U.S. patent application number 11/043889 was filed with the patent office on 2006-01-12 for novel 38594, 57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259, 67118, 67067, 62092, fbh58295fl, 57255, and 57255alt molecules and uses therefor.
This patent application is currently assigned to Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Invention is credited to Rory A.J. Curtis, Maria Alexandra Glucksmann, Rachel E. Meyers.
Application Number | 20060008819 11/043889 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27618040 |
Filed Date | 2006-01-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060008819 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Curtis; Rory A.J. ; et
al. |
January 12, 2006 |
Novel 38594, 57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259,
67118, 67067, 62092, FBH58295FL, 57255, and 57255alt molecules and
uses therefor
Abstract
The invention provides isolated nucleic acids molecules,
designated 38594, 57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259,
67118, 67067, 62092, FBH58295FL, 57255, and 57255alt nucleic acid
molecules, which encode transporter molecules, including sugar
transporters, organic anion transporters, amino acid transporters,
and phospholipid transporters. The invention also provides
antisense nucleic acid molecules, recombinant expression vectors
containing 38594, 57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259,
67118, 67067, 62092, FBH58295FL, 57255, and 57255alt nucleic acid
molecules, host cells into which the expression vectors have been
introduced, and non-human transgenic animals in which a 38594,
57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259, 67118, 67067,
62092, FBH58295FL, 57255, and 57255alt gene has been introduced or
disrupted. The invention still further provides isolated 38594,
57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259, 67118, 67067,
62092, FBH58295FL, 57255, and 57255alt polypeptides, fusion
polypeptides, antigenic peptides and anti-38594, 57312, 53659,
57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57259, 67118, 67067, 62092, FBH58295FL,
57255, and 57255alt antibodies. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods
utilizing compositions of the invention are also provided.
Inventors: |
Curtis; Rory A.J.;
(Framingham, MA) ; Glucksmann; Maria Alexandra;
(Lexington, MA) ; Meyers; Rachel E.; (Newton,
MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MILLENNIUM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
40 Landsdowne Street
CAMBRIDGE
MA
02139
US
|
Assignee: |
Millennium Pharmaceuticals,
Inc.
|
Family ID: |
27618040 |
Appl. No.: |
11/043889 |
Filed: |
January 25, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10154419 |
May 22, 2002 |
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11043889 |
Jan 25, 2005 |
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09858194 |
May 14, 2001 |
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10154419 |
May 22, 2002 |
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09895811 |
Jun 29, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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09919781 |
Jul 31, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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09957664 |
Sep 19, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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09964295 |
Sep 25, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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09972724 |
Oct 5, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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10002769 |
Nov 14, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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10024623 |
Dec 17, 2001 |
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10154419 |
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10055025 |
Jan 22, 2002 |
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10154419 |
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60204211 |
May 12, 2000 |
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60215376 |
Jun 29, 2000 |
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60221769 |
Jul 31, 2000 |
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60233790 |
Sep 19, 2000 |
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60235107 |
Sep 25, 2000 |
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60238336 |
Oct 5, 2000 |
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60248364 |
Nov 14, 2000 |
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60248878 |
Nov 15, 2000 |
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60256240 |
Dec 15, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/6.16 ;
435/320.1; 435/325; 435/69.1; 530/350; 536/23.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 9/14 20130101; G01N
2500/10 20130101; C12N 2310/3181 20130101; A01K 2217/075 20130101;
C07K 14/47 20130101; C07K 14/4702 20130101; C07K 2319/00 20130101;
A61K 48/00 20130101; A01K 2217/05 20130101; G01N 2500/20 20130101;
G01N 2500/02 20130101; G01N 2500/04 20130101; C12N 2310/351
20130101; C07K 14/705 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; C12N 9/16
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/006 ;
435/069.1; 435/320.1; 435/325; 530/350; 536/023.5 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/68 20060101
C12Q001/68; C07H 21/04 20060101 C07H021/04; C12P 21/06 20060101
C12P021/06; C07K 14/705 20060101 C07K014/705 |
Claims
1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group
consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide
sequence which is at least 90% identical to the nucleotide sequence
of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30,
32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, or a
complement thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a
fragment of at least 30 nucleotides of a nucleic acid comprising
the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15,
17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56,
57, or 59, or a complement thereof; (c) a nucleic acid molecule
which encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at
least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, or a
complement thereof; (d) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a
naturally-occurring allelic variant polypeptide comprising the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20,
28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, or a complement thereof; and (e)
a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a fragment of a polypeptide
comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16,
20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, wherein the fragment
comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40,
52, 55 or 58, or a complement thereof.
2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, further
comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous
polypeptide.
3. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.
4. The vector of claim 3, which is an expression vector.
5. A host cell transfected with the expression vector of claim
4.
6. A method of producing a polypeptide comprising culturing the
host cell of claim 5 in an appropriate culture medium to, thereby,
produce the polypeptide.
7. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, selected from the
group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the
nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 4, 7, 12, 15, 19, 27,
30, 33, 36, 39, 51, 54 or 57, or a complement thereof; (b) a
nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO:3, 6, 9, 14, 17, 21, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 53, 56, or
59, or a complement thereof; and (c) a nucleic acid molecule which
encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58,
or a complement thereof.
8. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule
comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least 90% identical to
a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1,
3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36,
38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59; (b) a fragment of a
polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5,
8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, wherein the
fragment comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID
NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58; (c) a
naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34,
37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a
nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes to complement of a nucleic
acid molecule consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15,
17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56,
57, or 59 under stringent conditions; and d) a polypeptide
comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 90% identical
to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28,
31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58.
9. The polypeptide of claim 8, further comprising heterologous
amino acid sequences.
10. An antibody which selectively binds to a polypeptide of claim
8.
11. A method for detecting the presence of a polypeptide of claim 8
in a sample comprising: a) contacting the sample with a compound
which selectively binds to the polypeptide; and b) determining
whether the compound binds to the polypeptide in the sample to
thereby detect the presence of a polypeptide of claim 8 in the
sample.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the compound which binds to the
polypeptide is an antibody.
