U.S. patent application number 10/297056 was filed with the patent office on 2006-02-09 for antisense modulation of c/ebp beta expression.
Invention is credited to Madeline M. Butler, Brett P. Monia, Jacqueline Wyatt.
Application Number | 20060030045 10/297056 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24375831 |
Filed Date | 2006-02-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060030045 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Monia; Brett P. ; et
al. |
February 9, 2006 |
Antisense modulation of c/ebp beta expression
Abstract
Antisense compounds, compositions and methods are provided for
modulating the expression of C/EBP beta. The compositions comprise
antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides,
targeted to nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta. Methods of using
these compounds for modulation of C/EBP beta expression and for
treatment of diseases associated with expression of C/EBP beta are
provided.
Inventors: |
Monia; Brett P.;
(Enicinitas, CA) ; Butler; Madeline M.; (Rancho
Santa Fe, CA) ; Wyatt; Jacqueline; (Enicinitas,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC..
1896 RUTHERFORD RD.
CARLSBAD
CA
92008
US
|
Family ID: |
24375831 |
Appl. No.: |
10/297056 |
Filed: |
June 11, 2001 |
PCT Filed: |
June 11, 2001 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US01/18763 |
371 Date: |
March 21, 2003 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/375 ;
514/44A; 536/23.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02P 20/582 20151101;
C12N 2310/3525 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101;
A61P 37/06 20180101; C12N 2310/321 20130101; C12N 15/113 20130101;
C12N 2310/3341 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; C12N 2310/346
20130101; C12N 2310/315 20130101; C12N 2310/321 20130101; A61P 3/10
20180101; C12N 2310/341 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/375 ;
514/044; 536/023.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 48/00 20060101
A61K048/00; C07H 21/02 20060101 C07H021/02 |
Claims
1. An antisense compound 8 to 30 nucleobases in length targeted to
a nucleic acid molecule encoding C/EBP beta, wherein said antisense
compound specifically hybridizes with and inhibits the expression
of C/EBP beta.
2. The antisense compound of claim 1 which is an antisense
oligonucleotide.
3. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense
oligonucleotide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, 25, 28,
31, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83,
84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 102, 105, 106, 114, 120, 121,
127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147, 150, 153, 154,
158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175, 176, 179, 182, 202, 203, 206, 209,
210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 232, 236, 237, 238,
239 or 240.
4. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense
oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside
linkage.
5. The antisense compound of claim 4 wherein the modified
internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.
6. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense
oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.
7. The antisense compound of claim 6 wherein the modified sugar
moiety is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.
8. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense
oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.
9. The antisense compound of claim 8 wherein the modified
nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
10. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense
oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide.
11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antisense compound
of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or
diluent.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 further comprising a
colloidal dispersion system.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 wherein the
antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide.
14. A method of inhibiting the expression of C/EBP beta in cells or
tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the
antisense compound of claim 1 so that expression of C/EBP beta is
inhibited.
15. A method of treating an animal having a disease or condition
associated with C/EBP beta comprising administering to said animal
a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the
antisense compound of claim 1 so that expression of C/EBP beta is
inhibited.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is an
inflammatory disorder.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is
diabetes.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is an
immunological disorder.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is a
hyperproliferative disorder.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the hyperproliferative disorder
is cancer.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention provides compositions and methods for
modulating the expression of C/EBP beta. In particular, this
invention relates to antisense compounds, particularly
oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids
encoding C/EBP beta. Such oligonucleotides have been shown to
modulate the expression of C/EBP beta.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Transcription factors represent a group of molecules within
the cell that function to connect the pathways from extracellular
signals to intracellular responses. Immediately after an
environmental stimulus, these proteins which reside predominantly
in the cytosol are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to
specific DNA sequences in the promoter elements of target genes and
activate the transcription of these target genes. One family of
transcription factors, CCAAT/Enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs),
regulates the expression of an extensive panel of genes that
control normal tissue development and cellular function, cellular
proliferation and functional differentiation. Six members of this
family have been identified to date all of which form both homo-
and heterodimers with other C/EBP family members as well as with
members of the NFkB and Fos/Jun families of transcription factors
(Lekstrom-Himes and Xanthopoulos, J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273,
28545-28548). While all of the members of the C/EBP family have a
similar modular protein structure, expression levels and tissue
distributions vary widely leading to a diversity of roles
(Lekstrom-Himes and Xanthopoulos, J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273,
28545-28548).
[0003] C/EBP beta (also known as C/EBP2, LAP, TCF5, CRP2, NFIL6,
IL6DBP, NF-M, AGP/EBP and Apc/EPB) was originally identified as a
mediator of IL-6 signaling, binding to IL-6 responsive agents in
acute phase response genes such as TNF, IL-8 and G-CSF (Akira et
al., Embo J., 1990, 9, 1897-1906; Descombes et al., Genes Dev.,
1990, 4, 1541-1551) isolated from the liver and primarily regulates
hormone responsiveness and oxidative stress responses (Descombes et
al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4, 1541-1551). Studies of tissue
distribution and developmental expression patterns showed that
C/EBP beta is found the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, brain and
testis with the highest expression found in the lung (Descombes et
al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4, 1541-1551). Disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,215,892 and 5,360,894 are the nucleic acid sequence of C/EBP beta
as well as plasmids and host cells for the expression of the
recombinant protein (Kishimoto et al., 1994; Kishimoto et al.,
1993).
[0004] C/EBP-deficient mice have been generated for five of the six
members of the C/EBP family and these have been characterized for
system-specific phenotypic abnormalities. Mice lacking C/EBP beta
demonstrate defective carbohydrate metabolism, immunodeficiency,
defective Th1 response and female sterility. They also have a low
level of expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Park et
al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 211-217; Yamada et al., J. Biol.
Chem., 1999, 274, 5880-5887) and demonstrate perinatal lethality
suggesting involvement of C/EBP beta in gluconeogenic pathways
(Arizmendi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 13033-13040;
Greenbaum et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 102, 996-1007). These
mice are highly susceptible to infection by a wide range of
pathogens indicating a critical role for C/EBP beta in bactericidal
responses (Tanaka et al., Cell, 1995, 80, 353-361). In studies of
the cAMP responsiveness of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
(PEPCK) gene, Crosson and Roesler designed plasmids that stably
express antisense RNA to rat C/EBP alpha or rat C/EBP beta in
hepatoma cells (J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(8): 5804-5809). Antisense
directed against C/EBP alpha mRNA reduced C/EBP alpha proteins
levels and CAMP responsiveness, while antisense directed against
C/EBP beta was without effect.
[0005] In addition to stage-specific expression level variations,
the C/EBP members also undergo multiple isoform expression arising
from alternative start positions, for the alpha and beta isoforms,
in 5' upstream open reading frames (Geballe and Morris, Trends
Biochem. Sci., 1994, 19, 159-164; Lincoln et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
1998, 273, 9552-9560). The steady-state level of the various pools
of transcripts also changes as a function of age and stress
challenges (Hsieh et al., Mol. Biol. Cell, 1998, 9, 1479-1494). In
mice the expression of certain transcripts of one isoform has also
been shown to regulate the expression of other C/EBP isoforms
(Burgess-Beusse et al., Hepatology, 1999, 29, 597-601).
[0006] C/EBP beta occurs as two isoforms in the cell, a full-length
32-kDa form, known as LAP and a shorter form known as LIP. The
dimerization of these two forms attenuates transcription of the
C/EBP beta gene and therefore represents an autoregulatory
mechanism of expression (Descombes et al., Genes Dev., 1990, 4,
1541-1551).
[0007] In disease states, C/EBP beta has been implicated in the
development of diabetes and cancer. Studies comparing normal and
tumorigenic tissue from human ovaries demonstrated a higher level
of expression of C/EBP alpha and beta in the tumor tissues,
irrespective of stage or grade of tumor (Sundfeldt et al., Br. J.
Cancer, 1999, 79, 1240-1248). In the rat pancreas, it was shown
that C/EBP beta expression is upregulated upon chronically elevated
levels of glucose, possibly contributing to impaired insulin
secretion in severe type II diabetes (Lu et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
1997, 272, 28349-28359; Seufert et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1998,
101, 2528-2539).
[0008] The pharmacological modulation of C/EBP beta activity and/or
expression may therefore be an appropriate point of therapeutic
intervention in pathological conditions.
[0009] Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents which
effectively inhibit the synthesis of C/EBP beta and to date,
investigative strategies aimed at modulating C/EBP beta function
have involved the use of antibodies and gene knock-outs in mice.
However, these strategies are untested as therapeutic protocols and
consequently there remains a long felt need for agents capable of
effectively inhibiting C/EBP beta function.
[0010] Antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for
reducing the expression of specific gene products and may therefore
prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic,
and research applications for the modulation of C/EBP beta
expression.
[0011] The present invention provides compositions and methods for
modulating C/EBP beta expression, including modulation of both the
long and short isoforms of C/EBP beta.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention is directed to antisense compounds,
particularly oligonucleotides, which are targeted to a nucleic acid
encoding C/EBP beta, and which modulate the expression of C/EBP
beta. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the
antisense compounds of the invention are also provided. Further
provided are methods of modulating the expression of C/EBP beta in
cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with
one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the
invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal,
particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a
disease or condition associated with expression of C/EBP beta by
administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective
amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of
the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention employs oligomeric antisense
compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the
function of nucleic acid molecules encoding C/EBP beta, ultimately
modulating the amount of C/EBP beta produced. This is accomplished
by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with
one or more nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta. As used herein, the
terms "target nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid encoding C/EBP beta"
encompass DNA encoding C/EBP beta, RNA (including pre-mRNA and
mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such
RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its
target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the
nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid
by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally
referred to as "antisense". The functions of DNA to be interfered
with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to
be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for
example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein
translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the
RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which
may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of
such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation
of the expression of C/EBP beta. In the context of the present
invention, "modulation" means either an increase (stimulation) or a
decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context
of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of
modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.
[0014] It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for
antisense. "Targeting" an antisense compound to a particular
nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep
process. The process usually begins with the identification of a
nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may
be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the
gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or
disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent.
In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule
encoding C/EBP beta. The targeting process also includes
determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense
interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection
or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the
context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is
the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination
codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is
known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically
5'-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5'-ATG in the corresponding
DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to
as the "AUG codon," the "start codon" or the "AUG start codon". A
minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the
RNA sequence 5'-GUG, 5'-UUG or 5'-CUG, and 5'-AUA, 5'-ACG and
5'-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms
"translation initiation codon" and "start codon" can encompass many
codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each
instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or
formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that
eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative
start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for
translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or
under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the
invention, "start codon" and "translation initiation codon" refer
to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate
translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding
C/EBP beta, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.
[0015] It is also known in the art that a translation termination
codon (or "stop codon") of a gene may have one of three sequences,
i.e., 5'-UAA, 5'-UAG and 5'-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences
are 5'-TAA, 5'-TAG and 540 -TGA, respectively). The terms "start
codon region" and "translation initiation codon region" refer to a
portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to
about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5' or
3') from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms "stop
codon region" and "translation termination codon region" refer to a
portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to
about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5' or
3') from a translation termination codon.
[0016] The open reading frame (ORF) or "coding region," which is
known in the art to refer to the region between the translation
initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a
region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions
include the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), known in the art to
refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5' direction from the
translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides
between the 5' cap site and the translation initiation codon of an
mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3'
untranslated region (3'UTR), known in the art to refer to the
portion of an mRNA in the 3' direction from the translation
termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the
translation termination codon and 3' end of an mRNA or
corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5' cap of an mRNA
comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5'-most
residue of the mRNA via a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage. The 5' cap
region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5' cap structure
itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The
5' cap region may also be a preferred target region.
[0017] Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly
translated, many contain one or more regions, known as "introns,"
which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The
remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as "exons"
and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA
splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions, may also be preferred
target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where
aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an
overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in
disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or
deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that
introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target
regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or
pre-mRNA.
[0018] Once one or more target sites have been identified,
oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to
the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient
specificity, to give the desired effect.
[0019] In the context of this invention, "hybridization" means
hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed
Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or
nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are
complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of
hydrogen bonds. "Complementary," as used herein, refers to the
capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example,
if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is
capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position
of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or
RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that
position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary
to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions
in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen
bond with each other. Thus, "specifically hybridizable" and
"complementary" are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient
degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and
specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or
RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an
antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its
target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense
compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound
to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal
function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and
there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid
non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target
sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired,
i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays
or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under
conditions in which the assays are performed.
[0020] Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents
and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are
able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are
often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of
particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example,
to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological
pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for
research use.
[0021] The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also
harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses.
Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic
moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man.
Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively
administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently
underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be
useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful
in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals,
especially humans.
[0022] In the context of this invention, the term "oligonucleotide"
refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. This term includes
oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases,
sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as
oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which
function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides
are often preferred over native forms because of desirable
properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced
affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the
presence of nucleases.
[0023] While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of
antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other
oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to
oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense
compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise
from about 8 to about 30 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 30
linked nucleosides). Particularly preferred antisense compounds are
antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising
from about 12 to about 25 nucleobases. As is known in the art, a
nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the
nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common
classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the
pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a
phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the
nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl
sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2', 3' or 5'
hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the
phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one
another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective
ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to
form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are
generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the
phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the
internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage
or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3' to 5' phosphodiester
linkage.
