U.S. patent application number 11/172414 was filed with the patent office on 2006-03-23 for use of interleukin-11 to prevent immune-mediated cytotoxicity.
This patent application is currently assigned to Genetics Institute Inc.. Invention is credited to Joseph M. Carroll, James Keith, Jordan S. Pober.
Application Number | 20060062760 11/172414 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26822129 |
Filed Date | 2006-03-23 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060062760 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Keith; James ; et
al. |
March 23, 2006 |
Use of interleukin-11 to prevent immune-mediated cytotoxicity
Abstract
The use of interleukin-11 to prevent, to ameliorate, and to
treat an immune-mediated disease in a mammal in need of such
treatment is disclosed.
Inventors: |
Keith; James; (Andover,
MA) ; Carroll; Joseph M.; (Cambridge, MA) ;
Pober; Jordan S.; (Guilford, CT) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MINTZ, LEVIN, COHN, FERRIS, GLOVSKY;AND POPEO, P.C.
ONE FINANCIAL CENTER
BOSTON
MA
02111
US
|
Assignee: |
Genetics Institute Inc.
Yale University
|
Family ID: |
26822129 |
Appl. No.: |
11/172414 |
Filed: |
June 29, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09521696 |
Mar 9, 2000 |
6953777 |
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11172414 |
Jun 29, 2005 |
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60124024 |
Mar 11, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/85.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 38/2073 20130101;
A61P 37/02 20180101; Y10S 514/885 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/085.2 |
International
Class: |
A61K 38/19 20060101
A61K038/19 |
Claims
1. A method of preventing an immune-mediated disorder which
comprises administering to a mammal, prior to tissue
transplantation, a therapeutically effective amount of
interleukin-11.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective
amount of interleukin-11 comprises 1 to 100 .mu.g/kg body
weight.
3. A method of ameliorating an immune-mediated disorder which
comprises administering to a mammal, at the time of tissue
transplantation, a therapeutically effective amount of
interleukin-11.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the therapeutically effective
amount of interleukin-11 comprises 1 ng to 100 .mu.g/kg body
weight.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the interleukin-11 is
administered for three days beginning on the day of the tissue
transplant.
6. A method of treating an immune-mediated disorder which comprises
administering to a mammal experiencing said immune-mediated
disorder a therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-11.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the therapeutically effective
amount of interleukin-11 comprises 1 to 100 .mu.g/kg body
weight.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the interleukin-11 is
administered daily until improvement of the immune-mediated
disorder is observed.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the interleukin-11 is
administered daily until remission of the immune-mediated disorder
is observed.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of prevention and
treatment of immune-mediated disorders using interleukin-11. More
particularly, the present invention relates to preventing or
treating graft-versus-host disease and CTL- and/or
complement-dependent rejection of organ or tissue transplants using
interleukin-11.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] An individual mammal's immune system functions through
recognition of certain cell surface proteins, some of which are
termed major histocompatibility complex proteins, or MHC proteins.
Additional minor histocompatibility proteins exist which can also
contribute to immunological recognition events. The individual
mammal's immune system recognizes its own MHC proteins, or those of
its identical twin, as self and thus does not destroy its own cells
or those of its identical twin. Members of the same species may
share major and/or minor histocompatibility antigens, and thus an
individual may not recognize the cells of another member of its
species as non-self, depending on the degree of the differences
between the MHC proteins of the two individuals. When an
individual's immune system recognizes the cells of other members of
the same species as non-self, the first individual's immune system
may proceed to destroy the cells of the second individual. In
humans, the major histocompatibility proteins are known as
"HLA".degree.antigens.
[0003] When tissues such as bone marrow, blood cells, or solid
organs are transplanted from one individual to another, normally
the recipient will recognize the donor's cells as non-self and the
recipients immune system will destroy the donor's cells as
described above. For this reason, in a tissue transplantation, the
recipient is normally subjected to immunosuppressive drugs and/or
irradiation. However, transplantation patents are also subject to
immunologic recognition in the opposite direction, that is, the
donor tissue may contain immunologically competent cells which
proceed to destroy the recipient's cells, a condition termed
"graft-versus-host disease" or "GVHD".
[0004] Graft-versus-host disease can develop when bone marrow,
blood products, or solid organs containing immunocompetent cells
are transferred from a donor to a recipient. Thus, when MHC
antigenic differences exist between the donor and recipient, the
recipient is at risk for the development of graft-versus-host
disease. Graft-versus-host disease may also develop when there are
antigenic differences between donor and recipient for the minor
histocompatibility antigens. Thus, graft-versus-host disease can
also develop between MHC-matched persons. Moreover, surgery
patients who receive directed blood transfusion, for example,
transfusion of blood from an HLA homozygous child to a heterozygous
parent, may also develop graft-versus-host disease.
[0005] Current approaches to preventing graft-versus-host disease
include attempts to eliminate immunocompetent donor cells, for
example, by in vitro manipulation of the donor tissue. For example,
immunocompetent T cells may be removed from donor bone marrow
through physical separation such as by lectin agglutination, or by
treatment of the bone marrow with monoclonal antibodies directed to
T cells. However, use of bone marrow depleted of T cells is
associated with a higher rate of graft failure, which is frequently
fatal. Use of T cell depleted bone marrow grafts is also associated
with an increased incidence of relapse among the recipients,
particularly recipients having chronic myelocytic leukemia.
[0006] Another approach to preventing immune-mediated injury is to
interrupt the complement cascade (e.g., by depleting C3 with cobra
venom factor or by inhibiting the C3 convertase with recombinant
soluble CR1). However, antibody depletion has unacceptable risks of
over-immunosuppression (i.e., infection), and experimental studies
of inhibition of the complement cascade with cobra venom factor or
sCR1 show incomplete inhibition. An additional drawback to the use
of cobra venom is the prospect of systemic effects due to the large
amounts of vasoactive and chemotactic C3a and C5a produced.
[0007] Another common practice for inhibiting immune-mediated
disorders is to subject the recipient to immunosuppressive therapy
after transplantation. Such immunosuppression may occur by use of
glucocorticoids, cyclosporin, methotrexate, or combinations of such
drugs. However, immunosuppression also results in increased
incidence of infection, and even when immunosuppressant drugs are
used, immune-mediated cytotoxicity may still occur.
[0008] Although many approaches to controlling immune-mediated
disorders have been attempted, none of these approaches have been
particularly successful. Thus there remains a need for an
effective, clinically applicable means of preventing or treating
GVHD and CTL- and/or complement-dependent rejection of organ or
tissue transplants.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] Surprisingly, the inventors have found that IL-11
demonstrates the ability to protect endothelial cells from
immune-mediated injury. Cells pretreated with IL-11 demonstrate a
significant decrease in both cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and
complement-mediated cytotoxicity over cells which are not
pretreated with IL-11. The addition of IL-11 to vascular
endothelial cells resulted in activation of signal transducer and
activators of transcription protein (STAT) and mitogen activated
protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. These studies indicate
that IL-11 can protect endothelial cells from immune-mediated
injury and may play a role in preventing CTL and
complement-dependent rejection of organ or tissue transplants.
IL-11 can also protect endothelial cells from non-immune-mediated
cytotoxicity, such as necrosis caused by loss of blood supply,
corrosion, burning, or the local lesion of a disease.