13. A kit comprising a compound which selectively binds to a
polypeptide of claim 8 and instructions for use.
14. A method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid molecule
of claim 1 in a sample comprising: a) contacting the sample with a
nucleic acid probe or primer which selectively hybridizes to the
nucleic acid molecule; and b) determining whether the nucleic acid
probe or primer binds to a nucleic acid molecule in the sample to
thereby detect the presence of a nucleic acid molecule of any one
of claims 1 in the sample.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sample comprises mRNA
molecules and is contacted with a nucleic acid probe.
16. A kit comprising a compound which selectively hybridizes to a
nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 and instructions for use.
17. A method for identifying a compound which binds to a
polypeptide of claim 8 comprising: a) contacting the polypeptide,
or a cell expressing the polypeptide with a test compound; and b)
determining whether the polypeptide binds to the test compound.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the binding of the test
compound to the polypeptide is detected by a method selected from
the group consisting of: a) detection of binding by direct
detection of test compound/polypeptide binding; b) detection of
binding using a competition binding assay; and c) detection of
binding using an assay for 38594, 57312, 53659, 57250, 63760,
49938, 32146, 57259, 67118, 67067, 62092, FBH58295FL, 57255, or
57255alt activity.
19. A method for modulating the activity of a polypeptide of claim
8 comprising contacting the polypeptide or a cell expressing the
polypeptide with a compound which binds to the polypeptide in a
sufficient concentration to modulate the activity of the
polypeptide.
20. A method for identifying a compound which modulates the
activity of a polypeptide of claim 8 comprising: a) contacting a
polypeptide of claim 8 with a test compound; and b) determining the
effect of the test compound on the activity of the polypeptide to
thereby identify a compound which modulates the activity of the
polypeptide.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 10/154,419, filed May 22, 2002 (pending), published as
U.S. patent application Publication No. 2003-0143675 A1 on Jul. 31,
2003, which is: [0002] a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/858,194, filed May 14, 2001, published as
U.S. patent application Publication No. 2002-0061590 A1
(abandoned), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/204,211, filed May 12, 2000; [0003] also a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/895,811, filed Jun. 29, 2001 (abandoned), which claims the
benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/215,376, filed
Jun. 29, 2000; [0004] also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/919,781, filed Jul. 31, 2001, published as
U.S. patent application Publication No. 2002-0123094 A1
(abandoned), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/221,769, filed Jul. 31, 2000; [0005] also a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/957,664, filed Sep. 19, 2001, published as U.S. patent
application Publication No. 2002-0123097 A1 (abandoned), which
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.
60/233,790, filed Sep. 19, 2000; [0006] also a continuation-in-part
of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/964,295, filed Sep. 25,
2001, published as U.S. patent application Publication No.
2003-0050441 A1 (abandoned), which claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/235,107, filed Sep. 25, 2000;
[0007] also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 09/972,724, filed Oct. 5, 2001, published as U.S. patent
application Publication No. 2002-0103351 A1 (pending), which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/238,336,
filed Oct. 5, 2000; [0008] also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/002,769, filed Nov. 14, 2001,
published as U.S. patent application Publication No. 2002-0132298
A1 (abandoned), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/248,364, filed Nov. 14, 2000, and U.S.
Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/248,878, filed Nov. 15, 2000;
[0009] also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/024,623, filed Dec. 17, 2001, published as U.S. patent
application Publication No. 2002-0187524 A1 (pending), which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/256,240,
filed Dec. 15, 2000, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.
60/256,588, filed Dec. 18, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application
Ser. No. 60/258,028, filed Dec. 21, 2000; [0010] also a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/055,025, filed Jan. 22, 2002, published as U.S. patent
application Publication No. 2002-0177148 A1 (abandoned), which
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.
60/263,169, filed Jan. 22, 2001; and [0011] also claims the benefit
of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/324,016, filed Sep. 20,
2001 (abandoned).
[0012] The entire contents of each of the above-referenced patent
applications are incorporated herein by this reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0013] Transport of larger molecules takes place by the action of
`permeases` and `transporters`, two other classes of
membrane-localized proteins which serve to move charged molecules
from one side of a cellular membrane to the other. Unlike channel
molecules, which permit diffusion-limited solute movement of a
particular solute, these proteins require an energetic input,
either in the form of a diffusion gradient (permeases) or through
coupling to hydrolysis of an energetic molecule (e.g., ATP or GTP)
(transporters). The permeases, integral membrane proteins often
having between 6-14 membrane-spanning .alpha.-helices) enable the
facilitated diffusion of molecules such as glucose or other sugars
into the cell when the concentration of these molecules on one side
of the membrane is greater than that on the other. Permeases do not
form open channels through the membrane, but rather bind to the
target molecule at the surface of the membrane and then undergo a
conformational shift such that the target molecule is released on
the opposite side of the membrane.
[0014] Transport molecules are specific for a particular target
solute or class of solutes, and are also present in one or more
specific membranes. Transport molecules localized to the plasma
membrane permit an exchange of solutes with the surrounding
environment, while transport molecules localized to intracellular
membranes (e.g., membranes of the mitochondrion, peroxisome,
lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, or vacuole) permit import
and export of molecules from organelle to organelle or to the
cytoplasm. For example, in the case of the mitochondrion,
transporters in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes permit
the import of sugar molecules, calcium ions, and water (among other
molecules) into the organelle and the export of newly synthesized
ATP to the cytosol.
[0015] Membrane transport molecules (e.g., channels/pores,
permeases, and transporters) play important roles in the ability of
the cell to regulate homeostasis, to grow and divide, and to
communicate with other cells, e.g., to secrete and receive
signaling molecules, such as hormones, reactive oxygen species,
ions, neurotransmitters, and cytokines. A wide variety of human
diseases and disorders are associated with defects in transporter
or other membrane transport molecules, including certain types of
liver disorders (e.g., due to defects in transport of long-chain
fatty acids (Al Odaib et al. (1998) New Eng. J. Med. 339:
1752-1757)), hyperlysinemia (due to a transport defect of lysine
into mitochondria (Oyanagi et al. (1986) Inherit. Metab. Dis. 9:
313-316), and cataract (Wintour (1997) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol.