[0024] Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in
this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified
backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in
this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones
include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and
those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the
purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the
art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom
in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be
oligonucleosides.
[0025] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for
example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates,
phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkyl-phosphotriesters,
methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3'-alkylene
phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates,
phosphoramidates including 3'-amino phosphoramidate and
aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates,
thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and
boranophosphates having normal 3'-5' linkages, 2'-5' linked analogs
of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent
pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3'-5' to 5'-3' or 2'-5' to
5'-2'. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also
included.
[0026] Representative United States patents that teach the
preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include,
but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863;
4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019;
5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496;
5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306;
5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; and 5,625,050, certain
of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of
which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0027] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not
include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by
short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed
heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one
or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside
linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in
part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones;
sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and
thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl
backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones;
methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and
sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N,
O, S and CH.sub.2 component parts.
[0028] Representative United States patents that teach the
preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not
limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444;
5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938;
5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225;
5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289;
5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; and
5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this
application, and each of which is herein incorporated by
reference.
[0029] In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar
and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the
nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are
maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid
target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide
mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization
properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA
compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced
with an amide containing backbone, in particular an
aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are
bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide
portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that
teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited
to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of
which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA
compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254,
1497-1500.
[0030] Most preferred embodiments of the invention are
oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and
oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular
--CH.sub.2--NH--O--CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.3)--O--CH.sub.2-- [known as a methylene
(methylimino) or MMI backbone],
--CH.sub.2--O--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.3)--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.2-- and
--O--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2-- [wherein the native
phosphodiester backbone is represented as --O--P--O--CH.sub.2--] of
the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide
backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also
preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone
structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.
[0031] Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more
substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one
of the following at the 2' position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-,
S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein
the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted
C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl or C.sub.2 to C.sub.10 alkenyl and
alkynyl. Particularly preferred are
O[(CH.sub.2).sub.nO].sub.mCH.sub.3, O(CH.sub.2).sub.nOCH.sub.3,
O(CH.sub.2).sub.nNH.sub.2, O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3,
O(CH.sub.2).sub.nONH.sub.2, and
O(CH.sub.2).sub.nON[(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3)].sub.2, where n and m
are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise
one of the following at the 2' position: C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 lower
alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or
O-aralkyl, SH, SCH.sub.3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3,
SOCH.sub.3, SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, ONO.sub.2, NO.sub.2, N.sub.3,
NH.sub.2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino,
polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a
reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the
pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for
improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and
other substituents having similar properties. A preferred
modification includes 2'-methoxyethoxy
(2'-O--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3, also known as
2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2'-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta,
1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred
modification includes 2'-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a
O(CH.sub.2).sub.2ON(CH.sub.3).sub.2 group, also known as 2'-DMAOE,
as described in examples hereinbelow, and
2'-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as
2'-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2'-DMAEOE), i.e.,
2'-O--CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.2).sub.2, also described in
examples hereinbelow.
[0032] Other preferred modifications include 2'-methoxy
(2'-O--CH.sub.3), 2'-aminopropoxy
(2'-OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2) and 2'-fluoro (2'-F).
Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the
oligonucleotide, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the
3' terminal nucleotide or in 2'-5' linked oligonucleotides and the
5' position of 5' terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also
have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the
pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that
teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include,
but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800;
5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785;
5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300;
5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and
5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant
application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference
in its entirety.
[0033] Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred
to in the art simply as "base") modifications or substitutions. As
used herein, "unmodified" or "natural" nucleobases include the
purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases
thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases
include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as
5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine,
hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives
of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of
adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and
2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and
cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil
(pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol,
8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and
guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other
5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and
7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and
7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further
nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808,
those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science And
Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley &
Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie,
International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by
Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications,
pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. , ed., CRC Press, 1993.
Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing
the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention.
These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2,
N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine,
5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine
substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex
stability by 0.6-1.2.degree. C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and
Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base
substitutions, even more particularly when combined with
2'-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.
[0034] Representative United States patents that teach the
preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as
well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to,
the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272;
5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540;
5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; and 5,681,941, certain
of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each
of which is herein incorporated by reference, and U.S. Pat. No.
5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and
also herein incorporated by reference.
[0035] Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the
invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or
more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular
distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such
moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a
cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med.
Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g.,
hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992,
660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3,
2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res.,
1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or
undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10,
1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330;
Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid,
e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium
1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al.,
Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids
Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol
chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14,
969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron
Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al.,
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine
or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937.
[0036] Representative United States patents that teach the
preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not
limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105;
5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731;
5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077;
5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735;
4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335;
4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830;
5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536;
5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203,
5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810;
5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923;
5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with
the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated
by reference.
[0037] It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to
be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the
aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single
compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide.
The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are
chimeric compounds. "Chimeric" antisense compounds or "chimeras,"
in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds,
particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically
distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e.,
a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These
oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the
oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the
oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation,
increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for
the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the
oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of
cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is
a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA
duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of
the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of
oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently,
comparable results can often be obtained with shorter
oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared
to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same
target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected
by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid
hybridization techniques known in the art.
[0038] Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed
as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified
oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics
as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in
the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents
that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but
are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007;
5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065;
5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly
owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0039] The antisense compounds used in accordance with this
invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the
well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such
synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example,
Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such
synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be
employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare
oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated
derivatives.
[0040] The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in
vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological
origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo
synthesis of antisense molecules.
[0041] The compounds of the invention may also be admixed,
encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other
molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for
example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal,
topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake,
distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States
patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution
and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not
limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016;
5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721;
4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170;
5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854;
5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948;
5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by
reference.
[0042] The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters,
or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal
including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly)
the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly,
for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the
invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and
other bioequivalents.
[0043] The term "prodrug" indicates a therapeutic agent that is
prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form
(i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of
endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In
particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the
invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate]
derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to
Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 to Imbach
et al.
[0044] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to
physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the
compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired
biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart
undesired toxicological effects thereto.
[0045] Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed
with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or
organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium,
potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable
amines are N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline,
diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine,
N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al.,
"Pharmaceutical Salts," J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The
base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by
contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the
desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The
free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with
an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The
free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in
certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents,
but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free
acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a
"pharmaceutical addition salt" includes a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the
compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic
acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the
hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates.
Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to
those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of
inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic
acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,
sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic,
sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids,
for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic
acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric
acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic
acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,
cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic
acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid,
nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as
the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in
nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with
phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,
2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid,
benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfoic acid,
naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or
3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid
(with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic
compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts
of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically
acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are
well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline,
alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations.
Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.
[0046] For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically
acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed
with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium,
calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid
addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example
hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric
acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids
such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid,
succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric
acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid,
palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic
acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,
naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like;
and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine,
bromine, and iodine.
[0047] The antisense compounds of the present invention can be
utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research
reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human,
suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by
modulating the expression of C/EBP beta is treated by administering
antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The
compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical
compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound
to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use
of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be
useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection,
inflammation or tumor formation, for example.
[0048] The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for
research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to
nucleic acids encoding C/EBP beta, enabling sandwich and other
assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization
of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic
acid encoding C/EBP beta can be detected by means known in the art.
Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the
oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other
suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for
detecting the level of C/EBP beta in a sample may also be
prepared.
[0049] The present invention also includes pharmaceutical
compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds
of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present
invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon
whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to
be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and
to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery),
pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or
aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal,
epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral
administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous,
intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or
intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular,
administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one
2'-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly
useful for oral administration.
[0050] Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical
administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions,
creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.
Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily
bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
[0051] Compositions and formulations for oral administration
include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or
non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners,
flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders
may be desirable.
[0052] Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or
intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous
solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other
suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration
enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers or excipients.
[0053] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention
include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and
liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be
generated from a variety of components that include, but are not
limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and
self-emulsifying semisolids.
[0054] The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention,
which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be
prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the
pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of
bringing into association the active ingredients with the
pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the
formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into
association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely
divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the
product.
[0055] The compositions of the present invention may be formulated
into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to,
tablets, capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and
enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be
formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media.
Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase
the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may
also contain stabilizers.
[0056] In one embodiment of the present invention the
pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams.
Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited
to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While
basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the
components and the consistency of the final product. The
preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally
known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts
and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the
present invention.
Emulsions
[0057] The compositions of the present invention may be prepared
and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous
systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets
usually exceeding 0.1 .mu.m in diameter. (Idson, in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.),
1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block
in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker
(Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p.
335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack
Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often
biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases
intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general,
emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water
(o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and
dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting
composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively,
when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute
droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is
called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain
additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the
active drug which may be present as a solution in either the
aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase.
Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes,
and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed.
Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are
comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case
of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w)
emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain
advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions
in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small
water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of
oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily
continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion.
[0058] Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic
stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the
emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase
and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the
viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion
may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style
ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions
entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either
phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into
four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring
emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson,
in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker
(Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p.
199).
[0059] Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents,
have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and
have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.),
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199).
Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic
and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the
hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the
hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in
categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of
formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes
based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic,
cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,
Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).
[0060] Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion
formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and
acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that
they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their
semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic
petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good
emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in
viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as
heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite,
attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum
silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and
nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.
[0061] A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also
included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties
of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty
alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids,
preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage
Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker,
Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).
[0062] Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally
occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for
example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya
gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example,
carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic
polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and
carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form
colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong
interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by
increasing the viscosity of the external phase.
[0063] Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such
as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may
readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often
incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in
emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben,
quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of
p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also
commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of
the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers
such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole,
butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid
and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric
acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.
[0064] The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological,
oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have
been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage
Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker,
Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for
oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease
of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability
standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman,
Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,
N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,
Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives,
oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among
the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w
emulsions.
[0065] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions
of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are formulated as
microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of
water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and
thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically
microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an
oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient
amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate
chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore,
microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically
stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids
that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active
molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs:
Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH
Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are
prepared via a combination of three to five components that include
oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the
microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w)
type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used
and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and
hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton,
Pa., 1985, p. 271).
[0066] The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has
been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge,
to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions
(Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and
Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1,
p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger
and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions,
microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble
drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that
are formed spontaneously.
[0067] Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions
include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic
surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol
fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol
monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol
pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750),
decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750),
decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with
cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such
as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the
interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and
consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space
generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however,
be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free
self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The
aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an
aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400,
polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene
glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials
such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters,
medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides,
polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols,
polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10
glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.
[0068] Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the
standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of
drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been
proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including
peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11,
1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13,
205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug
solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis,
possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced
alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of
preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms,
improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides
et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J.
Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form
spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient
temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating
thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions
have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active
components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is
expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of
the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic
absorption of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids from the
gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular
uptake of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids within the
gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of
administration.
[0069] Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain
additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate
(Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the
properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the
oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention.
Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present
invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad
categories--surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents,
and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in
Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these
classes has been discussed above.
Liposomes
[0070] There are many organized surfactant structures besides
microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation
of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and
vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great
interest because of their specificity and the duration of action
they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the
present invention, the term "liposome" means a vesicle composed of
amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.
[0071] Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which
have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous
interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be
delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able
to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able
to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by
macrophages in vivo.
[0072] In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must
pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than
50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient.
Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly
deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.
[0073] Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained
from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable;
liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble
drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal
compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.),
1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245).
Important considerations in the preparation of liposome
formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the
aqueous volume of the liposomes.
[0074] Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active
ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane
is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are
applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular
membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the
liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent
may act.
[0075] Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive
investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is
growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present
several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include
reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the
administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug
at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety
of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.
[0076] Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to
deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin.
Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and
high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The
majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper
epidermis.
[0077] Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes
are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively
charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively
charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell
surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH
within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their
contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).
[0078] Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged,
entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the
lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex
formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the
aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have
been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell
monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was
detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled
Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).
[0079] One major type of liposomal composition includes
phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine.
Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from
dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl
phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally
are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic
fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl
phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal
composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for
example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from
mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or
cholesterol.
[0080] Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of
liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes
containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of
skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means
(e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et
al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an
additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as
part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon
using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal
formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et
al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).
[0081] Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to
determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in
particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol.
Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome.TM. I
(glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether)
and Novasome.TM. II (glyceryl
distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used
to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results
indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in
facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers
of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P. Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).
[0082] Liposomes also include "sterically stabilized" liposomes, a
term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or
more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes,
result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes
lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized
liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid
portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such
as monosialoganglioside G.sub.M1, or (B) is derivatized with one or
more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG)
moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it
is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized
liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or
PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these
sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into
cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS
Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53,
3765). Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are
known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside
G.sub.M1, galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to
improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were
expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,
1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to
Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and
(2) the ganglioside G.sub.M1, or a galactocerebroside sulfate
ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes
comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising
1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499
(Lim et al.).
[0083] Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or
more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are
known in the art. Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53,
2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent,
2C.sub.1215G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. (FEBS Lett.,
1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene
particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced
blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the
attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG)
are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899).
