U.S. patent application number 10/500833 was filed with the patent office on 2006-03-16 for cold-formed steel joists.
Invention is credited to Maury Golovin, Patrick Toney, DennisP Watson.
Application Number | 20060053732 10/500833 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23352183 |
Filed Date | 2006-03-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060053732 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Watson; DennisP ; et
al. |
March 16, 2006 |
Cold-formed steel joists
Abstract
A metallic joist is provided comprising cold-formed top and
bottom chords, and cold-formed metallic truss web members arranged
in a vertical and diagonal fashion shop welded to the chords. End
connections, or "seats" are each shop welded to the top chord and
to one of the webs. Each seat comprises a pair of vertical metallic
planes that act as shear plates, welded to and extending outwardly
and upwardly of the end portion of the top chord of the joist, and
portions extending horizontally either side of the chord and
punched with holes for easy field bolting to beams or other
supporting elements. Each of the chords comprises a planar base and
a pair of legs. Each leg comprises a chamfered portion extending
downward and outward from one edge of the base at an acute angle to
the horizontal; e.g., about 45 degrees, for stiffening the
longitudinal edges of the base, to accommodate axial and moment
forces. An upper vertical portion, perpendicular to the base,
extends downward from a lower end of the chamfered portion to
provide a planar width of material to accommodate axial and moment
forces. An inwardly recessed portion parallel to the base extends
towards the chord's center line from a lower end of the upper
vertical portion; and an attachment portion, perpendicular to the
base, extends downward from an inner end of the inwardly recessed
portion. The inventive chord imparts the joist of the present
invention with enough strength and stiffness to span up to 100-foot
lengths.
Inventors: |
Watson; DennisP; (Oklahoma
City, OK) ; Golovin; Maury; (Columbus, MS) ;
Toney; Patrick; (Oklahoma City, OK) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP
600 13TH STREET, N.W.
WASHINGTON
DC
20005-3096
US
|
Family ID: |
23352183 |
Appl. No.: |
10/500833 |
Filed: |
January 7, 2003 |
PCT Filed: |
January 7, 2003 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US03/00267 |
371 Date: |
June 3, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60344819 |
Jan 7, 2002 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/693 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04C 2003/0491 20130101;
E04C 3/09 20130101; E04C 2003/0486 20130101; E04C 2003/0473
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
052/693 |
International
Class: |
E04C 3/02 20060101
E04C003/02 |
Claims
1. A chord for a joist, the chord having a length and a
cross-section substantially symmetrical about a center line, the
chord cross-section comprising: a horizontal base having two ends;
and a pair of downwardly extending legs, each leg comprising: a
chamfered portion extending downward and outward from one end of
the base at an acute angle to the horizontal; an upper vertical
portion, perpendicular to the base, extending downward from a lower
end of the chamfered portion; an inwardly recessed portion,
parallel to the base, extending towards the center line from a
lower end of the upper vertical portion; and an attachment portion,
perpendicular to the base, extending downward from an inner end of
the inwardly recessed portion; wherein the attachment portions of
the legs define an opening for receiving a web of the joist, the
opening extending substantially the entire length of the chord.
2. The chord of claim 1, wherein the base and each leg portion is
substantially planar throughout the entire length of the chord.
3. The chord of claim 2, wherein the acute angle is about 45
degrees.
4. The chord of claim 1, wherein the chamfered portions of the legs
are for stiffening the ends of the base.
5. The chord of claim 2, wherein the base and the opening each have
a respective width, and the width of the base is greater than the
width of the opening.
6. The chord of claim 5, wherein the ratio of the width of the base
to the width of the opening is about 1.3 to 1.
7. The chord of claim 2, wherein the distance between the upper
vertical portions of the legs is about twice the vertical distance
between the base and the inwardly recessed portions of the
legs.
8. The chord of claim 1, wherein the base and legs comprise cold
rolled steel.