[0010] Provided by the invention are methods of treating disorders
where protection against CTL and/or complement-mediated
cytotoxicity are shown to be beneficial including, without
limitation, graft versus host disease (GVHD), and rejection of
organ or tissue transplants. In addition, provided by the present
invention are methods of treating non-immune-mediated necrotic
injuries, such as localized tissue or cell injury caused by loss of
blood supply, corrosion, burning, or the local lesion of a
disease.
[0011] According to the invention, IL-11, analogs, and derivatives
thereof, are administered to patients, either prophylactically or
at the onset of symptoms associated with the aforementioned
disorders. IL-11 can be administered in suitable pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers either alone or in combination with other
conventional agents useful in alleviating the symptoms associated
with the aforementioned disorders.
[0012] In one embodiment, the invention comprises a method of
preventing an immune-mediated disease which comprises administering
to a mammal, prior to exposure to foreign cell surface proteins, a
therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-11.
[0013] In another embodiment, the invention comprises a method of
ameliorating an immune-mediated disease which comprises
administering to a mammal, at the time of exposure to foreign cell
surface proteins, a therapeutically effective amount of
interleukin-11.
[0014] In another embodiment, the invention comprises a method of
treating an immune-mediated disease which comprises administering
to a mammal experiencing an immune-mediated disease a
therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-11.
[0015] In preferred embodiments, the therapeutic dose is effective
to prevent, ameliorate or treat an immune-mediated disease
resulting from exposure to foreign cell surface proteins, such as
donor major and/or minor histocompatibility antigens. Preferably,
the therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-11 comprises 1
to 100 .mu.g/kg body weight.
[0016] Methods are also provided for preventing non-immune mediated
necrotic disorders which comprises administering to a mammal, prior
to or at the time of local tissue injury, a therapeutically
effective amount of interleukin-1. Preferably, the therapeutically
effective amount of interleukin-11 comprises 1 to 100 .mu.g/kg body
weight. In preferred embodiments, the therapeutic dose is also
effective to prevent, ameliorate or treat non-immune mediated
disorders resulting from such injury.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0017] FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration showing the results of the
experiment described in Example 7.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration showing the results of the
experiment described in Example 8.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration showing the results of the
experiment described in Example 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0020] The following abbreviations are used herein:
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD); endothelial cell (EC); human
umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC); interleukin-11 (IL-11);
recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11); activators of transcription
protein (STAT); interleukin-12 (IL-12); tumor necrosis factor
(TNF); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP K); nuclear
factor-.kappa.B (NF-.kappa.B); intracellular adhesion molecule-1
(ICAM-1); major histocompatibility complex (MHC); cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTL); Janus kinase (JAK); phospho-STAT1 (P-STAT1); and
phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3).
[0021] Provided by the present invention are methods of treating
disorders where protection against CTL and/or complement-mediated
cytotoxicity are shown to be beneficial including, without
limitation, GVHD, and rejection of organ or tissue transplants. In
addition, provided by the present invention are methods of treating
non-immune-mediated necrotic injuries, such as localized tissue or
cell injury caused by loss of blood supply, corrosion, burning, or
the local lesion of a disease.
[0022] IL-11 is a stromal cell-derived pleiotropic cytokine which
interacts with a variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic
cell types. Recombinant human IL-11 stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis
in vitro and in vivo. Weich, N. S., et al. (1997) Blood
90:3893-3902; and Orazi, A., et al. (1996) Exp. Hematol.
24:1289-1297. IL-11 also stimulates erythropoiesis and regulates
macrophage proliferation and differentiation. de Haan, G., et al.
(1995) Br. J. Haematol. 90:783-790. Due to its thrombopoietic
activities in vivo, IL-11 is used to treat chemotherapy-induced
thrombocytopenia. Kaye, J. A (1996) Curr. Opin. Hematol.
3:209-215.
[0023] In addition to its hematopoietic effects, IL-11 also
protects against various forms of mucosal epithelial cell injury.
For example, IL-11 has been shown to protect small intestinal cells
from combined radiation, chemotherapy, and ischemia (Du, X., et al.
(1997) Am. J. Physiol. 272:G545-G552; Orazi, A., et al. (1996) Lab.
Invest 75:33-42; and Keith, J. C., Jr., et al. (1994) Stem. Cells.
(Dayt). 1(12):79-89); reduce experimental colitis induced by
trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rat (Qiu, B. S., et al. (1996)
Dig. Dis. Sci. 41:1625-1630); and ameliorate inflammatory bowel
disease (Orazi, A., et al. (1996) Lab. Invest. 75:3342). The
foregoing studies show that treatment with IL-11 decreases mucosal
damage, accelerates healing and improves host survival. IL-11 also
reduces immune-mediated small bowel injury in acute GVHD following
murine allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Hill, G. R., et al.
(1998) J. Clin. Invest 102:115-123.
[0024] IL-11 has also been shown to improve survival and decrease
TNF production after radiation-induced thoracic injury. Redlich, C.
A., et al. (1996) J. Immunol. 157:1705-1710. Human IL-11, expressed
as a transgene in bronchial mucosa, reduces mortality associated
with hyperoxia in mice. Waxman, A B., et al. (1998) J. Clin. Invest
101:1970-1982. This enhanced murine survival may result from
reduced lung injury, including alveolar-capillary protein leak,
endothelial and epithelial cell membrane injury, lipid
peroxidation, pulmonary neutrophil recruitment, IL-12 and TNF
production, and DNA fragmentation.
[0025] The mechanisms by which IL-11 protects mucosal membranes are
not fully understood. IL-11's ant-inflammatory effects are believed
to result, at least in part, from down-regulation of various
proinflammatory cytokines. Leng, S. X. and J. A. Elias (1997) J.
Immunol. 159:2161-2168; Trepicchio, W. L., et al. (1997) J.
Immunol. 159:5661-5670; and Trepicchio, W. L., et al. (1996) J.
Immunol. 157:3627-3634. IL-11 may also cause immune deviation from
a T.sub.H1-like to a T.sub.H2-like phenotype, thereby alleviating
immune-mediated injury. Hill, supra.
[0026] IL-11 belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of
cytokines, all of which use gp130 as a critical component for
signal transduction. Taga, T. and T. Kishimoto (1997) Annu. Rev.
Immunol. 15:797-819; Zhang, X. G., et al. (1994) J. Exp. Med.
179:1337-1342; and Yang, Y. C. and T. Yin (1995) Ann. N.Y. Acad.
Sci. 762:31-40. IL-11 initiates signaling via binding to a unique
IL-11-receptor-.alpha. (IL-11R.alpha.) chain. Nandurkar, H. H., et
al. (1996) Oncogene 12:585-593; Miyatake, T., et al. (1998) J.
Immunol. 160:4114-4123. The IL-11/IL-11R.alpha. complex is thought
to bind to and induce clustering gp130, leading to the activation,
via transphosphorylation, of associated JAKs. Yin, T., K., et al.
(1994) Exp. Hematol. 22:467-472; Wang, X. Y., et al. (1995) J.
Biol. Chem. 270:27999-28002. Activated JAKs phosphorylate tyrosine
residues within the cytoplasmic region of gp130 which then serve as
docking sites for signal transducer and activators of transcription
proteins, STAT3 and STAT1. Lutticken, C., et al. (1994) Science
263:89-92; Hemmann, U., et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem.
271:12999-13007. The activated JAKs subsequently phosphorylate
tyrosine residues within the bound STAT proteins, causing the STATs
to dissociate from gp130, dimerize, and enter the nucleus to act as
transcriptional activators of target genes. Zhong, Z., et al.