Klibanov et al. (FEBS Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments
demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine
(PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant
increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. (Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to
other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from
the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and
PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their
external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131
B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20
mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use
thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556
and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and
European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number
of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and
U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073
(Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids
are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al.). U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,935
(Miyazaki et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.)
describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized
with functional moieties on their surfaces.
[0084] A limited number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are
known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods
for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded
liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may
include an antisense RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al.
describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in
liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes
comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene.
[0085] Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are
highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates
for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid
droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able
to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet.
Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are
used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores
in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets
without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes
it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants,
to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used
to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated
delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as
subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.
[0086] Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as
emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common
way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different
types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of
the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the
hydrophilic group (also known as the "head") provides the most
useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in
formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).
[0087] If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified
as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide
application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable
over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range
from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic
surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters,
propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters,
sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic
alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates,
propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers
are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants
are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.
[0088] If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it
is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as
anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps,
acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric
acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates,
sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates,
acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most
important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl
sulfates and the soaps.
[0089] If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it
is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as
cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts
and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most
used members of this class.
[0090] If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a
positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as
amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid
derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and
phosphatides.
[0091] The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in
emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage
Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).
Penetration Enhancers
[0092] In one embodiment, the present invention employs various
penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic
acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals. Most
drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms.
However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily
cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even
non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be
crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to
aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes,
penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic
drugs.
[0093] Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one
of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile
salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et
al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.
92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers
are described below in greater detail.
[0094] Surfactants:
[0095] In connection with the present invention, surfactants (or
"surface-active agents") are chemical entities which, when
dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the
solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution
and another liquid, with the result that absorption of
oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to
bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include,
for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether
and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews
in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and
perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J.
Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).
[0096] Fatty Acids:
[0097] Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as
penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric
acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid,
stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate,
monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid,
arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate,
1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines,
C.sub.1-10 alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and
t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate,
laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.)
(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems,
1991, p.92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier
Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol.,
1992, 44, 651-654).
[0098] Bile Salts:
[0099] The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of
dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
(Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their
synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term
"bile salts" includes any of the naturally occurring components of
bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts
of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its
pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate),
dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid
(sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate),
glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium
glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate),
taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic
acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA),
sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium
glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee
et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991,
page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.,
1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic
Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm.
Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990,
79, 579-583).
[0100] Chelating Agents:
[0101] Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present
invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions
from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that
absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. With
regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present
invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also
serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases
require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited
by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339).
Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to
disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid,
salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and
homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and
N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines) (Lee et al.,
Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page
92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier
Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14,
43-51).
[0102] Non-Chelating Non-Surfactants:
[0103] As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration
enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate
insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but
that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the
alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug
Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration
enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl-
and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical
Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium,
indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm.
Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).
[0104] Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the
cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other
compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic
lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No.
5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic
molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO
97/30731), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of
oligonucleotides.
[0105] Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of
the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene
glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and
terpenes such as limonene and menthone.
Carriers
[0106] Certain compositions of the present invention also
incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein,
"carrier compound" or "carrier" can refer to a nucleic acid, or
analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological
activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo
processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having
biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically
active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The
coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound,
typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a
substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in
the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably
due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic
acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a
partially phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue can be
reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran
sulfate, polycytidic acid or
4-acetamido-4'isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (Miyao et
al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al.,
Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183).
Excipients
[0107] In contrast to a carrier compound, a "pharmaceutical
carrier" or "excipient" is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent,
suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for
delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient
may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of
administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk,
consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other
components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical
pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding
agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and
other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium
sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen
phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc,
silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic
stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene
glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants
(e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents
(e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.).
[0108] Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient
suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not
deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to
formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited
to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin,
lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous
paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the
like.
[0109] Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may
include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous
solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the
nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also
contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients
suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not
deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.
[0110] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but
are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene
glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc,
silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
Other Components
[0111] The compositions of the present invention may additionally
contain other adjunct components conventionally found in
pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels.
Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional,
compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example,
antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory
agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically
formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present
invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives,
antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers.
However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere
with the biological activities of the components of the
compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be
sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g.,
lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents,
emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers,
colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which
do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the
formulation.
[0112] Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase
the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may
also contain stabilizers.
[0113] Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical
compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b)
one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a
non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents
include, but are not limited to, anticancer drugs such as
daunorubicin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin,
nitrogen mustard, chlorambucil, melphalan, cyclophosphamide,
6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine (CA), 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU), floxuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine,
vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, teniposide, cisplatin and
diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of
Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway,
N.J., pages 1206-1228). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not
limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and
corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to
ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be
combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al.,
eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively).
Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the
scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used
together or sequentially.
[0114] In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention
may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly
oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more
additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid
target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the
art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or
sequentially.
[0115] The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their
subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of
those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and
responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course
of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until
a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is
achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from
measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient.
Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages,
dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary
depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides,
and can generally be estimated based on EC.sub.50s found to be
effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage
is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given
once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2
to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily
estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence
times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues.
Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the
patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of
the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in
maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body
weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.
[0116] While the present invention has been described with
specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred
embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the
invention and are not intended to limit the same.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and
2'-alkoxy Amidites
[0117] 2'-Deoxy and 2'-methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl
phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial sources (e.g.
Chemgenes, Needham Mass. or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling Va.).
Other 2'-O-alkoxy substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, herein incorporated by
reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2'-alkoxy
amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides was
utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole
and base was increased to 360 seconds.
[0118] Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine
(5-Me-C) nucleotides were synthesized according to published
methods [Sanghvi, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21,
3197-3203] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen
Research, Sterling Va. or ChemGenes, Needham Mass.).
2'-Fluoro Amidites
[0119] 2'-Fluorodeoxyadenosine Amidites
[0120] 2'-fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described
previously [Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841]
and U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference.
Briefly, the protected nucleoside
N6-benzoyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing
commercially available 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting
material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the
2'-alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S.sub.N2-displacement of a
2'-beta-trityl group. Thus
N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively
protected in moderate yield as the 3',5'-ditetrahydropyranyl (THP)
intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups was
accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were
used to obtain the 5'-dimethoxytrityl-(DMT) and
5'-DMT-3'-phosphoramidite intermediates.
[0121] 2'-Fluorodeoxyguanosine
[0122] The synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine was
accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected
9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and
conversion to the intermediate
diisobutyryl-arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS
group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to
give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine.
Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of
the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP
groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5'-DMT- and
5'-DMT-3'-phosphoramidites.
[0123] 2'-Fluorouridine
[0124] Synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorouridine was accomplished by
the modification of a literature procedure in which
2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70%
hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures were used to obtain
the 5'-DMT and 5'-DMT-3'phosphoramidites.
[0125] 2'-Fluorodeoxycytidine
[0126] 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of
2'-deoxy-2'-fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give
N4-benzoyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were
used to obtain the 5'-DMT and 5'-DMT-3'phosphoramidites.
[0127] 2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Modified Amidites
[0128] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites are
prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of
Martin, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504.
[0129]
2,2'-Anhydro[1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluridine]
[0130] 5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available
through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M), diphenylcarbonate
(90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were
added to DMF (300 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux, with
stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in
a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution
was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was
poured into diethylether (2.5 L), with stirring. The product formed
a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a
minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL). The solution was poured
into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was
decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60.degree. C. at 1
mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan
powder (57 g, 85% crude yield). The NMR spectrum was consistent
with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt
(ca. 5%). The material was used as is for further reactions (or it
can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient
of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp
222-4.degree. C.).
[0131] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine
[0132] 2,2'-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M),
tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol
(1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and
placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160.degree. C. After heating for
48 hours at 155-160.degree. C., the vessel was opened and the
solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL).
The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L). The insoluble salts
were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate
evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH.sub.3CN (600
mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et.sub.3NH.
The residue was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (250 mL) and adsorbed
onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product
was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product.
Additional material was obtained by reworking impure fractions.
[0133] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine
[0134] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was
co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue
dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl
chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at
room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl
chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for
an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop
the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70%
product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH.sub.3CN
(200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 (1.5 L) and
extracted with 2.times.500 mL of saturated NaHCO.sub.3 and
2.times.500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was
obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column,
packed and eluted with EtOAc/hexane/acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5%
Et.sub.3NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of
product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure
fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%).
[0135]
3'-O-Acetyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine
[0136] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106
g, 0.167 M), DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from
562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38
mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24
hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC by first quenching the TLC
sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction,
as judged by TLC, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated
at 35.degree. C. The residue was dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 (800 mL)
and extracted with 2.times.200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate
and 2.times.200 mL of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back
extracted with 200 mL of CHCl.sub.3. The combined organics were
dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue
(approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica
gel column and eluted using EtOAc/hexane(4:1). Pure product
fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). An additional 1.5 g
was recovered from later fractions.
[0137]
3'-O-Acetyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-tria-
zoleuridine
[0138] A first solution was prepared by dissolving
3'-O-acetyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine
(96 g, 0.144 M) in CH.sub.3CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine
(189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M)
in CH.sub.3CN (1 L), cooled to -5.degree. C. and stirred for 0.5 h
using an overhead stirrer. POCl.sub.3 was added dropwise, over a 30
minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10.degree.
C., and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours.
The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to
the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored
overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction
mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved
in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration.
The filtrate was washed with 1.times.300 mL of NaHCO.sub.3 and
2.times.300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and
evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title
compound.
[0139] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine
[0140] A solution of
3'-O-acetyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuri-
dine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH.sub.4OH (30 mL)
was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution
was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2.times.200
mL). The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to
a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated
with NH.sub.3 gas was added and the vessel heated to 100.degree. C.
for 2 hours (TLC showed complete conversion). The vessel contents
were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc
(500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL). The organics
were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to
give 85 g (95%) of the title compound.
[0141]
N4-Benzoyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine
[0142] 2'-O-Methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (85
g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride
(37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3
hours, TLC showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete.
The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH
(200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 (700 mL) and
extracted with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 (2.times.300 mL) and saturated
NaCl (2.times.300 mL), dried over MgSO.sub.4 and evaporated to give
a residue (96 g). The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg
silica column using EtOAc/hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et.sub.3NH
as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated
to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound.
[0143]
N4-Benzoyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine-
-3'-amidite
[0144]
N4-Benzoyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl-5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine
(74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1 L). Tetrazole
diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and
2-cyanoethoxy-tetra-(isopropyl)phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were
added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting
mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (TLC showed
the reaction to be 95% complete). The reaction mixture was
extracted with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 (1.times.300 mL) and saturated
NaCl (3.times.300 mL). The aqueous washes were back-extracted with
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (300 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried
over MgSO.sub.4 and concentrated. The residue obtained was
chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (3:1)
as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give
90.6 g (87%) of the title compound.
2'-O-(Aminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites and
2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites
[0145] 2'-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites
[0146] 2'-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known
in the art as 2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are
prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine,
cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly
to the thymidine (5-methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are
protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and
cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine.
[0147]
5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O.sup.2-2'-anhydro-5-methyluridine
[0148] O.sup.2-2'-anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese,
Italy, 100.0 g, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66 g, 0.013
eq, 0.0054 mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient
temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring.
tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8 g, 119.0 mL, 1.1 eq, 0.458
mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h
at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a
complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced
pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between
dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2.times.1
L) and brine (1 L). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate
and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was
dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600
mL) and the solution was cooled to -10.degree. C. The resulting
crystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl
ether (3.times.200 mL) and dried (40.degree. C., 1 mm Hg, 24 h) to
149 g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure
product.
[0149]
5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine
[0150] In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was
added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL). In the
fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL,
excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of
hydrogen gas subsided.
5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O.sup.2-2'-anhydro-5-methyluridine
(149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were
added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an
oil bath until an internal temperature of 160.degree. C. was
reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure <100 psig). The
reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for
desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate)
indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid
additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped,
concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1 mm Hg) in a warm water
bath (40-100.degree. C.) with the more extreme conditions used to
remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling
solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between
ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.]
The residue was purified by column chromatography (2 kg silica gel,
ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate
fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white
crisp foam (84 g, 50%), contaminated starting material (17.4 g) and
pure reusable starting material 20 g. The yield based on starting
material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR
were consistent with 99% pure product.
[0151]
2'-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5'-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methylurid-
ine
[0152]
5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-S-methyluridine
(20 g, 36.98 mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63 g,
44.36 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (7.24 g, 44.36 mmol). It was
then dried over P.sub.2O.sub.5 under high vacuum for two days at
40.degree. C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry
THF (369.8 mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear
solution. Diethyl-azodicarboxylate (6.98 mL, 44.36 mmol) was added
dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is
maintained such that resulting deep red coloration is just
discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was
complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs. By that time TLC
showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate:hexane, 60:40).
The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed
on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate:hexane (60:40), to
get
2'-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5'-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine
as white foam (21.819 g, 86%).
5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methylur-
idine
[0153]
2'-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5'-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methylurid-
ine (3.1 g, 4.5 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (4.5
mL) and methylhydrazine (300 mL, 4.64 mmol) was added dropwise at
-10.degree. C. to 0.degree. C. After 1 h the mixture was filtered,
the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and the
combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. The solution was concentrated to get
2'-O-(aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeOH
(67.5 mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, 1.1
eq.) was added and the resulting mixture was strirred for 1 h.
Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get
5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluri-
dine as white foam (1.95 g, 78%).
[0154]
5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-me-
thyluridine
[0155]
5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-me-
thyluridine (1.77 g, 3.12 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 1M
pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6 mL). Sodium
cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to this solution at
10.degree. C. under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was
stirred for 10 minutes at 10.degree. C. After that the reaction
vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room
temperature for 2 h, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2). Aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 solution (5%, 10 mL) was
added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.20 mL). Ethyl
acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, evaporated
to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of 1M PPTS in MeOH
(30.6 mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30 mL, 3.37 mmol) was added and
the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10
minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10.degree. C. in an ice bath,
sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added and reaction
mixture stirred at 10.degree. C. for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes,
the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at
room temperature for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture 5% NaHCO.sub.3
(25 mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate
(2.times.25 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue obtained
was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH
in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 to get
5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluri-
dine as a white foam (14.6 g, 80%).
[0156] 2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine
[0157] Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3.91 mL, 24.0 mmol) was
dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67 mL, 12 mmol, dry, kept
over KOH). This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to
5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluri-
dine (1.40 g, 2.4 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs.
Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2).
Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash
column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 to get
2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (766 mg, 92.5%).
[0158] 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine
[0159] 2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (750 mg, 2.17
mmol) was dried over P.sub.2O.sub.5, under high vacuum overnight at
40.degree. C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20
mL). The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (11 mL) under
argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5 mg, 2.60 mmol),
4,4'-dimethoxytrityl chloride (880 mg, 2.60 mmol) was added to the
mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature
until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was
removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted
with 10% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (containing a few drops of
pyridine) to get
5'-O-DMT-2'-O-(dimethylamino-oxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.13 g,
80%).
[0160]
5'-O-DMT-2'-o-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3'-[(2-
-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]
[0161] 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.08
g, 1.67 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20 mL). To the
residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29 g, 1.67 mmol) was
added and dried over P.sub.2O.sub.5 under high vacuum overnight at
40.degree. C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous
acetonitrile (8.4 mL) and
2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N.sup.1,N.sup.1-tetraisopropylphosphoramidite
(2.12 mL, 6.08 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at
ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress
of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1).
The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl
acetate (70 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 (40 mL).
Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate
as eluent) to get
5'-O-DMT-2'-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3'-[(2-cyanoe-
thyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04 g,
74.9%).
[0162] 2'-(Aminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites
[0163] 2'-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the
art as 2'-O-(aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as
described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and
thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.
[0164]
N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5'-O-(4,4-
'-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3'-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramid-
ite]
[0165] The 2'-O-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by
selective 2'-O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram
quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering
AG (Berlin) to provide 2'-O-(2-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine
riboside along with a minor amount of the 3'-O-isomer.
2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and
converted to 2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)guanosine by treatment with
adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C., Cook, P. D., Guinosso, C.
J., WO 94/02501 A1 1994 Feb. 3.) Standard protection procedures
should afford
2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine and
2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5'-O-(4,4'-dime-
thoxytrityl)guanosine which may be reduced to provide
2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5'-O-(4,4'-dime-
thoxytrityl)guanosine. As before the hydroxyl group may be
displaced by N-hydroxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the
protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield
2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5'-O-(4,4'-dime-
thoxytrityl)guanosine-3'-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite].
2'-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2'-DMAOE) Nucleoside Amidites
[0166] 2'-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy nucleoside amidites (also known
in the art as 2'-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl, i.e.,
2'-O--CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.2).sub.2, or 2'-DMAEOE
nucleoside amidites) are prepared as follows. Other nucleoside
amidites are prepared similarly.
2'-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl Uridine
[0167] 2[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (Aldrich, 6.66 g, 50 mmol)
is slowly added to a solution of borane in tetra-hydrofuran (1 M,
10 mL, 10 mmol) with stirring in a 100 mL bomb. Hydrogen gas
evolves as the solid dissolves. O.sup.2-,2'-anhydro-5-methyluridine
(1.2 g, 5 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5 mg) are added and the
bomb is sealed, placed in an oil bath and heated to 155.degree. C.
for 26 hours. The bomb is cooled to room temperature and opened.
The crude solution is concentrated and the residue partitioned
between water (200 mL) and hexanes (200 mL). The excess phenol is
extracted into the hexane layer. The aqueous layer is extracted
with ethyl acetate (3.times.200 mL) and the combined organic layers
are washed once with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated. The residue is columned on silica gel using
methanol/methylene chloride 1:20 (which has 2% triethylamine) as
the eluent. As the column fractions are concentrated a colorless
solid forms which is collected to give the title compound as a
white solid.
5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl
Uridine
[0168] To 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of
2'-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylamino-ethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine in
anhydrous pyridine (8 mL), triethylamine (0.36 mL) and
dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl, 0.87 g, 2 eq.) are added and
stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water (200
mL) and extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.times.200 mL). The
combined CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 layers are washed with saturated
NaHCO.sub.3 solution, followed by saturated NaCl solution and dried
over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent followed
by silica gel chromatography using MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:Et.sub.3N
(20:1, v/v, with 1% triethylamine) gives the title compound.
[0169]
5'-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-m-
ethyl Uridine-3'-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite
[0170] Diisopropylaminotetrazolide (0.6 g) and
2-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.1 mL, 2 eq.) are
added to a solution of
5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methylur-
idine (2.17 g, 3 mmol) dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mL) under
an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight
and the solvent evaporated. The resulting residue is purified by
silica gel flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate as the
eluent to give the title compound.
Example 2
Oligonucleotide Synthesis
[0171] Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P.dbd.O)
oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer
(Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite
chemistry with oxidation by iodine.
[0172] Phosphorothioates (P.dbd.S) are synthesized as for the
phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation
bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one
1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the
phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step was increased to 68 sec
and was followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG
column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at
55.degree. C. (18 h), the oligonucleotides were purified by
precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl
solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.
[0173] Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.
[0174] 3'-Deoxy-3'-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are
prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050,
herein incorporated by reference.
[0175] Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein
incorporated by reference.
[0176] Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as
described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and
PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499,
respectively), herein incorporated by reference.
[0177] 3'-Deoxy-3'-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are
prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein
incorporated by reference.
[0178] Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.
[0179] Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated
by reference.
Example 3
Oligonucleoside Synthesis
[0180] Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also
identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides,
methylenedi-methylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified
as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked
oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked
oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked
oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked
oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for
instance, alternating MMI and P.dbd.O or P.dbd.S linkages are
prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023,
5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein
incorporated by reference.
[0181] Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are
prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564,
herein incorporated by reference.
[0182] Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by
reference.
Example 4
PNA Synthesis
[0183] Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are prepared in accordance with
any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids
(PNA): Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic
& Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared
in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and
5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference.
Example 5
Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides
[0184] Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed
oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of
several different types. These include a first type wherein the
"gap" segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5' and 3'
"wing" segments of linked nucleosides and a second "open end" type
wherein the "gap" segment is located at either the 3' or the 5'
terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first
type are also known in the art as "gapmers" or gapped
oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also
known in the art as "hemimers" or "wingmers".
[0185] [2'-O-Me]--[2'-deoxy]--[2'-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate
Oligonucleotides
[0186] Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2'-O-alkyl phosphorothioate
and 2'-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are
synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer
Model 380B, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the
automated synthesizer and
2'-deoxy-5'-dimethoxytrityl-3'-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA
portion and 5'-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-methyl-3'-O-phosphoramidite for
5' and 3' wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by
increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base
to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2'-O-methyl. The
fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the
phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 ammonia/ethanol at room
temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in
methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to
deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness.
The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room
temperature to deprotect the 2' positions. The reaction is then
quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to 1/2 volume
by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column.
The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for
yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass
spectrometry.
[0187] [2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]--[2'-deoxy]--[2'-O-(Methoxyethyl)]
Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides
[0188] [2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]-[2'-deoxy]-[-2'-O-(methoxyethyl)]
chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the
procedure above for the 2'-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with
the substitution of 2'-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the
2'-O-methyl amidites.
[0189] [2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]--[2'-deoxy
Phosphorothioate]--[2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric
Oligonucleotides
[0190] [2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]--[2'-deoxy
phosphorothioate]--[2'-O-(methoxyethyl)phosphodiester] chimeric
oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the
2'-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of
2'-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2'-O-methyl amidites,
oxidization with iodine to generate the phosphodiester
internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric
structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one
1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate
internucleotide linkages for the center gap.
[0191] Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides
and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are
synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein
incorporated by reference.
Example 6
Oligonucleotide Isolation
[0192] After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column
(Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium
hydroxide at 55.degree. C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or
oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M
NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were
analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels
and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative
amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in
synthesis were periodically checked by .sup.31P nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were
purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem.
1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified
material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified
material.
Example 7
Oligonucleotide Synthesis--96 Well Plate Format
[0193] Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III)
phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of
assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well
format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by
oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide
linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2
benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous
acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl
phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g.
PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia,
Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per
known literature or patented methods. They are utilized as base
protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.
[0194] Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected
with concentrated NH.sub.4OH at elevated temperature (55-60.degree.
C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo.
The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford
a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are
then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.
Example 8
Oligonucleotide Analysis--96 Well Plate Format
[0195] The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was
assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The
full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by
capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96 well format
(Beckman P/ACE.TM. MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a
commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE.TM. 5000, ABI 270).
Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the
compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test
plates were diluted from the master plate using single and
multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be
acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at
least 85% full length.
Example 9
Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment
[0196] The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid
expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided
that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This
can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern
blot analysis. The following 5 cell types are provided for
illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used,
provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This
can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for
example Northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease protection assays, or
RT-PCR.
T-24 Cells:
[0197] The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24
was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
(Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete
McCoy's 5A basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.)
supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies,
Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin
100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.).
Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when
they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates
(Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in
RT-PCR analysis.
[0198] For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded
onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated
similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and
oligonucleotide.
A549 Cells:
[0199] The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549
cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Gibco/Life
Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf
serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100
units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life
Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by
trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.
NHDF Cells:
[0200] Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from
the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). NHDFs were routinely
maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation,
Walkersville Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier.
Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the
supplier.
HEK Cells:
[0201] Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the
Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). HEKs were routinely
maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation,
Walkersville Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells
were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by
the supplier.
3T3-L1 Cells:
[0202] The mouse embryonic adipocyte-like cell line 3T3-L1 was
obtained from the American Type Culure Collection (Manassas, Va.).
3T3-L1 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose
(Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10%
fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.).
Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when
they reached 80% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates
(Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 4000 cells/well for use in
RT-PCR analysis.
[0203] For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells may be seeded
onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated
similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and
oligonucleotide.
Treatment with Antisense Compounds:
[0204] When cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated with
oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were
washed once with 200 .mu.L OPTI-MEM.TM.-1 reduced-serum medium
(Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 .mu.L of OPTI-MEM.TM.-1
containing 3.75 .mu.g/mL LIPOFECTIN.TM. (Gibco BRL) and the desired
concentration of oligonucleotide. After 4-7 hours of treatment, the
medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24
hours after oligonucleotide treatment.
[0205] The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell
line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide
concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated
with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of
concentrations. For human cells the positive control
oligonucleotide is ISIS 13920, TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1,
a 2'-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2'-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with
a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to human H-ras. For
mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS
15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 2, a 2'-O-methoxyethyl
gapmer (2'-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate
backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The
concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in
80% inhibition of c-Ha-ras (for ISIS 13920) or c-raf (for ISIS
15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new
oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If
80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of
positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of
H-ras or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide
screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell
line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line
is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection
experiments.
Example 10
Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of C/EBP Beta Expression
[0206] Antisense modulation of C/EBP beta expression can be assayed
in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, C/EBP beta mRNA
levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis,
competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR
(RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA
analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA.
Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M.
et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp.
4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for
example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1996. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished
using the commercially available ABI PRISM.TM. 7700 Sequence
Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster
City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.
Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to
the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to
be "multiplexed" with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In
multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene
GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this
analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted.
Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets
specific for GAPDH only, target gene only ("single-plexing"), or
both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves
of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are
generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If
both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target
signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of
their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed
samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed as
multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.
[0207] Protein levels of C/EBP beta can be quantitated in a variety
of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western
blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated
cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to C/EBP beta can be
identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS
catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or
can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods.
Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for
example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for
example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1997.
[0208] Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can
be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is
standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.
M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp.
10.8.1-10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be
found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1991.
Example 11
Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation
[0209] Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., Clin.
Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764. Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA
isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al.,
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.3,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Briefly, for cells grown on
96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each
well was washed with 200 .mu.L cold PBS. 60 .mu.L lysis buffer (10
mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM
vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate
was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five
minutes. 55 .mu.L of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated
96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated
for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 .mu.L
of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl).
After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to
remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60
.mu.L of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to
70.degree. C. was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a
90.degree. C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then
transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.
[0210] Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be
treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.