9. The chord of claim 2, wherein the distance between the upper
vertical portions of the legs is greater than an overall vertical
height of the legs.
10. A joist having a first chord, the first chord having a length
and a cross-section substantially symmetrical about a center line,
the first chord cross-section comprising: a horizontal base having
two ends; and a pair of downwardly extending legs, each leg
comprising: a chamfered portion extending downward and outward from
one end of the base at an acute angle to the horizontal; an upper
vertical portion, perpendicular to the base, extending downward
from a lower end of the chamfered portion; an inwardly recessed
portion, parallel to the base, extending towards the center line
from a lower end of the upper vertical portion; and an attachment
portion, perpendicular to the base, extending downward from an
inner end of the inwardly recessed portion; wherein the attachment
portions of the legs define an opening for receiving a web of the
joist, the opening extending substantially the entire length of the
first chord.
11. The joist of claim 10, further comprising a plurality of webs,
each web having a pair of opposed vertical walls for fitting in the
opening, a first end of each web being rigidly attached to the
first chord at the attachment portions.
12. The joist of claim 11, wherein the first chord has a
longitudinal axis, and at least one of the webs is attached to the
chord at about a 45 degree angle to the longitudinal axis.
13. The joist of claim 12, wherein at least one of the webs is
attached to the first chord perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis.
14. The joist of claim 11, wherein the webs each have a second end,
the joist further comprising a second chord substantially identical
to the first chord and disposed substantially parallel to the first
chord, the second end of each web being rigidly attached to the
second chord at the second chord's attachment portions.
15. The joist of claim 14, wherein the joist comprises a Warren
truss, a Pratt truss, or a Howe truss.
16. The joist of claim 11, further comprising a seat member for
attaching the joist to a structural member, the seat member having
a pair of opposed vertical walls for fitting in the opening and
abutting the first chord attachment portions, a notch disposed such
that the seat member is rigidly attachable to the attachment
portions and to one of the web members, and a pair of flanges for
attachment to the structural member.
17. A method of assembling a joist, the method comprising:
providing a first elongated joist chord with a cross-section having
a center line and including a substantially horizontal base, a pair
of substantially vertical side walls whose top ends are attached to
the top wall, a pair of lower horizontal walls extending inward
from the bottom ends of the side walls towards the center line of
the chord cross-section, and a pair of vertical attachment portions
extending downward from the inward-extending ends of the lower
horizontal walls; rigidly assembling a first end of a web member
having a pair of opposed walls spaced to fit between and abut the
pair of attachment portions to the first chord such that the
attachment portions abut the web member opposed walls; and welding
each of the web member walls to a respective one of the attachment
portions without moving the web member/chord assembly.
18. The method of claim 17, comprising: providing a seat member for
attaching the joist to a structural member, the seat member having
a pair of opposed vertical walls fitting between and abutting the
chord attachment portions, and a notch for accommodating the web
member; wherein the assembly step comprises rigidly assembling the
seat member to the chord such that the chord attachment portions
abut the seat member opposed walls proximal to the web member
opposed walls; and wherein the welding step comprises welding the
seat member to the web member and to both the attachment
portions.
19. The method of claim 17, comprising assembling a plurality of
the webs to the first chord, wherein the webs each have a second
end, the method further comprising rigidly assembling a second
chord, substantially identical to the first chord and disposed
substantially parallel to the first chord, to the second end of
each web at the second chord's attachment portions prior to the
welding step.
20. The method of claim 19, comprising inducing camber in the first
and second chords prior to the welding step.
21. The method of claim 20, comprising inducing the camber at a
ratio of approximately 1 inch per 50 feet of the length of the
assembled joist.
22. The method of claim 17, comprising placing the first chord/web
assembly in a flat position prior to the welding step such that a
side of the assembly is facing upward, and performing all the
welding on the upward-facing side of the assembly.