(1994) Science 264:95-98; Ihle, J. N. (1996) Cell 84:331-334; and
Akira, S. (1997) Int J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29:1401-1418. STAT
dimers may be additionally phosphorylated on serine or threonine
residues by mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are also
activated in response to cytokine binding to the receptor. Zhang,
X., et al. (1995) Science 267:1990-1994; Boulton, T. G., et al.
(1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:6915-6919; Adunyah, S. E.,
et al. (1995) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 766:296-299; and Yin, T. and Y.
C. Yang (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3731-3738. This additional
phosphorylation may potentiate STAT function as an activator of
transcription.
[0027] IL-11 is described in detail in International Application
PCT/US90106803, published May 30, 1991; as well as in U.S. Pat. No.
5,215,895; issued Jun. 1, 1993. A cloned human IL-11 was previously
deposited with the ATCC, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassa, Va.
20110-2209, on Mar. 30, 1990 under ATCC No. 68284. Moreover, as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,181; issued Dec. 14, 1993; and
U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,646; issued Mar. 8, 1994; IL-11 may also be
produced recombinantly as a fusion protein with another protein.
IL-11 can be produced in a variety of host cells by resort to now
conventional genetic engineering techniques. In addition, IL-11 can
be obtained from various cell lines, for example, the human lung
fibroblast cell line, MRC-5 (ATCC Accession No. CCL 171) and Paul
et al., the human trophoblastic cell line, TPA30-1 (ATCC Accession
No. CRL 1583). Described in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:7512 (1990)
is a cDNA encoding human IL-11 as well as the deduced amino acid
sequence (amino acids 1 to 199). U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,646, supra,
describes a des-Pro form of IL-11 in which the N-terminal proline
of the mature form of IL-11 (amino acids 22-199) has been removed
(amino acids 23-199). As is appreciated by one skilled in the art,
any form of IL-11, which retains IL-11 activity, is useful
according to the present invention.
[0028] In addition to recombinant techniques, IL-11 may also be
produced by known conventional chemical synthesis. Methods for
constructing the polypeptides useful in the present invention by
synthetic means are known to those of skill in the art. The
synthetically constructed cytokine polypeptide sequences, by virtue
of sharing primary, secondary, or tertiary structural and
conformational characteristics with the natural cytokine
polypeptides are anticipated to possess biological activities in
common therewith. Such synthetically constructed cytokine
polypeptide sequences or fragments thereof, which duplicate or
partially duplicate the functionality thereof may also be used in
the method of this invention. Thus, they may be employed as
biologically active or immunological substitutes for the natural,
purified cytokines useful in the present invention.
[0029] Modifications in the protein, peptide or DNA sequences of
these cytokines or active fragments thereof may also produce
proteins which may be employed in the methods of this invention.
Such modified cytokines can be made by one skilled in the art using
known techniques. Modifications of interest in the cytokine
sequences, e.g., the IL-11 sequence, may include the replacement,
insertion or deletion of one or more selected amino acid residues
in the coding sequences. Mutagenic techniques for such replacement
insertion or deletion are well known to one skilled in the art
(See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,584.)
[0030] Other specific mutations of the sequences of the cytokine
polypeptides which may be useful therapeutically as described
herein may involve, e.g., the insertion of one or more
glycosylation sites. An asparagine-linked glycosylation recognition
site can be inserted into the sequence by the deletion,
substitution or addition of amino acids into the peptide sequence
or nucleotides into the DNA sequence. Such changes may be made at
any site of the molecule that is modified by addition of O-linked
carbohydrate. Expression of such altered nucleotide or peptide
sequences produces variants which may be glycosylated at those
sites.
[0031] Additional analogs and derivatives of the sequence of the
selected cytokine which would be expected to retain or prolong its
activity in whole or in part, and which are expected to be useful
in the present method, may also be easily made by one of skill in
the art. One such modification may be the attachment of
polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto existing lysine residues in the
cytokine sequence or the insertion of one or more lysine residues
or other amino acid residues that can react with PEG or PEG
derivatives into the sequence by conventional techniques to enable
the attachment of PEG moieties.
[0032] Additional analogs of these selected cytokines may also be
characterized by allelic variations in the DNA sequences encoding
them, or induced variations in the DNA sequences encoding them. It
is anticipated that all analogs disclosed in the above-referenced
publications, including those characterized by DNA sequences
capable of hybridizing to the disclosed cytokine sequences under
stringent hybridization conditions or non-stringent conditions
(Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2d edit,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989)) will be similarly
useful in this invention.
[0033] Also considered useful in these methods are fusion
molecules, prepared by fusing the sequence or a biologically active
fragment of the sequence of one cytokine to another cytokine or
proteinaceous therapeutic agent, e.g., IL-11 fused to IL-6 (see,
e.g., methods for fusion described in PCT/US91/06186 (WO92/04455),
published Mar. 19, 1992). Alternatively, combinations of the
cytokines may be administered together according to the method.
[0034] Thus, where in the description of the methods of this
invention IL-11 is mentioned by name, it is understood by those of
skill in the art that IL-11 encompasses the protein produced by the
sequences presently disclosed in the art, as well as proteins
characterized by the modifications described above yet which retain
substantially similar activity. Standard laboratory tests are
utilized to monitor progress of the treatment. Decreased
symptomatology could also be used to monitor the effectiveness of
treatment as is well known to physicians skilled in the art of
treating such disorders.
[0035] For use in the method of the invention, a therapeutically
effective amount of IL-11 is administered to a mammal at risk of
developing an immune-mediated disorder. As used herein, the phrases
"immune-mediated disorder" and "immune-mediated disease", which are
used interchangeably, mean any disorder or disease characterized by
CTL and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity or cytolysis. For
example, an immune-mediated disorder may result when a tissue
transplant is donated by an individual whose genetic
characteristics differ from those of the recipient, especially as
regards the MHC and minor histocompatibility antigens expressed on
the surfaces of each individual's cells. If the recipients immune
system recognizes the donor's cells as non-self, the recipient's
immune system will destroy the donor's cells. An immune-mediated
disorder or disease may also result from immunologic recognition in
the opposite direction, that is, when the donor tissue contains
immunologically competent cells which proceed to destroy the
recipient's cells, such as in GVHD.
[0036] The present invention also contemplates the administration
of a therapeutically effective amount of IL-11 to a mammal at risk
of developing a non-immune-mediated disease or disorder. As used
herein, the phrases "non-immune-mediated disorder" and
anon-immune-mediated disease, are used interchangeably to refer to
a condition characterized by necrotic injury, such as the localized
tissue or cell injury caused by loss of blood supply, corrosion,
burning, or the local lesion of a disease.
[0037] As used herein, the term "complement" means a complex group
of proteins and glycoproteins found in the blood of vertebrates.
These proteins function in the production of inflammation, opsonize
foreign materials for phagocytosis, and mediate direct cytotoxicity
against various cells. Complement action against cells proceeds by
activation of a protease called C3 convertase via one of two
pathways: the classic pathway, where binding to an antigen-antibody
complex involving IgG or IgM activates C1 which cleaves C2 and C4
to produce a protease that activates C3 by cleaving it to produce
C3b; or the alternative pathway, where C3b is produced by a C3
converting protease formed from other complement factors, including
Factors B, D, and P, activated by other activators, such as
bacterial endotoxin, certain polysaccharides or complexes of
antigen with other antibodies. C3b, in complex with activated C2
and C4 or with activated Factor B and P, cleaves C5 to produce C5b
which combines sequentially with C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form the
"membrane attack complex" (MAC) that is capable of damaging
biological membranes.