Physiol 24(1):1-9).
[0016] Organic anion transporters are a particular subclass of
transporters which are specific for the transport of organic
anions, which include a wide variety of drugs and xenobiotics, many
of which are harmful to the body. In addition, organic ion
transporters are responsible for the transport of the metabolites
of most lipophilic compounds, e.g., sulfate and glucuronide
conjugates (Moller, J. V. and Sheikh, M. I. (1982) Pharmacol. Rev.
34:315-358; Pritchard, J. B. and Miller, D. S. (1993) Physiol. Rev.
73:765-796; Ullrich, K. J. (1997) J. Membr. Biol. 158:95-107;
Ullrich, K. J. and Rumrich, G. (1993) Clin. Investig. 71:843-848;
Petzinger, E. (1994) Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol.
123:47-211).
[0017] Sugar transporters are members of the major facilitator
superfamily of transporters. These transporters are passive in the
sense that they are driven by the substrate concentration gradient
and they exhibit distinct kinetics as well as sugar substrate
specificity. Members of this family share several characteristics:
(1) they contain twelve transmembrane domains separated by
hydrophilic loops; (2) they have intracellular N- and C-termini;
and (3) they are thought to function as oscillating pores. The
transport mechanism occurs via sugar binding to the exofacial
binding site of the transporter, which is thought to trigger a
conformational change causing the sugar binding site to re-orient
to the endofacial conformation, allowing the release of substrate.
These transporters are specific for various sugars and are found in
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In mammals, sugar transporters
transport various monosaccharides across the cell membrane
(Walmsley et al. (1998) Trends in Biochem. Sci. 23:476-481; Barrett
et al. (1999) Curr. Op. Cell Biol. 11:496-502).
[0018] At least nine mammalian glucose transporters have been
identified, GLUT1-GLUT9, which are expressed in a tissue-specific
manner (e.g., in brain, erythrocyte, kidney, muscle, and adipose
tissues) (Shepherd et al. (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. 341:248-257;
Doege et al. (2000) Biochem. J. 350:771-776). Some GLUT proteins
have been shown to be present in low amounts at the plasma membrane
during the basal state, at which time large amounts are sequestered
in intracellular vesicle stores. Stimulatory molecules specific for
each GLUT (such as insulin) regulate the translocation of the
GLUT-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. The vesicles fuse
at the membrane and subsequently expose the GLUT protein to the
extracellular milieu to allow glucose (and other monosaccharide)
transport into the cell (Walmsley et al. (1998) Trends in Biochem.
Sci. 23:476-481; Barrett et al. (1999) Curr. Op. Cell Biol.
11:496-502). Other GLUT transporters play a role in constitutive
sugar transport.
[0019] The E1-E2 ATPase family is a large superfamily of transport
enzymes that contains at least 80 members found in diverse
organisms such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (Palmgren, M.
G. and Axelsen, K. B. (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1365:37-45).
These enzymes are involved in ATP hydrolysis-dependent
transmembrane movement of a variety of inorganic cations (e.g.,
H.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cu.sup.2+, Cd.sup.+, and
Mg.sup.2+ ions) across a concentration gradient, whereby the enzyme
converts the free energy of ATP hydrolysis into electrochemical ion
gradients. E1-E2 ATPases are also known as "P-type" ATPases,
referring to the existence of a covalent high-energy
phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate in the chemical reaction pathway of
these transporters. Until recently, the superfamily contained four
major groups: Ca.sup.2+ transporting ATPases; Na.sup.+/K.sup.+--
and gastric H.sup.+/K.sup.+ transporting ATPases; plasma membrane
H.sup.+ transporting ATPases of plants, fungi, and lower
eukaryotes; and all bacterial P-type ATPases (Kuhlbrandt et al.
(1998) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8:510-516).
[0020] E1-E2 ATPases are phosphorylated at a highly conserved DKTG
sequence. Phosphorylation at this site is thought to control the
enzyme's substrate affinity. Most E1-E2 ATPases contain ten
alpha-helical transmembrane domains, although additional domains
may be present. A majority of known gated-pore translocators
contain twelve alpha-helices, including Na.sup.+/H.sup.+
antiporters (West (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1331:213-234).
[0021] Members of the E1-E2 ATPase superfamily are able to generate
electrochemical ion gradients which enable a variety of processes
in the cell such as absorption, secretion, transmembrane signaling,
nerve impulse transmission, excitation/contraction coupling, and
growth and differentiation (Scarborough (1999) Curr. Opin. Cell
Biol. 11:517-522). These molecules are thus critical to normal cell
function and well-being of the organism.
[0022] Recently, a new class of E1-E2 ATPases was identified, the
aminophospholipid transporters or translocators. These transporters
transport not cations, but phospholipids (Tang, X. et al. (1996)
Science 272:1495-1497; Bull, L. N. et al. (1998) Nat. Genet.
18:219-224; Mauro, I. et al. (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
257:333-339). These transporters are involved in cellular functions
including bile acid secretion and maintenance of the asymmetrical
integrity of the plasma membrane.
[0023] The histidine triad (HIT) family of proteins are a
superfamily of nucleotide-binding proteins which were first
identified based on sequence similarity. Specifically, HIT proteins
all have the histidine triad-containing sequence motif
His-.phi.-His-.phi.-His-.phi.-.phi., where .phi. represents a
hydrophobic amino acid residue (Seraphin, B. (1992) DNA Sequence
3:177-179). The histidine triad motif is responsible for the
nucleotide binding properties of the HIT proteins (Brenner, C. et
al. (1999) J. Cell. Physiol. 181:19-187).
[0024] The HIT family can be divided into two branches, the Fhit
branch and the Hint branch. Fhit proteins are found only in animals
and fungi, while Hint proteins are found in all forms of cellular
life (Brenner et al. (1999) supra). Hint proteins, first purified
from rabbit heart cytosol (Gilmour et al. (1997)), are
intracellular receptors for purine mononucleotides.
[0025] Fhit proteins bind and cleave diadenosine polyphosphates
(Ap.sub.nA) such as ApppA and AppppA (Brenner et al. (1999) supra).