23. The joist of claim 16, wherein the seat member extends beyond a
distal longitudinal end of the first chord.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to lightweight frame
construction for residential and commercial buildings. The present
invention has particular applicability to the manufacture of
lightweight open web truss girders used in roof and floor
applications in building construction.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] Roof and floor structures employing lightweight
prefabricated steel trusses are commonly used in low-rise buildings
with all types of end uses, including residential and commercial
uses. Structures made from steel trusses are well suited for the
support of uniformly distributed roof or floor loads, suspended
ceilings, ducts, sprinklers and lights. As a roof or floor joist,
typical lightweight steel structural members are adapted to be
secured to wall constructions of a variety of building systems,
including masonry, concrete, wood, steel or other supporting
members.
[0003] Fabrication and use of steel trusses, such as open web
joists, for construction dates from the mid-nineteenth century.
Starting at the beginning of the twentieth century, steel joists
were produced to individual manufacturer's patents and standards.
Chords for these conventional open web steel joists typically
comprise hot-rolled steel shapes cut to length, and the web members
comprise round steel rod. Disadvantageously, when mill run lengths
are cut to match lengths required for particular applications,
either a high rate of scrap results, or additional welded splices
are made to the chords during fabrication, thereby increasing the
required labor and handling.
[0004] Furthermore, the span of conventional joists is limited,
requiring supporting structures, such as rafters, to be spaced
closer than is desirable.
[0005] There exists a need for a lightweight prefabricated steel
truss that can be efficiently manufactured and is able to span
larger distances than conventional joists.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] An advantage of the present invention is a cold-formed joist
that can span a distance of up to 100 feet, and is economically
manufactured.
[0007] According to the present invention, the foregoing and other
advantages are achieved in part by a joist having a first chord,
the first chord having a length and a cross-section substantially
symmetrical about a center line. The first chord cross-section
comprises a horizontal base having two ends, and a pair of
downwardly extending legs. Each leg comprises a chamfered portion
extending downward and outward from one end of the base at an acute
angle to the horizontal; an upper vertical portion, perpendicular
to the base, extending downward from a lower end of the chamfered
portion; an inwardly recessed portion, parallel to the base,
extending towards the center line from a lower end of the upper
vertical portion; and an attachment portion, perpendicular to the
base, extending downward from an inner end of the inwardly recessed
portion. The attachment portions of the legs define an opening for
receiving a web of the joist, the opening extending substantially
the entire length of the first chord.
[0008] Another aspect of the present invention is a seat member for
attaching the joist to a structural member, the seat member having
a pair of opposed vertical walls for fitting in the opening and
abutting the chord attachment portions, a notch disposed such that
the seat member is rigidly attachable to the attachment portions
and to one of the web members, and a pair of flanges for attachment
to the structural member.
[0009] A still further aspect of the present invention is method of
assembling a joist, the method comprising providing an elongated
joist chord with a cross-section having a center line and including
a substantially horizontal base, a pair of substantially vertical
side walls whose top ends are attached to the top wall, a pair of
lower horizontal walls extending inward from the bottom ends of the
side walls towards the center line of the chord cross-section, and
a pair of vertical attachment portions extending downward from the
inward-extending ends of the lower horizontal walls; rigidly
assembling a web member having a pair of opposed walls spaced to
fit between and abut the pair of attachment portions to the chord
such that the attachment portions abut the web member opposed
walls; and welding each of the web member walls to a respective one
of the attachment portions without moving the web member/chord
assembly, while the assembly is in a flat position.
[0010] Additional advantages of the present invention will become
readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following
detailed description, wherein only the preferred embodiment of the
present invention is shown and described, simply by way of
illustration of the best mode contemplated for carrying out the
present invention. As will be realized, the present invention is
capable of other and different embodiments and its several details
are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all
without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and
description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not
as restrictive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Reference is made to the attached drawings, wherein elements
having the same reference numeral designations represent like
elements throughout, and wherein:
[0012] FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a joist in accordance with
an embodiment of the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a joist chord according
to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the chord of FIG. 2A.