Example 12
Total RNA Isolation
[0211] Total mRNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96.TM. kit and
buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia Calif.) following the
manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on
96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each
well was washed with 200 .mu.L cold PBS. 100 .mu.L Buffer RLT was
added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20
seconds. 100 .mu.L of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and
the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The
samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96.TM. well plate
attached to a QIAVAC.TM. manifold fitted with a waste collection
tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 15
seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY
96.TM. plate and the vacuum again applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of
Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96.TM. plate
and the vacuum applied for a period of 15 seconds. The Buffer RPE
wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional
10 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC.TM. manifold
and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to
the QIAVAC.TM. manifold fitted with a collection tube rack
containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by
pipetting 60 .mu.L water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and
then applying the vacuum for 30 seconds. The elution step was
repeated with an additional 60 .mu.L water.
[0212] The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated
using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.).
Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the
plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase
treatment and elution steps are carried out.
Example 13
Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of C/EBP Beta mRNA Levels
[0213] Quantitation of C/EBP beta mRNA levels was determined by
real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM.TM. 7700 Sequence
Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.)
according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube,
non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows
high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which
amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed,
products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they
accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction
an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the
forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes.
A reporter dye (e.g., JOE, FAM, or VIC, obtained from either Operon
Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster
City, Calif.) is attached to the 5' end of the probe and a quencher
dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc.,
Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is
attached to the 3' end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are
intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the
3' quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to
the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the
5'-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension
phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq
polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the
probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific
fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional
reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes,
and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by
laser optics built into the ABI PRISM.TM. 7700 Sequence Detection
System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing
serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a
standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition
after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.
[0214] PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems,
Foster City, Calif. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25
.mu.L PCR cocktail (1.times. TAQMAN.TM. buffer A, 5.5 mM
MgCl.sub.2, 300 .mu.M each of dATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 .mu.M of
dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20
Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD.TM., and 12.5 Units
MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 .mu.L
poly(A) mRNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by
incubation for 30 minutes at 48.degree. C. Following a 10 minute
incubation at 95.degree. C. to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD.TM., 40
cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95.degree. C.
for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60.degree. C. for 1.5
minutes (annealing/extension).
[0215] Probes and primers to human C/EBP beta were designed to
hybridize to a human C/EBP beta sequence, using published sequence
information (GenBank accession number X52560, incorporated herein
as SEQ ID NO:3). For human C/EBP beta the PCR primers were:
TABLE-US-00001 (SEQ ID NO: 4) forward primer: GCAACCCACGTGTAACTGTCA
(SEQ ID NO: 5) reverse primer: TCAACAGCAACAAGCCCTAGAA and
the PCR probe was: FAM-CCGGGCCCTGAGTAATCGCTTAAAGAT-TAMRA (SEQ ID
NO: 6) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is
the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems,
Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR
primers were: forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 7)
reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO: 8) and the PCR
probe was: 5' JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC-TAMRA 3' (SEQ ID NO: 9)
where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the
fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster
City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.
[0216] Probes and primers to mouse C/EBP beta were designed to
hybridize to a mouse C/EBP beta sequence, using published sequence
information (GenBank accession number X62600, incorporated herein
as SEQ ID NO:10). For mouse C/EBP beta the PCR primers were:
TABLE-US-00002 (SEQ ID NO:11) forward primer: CGGATCAAACGTGGCTGA
(SEQ ID NO:12) reverse primer: CGCAGGAACATCTTTAAGGTGATT
[0217] and the PCR probe was: FAM-ACGTGTAACTGTCTAGCCGGGCCCTG-TAMRA
(SEQ ID NO: 13) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City,
Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied
Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For mouse
GAPDH the PCR primers were: TABLE-US-00003 (SEQ ID NO: 14) forward
primer: GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGT (SEQ ID NO: 15) reverse primer:
GGGTCTCGCTCCTGGAAGCT and
the PCR probe was: 5'JOE-AAGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGTCATC-TAMRA 3' (SEQ
ID NO: 16) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.)
is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems,
Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.
Example 14
Northern Blot Analysis of C/EBP Beta mRNA Levels
[0218] Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers
were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL.TM.
(TEL-TEST "B" Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared
following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms
of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2%
agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer
system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the
gel to HYBOND.TM.-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,
Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a
Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST "B" Inc.,
Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization.
Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER.TM.
UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then
robed using QUICKHYB.TM. hybridization solution (Stratagene, La
Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent
conditions.
[0219] To detect human C/EBP beta, a human C/EBP beta specific
probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer
GCAACCCACGTGTAACTGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the reverse primer
TCAACAGCAACAAGCCCTAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 5). To normalize for variations
in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and
probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).
[0220] To detect mouse C/EBP beta, a mouse C/EBP beta specific
probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer
CGGATCAAACGTGGCTGA (SEQ ID NO:11) and the reverse primer
CGCAGGAACATCTTTAAGGTGATT (SEQ ID NO: 12). To normalize for
variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were
stripped and probed for mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).
[0221] Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a
PHOSPHORIMAGER.TM. and IMAGEQUANT.TM. Software V3.3 (Molecular
Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels
in untreated controls.
Example 15
Antisense Inhibition of Human C/EBP Beta Eexpression by Chimeric
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides having 2'-MOE Wings and a Deoxy
Gap
[0222] In accordance with the present invention, a series of
oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the
human C/EBP beta RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession
number X52560, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3, and GenBank
accession number AI567596, the complement of which is incorporated
herein as SEQ ID NO: 17). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table
1. "Target site" indicates the first (5'-most) nucleotide number on
the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds.
All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers")
20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" region
consisting of ten 2'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both
sides (5' and 3' directions) by five-nucleotide "wings". The wings
are composed of 2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE)nucleotides. The
internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P.dbd.S)
throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are
5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on
human C/EBP beta mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as
described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two
experiments. If present, "N.D." indicates "no data". TABLE-US-00004
TABLE 1 Inhibition of human C/EBP beta mRNA levels by chimeric
phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2'-MOE wings and a deoxy
gap TARGET TARGET % SEQ ID ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE
INHIB NO 116442 5'UTR 3 178 ctgctgccgccgctgccggg 63 18 116443 5'UTR
3 203 agctgtcgccgctgcgtcgc 0 19 116444 5'UTR 3 234
cggcccgcaggtgcgcggcc 16 20 116445 Start 3 290 aggcgttgcatgaacgcggg
0 21 Codon 116446 Coding 3 366 gaagttggccacttccatgg 0 22 116447
Coding 3 370 agtagaagttggccacttcc 0 23 116448 Coding 3 375
ctcgtagtagaagttggcca 11 24 116449 Coding 3 394 cagcagccaagcagtccgcc
40 25 116450 Coding 3 399 gtacgcagcagccaagcagt 0 26 116451 Coding 3
488 tcgtggtcgccgatgctgcc 8 27 116452 Coding 3 626
tcgtggtgctgcccggagga 49 28 116453 Coding 3 637 cggagaggaagtcgtggtgc
17 29 116454 Coding 3 642 gaggtcggagaggaagtcgt 0 30 116455 Coding 3
664 tgcccccgtagtcgtcggag 50 31 116456 Coding 3 680
ggcttcttgcagttcttgcc 0 32 116457 Coding 3 681 cggcttcttgcagttcttgc
23 33 116458 Coding 3 685 cggccggcttcttgcagttc 50 34 116459 Coding
3 698 acgtagccgtactcggccgg 0 35 116460 Coding 3 708
ccccaggctcacgtagccgt 59 36 116461 Coding 3 791 gcgggcggcggcggcggcgg
0 37 116462 Coding 3 805 ccgccttgagctcggcgggc 18 38 116463 Coding 3
814 agcccggctccgccttgagc 15 39 116464 Coding 3 818
tcgaagcccggctccgcctt 31 40 116465 Coding 3 867 gccgccgcccggcgccccgg
34 41 116466 Coding 3 878 gccatgcctgcgccgccgcc 60 42 116467 Coding
3 890 gggaagcccgccgccatgcc 4 43 116468 Coding 3 900
cagcgcgtacgggaagcccg 0 44 116469 Coding 3 910 ggtaagcgcgcagcgcgtac
45 45 116470 Coding 3 912 gaggtaagcgcgcagcgcgt 27 46 116471 Coding
3 920 tggtagccgaggtaagcgcg 0 47 116472 Coding 3 922
cctggtagccgaggtaagcg 0 48 116473 Coding 3 924 cgcctggtagccgaggtaag
0 49 116474 Coding 3 925 ccgcctggtagccgaggtaa 64 50 116475 Coding 3
937 tgccgctcggcaccgcctgg 10 51 116476 Coding 3 960
ggacgtggagaggctcccgc 24 52 116477 Coding 3 976 gcgggctggacgaggaggac
0 53 116478 Coding 3 1053 ctgcgagggcgccggcccgg 40 54 116479 Coding
3 1127 atgttgttgcgctcgcgccg 52 55 116480 Coding 3 1169
aggttgcgcatcttggcctt 0 56 116481 Coding 3 1174 tctccaggttgcgcatcttg
49 57 116482 Coding 3 1187 accttgtgctgcgtctccag 43 58 116483 Coding
3 1223 ttctgcagccgctcgttctc 39 59 116484 Coding 3 1228
ccttcttctgcagccgctcg 47 60 116485 Coding 3 1233
ctccaccttcttctgcagcc 32 61 116486 Coding 3 1238
agctgctccaccttcttctg 49 62 116487 Coding 3 1243
gcgacagctgctccaccttc 57 63 116488 Coding 3 1253
ctgagctcgcgcgacagctg 63 64 116489 Coding 3 1265
ttccgcagggtgctgagctc 27 65 116490 Coding 3 1270
acaagttccgcagggtgctg 54 66 116491 Coding 3 1275
cttgaacaagttccgcaggg 12 67 116492 Coding 3 1280
agctgcttgaacaagttccg 26 68 116493 Coding 3 1285
cgggcagctgcttgaacaag 42 69 116494 Stop 3 1321 cgcgctagcagtggccggag
59 70 codon 116495 Stop 3 1325 gggccgcgctagcagtggcc 56 71 codon
116496 3'UTR 3 1366 ccggagtctcagccccggcc 57 72 116497 3'UTR 3 1367
cccggagtctcagccccggc 43 73 116498 3'UTR 3 1375 gggcgctccccggagtctca
0 74 116499 3'UTR 3 1470 ataaaatattaaaattaccg 23 75 116500 3'UTR 3
1499 ggttggcaaaatatagatat 0 76 116501 3'UTR 3 1509
atgtacggttggttggcaaa 0 77 116502 3'UTR 3 1544 ttcttctttatacaccacgg
19 78 116503 3'UTR 3 1570 tatcattcatctgtacacat 47 79 116504 3'UTR 3
1624 gaaaccggccccgcccgccg 0 80 116505 3'UTR 3 1642
accgattgcatcaacttcga 71 81 116506 3'UTR 3 1662 acgcgttcagccatgtttaa
50 82 116507 3'UTR 3 1685 ggttgcgtcagtcccgtgta 77 83 116508 3'UTR 3
1711 cagggcccggctgacagtta 82 84 116509 3'UTR 3 1727
tctttaagcgattactcagg 51 85 116510 3'UTR 3 1749 aacagcaacaagccctagaa
57 86 116511 3'UTR 3 1758 caaaacatcaacagcaacaa 37 87 116512 3'UTR 3
1821 tcttttctcatagaaataga 42 88 116513 3'UTR 3 1826
acgcctcttttctcatagaa 58 89 116514 3'UTR 3 1827 gacgcctcttttctcataga
52 90 116515 3'UTR 3 1854 aaacggaaaagattcccaaa 35 91 116516 3'UTR 3
1869 gttcttaattgcttgaaacg 19 92 116517 3'UTR 3 1887
aaaaagtttattaaaagtgt 8 93 116518 3'UTR 17 143 cccaaaaggctttgtaacca
13 94 116519 3'UTR 17 148 ctgcccccaaaaggctttgt 14 95
[0223] As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 18, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36,
40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 63,
64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,
87, 88, 89, 89, 90 and 91 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of
human C/EBP beta expression in this assay and are therefore
preferred.