Human Fhit is a tumor suppressor protein frequently mutated in
cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (Ohta, M. et al. (1996) Cell
84:587-597), lung (Sozzi, G. et al. (1996) Cell 85:17-26), and
other tissues.
[0026] Under the current model, cellular stress signals cause tRNA
synthetases to produce Ap.sub.nA rather than deliver amino acids to
tRNAs (Brenner et al. (1999) supra). Fhit acts as a sensor for
Ap.sub.nA, and Fhit-Ap.sub.nA complexes stimulate the pro-apoptotic
activity of nitrilases, enzymes which convert nitriles (such as
indoleacetonitrile) to the corresponding acids (such as
indoleacetic acid) plus ammonia by addition of two water molecules.
When Fhit is mutated cells cannot sense Ap.sub.nA stress signals,
which can result in uncontrolled growth.
[0027] Given the important biological and physiological roles
played by the E1-E2 ATPase family of proteins and the HIT family of
proteins, there exists a need to identify novel E1-E2 ATPase and
HMT family members for use in a variety of diagnostic/prognostic as
well as therapeutic applications.
[0028] The uptake of amino acids in mammalian cells is mediated by
energy-dependent and passive amino acid transporters with different
but overlapping specificities. Different cells contain a distinct
set of transport systems in their plasma membranes. Most
energy-dependent transporters are coupled to the countertransport
of K.sup.+ or to the cotransport of Na.sup.+ or Cl.sup.-. Passive
transporters are either facilitated transporters or channels. The
transport of amino acids is important in such functions as protein
synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular
activation, regulation of cell growth, production of metabolic
energy, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism,
and/or biosynthesis of urea. Catagna, et al. (1997) The Journal of
Experimental Biology 200:269-286. Examples of important amino acid
transport systems and their physiological roles follow.
[0029] L-glutamate is the major mediator of excitatory
neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. At least
four different glutamate transporters have been cloned, EAAC1,
GLT-1, GLAST, and EAAT4. Catagna, et al. (1997) The Journal of
Experimental Biology 200:269-286. L-glutamate is stored in synaptic
vesicles at presynaptic terminals and released into the synaptic
cleft to act on glutamate receptors. Glutamate is involved in most
aspects of brain function including cognition, memory, and
learning. The role of amino acid transporters in keeping the
extracellular concentration of glutamate low is important for the
following reasons: (1) to ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio
during neurotransmission; and (2) to prevent neuronal cell death
resulting from excessive activation of glutamate receptors.
Glutamate transporters play a role in stroke, central nervous
system ischemia, seizures, and neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Seal
(1999) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 39:431-56.
[0030] A defect in cystine transport during renal cystine
reabsorption results in cystinuria, an autosomal recessive disorder
and a common hereditary cause of nephrolithiasis. The low
solubility of cystine in urine favors formation of
cystine-containing kidney stones. At least 2 separate amino acid
transporters are involved in cystine transport: one located in the
proximal tubule S1 segment and the other located in the proximal
tubule S3 segment. It is believed that the D2/NBAT amino acid
transport system transports cystine at the proximal tubule S3
segment.
[0031] Cationic amino acid (CAT) transporters are needed for
protein synthesis, urea synthesis (arginine), and as precursors of
bioactive molecules. Palacin, et al. Physiological Reviews
78(4):969-1054. Arginine is the immediate precursor for the
synthesis of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator where
it plays an important role in the regulation of blood flow and
blood pressure. Nitric oxide is also important in
neurotransmission. Arginine is also a precursor for the synthesis
of creatine, which is a high energy phosphate source for muscle
contraction. Ornithine is required for the synthesis of polyamines,
which are important in cell and tissue growth.
[0032] Growth factors, cytokines, and hormones modulate amino acid
transport. Kilberg, et al. (1993) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 13:137-65. For
example, epidermal growth factor stimulates amino acid transport
Systems A and L in rat kidney cells. Glucagon and glucocorticoid
hormones are known to stimulate Systems A and N. Both TNF and IL-1
stimulate System ASC-mediated glutamine uptake by cultured porcine
endothelial cells. Further, TGF-.beta. stimulates both Systems A
and L in rat kidney cells.
[0033] Given the important role of amino acid transporters in
regulating a wide variety of cellular processes, there exists a
need for the identification of novel amino acid transporters as
well as modulators of such transporters for use in a variety of
pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. TABLE-US-00001 INDEX
Chapter Page Title I. 7 38594, A NOVEL HUMAN TRANSPORTER AND USES
THEREOF; BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS II. 17 57312 AND 53659,
NOVEL HUMAN ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF
III. 25 57250, A NOVEL HUMAN SUGAR TRANSPORTER FAMILY MEMBER AND
USES THEREOF IV. 31 63760, A NOVEL HUMAN TRANSPORTER AND USES
THEREOF V. 39 49938, A NOVEL HUMAN PHOSPHOLIPID TRANSPORTER AND
USES THEREFOR VI. 49 32146 AND 57259, NOVEL HUMAN TRANSPORTERS AND
USES THEREOF VII. 58 67118, 67067, AND 62092, HUMAN PROTEINS AND
METHODS OF USE THEREOF VIII. 70 FBH58295FL, A NOVEL HUMAN AMINO
ACID TRANSPORTER AND USES THEREOF IX. 77 57255 and 57255alt, NOVEL
HUMAN SUGAR TRANSPORTERS AND USES THEREFOR X 83 FURTHER EMBODIMENTS
OF 38594, 57312, 53659, 57250, 63760, 49938, 32146, 57239, 67118,
67067, 62092, FPH58295FL, 57255 AND 57255alt Chapter I. 38594, A
NOVEL HUMAN TRANSPORTER AND USES THEREOF
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0034] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel members of the family of transporter molecules,
referred to herein as MTP-1 nucleic acid and protein molecules. The
present invention is also based, at least in part, on the
realization that MTP-1 molecules are related to ABC transporter
molecules, which function in cellular transmembrane lipid
transport, and that MTP-1 molecules are preferentially expressed in
myelo-lymphatic tissue. As such, the functioning of MTP-1 molecules
may be causatively linked to hematopoietic and immunological
diseases, or diseases related to lipid metabolism, e.g.,
atherosclerosis. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention
provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding MTP-1 proteins or
biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid
fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the
detection of MTP-1-encoding nucleic acids.