[0015] FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of a web member used in
the joist of an embodiment of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 3B is a perspective view of a portion of a joist
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0017] FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of a chord according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0018] FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of a web member used in
conjunction with the chord of FIG. 4A.
[0019] FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of a chord according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of a web member used in
conjunction with the chord of FIG. 5A.
[0021] FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of a chord according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of a web member used in
conjunction with the chord of FIG. 6A.
[0023] FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a chord according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0024] FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of a web member used in
conjunction with the chord of FIG. 7A.
[0025] FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of a chord according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0026] FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of a web member used in
conjunction with the chord of FIG. 8A.
[0027] FIGS. 9A-9C are side elevational views of truss
configurations of the joists of several embodiments of the present
invention.
[0028] FIG. 10A is a side elevational view of a seat according to
an embodiment of the present invention.
[0029] FIG. 10B is a front elevational view of a seat according to
an embodiment of the present invention.
[0030] FIG. 10C is a side perspective view of a portion of a joist
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0031] FIG. 10D is a bottom perspective view of a portion of a
joist according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0032] FIGS. 11A and 11B are side and front elevational views,
respectively, of a portion of a joist according to an embodiment of
the present invention.
[0033] FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view of the joist of FIG.
11A.
[0034] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a joist according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] The joists of the present invention offer advantages over
conventional open web bar joists because they are fabricated
entirely of cold-formed steel components, made by running a coil of
sheet steel through a series of rollers, each of which
progressively bends the sheet to its final form. The use of
cold-formed components provides manufacturing economies in reduced
scrap and lower shop labor. It also provides field erection
economies in a more rigid member to hoist to the roof during
erection, easier field bolting to supporting framing, and easier
installation of modem self-drilling fasteners than conventional
open web steel bar joist.
[0036] The open web cold-formed metallic joists of the present
invention comprise cold-formed top and bottom chords and
cold-formed metallic truss web members arranged in a vertical and
diagonal fashion. The truss web members are shop welded to the
chords. End connections, or "seats" are each shop welded to the top
chord and to one of the webs. Each seat comprises a pair of
vertical metallic planes that act as shear plates, welded to and
extending outwardly and upwardly of the end portion of the top
chord of the joist, and portions extending horizontally either side
of the chord and punched with holes for easy field bolting to beams
or other supporting elements. Each of the chords of the inventive
joist comprises a planar base and a pair of legs. Each leg
comprises a chamfered portion extending downward and outward from
one edge of the base at an acute angle .theta. to the horizontal;
e.g., about 45 degrees, for stiffening the longitudinal edges of
the base, to accommodate axial and moment forces. An upper vertical
portion, perpendicular to the base, extends downward from a lower
end of the chamfered portion to provide a planar width of material
to accommodate axial and moment forces. An inwardly recessed
portion parallel to the base extends towards the chord's center
line from a lower end of the upper vertical portion; and an
attachment portion, perpendicular to the base, extends downward
from an inner end of the inwardly recessed portion. The inventive
chord imparts the joist of the present invention with enough
stiffness to span up to 100-foot lengths.
[0037] Custom made-to-order cold-formed joists according to the
present invention are fabricated in the most economical
configuration to resist minimum specified loads including self
weight, floor loads for a mezzanine floor application, collateral
loads (e.g., suspended ceilings), sprinklers, and naturally
occurring loads such as snow and wind uplift. In addition, custom
made-to-order cold-formed joists are sized to withstand compression
when acting as struts in the overall wind-bracing scheme for the
building.
[0038] An embodiment of the present invention will now be described
with reference to FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B. As shown in FIG. 1, a joist
100 according to the present invention comprises two chords 200
having identical cross sections, the upper chord 200 having a
length L.sub.1 and the inverted bottom chord 200 having a length
L.sub.2. Chords 200 are joined by a series of regularly spaced web
members 300. Joist 100 is for use in residential and commercial
structures requiring a roof or floor truss having a span of up to
about 100 feet.
