a slit in the longitudinal direction of the adhesive
tape, in order firstly to be able to pull off one half of the
covering from the first half of the self-adhesive compound in such
a way, for example, as to be able to stick the adhesive tape under
the outer ply of the web wound on a full reel. The covering is then
pulled off the other half of the self-adhesive compound and the
adhesive tape is stuck to the web end of the empty reel.
[0026] An exemplary embodiment from the prior art and also an
exemplary embodiment of the invention will be explained in more
detail below by using the drawings, the cross-sectional
illustrations in FIGS. 1 to 4 relating to the prior art, and the
cross-sectional illustrations in FIGS. 5 to 8 relating to the
invention.
[0027] FIG. 1 shows a single-sided adhesive tape,
[0028] FIG. 2 shows an adhesive tape, of which half is stuck to a
web,
[0029] FIG. 3 shows an adhesive tape stuck to two webs,
[0030] FIG. 4 shows an adhesive tape, a tensile force being exerted
on the webs,
[0031] FIG. 5 shows a single-sided adhesive tape,
[0032] FIG. 6 shows an adhesive tape, of which half is stuck to a
web,
[0033] FIG. 7 shows an adhesive tape stuck to two webs, and
[0034] FIG. 8 shows an adhesive tape, a tensile force being exerted
on the webs.
[0035] The exemplary embodiment from the prior art, illustrated in
FIG. 1, is a single-sided adhesive tape 30 having a carrier 31, for
example a high-strength paper or a plastic film, which is coated
with a self-adhesive compound 32 on its upper side. The
self-adhesive compound 32 is preferably water-soluble and, for
example, an acrylate self-adhesive compound. In order to be able to
handle the adhesive tape 30 before the production of a joint
between two web materials, the self-adhesive compound 32 is covered
with a covering 33, for example a siliconized release paper, in
order to avoid the adhesive tape 30 adhering to undesired
surfaces.
[0036] Arranged on the underside of the adhesive tape 30 is a
cleavable system 20 having self-adhesive compounds 22, 23. The
carrier 21 of the cleavable system 20 consists, for example, of a
sized, highly compacted paper and cleaves under the action of a
defined force. The cleavable system 20 is fixed to the underside of
the carrier 31 via the self-adhesive compound 22. The cleavable
system 20 can be stuck by the further self-adhesive compound 23,
for example to the surface of the second outer web of a web
material wound up onto a reel. This self-adhesive compound 23 can
be provided with a further covering, not depicted here, to prevent
adhesion of this self-adhesive compound 23 to further surfaces.
[0037] The covering 33 is designed here with a slit 34 or
perforation, which extends substantially over the entire length of
the adhesive tape 30, in order, as viewed in the width of the
adhesive tape 30, firstly to be able to pull off only one half of
the covering 33 and to be able to fix a first paper web 40 to the
self-adhesive compound 32, as illustrated in FIG. 2. This web 40
is, for example, the start of the web material on a full reel or a
parent paper reel. The slit 34 between the paper web 40 and the
remaining half of the covering 33 can also be slightly larger than
the slit 34 between the two coverings 33. The lower self-adhesive
compound 23 is then stuck to the second outer web of the wound
reel, located underneath it.
[0038] Then, in accordance with FIG. 3, the second covering 33 is
removed and the end of the old web 41, for example from a virtually
empty parent paper reel, is likewise stuck to the self-adhesive
compound 32, a break 42 arising between the two paper webs 40, 41
here, since it is virtually impossible to firmly stick these two
webs exactly with a butt joint on the self-adhesive compound 32 or
the cut edges of the webs 40, 41 are not exactly straight.
[0039] FIG. 4 illustrates a joint between two paper webs 40, 41
which is subjected to a tensile loading F, such as occurs for
example during the further processing of the bonded webs 40, 41 or
even during the acceleration of the new reel. As a result of the
tensile force F, the break 42 between the two ends of the webs 40,
41 is enlarged, so that here the surface of the self-adhesive
compound 32 is not covered, and thus the self-adhesive compound 32
can adhere to further undesired surfaces and disruption can occur
during the further processing of the continuous web.
[0040] FIG. 5 illustrates the adhesive tape 10 according to the
invention which, on its underside, has a substantially identical
cleavable system 20 corresponding to the prior art, that is to say
having a cleavable carrier 21 and also self-adhesive compounds 22,
23, and a covering, not illustrated here, for the self-adhesive
compound 23. The adhesive tape 10 substantially comprises a carrier
11 made of a material suitable for this purpose and self-adhesive
compounds 12, preferably based on acrylate, it being possible for
the self-adhesive compound 12 to be water-soluble. The
self-adhesive compound 12 is here applied to the carrier 11 in such
a way, preferably by strip coating, that a substantially constant
spacing V is formed between two regions of the self-adhesive
compound 12 on the carrier 11, in order in this way to create a gap
or a break between two sections of the self-adhesive compound 12,
the self-adhesive compounds 12 preferably being arranged in such a
way that they are symmetrical as viewed across the width of the
adhesive tape 10. Before the production of a joint between two webs
40, 41, the self-adhesive compounds 12 are provided with a covering
13, which likewise can have a slit 14 or perforation at the centre.
The thickness of the carrier 11 with the self-adhesive compound 12
is approximately 0.08 mm, the width about 50 mm. The cleavable
system 20 can have a width of about 9 mm.
[0041] In FIG. 6, the first half of the covering 13 has been pulled
off and the end of a first web 40 has been stuck to the
self-adhesive compound 12. Here, the web 40 has been stuck to the
self-adhesive compound 12 in such a way that, viewed towards the
centre of the adhesive tape 10, it overlaps the self-adhesive
compound 12 or projects beyond the latter. The adhesive tape 10 is
then bonded to the second outer ply of the full reel by the
self-adhesive compound 23 of the cleavable system 20 in order to
fix the end of the web 40 to the reel.
[0042] Then, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the second web 41 is stuck
to the self-adhesive compound 12, the break 42 thus formed between
the ends of the webs 40, 41 being smaller than the spacing V
between the self-adhesive compounds 12.
[0043] If then, according to FIG. 8, for example during further
processing, a tensile force F can be exerted on the webs 40, 41,
although this can lead to the webs 40, 41 being displaced relative
to the self-adhesive compounds 12, as viewed in the horizontal
direction, since they were previously stuck to the self-adhesive
compounds 12 with a slight break 42, this break 42 is enlarged only
slightly and the self-adhesive compound 12 itself continues to be
covered by the webs 40, 41, so that it is not possible for adhesion
of the self-adhesive compound 12 to further surfaces to occur, and
the fault-free progress of the further processing is ensured. It is
possible for those skilled in the art to dimension the break 42 and
the spacing V appropriately as a function of the selected
self-adhesive compound 12, the materials of the webs 40, 41 and of
the tensile forces F that occur.
LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS
[0044] 10 Adhesive tape [0045] 11 Carrier [0046] 12 Self-adhesive
compound [0047] 13 Covering [0048] 14 Slit [0049] 20 Cleavable
system [0050] 21 Carrier [0051] 22 Self-adhesive compound [0052] 23
Self-adhesive compound [0053] 30 Adhesive tape [0054] 31 Carrier
[0055] 32 Self-adhesive compound [0056] 33 Covering [0057] 34 Slit
[0058] 40 Web [0059] 41 Web [0060] 42 Break [0061] V Spacing [0062]
F Tensile force
* * * * *