[0038] As used herein, the term "tissue" means an aggregate of
mammalian cells which may constitute a solid mass or a suspension
of cells, such as blood cells, or a mammalian cell line.
[0039] As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount",
means the total amount of each active component of the
pharmaceutical composition or method that is sufficient to show a
meaningful patient benefit, e.g., a reduction in the incidence or
severity of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease compared to
that expected for a comparable group of patients not receiving
interleukin-11, as determined by the attending physician. When
applied to an individual active ingredient administered alone, the
term refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a
combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active
ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether
administered in combination, serially, or simultaneously.
[0040] In practicing the method of the present invention, a
therapeutically effective amount of IL-11 is administered to a
mammal at risk of developing an immune-mediated disorder. The IL-11
may be administered in accordance with the method of the invention
either alone or in combination with other therapies such as
treatments employing T cell-depleted autologous or syngeneic bone
marrow, immunosuppressive drugs, cytokines, lymphokines, or other
hematopoietic factors.
[0041] When co-administered with T-cell-depleted autologous or
syngeneic bone marrow, immunosuppressive drugs, one or more
cytokines, lymphokines, or other hematopoietic factors, the IL-11
may be administered either simultaneously with the T-cell-depleted
autologous or syngeneic bone marrow, immunosuppressive drugs,
cytokine(s), lymphokine(s), other hematopoietic factor(s), or
sequentially. If administered sequentially, the attending physician
will decide on the appropriate sequence of administering the IL-11
in combination with the T-cell depleted autologous or syngeneic
bone marrow, immunosuppressive drugs, cytokine(s), lymphokine(s),
and other hematopoietic factor(s).
[0042] Administration of the interleukin-11 used to practice the
method of the present invention can be carried out in a variety of
conventional ways, such as oral ingestion, inhalation, or
cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. Intravenous or
subcutaneous administration to the patient is preferred.
[0043] When a therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-11 is
administered orally, the interleukin-11 will be in the form of a
tablet, capsule, powder, solution or elixir. When administered in
tablet form, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may
additionally contain a solid carrier such as a gelatin or an
adjuvant. The tablet, capsule and powder contain from about five to
95% interleukin-11, preferably from about 25-90% interleukin-11.
When administered in liquid form, a liquid carrier such as water,
petroleum, oils of animal or plant origins such as peanut oil,
mineral oil, soy bean oil, or sesame oil, or synthetic oils, may be
added. The liquid form of the pharmaceutical composition may
further contain physiological saline solution, dextrose, or other
saccharide solutions, or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene
glycol or polyethylene glycol. When administered in liquid form,
the pharmaceutical composition contains about 0.5 to 90% by weight
of interleukin-11 and preferably from about 1 to 50%
interleukin-11.
[0044] When a therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-11 is
administered by intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection,
the interleukin-11 will be in the form of a pyrogen-free,
parenterally-acceptable aqueous solution. The preparation of such
parenterally-acceptable protein solutions, having due regard to pH,
isotonicity, stability, and the like, is within the skill in the
art. A preferred pharmaceutical composition for intravenous,
cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection should contain, in addition to
interleukin-11, an isotonic vehicle such as Sodium Chloride
Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and
Sodium Chloride Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection, or other
vehicle as known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition for use
in the present method may also contain stabilizers, preservatives,
buffers, antioxidants, or other additive known to those with skill
in the art. It is contemplated that the pharmaceutical composition
used to practice the method of the present invention should contain
about 0.1 .mu.g to about 100 mg of interleukin-11 per ml of
solution, preferably about 0.1 mg of interleukin-11 per ml of
solution.
[0045] In practicing the method of preventing or ameliorating an
immune-mediated disease in accordance with the present invention,
it is contemplated that the duration of the application of IL-11
will be in the range of 12-48 hours of continuous or intermittent
subcutaneous or intravenous administration, beginning prior to or
at the time of tissue transplantation. For the purpose of the
present invention, "at the time of tissue transplantation" is
defined as being during the 1 hour period before or the 1 to 24
hour period after the transplantation. In a preferred embodiment,
IL-11 is administered beginning at least 24 hours prior to the time
of tissue transplantation. As an example of a method for preventing
or ameliorating graft-versus-host disease, preferably 1 .mu.g/kg to
100 .mu.g/kg of IL-11 may be administered daily to the mammal, more
preferably 1 .mu.g/kg to 75 .mu.g/kg of IL-11 may be administered
daily to the mammal, and most preferably 1 .mu.g/kg to 15 .mu.g/kg
may be administered daily to the mammal. In one preferred dosage
regimen, the first dose of IL-11 is given one hour after tissue
transplantation and two more doses are given on days one and two
post-transplant. Alternative treatment regimens may be appropriate
for individual patents and will be determined by the attending
physician, taking into account the nature and severity of the
condition being treated, and the nature of the prior treatments
which the patient has undergone.
[0046] Modifications of the treatment regimen set forth above for
prevention or ameliorating an immune-mediated disease may be made
for treatment of ongoing acute or chronic disease. For the purpose
of the present invention, "acute" disease is defined as occurring
during the time period from three days to 100 days post
transplantation in humans; and "chronic" disease is defined as
occurring at any time after 100 days post-transplantation in
humans. As an example of a method for treating ongoing acute or
chronic graft-versus-host disease, 1 .mu.g/kg to 100 .mu.g/kg may
be administered daily to a mammal experiencing acute or chronic
graft-versus-host disease, until improvement or remission of the
symptoms of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease is observed.
Ultimately, the attending physician will decide on the appropriate
duration of subcutaneous or intravenous therapy using the
pharmaceutical composition of IL-11 in the method of the present
invention.
[0047] As shown in the Examples herein, IL-11 has a direct effect
on vascular EC. Cultured HUVECs express IL-11R.alpha. as well as
gp130, and stimulation of HUVECs with IL-11 induces rapid
phosphorylation of gp130, STAT3, STAT1, and p42/p44 MAPKs. In
addition, IL-11 pretreatment induces HUVECs to become resistant to
injury mediated by CTL or by antibody plus complement IL-11 does
not inhibit proinflammatory response of HUVECs to TNF, such as
NF-.kappa.B activation or adhesion molecule expression. These data
provide the first in vitro evidence of a direct cytoprotective
actions of IL-11 and do not support an anti-inflammatory effect of
this cytokine on endothelium. A similar lack of anti-inflammatory
effect is observed for IL-11 when LPS rather than TNF was used as
stimulus for endothelial activation (unpublished observations).
[0048] Functional receptor complexes for IL-6 family of cytokines
including IL-11, oncostatin M, and IL-6 share gp130 as a component
critical for signal transduction. Zhang, X. G., et al. (1994) J.
Exp. Med. 179:1337-1342; and Yang, Y. C. and T. Yin (1995) Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 762:3140. IL-11 binds to IL-11R.alpha. chain on the
cell surface, and IL-11/IL-11R complex then associate with gp130,
causing it duster. This is essentially the same mechanism of action
that has been observed for IL-6/IL-6R signaling. Oncostatin M
differs from IL-11 and IL-6 in that it directly binds to gp130 and
signals through either gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor
.beta. or gp130/oncostatin M receptor heterodimers. Renne, C., et
al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:27213-27219; and Auguste, P., et al.