[0035] In one embodiment, an MTP-1 nucleic acid molecule of the
invention is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the nucleotide
sequence (e.g., to the entire length of the nucleotide sequence)
shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, or a complement thereof.
[0036] In a preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid
molecule includes the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or
3, or a complement thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid
molecule includes SEQ ID NO:3 and nucleotides 1-107 of SEQ ID NO:1.
In yet a further embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule includes SEQ
ID NO:3 and nucleotides 1494-1929 of SEQ ID NO:1. In another
preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or 3.
[0037] In another embodiment, an MTP-1 nucleic acid molecule
includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino
acid sequence sufficiently identical to the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:2. In a preferred embodiment, an MTP-1 nucleic acid
molecule includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having
an amino acid sequence at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the entire
length of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
[0038] In another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule encodes the amino acid sequence of human MTP-1. In yet
another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule includes a
nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. In yet another preferred embodiment, the
nucleic acid molecule is at least 50-100, 100-500, 500-1000,
1000-1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000, 3000-3500, 3500-4000,
4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500, 5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500-6700,
or more nucleotides in length. In a further preferred embodiment,
the nucleic acid molecule is at least 50-100, 100-500, 500-1000,
1000-1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000, 3000-3500, 3500-4000,
4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500, 5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500-6700,
or more nucleotides in length and encodes a protein having an MTP-1
activity (as described herein).
[0039] Another embodiment of the invention features nucleic acid
molecules, preferably MTP-1 nucleic acid molecules, which
specifically detect MTP-1 nucleic acid molecules relative to
nucleic acid molecules encoding non-MTP-1 proteins. For example, in
one embodiment, such a nucleic acid molecule is at least 50-100,
100-500, 500-1000, 1000-1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000,
3000-3500, 3500-4000, 4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500, 5500-6000,
6000-6500, 6500-6700, or more nucleotides in length and hybridizes
under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising
the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a complement
thereof.
[0040] In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules are at
least 15 (e.g., 15 contiguous) nucleotides in length and hybridize
under stringent conditions to the nucleotide molecules set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0041] In other preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule
encodes a naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide
comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the
nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule
comprising SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, respectively, under stringent
conditions.
[0042] Another embodiment of the invention provides an isolated
nucleic acid molecule which is antisense to an MTP-1 nucleic acid
molecule, e.g., the coding strand of an MTP-1 nucleic acid
molecule.
[0043] Another aspect of the invention provides a vector comprising
an MTP-1 nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, the vector
is a recombinant expression vector. In another embodiment, the
invention provides a host cell containing a vector of the
invention. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a host
cell containing a nucleic acid molecule of the invention. The
invention also provides a method for producing a protein,
preferably an MTP-1 protein, by culturing in a suitable medium, a
host cell, e.g., a mammalian host cell such as a non-human
mammalian cell, of the invention containing a recombinant
expression vector, such that the protein is produced.
[0044] Another aspect of this invention features isolated or
recombinant MTP-1 proteins and polypeptides. In one embodiment, an
isolated MTP-1 protein includes at least one or more of the
following domains: a transmembrane domain, and/or an ABC
transporter domain.
[0045] In a preferred embodiment, an MTP-1 protein includes at
least one or more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain,
an ABC transporter domain, and has an amino acid sequence at least
about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 67%, 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:2. In another preferred embodiment, an MTP-1 protein
includes at least one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain, an ABC transporter domain and has an MTP-1
activity (as described herein).
[0046] In yet another preferred embodiment, an MTP-1 protein
includes at least one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain, an ABC transporter domain, and is encoded by
a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence which
hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic
acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or
3.
[0047] In another embodiment, the invention features fragments of
the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein
the fragment comprises at least 15 amino acids (e.g., contiguous
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. In another
embodiment, an MTP-1 protein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:2.
[0048] In another embodiment, the invention features an MTP-1
protein which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a
nucleotide sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,
80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to a
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, or a complement thereof.
This invention further features an MTP-1 protein which is encoded
by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence
which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 1 or 3, or a complement thereof.
[0049] The proteins of the present invention or portions thereof,
e.g., biologically active portions thereof, can be operatively
linked to a non-MTP-1 polypeptide (e.g., heterologous amino acid
sequences) to form fusion proteins. The invention further features
antibodies, such as monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, that
specifically bind proteins of the invention, preferably MTP-1
proteins. In addition, the MTP-1 proteins or biologically active
portions thereof can be incorporated into pharmaceutical
compositions, which optionally include pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers.
[0050] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method
for detecting the presence of an MTP-1 nucleic acid molecule,
protein, or polypeptide in a biological sample by contacting the
biological sample with an agent capable of detecting an MTP-1
nucleic acid molecule, protein, or polypeptide such that the
presence of an MTP-1 nucleic acid molecule, protein or polypeptide
is detected in the biological sample.
[0051] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method
for detecting the presence of MTP-1 activity in a biological sample
by contacting the biological sample with an agent capable of
detecting an indicator of MTP-1 activity such that the presence of
MTP-1 activity is detected in the biological sample.
[0052] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for
modulating MTP-1 activity comprising contacting a cell capable of
expressing MTP-1 with an agent that modulates MTP-1 activity such
that MTP-1 activity in the cell is modulated. In one embodiment,
the agent inhibits MTP-1 activity. In another embodiment, the agent
stimulates MTP-1 activity. In one embodiment, the agent is an
antibody that specifically binds to an MTP-1 protein. In another
embodiment, the agent modulates expression of MTP-1 by modulating
transcription of an MTP-1 gene or translation of an MTP-1 mRNA. In
yet another embodiment, the agent is a nucleic acid molecule having
a nucleotide sequence that is antisense to the coding strand of an
MTP-1 mRNA or an MTP-1 gene.