Example 17
Antisense Inhibition of Mouse C/EBP Beta Expression by Chimeric
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides having 2'-MOE Wings and a Deoxy
Gap
[0224] In accordance with the present invention, a second series of
oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the
mouse C/EBP beta RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession
number X62600, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10). The
oligonucleotides are shown in Table 2. "Target site" indicates the
first (5'-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence
to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 2 are
chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") 20 nucleotides in length,
composed of a central "gap" region consisting of ten
2'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3'
directions) by five-nucleotide "wings". The wings are composed of
2'-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone)
linkages are phosphorothioate (P.dbd.S) throughout the
oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The
compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse C/EBP beta mRNA
levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples
herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, "N.D."
indicates "no data". TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2 Inhibition of mouse
C/EBP beta mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate
oligonucleotides having 2'-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET
% SEQ ID ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE INHIB NO 116487
Coding 10 905 gcgacagctgctccaccttc 46 63 116513 3'UTR 10 1395
acgcctcttttctcatagaa 46 89 120605 5'UTR 10 6 tataaggcggcgcctggcaa 0
96 120606 5'UTR 10 10 ggtttataaggcggcgcctg 2 97 120607 5'UTR 10 18
gagcgggaggtttataaggc 0 98 120608 5'UTR 10 23 cggccgagcgggaggtttat 7
99 120609 5'UTR 10 42 ctcggactcggcgcggcggc 33 100 116520 5'UTR 10
56 ggtcccgtgcgcggctcgga 0 101 120610 5'UTR 10 62
cgtcccggtcccgtgcgcgg 41 102 116521 5'UTR 10 71 gctccgctgcgtcccggtcc
0 103 116522 Start 10 99 aggcggtgcatgaacgcggg 0 104 Codon 120611
Start 10 105 gccagcaggcggtgcatgaa 43 105 Codon 120612 Start 10 109
ccaggccagcaggcggtgca 41 106 Codon 116523 Coding 10 118
tgctgcgtcccaggccagca 0 107 120613 Coding 10 126
gggaggcatgctgcgtccca 11 108 116524 Coding 10 145
aaaggcggcgggcggcggcg 18 109 116525 Coding 10 156
tccatgggtctaaaggcggc 0 110 116526 Coding 10 161
ccacttccatgggtctaaag 13 111 116527 Coding 10 171
tagaagttggccacttccat 13 112 116528 Coding 10 176
cgtagtagaagttggccact 0 113 120614 Coding 10 184
gtcgggctcgtagtagaagt 21 114 116529 Coding 10 194
aggccaggcagtcgggctcg 0 115 116530 Coding 10 210
gccgccttggccccgtaggc 0 116 116531 Coding 10 222
ggcgcggcgcgggccgcctt 0 117 120615 Coding 10 251
caatggccggctcggcggcg 17 118 116532 Coding 10 257
gctcgccaatggccggctcg 0 119 120616 Coding 10 264
cgctcgtgctcgccaatggc 40 120 120617 Coding 10 270
atggcgcgctcgtgctcgcc 31 121 116533 Coding 10 303
ggcgcgagcggctccaggta 1 122 116534 Coding 10 328
cgcgggcgcggcgaagtccg 2 123 116535 Coding 10 355
gtcggagaggaagtcgtggt 3 124 116536 Coding 10 360
aagaggtcggagaggaagtc 9 125 120618 Coding 10 378
gcgccgtagtcgtcggcgaa 14 126 120619 Coding 10 382
cttggcgccgtagtcgtcgg 26 127 120620 Coding 10 386
tcggcttggcgccgtagtcg 25 128 116537 Coding 10 392
tcttgctcggcttggcgccg 0 129 116538 Coding 10 405
tagtcggccggcttcttgct 28 130 120621 Coding 10 412
gtaaccgtagtcggccggct 20 131 120622 Coding 10 417
ctcacgtaaccgtagtcggc 28 132 120623 Coding 10 424
gccgaggctcacgtaaccgt 21 133 116539 Coding 10 430
cgcgcggccgaggctcacgt 0 134 116540 Coding 10 449
gcggcgcggccttggcgccc 0 135 116541 Coding 10 491
ccgccttgagcgccgcggga 0 136 116542 Coding 10 502
gaagcccggctccgccttga 0 137 120624 Coding 10 510
gcgggttcgaagcccggctc 37 138 120625 Coding 10 514
gtccgcgggttcgaagcccg 27 139 120626 Coding 10 517
gcagtccgcgggttcgaagc 4 140 120627 Coding 10 520
cttgcagtccgcgggttcga 18 141 120628 Coding 10 523
gcgcttgcagtccgcgggtt 31 142 120629 Coding 10 531
tcgtccgcgcgcttgcagtc 1 143 120630 Coding 10 532
gtcgtccgcgcgcttgcagt 14 144 120631 Coding 10 545
ccatggcgggcgcgtcgtcc 0 145 120632 Coding 10 555
aaaccggccgccatggcggg 44 146 120633 Coding 10 561
aacgggaaaccggccgccat 32 147 116543 Coding 10 586
gtagcccaggtaggcgcgca 0 148 120634 Coding 10 592
cgcctggtagcccaggtagg 19 149 120635 Coding 10 595
cgtcgcctggtagcccaggt 23 150 116544 Coding 10 604
gccgctcggcgtcgcctggt 0 151 116545 Coding 10 616
gctgccgctgctgccgctcg 0 152 120636 Coding 10 622
ggacaggctgccgctgctgc 25 153 120637 Coding 10 630
gacgacgtggacaggctgcc 36 154 116546 Coding 10 637
ggacgacgacgacgtggaca 0 155 116547 Coding 10 639
ctggacgacgacgacgtgga 0 156 116548 Coding 10 686
cggcgggcgcggccttggcg 0 157 120638 Coding 10 704
gcggccccgcgaagcaggcg 34 158 120639 Coding 10 710
cggccggcggccccgcgaag 0 159 116549 Coding 10 718
ggcgggcgcggccggcggcc 0 160 116550 Coding 10 722
ccttggcgggcgcggccggc 0 161 116551 Coding 10 727
cttggccttggcgggcgcgg 17 162 116552 Coding 10 744
tccaccgtcttcttggcctt 0 163 116553 Coding 10 745
gtccaccgtcttcttggcct 45 164 116554 Coding 10 753
ctcagcttgtccaccgtctt 36 165 120640 Coding 10 762
tactcgtcgctcagcttgtc 43 166 120641 Coding 10 767
tcttgtactcgtcgctcagc 57 167 116555 Coding 10 778
ctcgcgccgcatcttgtact 0 168 116556 Coding 10 802
cttgcgcaccgcgatgttgt 0 169 116557 Coding 10 818
tggccttgtcgcggctcttg 16 170 116558 Coding 10 834
tccaggttgcgcatcttggc 17 171 116559 Coding 10 838
cgtctccaggttgcgcatct 14 172 116560 Coding 10 856
ctccagcaccttgtgctgcg 0 173 116561 Coding 10 864
gccgtcagctccagcacctt 11 174 120642 Coding 10 870
ttctccgccgtcagctccag 39 175 120643 Coding 10 879
agccgctcgttctccgccgt 41 176 116562 Coding 10 887
tcttctgcagccgctcgttc 0 177 116563 Coding 10 893
ccaccttcttctgcagccgc 18 178 116564 Coding 10 897
tgctccaccttcttctgcag 48 179 116565 Coding 10 902
acagctgctccaccttcttc 18 180 120644 Coding 10 912
agctctcgcgacagctgctc 29 182 116566 Coding 10 919
ggtgctgagctctcgcgaca 0 183 116567 Coding 10 929
agttccgcagggtgctgagc 11 184 116568 Coding 10 934
gaacaagttccgcagggtgc 0 185 116569 Coding 10 939
tgcttgaacaagttccgcag 0 186 116570 Coding 10 945
ggcagctgcttgaacaagtt 0 187 116571 Coding 10 950
gctcgggcagctgcttgaac 0 188 120645 Coding 10 956
gcagcggctcgggcagctgc 12 189 116572 Coding 10 963
gaggccagcagcggctcggg 16 190 116573 Coding 10 966
gccgaggccagcagcggctc 0 191 116574 Coding 10 972
tggcccgccgaggccagcag 0 192 116575 Coding 10 977
agcagtggcccgccgaggcc 11 193 116576 Stop 10 980 gctagcagtggcccgccgag
0 194 Codon 116577 Stop 10 988 cgcgccgcgctagcagtggc 0 195 Codon
116578 Stop 10 994 cgccaccgcgccgcgctagc 0 196 Codon 120646 3'UTR 10
1018 gcacggtggccgcggcgccc 0 197 116579 3'UTR 10 1074
agggcacgcacggtggtccg 19 198 116580 3'UTR 10 1083
ggtgcgcgcagggcacgcac 0 199 116581 3'UTR 10 1088
gtgcaggtgcgcgcagggca 0 200 116582 3'UTR 10 1092
gcaggtgcaggtgcgcgcag 0 201 120647 3'UTR 10 1099
cctcggtgcaggtgcaggtg 41 202 120648 3'UTR 10 1103
gtcccctcggtgcaggtgca 37 203 116583 3'UTR 10 1109
cgcggtgtcccctcggtgca 8 204
116584 3'UTR 10 1119 gcggtgtgcccgcggtgtcc 10 205 120649 3'UTR 10
1127 gcgtgcccgcggtgtgcccg 35 206 120650 3'UTR 10 1139
tgcgtgcgccgcgcgtgccc 0 207 120651 3'UTR 10 1149
gctgtgcaggtgcgtgcgcc 17 208 120652 3'UTR 10 1158
acccggtgcgctgtgcaggt 32 209 120653 3'UTR 10 1163
ccgaaacccggtgcgctgtg 51 210 120654 3'UTR 10 1168
aagtcccgaaacccggtgcg 26 211 116585 3'UTR 10 1174
tgcatcaagtcccgaaaccc 6 212 116586 3'UTR 10 1182
atccggattgcatcaagtcc 0 213 120655 3'UTR 10 1188
cgtttgatccggattgcatc 47 214 120656 3'UTR 10 1192
gccacgtttgatccggattg 19 215 120657 3'UTR 10 1197
gctcagccacgtttgatccg 73 216 120658 3'UTR 10 1202
cacgcgctcagccacgtttg 57 217 120659 3'UTR 10 1218
cgtagtcccgtgtccacacg 42 218 120660 3'UTR 10 1223
tgttgcgtagtcccgtgtcc 36 219 116587 3'UTR 10 1232
ttacacgtgtgttgcgtagt 8 220 120661 3'UTR 10 1240
ctagacagttacacgtgtgt 43 221 120662 3'UTR 10 1243
cggctagacagttacacgtg 42 222 116588 3'UTR 10 1257
gattactcagggcccggcta 0 223 116589 3'UTR 10 1264
ttaaggtgattactcagggc 0 224 120663 3'UTR 10 1271
aacatctttaaggtgattac 7 225 116590 3'UTR 10 1278
ccgcaggaacatctttaagg 10 226 116591 3'UTR 10 1292
aaacatcaacaaccccgcag 3 227 116592 3'UTR 10 1309
aacaaaaacaaaaccaaaaa 0 228 120664 3'UTR 10 1369
cttttttatataatacaaaa 7 229 120665 3'UTR 10 1376
aatagaacttttttatataa 8 230 116593 3'UTR 10 1385
tctcatagaaatagaacttt 3 231 116594 3'UTR 10 1393
gcctcttttctcatagaaat 39 232 120666 3'UTR 10 1405
aaatatacatacgcctcttt 3 234 120667 3'UTR 10 1417
gaaaaggttctcaaatatac 0 235 120668 3'UTR 10 1426
ctcgaaacggaaaaggttct 26 236 120669 3'UTR 10 1430
aatgctcgaaacggaaaagg 38 237 120670 3'UTR 10 1434
ctttaatgctcgaaacggaa 33 238 120671 3'UTR 10 1437
tcactttaatgctcgaaacg 46 239 120672 3'UTR 10 1442
tgtcttcactttaatgctcg 48 240 116595 3'UTR 10 1448
ttaaaatgtcttcactttaa 4 241 116596 3'UTR 10 1458
aaaaagtttattaaaatgtc 0 242 120673 3'UTR 10 1465
tctcccaaaaaagtttatta 0 243 116597 3'UTR 10 1476
cttttaaacattctcccaaa 0 244
[0225] As shown in Table 2, SEQ ID NOs 63, 89, 100, 102, 105, 106,
114, 120, 121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147,
150, 153, 154, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175, 176, 179, 182, 202,
203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 232,
236, 237, 238, 239 and 240 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of
mouse C/EBP beta expression in this experiment and are therefore
preferred.
Example 18
Western Blot Analysis of C/EBP Beta Protein Levels
[0226] Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out
using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after
oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in
Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a
16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and
transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary
antibody directed to C/EBP beta is used, with a radiolabelled or
fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the
primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a
PHOSPHORIMAGER.TM. (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).