[0039] One of the chords 200 is shown in detail in FIGS. 2A-B.
Chord 200 has a cross-section substantially symmetrical about a
center line CL. The chord cross-section comprises a horizontal base
205 having two ends 205a, 205b, and a pair of downwardly extending
legs 210. Each leg 210 comprises a chamfered portion 210a for
stiffening the longitudinal edges 205a, 205b of base 205, to
accommodate axial and moment forces. The chamfered portions 210a
extend downward and outward from one edge of base 205 at an acute
angle .theta. to the horizontal; e.g., about 45 degrees. An upper
vertical portion 210b, perpendicular to base 205, extends downward
from a lower end of chamfered portion 210a to provide a planar
width of material to accommodate axial and moment forces. An
inwardly recessed portion 210c, parallel to base 205, extends
towards center line CL from a lower end of upper vertical portion
210b; and an attachment portion 210d, perpendicular to base 205,
extends downward from an inner end of inwardly recessed portion
210c. Base 205 and leg portions 210a-d are substantially planar
throughout the entire length L of chord 200.
[0040] Attachment portions 210d define an opening 215 for receiving
webs 300 of joist 100, the opening 215 extending substantially the
entire length L of chord 200. Base 205 has a width W1, and opening
215 has a width W2, and W1 is greater than W2. In one embodiment of
the present invention, the ratio of W1 to W2 is about 1.3 to 1. A
distance D between the upper vertical portions 210b of legs 210 is
about twice the vertical distance d between base 205 and the
inwardly recessed portions 210c of legs 210, and distance D between
the upper vertical portions 210b is greater than an overall
vertical height H of legs 210.
[0041] Chords 200 are shaped by a conventional cold-form process,
such as a rolling process, and may be made of any appropriate
metallic material such as aluminum, steel or other metal or metal
alloys. In certain embodiments of the present invention, chords 200
comprise high-strength steel in the thickness range of 20-gage to
7-gage meeting the material specification ASTM A1011 SS Grade 55 or
ASTM A1011 HSLAS Grade 55 Class 1, as rolled, not oiled. These
materials include a range of ultimate yield strength from 30 ksi to
80 ksi. In many instances it is desirable to provide the metallic
chord with a protective coating. The protective coating may be
metallic or non-metallic such as paint, epoxy, or the like.
[0042] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the dimensions
of base 205 and legs 210, including the thickness of these members,
are chosen to suit the load-bearing requirements of the joist in
which they are used. For example, the width of base 205 can range
from 1 inch for 20-gage material thickness to 5 inches for 7-gage
material thickness. Opening 215 can range from 3/4 in for 20-gage
material thickness to 3 5/8 inches for 7-gage material. The overall
vertical height H of chord 200 can range from 1 3/8 inch for
20-gage material thickness to 7 inches for 7-gage material
thickness. The length of attachment portions 210d can range from
1/2 inch for 20-gage material thickness to 2 1/2 inches for 7-gage
material thickness. The length of upper vertical portions 210b can
range from 1/2 inch for 20-gage material thickness to 2 1/2 inches
for 7-gage material thickness. Exemplary embodiments of the
inventive chord are illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A,
showing relevant dimensions.
[0043] The joist 100 of the present invention (see FIG. 1)
comprises a plurality of conventional cold-formed steel web members
300 between the chords 200. Referring now to FIG. 3A, each web 300
has a pair of opposed vertical walls 310 for fitting in the opening
215 of chords 200. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that
the dimensions of walls 310 and the thickness of web members 300
are chosen to suit the load-bearing requirements of the joist in
which they are used. Exemplary webs 300 used with the embodiments
of the inventive chord 200 illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and
8A are shown in FIGS. 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, and 8B, respectively, along
with relevant dimensions.