[0053] In one embodiment, the methods of the present invention are
used to treat a subject having a disorder characterized by aberrant
or unwanted MTP-1 protein or nucleic acid expression or activity by
administering an agent which is an MTP-1 modulator to the subject.
In one embodiment, the MTP-1 modulator is an MTP-1 protein. In
another embodiment the MTP-1 modulator is an MTP-1 nucleic acid
molecule. In yet another embodiment, the MTP-1 modulator is a
peptide, peptidomimetic, or other small molecule. In a preferred
embodiment, the disorder characterized by aberrant or unwanted
MTP-1 protein or nucleic acid expression is a
transporter-associated disorder.
[0054] The present invention also provides diagnostic assays for
identifying the presence or absence of a genetic alteration
characterized by at least one of (i) aberrant modification or
mutation of a gene encoding an MTP-1 protein; (ii) mis-regulation
of the gene; and (iii) aberrant post-translational modification of
an MTP-1 protein, wherein a wild-type form of the gene encodes a
protein with an MTP-1 activity.
[0055] In another aspect the invention provides methods for
identifying a compound that binds to or modulates the activity of
an MTP-1 protein, by providing an indicator composition comprising
an MTP-1 protein having MTP-1 activity, contacting the indicator
composition with a test compound, and determining the effect of the
test compound on MTP-1 activity in the indicator composition to
identify a compound that modulates the activity of an MTP-1
protein.
[0056] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0057] FIG. 1 depicts the results of a search which was performed
against the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the
identification of twelve "transmembrane domains" in the full length
human MTP-1 protein (SEQ ID NO:2).
[0058] FIGS. 2A-C depict the results of a TaqMan analysis of the
relative expression of MTP-1 mRNA in a variety of tissues.
[0059] FIG. 3 depicts an alignment of the human OAT5 gene with the
human OATPe gene (GenBank Accession No. AB031051; SEQ ID NO:10).
Identical amino acid residues are indicated by stars.
[0060] FIG. 4 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human OAT4 protein. The locations of
the 12 transmembrane domains are indicated (TM 1, 2, 3, etc.).
[0061] FIG. 5 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human OAT5 protein. The locations of
the 12 transmembrane domains are indicated (TM 1, 2, 3, etc.).
[0062] FIG. 6 depicts the expression levels of human OAT5 mRNA in
various human cell types and tissues, as determined by Taqman
analysis. Samples: (1) normal artery; (2) diseased aorta; (3)
normal vein; (4) coronary smooth muscle cells; (5) human umbilical
vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); (6) hemangioma; (7) normal heart;
(8) heart--congestive heart failure (CHF); (9) kidney; (10)
skeletal muscle; (11) normal adipose tissue; (12) pancreas; (13)
primary osteoblasts; (14) differentiated osteoclasts; (15) normal
skin; (16) normal spinal cord; (17) normal brain cortex; (18)
brain--hypothalamus; (19) nerve; (20) dorsal root ganglion (DRG);
(21) normal breast; (22) breast tumor; (23) normal ovary; (24)
ovary tumor; (25) normal prostate; (26) prostate tumor; (27)
salivary gland; (28) normal colon; (29) colon tumor; (30) normal
lung; (31) lung tumor; (32) lung--chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD); (33) colon--inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); (34)
normal liver; (35) liver--fibrosis; (36) normal spleen; (37) normal
tonsil; (38) normal lymph node; (39) normal small intestine; (40)
macrophages; (41) synovium; (42) bone marrow mononuclear cells
(BM-MNC); (43) activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMCs); (44) neutrophils; (45) megakaryocytes; (46) erythroid
cells; (47) positive control.
[0063] FIG. 7 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human HST-1 polypeptide.
[0064] FIG. 8 depicts the results of a search which was performed
against the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the
identification of twelve "transmembrane domains" in the human HST-1
polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:13).
[0065] FIG. 9 depicts an alignment of the human HST-1 amino acid
sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) with the amino acid sequence of a human
potent brain type organic ion transporter (Accession No. AB040056)
using the CLUSTAL W (1.74) alignment program.
[0066] FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the expression of human HST-1
cDNA (SEQ ID NO:13) in various human tissues as determined by
Taqman analysis.
[0067] FIG. 11 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human TP-2 polypeptide.
[0068] FIG. 12 depicts the results of a search which was performed
against the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the
identification of twelve "transmembrane domains" in the human TP-2
polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 16).
[0069] FIG. 13 depicts an alignment of the human TP-2 amino acid
sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16) with the amino acid sequences of the
Salmonella typhi tetracycline-6-hydroxylase/oxygenase homolog gene
(SEQ ID NO: 18) using the CLUSTAL W.TM. (1.74) alignment
program.
[0070] FIGS. 14A-B depict a Clustal W (1.74) alignment of the human
PLTR-1 amino acid sequence ("Fbh49938pat"; SEQ ID NO:20) with the
amino acid sequence of human FIC1 ("hFIC1_AT1C_"; SEQ ID NO:22).
The transmembrane domains ("TM1", "TM2", etc.), E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site ("phosphorylation site"), and phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid residues ("phospholipid transport")
are boxed.
[0071] FIG. 15 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human PLTR-1 polypeptide. The
locations of the 12 transmembrane domains, as well as the E1-E2
ATPase domain, are indicated.
[0072] FIG. 16 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human TFM-2 polypeptide.
[0073] FIG. 17 depicts the results of a search which was performed
against the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the
identification of ten "transmembrane domains" in the human TFM-2
polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:28).
[0074] FIG. 18 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human TFM-3 polypeptide.
[0075] FIG. 19 depicts the results of a search which was performed
against the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the
identification of nine "transmembrane domains" in the human TFM-3
polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:31).
[0076] FIG. 20 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human 67118 polypeptide.
[0077] FIGS. 21A-B depict a Clustal W (1.74) alignment of the human
67118 amino acid sequence ("Fbh67118pat"; SEQ ID NO:34) with the
amino acid sequence of mouse Potential Phospholipid-Transporting
ATPase IH (mouseAT1H) (GenBank Accession No. P98197; SEQ ID NO:46).