Sequence CWU 0
0
SEQUENCE LISTING <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 244 <210>
SEQ ID NO 1 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA
<213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 1 tccgtcatcg ctcctcaggg 20 <210> SEQ ID
NO 2 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
2 atgcattctg cccccaagga 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 3 <211>
LENGTH: 1910 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo
sapiens <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
<220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: unsure <222>
LOCATION: 1415 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: unknown <220>
FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: unsure <222> LOCATION: 1421
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: unknown <220> FEATURE:
<221> NAME/KEY: unsure <222> LOCATION: 1422 <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: unknown <220> FEATURE: <221>
NAME/KEY: unsure <222> LOCATION: 1423 <223> OTHER
INFORMATION: unknown <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY:
unsure <222> LOCATION: 1424 <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
unknown <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: unsure
<222> LOCATION: 1458 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: unknown
<220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222>
LOCATION: (299)...(1336) <400> SEQUENCE: 3 gtccttcgcg
tcccggcggc gcggcggagg ggccggcgtg acgcagcggt tgctacgggc 60
cgcccttata aataaccggg ctcaggagaa actttagcga gtcagagccg cgcacgggac
120 tgggaagggg acccacccga gggtccagcc accagccccc tcactaatag
cggccacccc 180 ggcagcggcg gcagcagcag cagcgacgca gcggcgacag
ctcagagcag ggaggccgcg 240 cacctgcggg ccggccggag cgggcagccc
caggccccct ccccgggcac ccgcgttc 298 atg caa cgc ctg gtg gcc tgg gac
cca gca tgt ctc ccc ctg ccg ccg 346 Met Gln Arg Leu Val Ala Trp Asp
Pro Ala Cys Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro 1 5 10 15 ccg ccg cct gcc ttt aaa
tcc atg gaa gtg gcc aac ttc tac tac gag 394 Pro Pro Pro Ala Phe Lys
Ser Met Glu Val Ala Asn Phe Tyr Tyr Glu 20 25 30 gcg gac tgc ttg
gct gct gcg tac ggc ggc aag gcg gcc ccc gcg gcg 442 Ala Asp Cys Leu
Ala Ala Ala Tyr Gly Gly Lys Ala Ala Pro Ala Ala 35 40 45 ccc ccc
gcg gcc aga ccc ggg ccg cgc ccc ccc gcc ggc gag ctg ggc 490 Pro Pro
Ala Ala Arg Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Pro Ala Gly Glu Leu Gly 50 55 60
agc atc ggc gac cac gag cgc gcc atc gac ttc agc ccg tac ctg gag 538
Ser Ile Gly Asp His Glu Arg Ala Ile Asp Phe Ser Pro Tyr Leu Glu 65
70 75 80 ccg ctg ggc gcg ccg cag gcc ccg gcg ccc gcc acg gcc acg
gac acc 586 Pro Leu Gly Ala Pro Gln Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Thr Ala Thr
Asp Thr 85 90 95 ttc gag gcg gct ccg ccc gcg ccc gcc ccc gcg ccc
gcc tcc tcc ggg 634 Phe Glu Ala Ala Pro Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro
Ala Ser Ser Gly 100 105 110 cag cac cac gac ttc ctc tcc gac ctc ttc
tcc gac gac tac ggg ggc 682 Gln His His Asp Phe Leu Ser Asp Leu Phe
Ser Asp Asp Tyr Gly Gly 115 120 125 aag aac tgc aag aag ccg gcc gag
tac ggc tac gtg agc ctg ggg cgc 730 Lys Asn Cys Lys Lys Pro Ala Glu
Tyr Gly Tyr Val Ser Leu Gly Arg 130 135 140 ctg ggg gct gcc aag ggc
gcg ctg cac ccc ggc tgc ttc gcg ccc ctg 778 Leu Gly Ala Ala Lys Gly
Ala Leu His Pro Gly Cys Phe Ala Pro Leu 145 150 155 160 cac cca ccg
ccc ccg ccg ccg ccg ccg ccc gcc gag ctc aag gcg gag 826 His Pro Pro
Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Glu Leu Lys Ala Glu 165 170 175 ccg
ggc ttc gag ccc gcg gac tgc aag cgg aag gag gag gcc ggg gcg 874 Pro
Gly Phe Glu Pro Ala Asp Cys Lys Arg Lys Glu Glu Ala Gly Ala 180 185
190 ccg ggc ggc ggc gca ggc atg gcg gcg ggc ttc ccg tac gcg ctg cgc
922 Pro Gly Gly Gly Ala Gly Met Ala Ala Gly Phe Pro Tyr Ala Leu Arg
195 200 205 gct tac ctc ggc tac cag gcg gtg ccg agc ggc agc agc ggg
agc ctc 970 Ala Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Gln Ala Val Pro Ser Gly Ser Ser Gly
Ser Leu 210 215 220 tcc acg tcc tcc tcg tcc agc ccg ccc ggc acg ccg
agc ccc gct gac 1018 Ser Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly Thr
Pro Ser Pro Ala Asp 225 230 235 240 gcc aag gcc ccc ccg acc gcc tgc
tac gcg ggg gcc ggg ccg gcg ccc 1066 Ala Lys Ala Pro Pro Thr Ala
Cys Tyr Ala Gly Ala Gly Pro Ala Pro 245 250 255 tcg cag gtc aag agc
aag gcc aag aag acc gtg gac aag cac agc gac 1114 Ser Gln Val Lys
Ser Lys Ala Lys Lys Thr Val Asp Lys His Ser Asp 260 265 270 gag tac
aag atc cgg cgc gag cgc aac aac atc gcc gtg cgc aag agc 1162 Glu
Tyr Lys Ile Arg Arg Glu Arg Asn Asn Ile Ala Val Arg Lys Ser 275 280
285 cgc gac aag gcc aag atg cgc aac ctg gag acg cag cac aag gtc ctg
1210 Arg Asp Lys Ala Lys Met Arg Asn Leu Glu Thr Gln His Lys Val
Leu 290 295 300 gag ctc acg gcc gag aac gag cgg ctg cag aag aag gtg
gag cag ctg 1258 Glu Leu Thr Ala Glu Asn Glu Arg Leu Gln Lys Lys
Val Glu Gln Leu 305 310 315 320 tcg cgc gag ctc agc acc ctg cgg aac
ttg ttc aag cag ctg ccc gag 1306 Ser Arg Glu Leu Ser Thr Leu Arg
Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro Glu 325 330 335 ccc ctg ctc gcc tcc tcc
ggc cac tgc tag cgcggccccc gcggcgtccc 1356 Pro Leu Leu Ala Ser Ser
Gly His Cys 340 345 cctggggccg gccggggctg agactccggg gagcgcccgc
gcccgcgccc tcgcccccnc 1416 ccccnnnncc gcaaaacttt ggcactgggg
cacttggcag cnggggagcc cgtcggtaat 1476 tttaatattt tattatatat
atatatctat attttgccaa ccaaccgtac atgcagatgg 1536 ctcccgcccg
tggtgtataa agaagaaatg tctatgtgta cagatgaatg ataaactctc 1596
tgctctccct ctgcccctct ccaggcccgg cgggcggggc cggtttcgaa gttgatgcaa
1656 tcggtttaaa catggctgaa cgcgtgtgta cacgggactg acgcaaccca
cgtgtaactg 1716 tcagccgggc cctgagtaat cgcttaaaga tgttctaggg
cttgttgctg ttgatgtttt 1776 gttttgtttt gttttttggt ctttttttgt
attataaaaa ataatctatt tctatgagaa 1836 aagaggcgtc tgtatatttt
gggaatcttt tccgtttcaa gcaattaaga acacttttaa 1896 taaacttttt tttg
1910 <210> SEQ ID NO 4 <211> LENGTH: 21 <212>
TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220>
FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Primer <400>
SEQUENCE: 4 gcaacccacg tgtaactgtc a 21 <210> SEQ ID NO 5
<211> LENGTH: 22 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM:
Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER
INFORMATION: PCR Primer <400> SEQUENCE: 5 tcaacagcaa
caagccctag aa 22 <210> SEQ ID NO 6 <211> LENGTH: 27
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Probe
<400> SEQUENCE: 6 ccgggccctg agtaatcgct taaagat 27
<210> SEQ ID NO 7 <211> LENGTH: 19 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Primer <400> SEQUENCE: 7
gaaggtgaag gtcggagtc 19 <210> SEQ ID NO 8 <211> LENGTH:
20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Primer
<400> SEQUENCE: 8 gaagatggtg atgggatttc 20 <210> SEQ ID
NO 9 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA
<213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Probe <400> SEQUENCE: 9
caagcttccc gttctcagcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 10 <211>
LENGTH: 1500 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Mus
musculus <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222>
LOCATION: (108)...(998) <400> SEQUENCE: 10 gcccgttgcc
aggcgccgcc ttataaacct cccgctcggc cgccgccgcg ccgagtccga 60
gccgcgcacg ggaccgggac gcagcggagc ccgcgggccc cgcgttc atg cac cgc 116
Met His Arg 1 ctg ctg gcc tgg gac gca gca tgc ctc ccg ccg ccg ccc
gcc gcc ttt 164 Leu Leu Ala Trp Asp Ala Ala Cys Leu Pro Pro Pro Pro
Ala Ala Phe 5 10 15 aga ccc atg gaa gtg gcc aac ttc tac tac gag ccc
gac tgc ctg gcc 212 Arg Pro Met Glu Val Ala Asn Phe Tyr Tyr Glu Pro
Asp Cys Leu Ala 20 25 30 35 tac ggg gcc aag gcg gcc cgc gcc gcg ccg
cgc gcc ccc gcc gcc gag 260 Tyr Gly Ala Lys Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Pro
Arg Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu 40 45 50 ccg gcc att ggc gag cac gag cgc
gcc atc gac ttc agc ccc tac ctg 308 Pro Ala Ile Gly Glu His Glu Arg
Ala Ile Asp Phe Ser Pro Tyr Leu 55 60 65 gag ccg ctc gcg ccc gcc
gcg gac ttc gcc gcg ccc gcg ccc gcg cac 356 Glu Pro Leu Ala Pro Ala
Ala Asp Phe Ala Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala His 70 75 80 cac gac ttc ctc
tcc gac ctc ttc gcc gac gac tac ggc gcc aag ccg 404 His Asp Phe Leu
Ser Asp Leu Phe Ala Asp Asp Tyr Gly Ala Lys Pro 85 90 95 agc aag
aag ccg gcc gac tac ggt tac gtg agc ctc ggc cgc gcg ggc 452 Ser Lys
Lys Pro Ala Asp Tyr Gly Tyr Val Ser Leu Gly Arg Ala Gly 100 105 110
115 gcc aag gcc gcg ccg ccc gcc tgc ttc ccg ccg ccg cct ccc gcg gcg
500 Ala Lys Ala Ala Pro Pro Ala Cys Phe Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Ala Ala
120 125 130 ctc aag gcg gag ccg ggc ttc gaa ccc gcg gac tgc aag cgc
gcg gac 548 Leu Lys Ala Glu Pro Gly Phe Glu Pro Ala Asp Cys Lys Arg
Ala Asp 135 140 145 gac gcg ccc gcc atg gcg gcc ggt ttc ccg ttc gcc
ctg cgc gcc tac 596 Asp Ala Pro Ala Met Ala Ala Gly Phe Pro Phe Ala
Leu Arg Ala Tyr 150 155 160 ctg ggc tac cag gcg acg ccg agc ggc agc
agc ggc agc ctg tcc acg 644 Leu Gly Tyr Gln Ala Thr Pro Ser Gly Ser
Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Thr 165 170 175 tcg tcg tcg tcc agc ccg ccc ggc
acg ccg agc ccc gcc gac gcc aag 692 Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly
Thr Pro Ser Pro Ala Asp Ala Lys 180 185 190 195 gcc gcg ccc gcc gcc
tgc ttc gcg ggg ccg ccg gcc gcg ccc gcc aag 740 Ala Ala Pro Ala Ala
Cys Phe Ala Gly Pro Pro Ala Ala Pro Ala Lys 200 205 210 gcc aag gcc
aag aag acg gtg gac aag ctg agc gac gag tac aag atg 788 Ala Lys Ala
Lys Lys Thr Val Asp Lys Leu Ser Asp Glu Tyr Lys Met 215 220 225 cgg
cgc gag cgc aac aac atc gcg gtg cgc aag agc cgc gac aag gcc 836 Arg
Arg Glu Arg Asn Asn Ile Ala Val Arg Lys Ser Arg Asp Lys Ala 230 235
240 aag atg cgc aac ctg gag acg cag cac aag gtg ctg gag ctg acg gcg
884 Lys Met Arg Asn Leu Glu Thr Gln His Lys Val Leu Glu Leu Thr Ala
245 250 255 gag aac gag cgg ctg cag aag aag gtg gag cag ctg tcg cga
gag ctc 932 Glu Asn Glu Arg Leu Gln Lys Lys Val Glu Gln Leu Ser Arg
Glu Leu 260 265 270 275 agc acc ctg cgg aac ttg ttc aag cag ctg ccc
gag ccg ctg ctg gcc 980 Ser Thr Leu Arg Asn Leu Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro
Glu Pro Leu Leu Ala 280 285 290 tcg gcg ggc cac tgc tag cgcggcgcgg
tggcgtgggg ggcgccgcgg ccaccgtgcg 1038 Ser Ala Gly His Cys 295
ccctgccccg cgcgctccgg ccccgcgcgc gcgcccggac caccgtgcgt gccctgcgcg
1098 cacctgcacc tgcaccgagg ggacaccgcg ggcacaccgc gggcacgcgc
ggcgcacgca 1158 cctgcacagc gcaccgggtt tcgggacttg atgcaatccg
gatcaaacgt ggctgagcgc 1218 gtgtggacac gggactacgc aacacacgtg
taactgtcta gccgggccct gagtaatcac 1278 cttaaagatg ttcctgcggg
gttgttgatg tttttggttt tgtttttgtt ttttgttttg 1338 ttttgttttt
ttttttggtc ttattatttt ttttgtatta tataaaaaag ttctatttct 1398
atgagaaaag aggcgtatgt atatttgaga accttttccg tttcgagcat taaagtgaag
1458 acattttaat aaactttttt gggagaatgt ttaaaagcca aa 1500
<210> SEQ ID NO 11 <211> LENGTH: 18 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Primer <400> SEQUENCE: 11
cggatcaaac gtggctga 18 <210> SEQ ID NO 12 <211> LENGTH:
24 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Primer
<400> SEQUENCE: 12 cgcaggaaca tctttaaggt gatt 24 <210>
SEQ ID NO 13 <211> LENGTH: 26 <212> TYPE: DNA
<213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Probe <400> SEQUENCE: 13
acgtgtaact gtctagccgg gccctg 26 <210> SEQ ID NO 14
<211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM:
Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER
INFORMATION: PCR Primer <400> SEQUENCE: 14 ggcaaattca
acggcacagt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 15 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Primer
<400> SEQUENCE: 15 gggtctcgct cctggaagct 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 16 <211> LENGTH: 27 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: PCR Probe <400> SEQUENCE: 16 aaggccgaga
atgggaagct tgtcatc 27 <210> SEQ ID NO 17 <211> LENGTH:
192 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens
<220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: unsure <222>
LOCATION: 182 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: unknown <220>
FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: unsure <222> LOCATION: 183
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: unknown <220> FEATURE:
<221> NAME/KEY: unsure <222> LOCATION: 184 <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: unknown <220> FEATURE: <221>
NAME/KEY: unsure <222> LOCATION: 185 <223> OTHER
INFORMATION: unknown <400> SEQUENCE: 17 gttttgtttt gttttgtttt
ttggtctttt tttggattat aaaaaataat ctatttctat 60 gagaaaaaag
gcgtctgtat attttgggaa tcttttccgt ttcaagcatt aagaacactt 120
ttaataaact tttttttgag aatggttaca aagccttttg ggggcagtaa aaaaaaaaaa
180 annnnaaaaa aa 192 <210> SEQ ID NO 18 <211> LENGTH:
20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 18 ctgctgccgc cgctgccggg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 19 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 19 agctgtcgcc gctgcgtcgc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 20 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 20 cggcccgcag gtgcgcggcc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 21 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
21 aggcgttgca tgaacgcggg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 22 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 22 gaagttggcc
acttccatgg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 23 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 23 agtagaagtt ggccacttcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 24 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 24 ctcgtagtag aagttggcca 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 25 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
25 cagcagccaa gcagtccgcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 26 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 26 gtacgcagca
gccaagcagt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 27 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 27 tcgtggtcgc cgatgctgcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 28 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 28 tcgtggtgct gcccggagga 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 29 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
29 cggagaggaa gtcgtggtgc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 30 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 30 gaggtcggag
aggaagtcgt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 31 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 31 tgcccccgta gtcgtcggag 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 32 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 32 ggcttcttgc agttcttgcc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 33 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
33 cggcttcttg cagttcttgc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 34 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 34 cggccggctt
cttgcagttc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 35 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 35 acgtagccgt actcggccgg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 36 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 36 ccccaggctc acgtagccgt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 37 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
37 gcgggcggcg gcggcggcgg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 38 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 38 ccgccttgag
ctcggcgggc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 39 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 39 agcccggctc cgccttgagc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 40 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 40 tcgaagcccg gctccgcctt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 41 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 41 gccgccgccc ggcgccccgg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 42 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 42 gccatgcctg cgccgccgcc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 43 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
43 gggaagcccg ccgccatgcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 44 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 44 cagcgcgtac
gggaagcccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 45 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 45 ggtaagcgcg cagcgcgtac 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 46 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 46 gaggtaagcg cgcagcgcgt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 47 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
47 tggtagccga ggtaagcgcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 48 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 48 cctggtagcc
gaggtaagcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 49 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 49 cgcctggtag ccgaggtaag 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 50 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 50 ccgcctggta gccgaggtaa 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 51 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
51 tgccgctcgg caccgcctgg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 52 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 52 ggacgtggag
aggctcccgc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 53 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 53 gcgggctgga cgaggaggac 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 54 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 54 ctgcgagggc gccggcccgg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 55 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
55 atgttgttgc gctcgcgccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 56 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 56 aggttgcgca
tcttggcctt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 57 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 57 tctccaggtt gcgcatcttg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 58 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 58 accttgtgct gcgtctccag 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 59 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
59 ttctgcagcc gctcgttctc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 60 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 60 ccttcttctg
cagccgctcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 61 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 61 ctccaccttc ttctgcagcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 62 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA
<213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 62 agctgctcca ccttcttctg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 63 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
63 gcgacagctg ctccaccttc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 64 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 64 ctgagctcgc
gcgacagctg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 65 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 65 ttccgcaggg tgctgagctc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 66 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 66 acaagttccg cagggtgctg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 67 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
67 cttgaacaag ttccgcaggg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 68 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 68 agctgcttga
acaagttccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 69 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 69 cgggcagctg cttgaacaag 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 70 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 70 cgcgctagca gtggccggag 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 71 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
71 gggccgcgct agcagtggcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 72 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 72 ccggagtctc
agccccggcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 73 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 73 cccggagtct cagccccggc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 74 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 74 gggcgctccc cggagtctca 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 75 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
75 ataaaatatt aaaattaccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 76 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 76 ggttggcaaa
atatagatat 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 77 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 77 atgtacggtt ggttggcaaa 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 78 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 78 ttcttcttta tacaccacgg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 79 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
79 tatcattcat ctgtacacat 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 80 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 80 gaaaccggcc
ccgcccgccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 81 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 81 accgattgca tcaacttcga 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 82 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 82 acgcgttcag ccatgtttaa 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 83 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 83 ggttgcgtca gtcccgtgta 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 84 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 84 cagggcccgg ctgacagtta 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 85 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
85 tctttaagcg attactcagg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 86 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 86 aacagcaaca