[0044] As shown in FIG. 3B, which is a detail of joist 100, one end
of each web 300 is rigidly attached to a first one of chord 200 at
attachment portions 210d, as by welding. Referring again to FIG. 1,
joist 100 further comprises a second one of chord 200,
substantially identical to the first one of chord 200 and disposed
substantially parallel to the first one of chord 200. A second end
of each web 300 is rigidly attached to the second one of chord 200
at the second chord's attachment portions 210d, as by welding.
[0045] In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one
of the webs 300 is attached to a chord 200 at about a 45-degree
angle to the longitudinal axis of chord 200, as shown in FIG. 1. In
further embodiments of the present invention, this angle varies
from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments of
the present invention, at least one of webs 300 is attached to a
chord 200 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the chord, as
also shown in FIG. 1. Although the depth of joist 100 is shown as
27 inches in FIG. 1, those skilled in the art will appreciate that
the joist depth can vary from about 15 inches to about 72 inches,
as required. In certain embodiments of the present invention,
chords 200 and webs 300 are attached to each other to form a joist
comprising a conventional Warren truss structure, as shown in FIG.
9A, a modified Warren truss (including additional webs represented
by dotted lines in FIG. 9A), a conventional Pratt truss, as shown
in FIG. 9B, or a conventional Howe truss, as shown in FIG. 9C.
[0046] In a further embodiment of the present invention shown in
FIGS. 10A-D, joist 100 comprises a cold-formed seat member 1000 for
attaching the joist to a supporting member (not shown) such as a
masonry, concrete, wood or steel supporting member. Seat 1000 is
readily pre-fabricated in the shop, as by laser-cutting sheet steel
and die stamping, thus requiring only field bolting to complete the
connection of joist 100 to beams or other supporting elements.
Referring now to FIGS. 10A-B, which include dimensions to
illustrate a seat 1000 of an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention, seat 1000 has a pair of opposed vertical walls 1010 for
fitting in the opening 215 of chord 200 and abutting the chord
attachment portions 210d, and a notch 1020 disposed. Seat 1000 is
rigidly attachable to attachment portions 210d and to one of the
web members 300, as by welding, such that vertical walls 1010 act
as shear plates. A pair of flanges 1030 extend horizontally for
attachment to the structural member (see FIGS. 10C-D). Flanges 1030
have through-holes 1031 for field bolting to beams or other
supporting elements. When welded to the cold-form metallic chord
200, cold-formed seat 1000 and chord 200 act as a composite,
resulting in economies due to savings in material that would be
required for the chord or seat acting alone.
[0047] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a
cutback of the top chord 200 provides clearance for field assembly
and enables holes 1031 in seat 1000 to be accessed with a
conventional spud wrench for alignment, and a conventional socket
wrench for tightening a fastener from the top. Referring now to
FIG. 12, seat 1000 has a seat width A, and the top chord 200 is cut
back a distance B to for easy access to through holes 1031, and to
enable alignment and tightening of nut 1210 and bolt 1220 to secure
seat 1000 to a rafter 1230. In one exemplary embodiment of the
present invention, seat width A is 6.75 inches, and the top chord
200 is cut back a distance B of 1/4'' from the end of the seat.
Each seat 1000 is cut back 1/4'' from the centerline of rafter
1230, resulting in a gap of about 1/2'' between joist chords at
rafter 1230. After seat 1000 is secured to rafter 1230, a
conventional cover plate (not shown) can be installed with screws
to provide support for roof panel screws or standing seam clip
screws, as needed for attachment of a conventional roof panel or
roof panel clip.
[0048] A method of producing the joist of the present invention
will now be described. The method generally comprises roll-forming
the chords 200, roll forming the open channel web members 300,
laser cutting and die-forming the end connection seats 1000,
inserting web members 300 and seats 1000 between the attachment
portions 210d of top and bottom chord members 200, and fusion
welding web members 300 and seats 1000 to the chords 200.