(1997). Because gp130 is ubiquitously expressed, the responsiveness
of cells to a particular cytokine of IL-6 family is determined by
the relative expression of other receptor component. Among
receptors for IL-6 family of cytokines, endothelial cells lack
IL-6R.alpha. chain (Romano, M., et al. (1997) Immunity. 6:315-325)
but express receptors for leptin (Sierra-Honigmann, M. R., et al.
(1998) Science 281:1683-1686) and oncostatin M. Brown, T. J., et
al. (1991) J. Immunol. 147:2175-2180; Frasca, D., et al. (1996)
Int. Immunol. 8:1651-1657; and Schieven, G. L., et al. (1992) J.
Immunol. 149:1676-1682. As shown previously, endothelial cells
respond to oncostatin M with activation of MAPK activity (Faris,
M., et al. (1998) AIDS 12:19-27), IL-6 secretion (Brown, T. J., et
al. (1991) J. Immunol. 147:2175-2180), P-selectin (Yao, L., et al.
(1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:81-92), ICAM-1 and E-selectin synthesis
(Modur, V., et al. (1997) J. Clin. Invest. 100:158-168, and
increased growth (Faris, 1998, supra). Surprisingly, compared to
IL-11, oncostatin M is a very strong inducer of gp130, STAT3,
STAT1, and MAPK phosphorylation in HUVECs. This greater potency of
oncostatin M may also explain why oncostatin M but not IL-11
appears to activate pro-inflammatory functions of HUVECs. Modur,
V., et al. (1997) J. Clin. Invest 100:158-168; Yao, L., et al.
(1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:81-92. It also does not appear to be
mitogen for HUVECs (unpublished observations). Thus, not all gp130
signaling cytokines induce the same biological responses in EC, and
some differences may relate to signal strength.
[0049] As shown in the Examples herein, cytoprotection of HUVECs is
protein-synthesis dependent. Although not wishing to be bound by
theory, it is believed that IL-11 induces new or increases
expression of a cytoprotective protein. Activation of transcription
factors STAT and MAPKs may play a role in the induction of these
cytoprotective proteins. Surprisingly, concentrations of IL-11 that
confer the most significant cytoprotection activate STAT3 and MAPKs
but not STAT1 in HUVECs. Conceivably, low doses of IL-11 produce
primarily STAT3 heterodimers which translocate into the nucleus and
mediate the cytoprotective effects of IL-11. However, STAT1
activation by high dose of IL-11 may antagonize the IL-11-mediated
cytoprotection, by formation of STAT3/STAT1 heterodimes.
[0050] Cytotoxic CD8.sup.+ T lymphocytes can recognize and kill
appropriate allogenic targets by direct contact. Shresta, S., et
al. (1998) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10:581-587. Target cell killing by
CTL involves specific recognition of Class I MHC-peptide complex on
the target cell by T cell receptor. LFA3 and ICAM-1 or ICAM-2
expressed on the target cells facilitate CTL-target cell
recognition by enhancing cell-cell contact CTL can not efficiently
recognize and kill target cells which do not express class I MHC,
LFA3, or ICAM-1. As shown in the Examples below, IL-11
significantly protects HUVECs against lysis by allospecific CTLs
without effecting the expression of either class I MHC or ICAM-1 on
these cells. LFA3 levels are also unaffected (unpublished
observations). Thus the mechanism of protection probably follows
conjugate formation. Bound CTL deliver a lethal hit by two
different mechanisms: granule exocytosis, also known as the
perforin/granzyme B pathway, and Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) signaling.
Shresta, S., et al. (1998) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10:581-587. HUVECs
can not be killed through Fas engagement by Fas ligand. Richardson,
B. C., (1994) Eur. J. Immunol. 24:2640-2645; unpublished
observations. Perforin, a protein that is similar to the C9
terminal component, and granzyme B are present within the cytotoxic
granules of CTL. Shinkai, Y., et al. (1998) Nature 334:525-527;
Krahenbuhl, O. and J. Tschopp (1990) Nat. Immun. Cell Growth.
Regul. 9:274-282. When the activated CTL binds to its target, it
degranulates, depositing perforin on the target cell membrane where
it forms pores. Granzyme B enters the pores and initiates
apoptosis. Complement also forms pores in target cell membrane, but
does not typically initiate apoptosis. We speculate that the common
mechanism of protection vs CTL and complement is the induction of a
protein which can inhibit formation of membrane pores or promote
their loss by vesiculation or endocytosis. It should be pointed out
that the usual protective protein on human cells that disassembles
complement pores (e.g. CD59) is not operative against perforin or
against heterologous rabbit complement.
Material & Methods
Cytokines and Antibodies:
[0051] Recombinant human IL-11, neutralizing antibody (Ab) to
IL-11, and ant-IL-11 receptor a chain Ab were provided by Genetics
Institute (Andover, Mass.). Recombinant human oncostatin M and
recombinant human IFN-.gamma. were purchased from R&D Systems
(Minneapolis, Minn.). Recombinant human TNF was a gift from Biogen
Inc. (Cambridge, Mass.). Abs reactive with STAT1,
phosphotyrosine-STAT1, STAT3, phosphotyrosine-STAT3, p42 and p44
MAPK, and phosphothreonine/phosphotryosine-p42 and p44 MAPK were
purchased from New England Biolabs Inc. (Beverly, Mass.).
Anti-human gp130 and anti-phosphotyrosine Abs were purchased from
Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, N.Y.) and anti-I.kappa.B.alpha.
Ab was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, Calif.).
Anti-class I MHC antibody (W6/32) was prepared as ascites in our
laboratory from a clone provided by Dr. Jack Strominger (Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass.). and FITC-conjugated antihuman class
I MHC mAb (W6/32) was purchased from Serotech (Oxford, England).
Mouse anti-human-E-selectin mAb (clone H14/18) and non-blocking
(K16/16) Ab were made as ascites in our laboratory. Mouse
anti-human-ICAM1 mAb (E16) was a gift from Dr. Dario Altieri (Yale
University, New Haven, Conn.). FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse Ab
was purchased from Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, Ind.). Baby
rabbit complement was purchased from Pel-Freez (Brown Dear,
Wis.)
Cell Isolation:
[0052] Human EC were isolated from umbilical veins as previously
described. Gimbrone, M. A., Jr. (1976) Prog. Hemost. Thromb.
3:1-28; Thomton, S. C., et al. (1983) Science 222:623-625), and
cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture plastic (J. T. Baker,
Phillipsburg, N.J.) at 37 EC in 5% CO.sub.2-humidified air in
Medium 199 containing 20% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml
penicillin, 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin (all from Life Technologies,
Grand Island, N.Y.) 50 .mu.g/ml of endothelial cell growth factor
(Collaborative Research/Becton Dickinson, Bedford, Mass.) and 100
.mu.g/ml of porcine intestinal heparin (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.). K562
cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection
(Rockville, Md., Accession number CCL-243) and cultured at 37 EC in
5% CO.sub.2-humidified air in RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies,
Grand Island, N.Y.) containing 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml
penicillin, and 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin.
Ribonuclease Protection Assay (RPA):
[0053] RNA was harvested from HUVECs and K562 cells using the
RNAeasy kit (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, Calif.) and 4 .mu.g of each RNA
was incubated overnight with a .sup.32P-labeled probe cocktail
against human-IL-11R.alpha. chain and glyceraldehyde phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as loading control (Riboquant kit and custom
template, Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.). Hybridization reactions
were incubated over night at 56 EC and then digested with RnasA/T1
and proteinase K (321 bp for IL-11R.alpha. and 96 bp for GAPDH).