agccctagaa 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 87 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 87 caaaacatca acagcaacaa 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 88 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 88 tcttttctca tagaaataga 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 89 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
89 acgcctcttt tctcatagaa 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 90 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 90 gacgcctctt
ttctcataga 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 91 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 91 aaacggaaaa gattcccaaa 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 92 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 92 gttcttaatt gcttgaaacg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 93 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
93 aaaaagttta ttaaaagtgt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 94 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 94 cccaaaaggc
tttgtaacca 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 95 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 95 ctgcccccaa aaggctttgt 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 96 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 96 tataaggcgg cgcctggcaa 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 97 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
97 ggtttataag gcggcgcctg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 98 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 98 gagcgggagg
tttataaggc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 99 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 99 cggccgagcg ggaggtttat 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 100 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 100 ctcggactcg gcgcggcggc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 101 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
101 ggtcccgtgc gcggctcgga 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 102 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 102 cgtcccggtc
ccgtgcgcgg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 103 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 103 gctccgctgc gtcccggtcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 104
<211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM:
Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER
INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 104
aggcggtgca tgaacgcggg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 105 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 105 gccagcaggc
ggtgcatgaa 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 106 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 106 ccaggccagc aggcggtgca 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 107 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 107 tgctgcgtcc caggccagca 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 108 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
108 gggaggcatg ctgcgtccca 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 109 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 109 aaaggcggcg
ggcggcggcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 110 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 110 tccatgggtc taaaggcggc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 111 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 111 ccacttccat gggtctaaag 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 112 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
112 tagaagttgg ccacttccat 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 113 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 113 cgtagtagaa
gttggccact 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 114 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 114 gtcgggctcg tagtagaagt 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 115 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 115 aggccaggca gtcgggctcg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 116 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
116 gccgccttgg ccccgtaggc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 117 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 117 ggcgcggcgc
gggccgcctt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 118 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 118 caatggccgg ctcggcggcg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 119 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 119 gctcgccaat ggccggctcg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 120 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
120 cgctcgtgct cgccaatggc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 121 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 121 atggcgcgct
cgtgctcgcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 122 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 122 ggcgcgagcg gctccaggta 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 123 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 123 cgcgggcgcg gcgaagtccg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 124 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
124 gtcggagagg aagtcgtggt 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 125 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 125 aagaggtcgg agaggaagtc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 126 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
126 gcgccgtagt cgtcggcgaa 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 127 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 127 cttggcgccg
tagtcgtcgg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 128 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 128 tcggcttggc gccgtagtcg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 129 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 129 tcttgctcgg cttggcgccg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 130 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
130 tagtcggccg gcttcttgct 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 131 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 131 gtaaccgtag
tcggccggct 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 132 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 132 ctcacgtaac cgtagtcggc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 133 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 133 gccgaggctc acgtaaccgt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 134 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
134 cgcgcggccg aggctcacgt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 135 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 135 gcggcgcggc
cttggcgccc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 136 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 136 ccgccttgag cgccgcggga 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 137 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 137 gaagcccggc tccgccttga 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 138 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
138 gcgggttcga agcccggctc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 139 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 139 gtccgcgggt
tcgaagcccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 140 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 140 gcagtccgcg ggttcgaagc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 141 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 141 cttgcagtcc gcgggttcga 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 142 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
142 gcgcttgcag tccgcgggtt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 143 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 143 tcgtccgcgc
gcttgcagtc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 144 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 144 gtcgtccgcg cgcttgcagt 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 145 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 145 ccatggcggg cgcgtcgtcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 146 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 146 aaaccggccg ccatggcggg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 147 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
147 aacgggaaac cggccgccat 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 148 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 148 gtagcccagg
taggcgcgca 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 149 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 149 cgcctggtag cccaggtagg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 150 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 150 cgtcgcctgg tagcccaggt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 151 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
151 gccgctcggc gtcgcctggt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 152 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 152 gctgccgctg
ctgccgctcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 153 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 153 ggacaggctg ccgctgctgc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 154 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 154 gacgacgtgg acaggctgcc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 155 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
155 ggacgacgac gacgtggaca 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 156 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 156 ctggacgacg
acgacgtgga 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 157 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 157 cggcgggcgc ggccttggcg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 158 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 158 gcggccccgc gaagcaggcg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 159 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
159 cggccggcgg ccccgcgaag 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 160 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 160 ggcgggcgcg
gccggcggcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 161 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 161 ccttggcggg cgcggccggc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 162 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 162 cttggccttg gcgggcgcgg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 163 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
163 tccaccgtct tcttggcctt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 164 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 164 gtccaccgtc
ttcttggcct 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 165 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 165 ctcagcttgt ccaccgtctt 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 166 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 166 tactcgtcgc tcagcttgtc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 167 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 167 tcttgtactc gtcgctcagc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 168 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
168 ctcgcgccgc atcttgtact 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 169 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 169 cttgcgcacc
gcgatgttgt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 170 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 170 tggccttgtc gcggctcttg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 171 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 171 tccaggttgc gcatcttggc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 172 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
172 cgtctccagg ttgcgcatct 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 173 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 173 ctccagcacc
ttgtgctgcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 174 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 174 gccgtcagct ccagcacctt 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 175 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 175 ttctccgccg tcagctccag 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 176 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
176 agccgctcgt tctccgccgt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 177 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 177 tcttctgcag
ccgctcgttc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 178 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 178 ccaccttctt ctgcagccgc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 179 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 179 tgctccacct tcttctgcag 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 180 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
180 acagctgctc caccttcttc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 181 <400>
SEQUENCE: 181 000 <210> SEQ ID NO 182 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 182 agctctcgcg acagctgctc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 183 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 183 ggtgctgagc tctcgcgaca 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 184 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
184 agttccgcag ggtgctgagc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 185 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 185 gaacaagttc
cgcagggtgc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 186 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 186 tgcttgaaca agttccgcag 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 187 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 187 ggcagctgct tgaacaagtt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 188 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 188 gctcgggcag ctgcttgaac 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 189 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 189 gcagcggctc gggcagctgc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 190 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
190 gaggccagca gcggctcggg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 191 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 191 gccgaggcca
gcagcggctc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 192 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 192 tggcccgccg aggccagcag 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 193 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 193 agcagtggcc cgccgaggcc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 194 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
194 gctagcagtg gcccgccgag 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 195 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 195 cgcgccgcgc
tagcagtggc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 196 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 196 cgccaccgcg ccgcgctagc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 197 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 197 gcacggtggc cgcggcgccc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 198 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
198 agggcacgca cggtggtccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 199 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 199 ggtgcgcgca
gggcacgcac 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 200 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 200 gtgcaggtgc gcgcagggca 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 201 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 201 gcaggtgcag gtgcgcgcag 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 202 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
202 cctcggtgca ggtgcaggtg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 203 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 203 gtcccctcgg
tgcaggtgca 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 204 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 204 cgcggtgtcc cctcggtgca 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 205 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 205 gcggtgtgcc cgcggtgtcc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 206 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
206 gcgtgcccgc ggtgtgcccg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 207 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 207 tgcgtgcgcc
gcgcgtgccc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 208 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 208 gctgtgcagg tgcgtgcgcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 209
<211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM:
Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER
INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 209
acccggtgcg ctgtgcaggt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 210 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 210 ccgaaacccg
gtgcgctgtg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 211 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 211 aagtcccgaa acccggtgcg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 212 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 212 tgcatcaagt cccgaaaccc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 213 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
213 atccggattg catcaagtcc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 214 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 214 cgtttgatcc
ggattgcatc 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 215 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 215 gccacgtttg atccggattg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 216 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 216 gctcagccac gtttgatccg 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 217 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
217 cacgcgctca gccacgtttg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 218 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 218 cgtagtcccg
tgtccacacg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 219 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 219 tgttgcgtag tcccgtgtcc 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 220 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 220 ttacacgtgt gttgcgtagt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 221 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
221 ctagacagtt acacgtgtgt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 222 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 222 cggctagaca
gttacacgtg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 223 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 223 gattactcag ggcccggcta 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 224 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 224 ttaaggtgat tactcagggc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 225 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
225 aacatcttta aggtgattac 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 226 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 226 ccgcaggaac
atctttaagg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 227 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 227 aaacatcaac aaccccgcag 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 228 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 228 aacaaaaaca aaaccaaaaa 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 229 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
229 cttttttata taatacaaaa 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 230 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 230 aatagaactt ttttatataa 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 231 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
231 tctcatagaa atagaacttt 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 232 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 232 gcctcttttc
tcatagaaat 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 233 <400> SEQUENCE: 233
000 <210> SEQ ID NO 234 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212>
TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220>
FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 234 aaatatacat acgcctcttt 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 235 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
235 gaaaaggttc tcaaatatac 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 236 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 236 ctcgaaacgg
aaaaggttct 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 237 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 237 aatgctcgaa acggaaaagg 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 238 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 238 ctttaatgct cgaaacggaa 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 239 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
239 tcactttaat gctcgaaacg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 240 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 240 tgtcttcact
ttaatgctcg 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 241 <211> LENGTH: 20
<212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence
<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense
Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 241 ttaaaatgtc ttcactttaa 20
<210> SEQ ID NO 242 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE:
DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide
<400> SEQUENCE: 242 aaaaagttta ttaaaatgtc 20 <210> SEQ
ID NO 243 <211> LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>
ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>
OTHER INFORMATION: Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE:
243 tctcccaaaa aagtttatta 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 244 <211>
LENGTH: 20 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial
Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:
Antisense Oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 244 cttttaaaca
ttctcccaaa 20
* * * * *