The transmembrane domains ("TM1", "TM2", etc.), E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site ("phosphorylation site"), and phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid residues ("phospholipid transport")
are boxed.
[0078] FIG. 22 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human 67067 polypeptide.
[0079] FIGS. 23A-B depict a Clustal W (1.74) alignment of the human
67067 amino acid sequence ("Fbh67067b"; SEQ ID NO:34) with the
amino acid sequence of mouse Potential Phospholipid-Transporting
ATPase VA (mouseAT5A) (GenBank Accession No O54827; SEQ ID NO:47).
The transmembrane domains ("TM1", "TM2", etc.), E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site ("phosphorylation site"), and phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid residues ("phospholipid transport")
are boxed.
[0080] FIG. 24 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human 62092 polypeptide.
[0081] FIG. 25 depicts a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of the
amino acid sequences of the human 62092 protein (SEQ ID NO:40),
human HINT (GenBank Accession No. NP.sub.--005331; SEQ ID NO:48),
and human FHIT (GenBank Accession No. NP.sub.--002003; SEQ ID
NO:49). The HIT family signature motifs are underlined and
italicized. The location of the three histidine residues of the
histidine triad in human 62092 and human HINT are indicated by
stars. The alignment was performed using the Clustal algorithm
which is part of the MegAlign.TM. program (e.g., version 3.1.7),
which is part of the DNAStar.TM. sequence analysis software
package. The pairwise alignment parameters are as follows:
K-tuple=1; Gap Penalty=3; Window=5; Diagonals saved=5. The multiple
alignment parameters are as follows: Gap Penalty=10; and Gap length
penalty=10.
[0082] FIG. 26 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the HAAT polypeptide.
[0083] FIG. 27 depicts a Clustal W (1.74) alignment of the HAAT
amino acid sequence ("Fbh58295FL"; SEQ ID NO:52) with the amino
acid sequence of rat amino acid system A transporter (ratATA2). The
transmembrane domains ("TM1", "TM2", etc.) are boxed.
[0084] FIG. 28 depicts the results of a search which was performed
against the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the
identification of ten "transmembrane domains" in the HAAT amino
acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:52). An additional predicted transmembrane
domain (i.e., TM1) is also shown.
[0085] FIG. 29 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human HST-4 polypeptide (SEQ ID
NO:55).
[0086] FIG. 30 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis of the human HST-5 polypeptide (SEQ ID
NO:58).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0087] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as "membrane
transporter protein-1" or "MTP-1" nucleic acid and protein
molecules, which are novel members of a family of proteins
possessing the ability to shuttle molecules across a lipid bilayer
(e.g. to sequester, export or expel a plurality of substances, for
example, cytotoxic substances, metabolites, ions, and/or peptides,
from the intracellular milieu). These novel molecules are capable
of transporting molecules (e.g., ions, proteins, and/or small
molecules) across biological membranes and, thus, play a role in or
function in a variety of cellular processes, e.g., maintenance of
cellular homeostasis.
[0088] As used herein, the term "transporter" includes a protein or
molecule (e.g., a membrane-spanning protein or molecule) which is
involved in the movement of a biochemical molecule from one side of
a lipid bilayer to the other, for example, against a preexisting
concentration gradient.
[0089] Exemplary transporters, for example MTP-1 transporters,
include at least one, preferably two or three, more preferably
four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, more preferably
about twelve "transmembrane domains" or more. As used herein, the
term "transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence of
about 15 amino acid residues in length which spans the plasma
membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at
least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and spans the
plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic
residues, and typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a
preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more
of the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, tyrosines, or tryptophans. Transmembrane
domains are described in, for example, Zagotta W. N. et al., (1996)
Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19: 235-263, the contents of which are
incorporated herein by reference. Amino acid residues 23-40,
548-564, 588-612, 624-646, 653-675, 1006-1023, 1236-1258,
1534-1556, 1587-1603, 1645-1667, 1732-1749, 1931-1947 of the native
MTP-1 protein are predicted to comprise a transmembrane domain (see
FIG. 1). Accordingly, MTP-1 proteins having at least one
transmembrane domain, preferably two or three, more preferably
four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve
transmembrane domains selected from the group consisting of amino
acids 23-40, 548-564, 588-612, 624-646, 653-675, 1006-1023,
1236-1258, 1534-1556, 1587-1603, 1645-1667, 1732-1749, 1931-1947
are within the scope of the invention. Also included within the
scope of the invention are MTP proteins having at least 50-60%
homology, preferably about 60-70%, more preferably about 70-80%, or
about 80-90% homology with a transmembrane domain of human MTP-1
are within the scope of the invention.
[0090] Preferably such MTP proteins comprise a family of MTP
molecules. The term "family" when referring to the protein and
nucleic acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or
more proteins or nucleic acid molecules having a common structural
domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or nucleotide
sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members can be
naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either the
same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first protein of human origin, as well as other, distinct proteins
of human origin or alternatively, can contain homologues of
non-human origin, e.g., monkey proteins. Members of a family may
also have common functional characteristics.
[0091] In another embodiment, an MTP-1 molecule of the present
invention is identified based on the presence of at least one "ABC
transporter domain" in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid
molecule. As used herein, the term "ABC transporter domain"
includes a protein domain having an amino acid sequence of about
131-232 amino acid residues and a bit score of at least 80 when
compared against an ABC transporter Hidden Markov Model (HMM),
e.g., PFAM accession number PF00005. In a preferred embodiment, an
ABC transporter domain includes a protein domain having an amino
acid sequence of about 141-222 amino acid residues and a bit score
of at least 100. In another preferred embodiment, an ABC
transporter domain includes a protein domain having an amino acid
sequence of about 151-212 amino acid residues and a bit score of at
least 120. Preferably, an ABC transporter domain includes a protein
domain having an amino acid sequence of about 171-192 amino acid
residues and a bit score of at least 140 (e.g., 144.2, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200, 206, 210 or more). To identify the presence of
an ABC transporter domain in an MTP-1 protein, the amino acid
sequence of the protein is used to search a database of known
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs e.g., the PFAM HMM database). The ABC
transporter HMM has been assigned the PFAM Accession PF00005
(http://pfam.wustl.edu), InterPro accession number IPR0001617
(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro), and Prosite accession number
PS00211 (http://www.expasy.ch/prosite). For example, a search was
performed against the HMM database using the amino acid sequence
(SEQ ID NO:2) of human MTP-1 resulting in the identification of a
first ABC transporter domain in the amino acid sequence of human
MTP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) at about residues 832-1012 having a score of
206.0, and a second ABC transporter domain in the amino acid
sequence of human MTP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) at about residues 1818-1999
having a score of 144.2.