Protected fragments were precipitated and were separated using a 6%
acrylamide Tris-borate EDTA (TBE)-urea gel, and then visualized by
autoradiography (Western Blot). In both cell types, a single band
at about 80-83 kD representing the human-IL-11R.alpha. chain was
detected by SDS-PAGE.
Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting:
[0054] To analyze protein by immunoblotting of cultured cell
lysates, cells (ECs and K562) were washed twice with ice-cold
phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 1 mM sodium
orthovanadate and 1 mM sodium fluoride and were then lysed in a 100
.mu.l of cold RIPA lysis buffer (PBS, 1% NP40, 0.5% sodium
deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM PMSF, 10 .mu.g/ml leupeptin, 1 mM
sodium orthovanadate). Cell lysates were clarified by
centrifugation at 10,000.times.g for 15 min, and protein
concentrations of the supernatant were determined by using a
Bio-Rad assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). Lysates were
prepared for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) by
adding an equal volume of 2.times.SDS-PAGE sample buffer (100 mM
Tris-Cl, pH 6.8, 200 mM dithiothreitol, 4% SDS, 0.2% bromophenol
blue, 20% glycerol) and heating the mixture in a boiling water bath
for 3 min. 10 .mu.g aliquots of cell lysate were resolved by
SDS-PAGE using 8% acrylamide gels and a Tris-glycine
electrophoresis buffer system (25 mM Tris, 250 mM glycine, 0.1%
SDS, pH 8.3) and separated proteins were transferred to a PVDF
membrane by electrophoresis (Immobilon P, Millipore). Membranes
were incubated with blocking solution containing 5% non-fat dry
milk in Tris Buffer Saline Tween (TBST) (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0,
0.150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) at room temperature for 30 min
followed by incubation with TBST containing the indicated Ab
overnight at 4 EC. Membranes were washed and incubated with a
suitable horse raddish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated detecting
reagent (Jackson Immuno Research, West Grove, Pa.) and HRP activity
was detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit
according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pierce, Rockford,
Ill.).
[0055] For immunoprecipitation prior to immunoblotting of gp130,
500 .mu.g of total cell lysate was precleared by incubation with 4
.mu.g of rabbit IgG for 90 min on rotator at room temperature,
followed by addition of 50 .mu.l of GammaBind G sepharose beads
(Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) with continual incubation on a
rotator at room temperature for an additional 90 min. The beads
were removed from the precleared lysates by centrifugation. To form
specific immune complexes, 4 .mu.g of anti-gp130 Ab was added to
the precleared lysate which was then incubated for 90 min on a
rotator at room temperature. To collect specific immune complexes,
50 .mu.l of GammaBind G sepharose beads were added and the sample
was incubated on a rotator at 4 EC overnight at which time beads
were collected by centrifugation at 13,000.times.g for 1 min. The
beads containing immune complexes were washed 5 times with PBS, the
immune complexes were solubilized from the beads by addition of
1.times.SDS-PAGE sample buffer and heated in a boiling water bath
for 5 min. Aliquots were resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted for
total gp130 and for phosphotyrosine residues, as described
above.
Indirect Immunofluorescence and FACS Analysis:
[0056] After treatment with cytokines, HUVECs were suspended by
washing with Hanks Buffered Saline Solution and incubated for 1 min
with Trypsin/EDTA. Detached cells were collected and washed twice
with ice cold PBS containing 1% BSA, and incubated with specific
primary mAb (either anti-E-selectin, anti-ICAM1, or FITC-conjugated
anti-class 1 MHC) for 30 min at 4 EC. Replicate aliquots were
incubated with non-binding isotype control mAb. Labeled cells were
washed twice with PBS/1% BSA were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde
before being analyzed. In the case of E-selectin and
ICAM-1-mAb-labeled, cells were incubated with a FITC-conjugated
goat-anti-mouse Ab for 30 min on ice followed by washing twice with
PBS/1% BSA prior to fixation. After fixation, cells were analyzed
on a FACSort Lysis II software (Becton Dickinson). Corrected mean
fluorescence values was calculated as follows: for each treatment
the mean fluorescence value for the isotype matched non-binding
control antibody was subtracted from the mean fluorescence value
for the specific antibody.
Transfection and Promoter Reporter Gene Assays:
[0057] Transient transfection of HUVECs were performed using a
DEAE-dextran protocol as described previously. Karmann, K., et al.
(1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:173-182. Cell were transfected with both a
.kappa.B-luciferase promoter reporter gene, which contains two
.kappa.B sites from Ig kappa enhancer (Min, W., et al. (1996) Mol.
Cell Biol. 16:359-368) and a constitutively active
.beta.-galactosidase expression construct (Promega, Madison, Wis.).
Cell lysates were assayed for luciferase and .beta.-galactosidase
activities using Promega reporter assay system (Promega, Madison,
Wis.). Luciferase activity was measured using a Berthold
(Schwarzwald, Germany) model LB9501 luminometer, and
.beta.-galactosidase was measured spectrophotometrically (at 420
nm). Luciferase values in relative light units were normalized to
.beta.-galactosidase units to control for transfection
efficiency.
Complement Mediated Lysis:
[0058] Target HUVECs were grown in 96-well plates to confluence and
incubated with 20 .mu.M calcein-AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene,
Oreg.) in Medium 199 and 5 mM HEPES for 30 min at 37 EC. The medium
was replaced by complete EC growth medium and cells were rested
overnight. IL-11 in media or media alone were added for an addition
of 6 h, after which cells were washed twice with Medium 199, 5%
FBS, 5 mM HEPES, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100
.mu.g/ml streptomycin. Where indicated, 20 .mu.g/ml of
cycloheximide were included during the incubation with IL-11. To
initiate cytotoxicity, cells were incubated with anti-class 1 MHC
mAb (W6/32) for 30 min at 37 EC at indicated concentrations. Baby
rabbit complement was then added at the indicated concentrations.
To measure the extent of lysis after 1 hr, supernatant was removed
and transferred into a flat-bottom 96-well plate and released
calcein was quantitated using a fluorescence multiwell plate reader
(Cytofluor 2, Perspective, Biosystems, Cambridge Mass.; excitation
wavelength 485 nm, emission wavelength 530 nm). Replicate wells
were incubated with lysis buffer (50 mM sodium borate, 0.1% Triton
X-100, pH 9.0) to determine maximum release or without complement
treatment to determine spontaneous release. Percent specific lysis
was calculated as [(sample release-spontaneous release)/(maximal
release-spontaneous release)].times.100%. Percent cytoprotection
was calculated as [(percent specific lysis in the present of
IL-11/percent specific lysis in the absence of IL-11).times.100.
Spontaneous release was generally <25%.
Generation of Allospecific CTLs and CTL Killing Assay:
[0059] Alloreactive class I-restricted CD8.sup.+ T cells lines were
produced as described elsewhere from peripheral blood CD8.sup.+ T
cells. Biedermann, B. C. and J. S. Pober (1998) [In Process
Citation]. J. Immunol. 161:4679-4687. To determine percent lysis,
target HUVECs were loaded calcein as described above and incubated
overnight IL-11 in media or media alone were added for an addition
of 6 h, after which cells were washed twice with Medium 199, 5%
FBS, 5 mM HEPES, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 u/ml penicillin, 100
.mu.g/ml streptomycin. Effector CTL cells were added in a total
volume of 150 .mu.l/well at a predetermined effector/target ratio
of 30:1. Replicate wells were incubated with lysis buffer (50 mM
sodium borate, 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 9.0) to determine maximum
release or without CTL to determine spontaneous release. After 4 h
incubation at 37 EC, released calcein was measured as described
above. Percent cytoprotection was calculated as described above.