[0049] Web members 300 and seats 1000 are welded to chords 200
using fillet welds in either lap or T joints. Fillet welds are
sized to transfer internal forces between the web and chord
members. The fillet welds are made using electrodes with about 70
ksi tensile strength. The weld geometry and weld strength can be
achieved employing conventional welding processes. One such process
is gas metal arc welding (GMAW). In an exemplary embodiment, GMAW
is conducted with 0.045'' diameter ER70-S6 wire, a shielding gas
consisting of about 90% Argon and 10% CO.sub.2 at a flow rate of
about 18 liters/min, an average wire speed of about 10.5
meters/min, average 25.5 volts and a travel speed of about 140
cm/min. Those skilled in the art will realize that other welding
procedures could be used to achieve the same weld size and/or
strength.
[0050] To improve fabrication efficiency and quality, in the
inventive method all web-to-chord and seat-to-chord welds are made
without turning the joist during welding. Chord, web and seat
dimensions, and joint details enable all welding to be performed
from one side only. Therefore, turning the assembly for welding
from the opposite side is not required. All welds of the web
members and seats to the chords are made in a "flat" or horizontal
position; that is, while the assembly is on its side. Since the
assembly is welded in the flat and from one side only, all welds
can be made from above, in the shortest time and with the highest
quality, as compared to prior art assembly techniques that require
moving the assembly and welding the assembly in a vertical
position, and/or welding the assembly from below ("overhead"
welding). Vertical and overhead welding are disadvantageous in that
both techniques are slower than welding in the flat from above, and
weld quality is difficult to maintain.
[0051] Referring now to FIGS. 11A-C, where only one chord 200 is
shown for clarity, web members 300 are rigidly assembled to chords
200 such that the opposing side walls 310 of web 300 abut the
attachment portions 210d of chords 200. It should be appreciated
that, in practicing the present methodology, two chords 200 are
assembled to webs 300 to form joist 100 as described hereinabove
and shown in FIG. 1 prior to welding. Camber, defined as curvature
of a flexural member in the plane of loading, is conventionally
applied to steel joists to prevent sagging under load. In the
present methodology, upward camber is induced during assembly and
prior to welding, at a ratio of approximately 1 inch per 50 ft. of
joist length. Web members 300 are welded to chords 200 with
approximately 1'' long fillet or flare bevel groove welds 1110-1140
while the assembly is in the horizontal position. Welds 1130, 1140
are on the inside of the "bottom" attachment portion 210d, as shown
in the sectional view of FIG. 11C, and welds 1110, 1120 are on the
outside of the "top" attachment portion 210d, as shown in FIG. 11A.
Thus, a 20-panel joist would have 40 welds made to the inside of
the bottom attachment portion 210d, and 40 welds made to the
outside of the top attachment portion 210d, of each of the two
chords 200.
[0052] Likewise, as shown in FIGS. 10C and 10D, seat members 1000
are rigidly assembled to a chord 200 such that the opposing side
walls 1010 of seats 1000 abut the attachment portions 210d of chord
200 proximal to the opposed side walls 310 of web member 300. Seats
1000 are welded to chords 200 and web members 300 as described
hereinabove, with approximately 1'' long fillet or flare bevel
groove welds 1040, 1050 while the assembly is in the horizontal
position. Welds 1040 are on the outside of the top attachment
portion 210d and side wall 310 (see FIG. 10C), and welds 1050 are
inside of the bottom side wall 310 of web 300.
[0053] The present invention can be practiced by employing
conventional materials, methodology and equipment. Accordingly, the
details of such materials, equipment and methodology are not set
forth herein in detail. In the previous descriptions, numerous
specific details are set forth, such as specific materials,
structures, chemicals, processes, etc., in order to provide a
thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it should
be recognized that the present invention can be practiced without
resorting to the details specifically set forth. In other
instances, well known processing structures have not been described
in detail, in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present
invention.
[0054] Only the preferred embodiment of the present invention and
but a few examples of its versatility are shown and described in
the present disclosure. It is to be understood that the present
invention is capable of use in various other combinations and
environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the
scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein.
* * * * *