Spontaneous release was generally <25%.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Dose and Time Dependent Phosphorylation by IL-11
[0060] 4 .mu.g of total RNA from cultured HUVECs, CACO-2 or K562
cells was incubated over night with probes for human IL-11R.alpha.
chain and GAPDH genes. Samples were digested with RnbaseA/T1 and
protected fragments (321 bp for IL-11R.alpha. and 96 bp for GAPDH
were resolved on a 6% acylamide/TBE-Urea gel. Lysates from either
HUVECs or K562 cells were resolved on SDS-PAGE as described above
and immunoblotted with specific antibody to IL-11 receptor a chain.
The IL-11 receptor a chain was detected in HUVECs and K562 cells at
about MW 83 kD.
[0061] Next, HUVECs were either untreated (control), treated with
IL-11 (100 ng/ml), or oncostatin M (20 ng/ml) for 2 min and 10 min.
Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with specific antibody to
gp130. Immune complexes were resolved on SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted
with a phosphotyrosine specific antibody as described above. The
results indicate that IL-11 tyrosine phosphorylates gp130 in
HUVECs.
[0062] To test whether phosphorylation is dose-dependent, HUVECs
were untreated (control), treated with increasing concentrations of
IL-11 (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0, 90.0, 270.0 ng ml) or
treated with increasing concentrations of oncostatin M (60, 125,
250, 500, 1000 ng/ml) for 10 min. Lysates were resolved on SDS-PAGE
and immunoblotted with specific antibody to either phospho-STAT3
(P-STAT3), STAT3, phospho-STAT1 (P-STAT1), or STAT1. The results
indicate that IL-11 exhibits a dose-dependent phosphorylation of
STAT3 and STAT1 in HUVECs.
[0063] To test whether phosphorylation is time-dependent, HUVECs
were either untreated (control), treated with IL-11 (100 ng/ml), or
treated with oncostatin M (200 .mu.g/ml) for 2.5 min, 5 min, 10 min
20 min, 40 min and 60 min. Lysates were resolved on SDS-PAGE and
immunoblotted with specific antibody to either phospho-STAT3
(P-STAT3) or phospho-STAT1 (P-STAT1). The results indicated that
IL-11 phosphorylation is time-dependent
[0064] Next, the ability of IL-11 to phosphorylate p43 and p44 MAP
kinases in a dose- and time-dependent manner was tested. HUVECs
were cultured in a M199 media containing 1% FCS for 17 h, after
which the media was removed and cells were rested for 2 h in the
M199 media containing no FCS. In one experiment, HUVECs were either
untreated (control) or treated with increasing concentrations of
IL-11 (0.3, 1.0, 10.0, 30.0, 90.0, 270.0, 400.0 ng/ml) for 10 min.
In another experiment, HUVECs were either untreated (control) or
treated with IL-11 (200 ng/ml) for 5 min, 15 min, 30 min and 40
min, or treated with oncostatin M (OnM) (1 ng/ml) for 40 min.
Lysates were resolved on SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with specific
antibody to either phospho-p44/p44 antibody (P-42/44) or p42/p44
antibody (p42/p44). The results indicate that IL-11 had the ability
to phosphorylate p43 and p44 MAP kinases in a dose- and
time-dependent manner.
[0065] Finally, the ability of IL-11 to induce the degradation of
I.kappa.B.alpha._or inhibit the effect of TNF on this response was
tested. HUVECs were treated with either 10 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml of
IL-11 or with 10 U/ml TNF for 5 and 15 min. Other HUVECs were
pretreated with media alone (control) or media containing various
doses of IL-11 (0.5, 50, 250, 500 or 1000 ng/ml). After 4 h, cells
were stimulated without or with TNF (10 U/ml) for 15 min. Lysates
were resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with specific
antibody to I.kappa.B.alpha.._Cell lysates from HUVECs pretreated
with 500 ng/ml and 5000 ng/ml of IL-11 were run on a separate gel.
The results indicate that IL-11 neither induces the degradation of
I.kappa.B.alpha._nor inhibits the effect of TNF on this
response.
Example 2
The IL-11 Receptor Alpha Chain is Expressed on B and T
Lymphocytes
[0066] Murine B Cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified from
Balb/c spleens using positive selection with MACS (Magnetic Cell
Sorting) Microbeads conjugated to anti-mouse B220, CD4 or CD8
antibodies, as per manufacturers protocol (Miltenyi Biotec,
Sunnyvale, Calif.). RNA was extracted from purified cell
populations as described above using RNA Stat-60 (Tel-test, Inc.,
TX) as per manufacturer's protocol. RNA was DNase treated (RQ1
DNase, Promega, Madison, Wis.) for 30 min at 37.degree. C., then
heat inactivated for 5 min at 75.degree. C. RT-PCR was performed
(GeneAmp RNA PCR Kit, Perkin Elmer) using 40 ng RNA (10 ng for
GAPDH) and oligo pairs specific for murine GAPDH, IL-11 receptor a
chain, IL-10 receptor, IL-6 receptor or gp130, and visualized on an
ethidium-stained agarose gel. PCR reactions on RNA samples in the
absence of reverse transcriptase were negative for each oligo pair,
and served as a control for DNA contamination. The IL-11 receptor
alpha chain mRNA was detected in highly purified populations of
CD4+, CD8+ and B220+lymphocytes.
Example 3
IL-11 Increases Antigen Specific Cytolytic Activity in Bulk Spleen
Cultures
[0067] Seven day splenic bulk cultures from cells treated with
IL-2, or IL-2 and IL-11, were serially diluted and added to
1.times.10.sup.4 51Cr-labelled P815.P1HTR cells, which were pulsed
for one hour in the presence or absence of NP peptide. The cells
were incubated for 4 hours. Supernatants were harvested, and
.sup.51Cr release was determined. Maximum lysis on the target cells
was induced with 2% Triton-X 100. % lysis=[(CPM-spontaneous CPM of
NP peptide pulsed targets)/(maximum CPM of NP peptide pulsed
targets-spontaneous CPM of NP peptide pulsed targets)].times.100. %
specific lysis=(% lysis on NP peptide pulsed target cells)-(% lysis
of control target cells). The example indicates that IL-11 can
significantly enhance the % specific lytic activity of NP
peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells. At a 50:1 effector to target
cell ratio, a 250% enhancement in % specific lysis is observed in
cells treated with IL-2 and IL-11 versus cells treated with IL-2
alone.
Example 4
IL-11 can Substitute for the Requirement of Exogenous IL-2 in the
Generation of Antigen Specific Cytolytic Activity in Bulk Spleen
Cultures
[0068] Seven day splenic bulk cultures from cells treated with
muIL-2, muIL-6, or rhIL-11 were serially diluted and added to
1.times.10.sup.4 51Cr-labelled P815.P1HTR cells, which were pulsed
for one hour in the presence or absence of NP peptide. The cells
were incubated for 4 hours. Supernatants were harvested, and
.sup.51Cr release was determined. % specific lysis was calculated
as described above. The example indicates that IL-11 treatment of
cells alone in the absence of exogenous IL-2 can significantly
enhance the % lytic activity of NP peptide-specific cytotoxic T
cells. At a 50:1 effector to target ratio, a 7 fold increase in %
specific lysis is observed between cells treated with IL-11 versus
cells treated with no exogenously added cytokines.
Example 5
IL-11 Increases the Number of Influenza Specific
IFN.gamma.-Producing Cells
[0069] Sterile flat bottom 96 well plates (Costar) were coated with
an anti-IFN.gamma. antibody (R46A2, 10 Fg/ml, 50 ul/well) at
37.degree. C. for 2 hrs and blocked with PBS+1% BSA+0.05% Tween 20
at 37.degree. C. for 1 h 1 hour and washed with PBS. Serial
dilutions of splenic cells diluted in RPMI+10% FCS were added to
the plates and incubated for 16 hr at 37.degree. C., and then
washed 6 times. Biotinylated anti-IFN.gamma. antibody XGM.1 (1.19
Fg/ml) was added to each well and incubated 90 min at room
temperature. Following another 4 washes, streptavidin alkaline
phosphatase was added and incubated 1 hr at room temperature. After
4 washes, the plates were developed with a solution of 0.6% low
melting agarose in 0.1M 2-amino-2-methyl-1 propanol, pH10.5,
containing 1 mg/ml BCIP (5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indonyl phosphate). The
plates were incubated for 16 hr at room temperature and then the
spots were counted. The example indicates that IL-11 enhances the
number of influenza-specific IFN-g producing cytotoxic T cells.
Cells treated with either IL-2 and either 10 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml of
IL-11 had 2-3.5 fold increased number of IFN-g producing cells
compared to cells treated with IL-2 alone.
Example 6
IL-11 Increases IFN.gamma. Production from Influenza Specific
CTLs
[0070] ELISA plates (EIA capture plates, Costar) were coated with
an anti-IFN.gamma. antibody (R46A2, 3 Fg/ml, 50 ul/well) at
4.degree. C. for 16 hr and blocked with THSG (Tris high salt
gelatin) at 37.degree. C. for 2 hours and washed 4 times. Serial
dilutions of IFN.gamma. control supernatants and of unknown samples
diluted in PBS+10% FCS were added to the plates and incubated for 2
hr at room temperature, and then washed 4 times. Biotinylated
antibody XGM.1 (1.19 Fg/ml) was added to each well and incubated 90
min at room temperature. Following another 4 washes,
peroxide-conjugated Avidin (Vector) was added and incubated 1 hr at
room temperature. After 4 washes, the plates were developed with
ABTS (Kirkegaard and Perry) for 9 min in the dark and stopped with
1% SDS. The absorbance at 405 nm was determined with a Vmax kinetic
microplate reader (Molecular Devices). The example indicates that
IL-11 can enhance the amount of IFN-g produced from
influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells. 2-4 fold elevated levels of
IFN-G were detected in the conditioned medium of cells treated with
IL-2 and either 10 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml IL-11.
Example 7
IL-11 Does not Inhibit TNF-Mediated .kappa.B-luciferase
Promoter-Reporter Gene Activity
[0071] HUVECs were transiently cotransfected with
.kappa.B-luciferase promoter-reporter gene and a
.beta.-galactosidase expression construct. Cell were treated with
different doses of IL-11 as indicated in FIG. 1. After 4 h, cells
were left untreated or treated with 3 U/ml of TNF for 18 h.
Luciferase activity was expressed as light units normalized to
.beta.-galactosidase activity. Data are presented as the
mean+/-s.d. of triplicate in each group from one experiment. Shown
in FIG. 1 is one of the three different experiments with similar
outcome.
Example 8
IL-11 Treated HUVECs Acquire Resistance Against Complement-Mediated
Cytolysis
[0072] Confluent pooled HUVECs were loaded with calcein and treated
6 h with IL-11 at the indicated concentrations. HUVECs were washed
and incubated with anti-W6/32 Ab (2.5 .mu.g/ml) followed by
addition of baby rabbit complement (25%). After 1 h, supernatant
was harvested and released calcein was measured. Percent
cytoprotection was calculated as described in Material and Methods.
The results are shown in FIG. 2, as the mean.+-.s.d. of three
different experiments.
Example 9
Cytoprotection of HUVECs by Pretreatment with IL-11 is Protein
Synthesis Dependent
[0073] HUVECs were loaded with calcein, chased and pretreated for 6
hours without (open circles) or with 0.5 ng/ml IL-11 (closed
circles) in the presence panel B) or absence (panel A) of
cycloheximide. Cells were washed and incubated with W6/32 (2.5
.mu.g/ml) for 30 min before complement was added at the indicated
concentrations. After 1 h, supernatant was harvested and calcein
release measured. Percent specific lysis was calculated (see
Material and Methods). Maximal and spontaneous release was
significantly different for cycloheximide treated cells and
controls. These values were therefore determined for the 2 groups
separately, and sample release was normalized to these values.
Shown is one of the three different experiments with similar
outcome.
Example 10
Effect of IL-11 Treatment on E-Selectin and ICAM-1 Expression
[0074] HUVECs were treated with either TNF or IL-11 in the amounts
indicated in Table 1. Surface levels of E-selectin and ICAM-1 were
quantified by indirect immunofluorescence using H4/18 and E16
antibody, respectively. The results are shown in Table 1. The
numbers are expressed as corrected mean fluorescence intensity
(cMFI) calculated by subtracting the mean fluorescence value for
isotype match control antibody (k16/16) from the mean fluorsescence
value for either H4/18 or E16 antibody. Results from 2 independent
experiments are shown. 11-11 had very little effect on E-selectin
or ICAM-1 expression. TABLE-US-00001 EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT 2
E-selectin ICAM-1 E-selectin ICAM-1 TREATMENT (cMFI) (cMFI) (cMFI)
(cMFI) None 4.8 9.3 12 18.8 TNF (1 U/ml) 186.2 81 309.97 154 IL-11
(100 ng/ml) 9.0 10.4 11.5 23.3 IL-11 (1000 ng/ml) 11.7 11 12.8
15.2
Example 11
Effect of IL-11 Treatment on CTL-Mediated Cytolysis
[0075] Allospecific CTL clones were generated as described (see
Material and Methods). Confluent target HUVECs were treated
overnight with IL-11 at the concentrations indicated in Table 2.
Calcein-release based CTL assays were run (see Material and
Methods) and the results are shown in Table 2. Results from 3
independent experiments are shown. TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Percent
Cytoprotection IL-11 (ng/ml) 0.5 5 50 500 Experiment 1 64 n.d. 22
n.d. Experiment 2 n.d. 75 58 17 Experiment 3 60 50 40 n.d.
Example 12
Effect of IL-11 on Class I MHC Expression
[0076] After overnight treatment with 50 ng/ml IL-11 or 100 ng/ml
IFN.gamma. or a combination of 50 mg/ml IL-11 and 100 ng/ml
IFN.gamma., HUVECs were trypsinized and stained for class I MHC.
The results are shown in Table 3. Results from 2 separate
experiments are shown. IL-11 does not affect class I MHC expression
on HUVECs. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Class I-MHC Expression (cMFI)
TREATMENT Experiment 1 Experiment 2 none 93 90 IL-11 92 93
IFN.sub..gamma. 130 126 IL-11 + IFN.sub..gamma. 127 130
[0077] While the present invention has been described in terms of
specific methods and compositions, it is understood that variations
and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art upon
consideration of the present invention. Numerous modifications and
variations in the invention as described in the above illustrative
examples are expected to occur to those skilled in the art and,
consequently, only such limitations as appear in the appended
claims should be placed thereon. Accordingly, it is intended in the
appended claims to cover all such equivalent variations which come
within the scope of the invention as claimed.
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