[0092] In a preferred embodiment, an ABC transporter domain as
described herein is characterized by the presence of an "ATP/AGP
binding motif" and/or an "ABC transporter signature motif." As used
herein, the term "ATP/AGP binding motif" includes a motif having
the consensus sequence [AG]-X(4)-G-K-[ST] and is described under
Prosite entry number PS00017 (http://www.expasy.ch/prosite).
ATP/AGP binding motifs can be found, for example, within the first
ABC transporter domains of the MTP-1 protein of SEQ ID NO:2 at
about residues 839-846 and within the second ABC transporter domain
of the MTP-1 protein of SEQ ID NO:2 at about residues 1825-1832. As
used herein, the term "ABC transporter signature motif" includes a
protein motif having the consensus sequence
[LIVMFYC]-[SA]-[SAPGLVFYKQH]-G-[DENQMW]-[KRQASPCLIMFW]-[KRNQSTAVM]-[KRACL-
VM]-[LIVMFYPAN]-{PHY}-[LIVMFW]-[SAGCLIVP]-{FYWHP}-{KRHP}-[LIVMFYWSTA]
and is described under Prosite entry number PS00211
(http://www.expasy.ch/prosite). An ABC transporter signature motif
can be found within the first ABC transporter domain of the MTP-1
protein or SEQ ID NO:2 at about residues 938-952. The consensus
sequences described herein are described according to standard
Prosite Signature designation (e.g., all amino acids are indicated
according to their universal single letter designation; X
designates any amino acid; X(n) designates any n amino acids, e.g.,
X (2) designates any 2 amino acids; [LIVM] indicates any one of the
amino acids appearing within the brackets, e.g., any one of L, I,
V, or M, in the alternative, any one of Leu, Ile, Val, or Met.);
and {LIVM} indicates any amino acid EXCEPT the amino acids
appearing within the brackets, e.g., not L, not I, not V, and not
M.
[0093] Isolated proteins of the present invention, for example
MTP-1 proteins, preferably have an amino acid sequence sufficiently
identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, or are encoded
by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or
3. As used herein, the term "sufficiently identical" refers to a
first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains a sufficient
or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid
residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid residues or
nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that
the first and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences share
common structural domains or motifs and/or a common functional
activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide sequences which
share common structural domains have at least 30%, 40%, or 50%
homology, preferably 60% homology, more preferably 70%-80%, and
even more preferably 90-95% homology across the amino acid
sequences of the domains and contain at least one and preferably
two structural domains or motifs, are defined herein as
sufficiently identical. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share at least 30%, 40%, or 50%, preferably 60%,
more preferably 70-80%, or 90-95% homology and share a common
functional activity are defined herein as sufficiently
identical.
[0094] As used interchangeably herein, an "MTP-1 activity",
"biological activity of MTP-1" or "functional activity of MTP-1",
refers to an activity exhibited by an MTP-1 protein, polypeptide or
nucleic acid molecule (e.g., in an MTP-1 expressing cell or
tissue), on an MTP-1 substrate, as determined in vivo, or in vitro,
according to standard techniques. In one embodiment, an MTP-1
activity is a direct activity, such as transport of an
MTP-1-substrate. As used herein, a "MTP-1 substrate" is a molecule
which is transported from one side of a biological membrane to the
other. Exemplary substrates include, but are not limited to,
cytotoxic substances, ions, peptides (e.g., antigenic peptides,
hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters and the like), and
metabolites. Examples of MTP-1 substrates also include
non-transported molecules that are essential for MTP-1 function,
e.g., ATP or GTP. Alternatively, an MTP-1 activity is an indirect
activity, such as a cellular signaling activity mediated by the
transport of an MTP-1 substrate by MTP-1. In a preferred
embodiment, the MTP-1 proteins of the present invention have one or
more of the following activities: 1) modulate the import and/or
export of MTP-1 substrates into or from cells, e.g., peptides,
ions, and/or metabolites, 2) modulate intra- or intercellular
signaling, 3) removal of potentially harmful compounds (e.g.,
cytotoxic substances) from the cell, or facilitate the
compartmentalization of these molecules into a sequestered
intracellular space (e.g., the peroxisome), and 4) transport of
biological molecules across membranes, e.g., the plasma membrane,
or the membrane of the mitochondrion, the peroxisome, the lysosome,
the endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus, or the vacuole.
[0095] Accordingly, another embodiment of the invention features
isolated MTP-1 proteins and polypeptides having an MTP-1 activity.
Other preferred proteins are MTP-1 proteins having one or more of
the following domains: a transmembrane domain, an ABC transporter
domain and, preferably, an MTP-1 activity.
[0096] Additional preferred proteins have at least one
transmembrane domain, one ABC transporter domain, and are,
preferably, encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide
sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions
to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of
SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
[0097] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human MTP-1 cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence of the human MTP-1 polypeptide
are shown in SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2, respectively.
[0098] The human MTP-1 gene, which is approximately 6768
nucleotides in length, encodes a protein having a molecular weight
of approximately 235.8 kD and which is approximately 2144 amino
acid residues in length.
[0099] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter II. 57312 and 53659, Novel Human Organic Anion Transporter
Molecules and Uses Thereof
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0100] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel organic anion transporter family members,
referred to herein as "Organic Anion Transporter" or "OAT" nucleic
acid and protein molecules (e.g., OAT4 and OAT5). The OAT nucleic
acid and protein molecules of the present invention are useful as
modulating agents in regulating a variety of cellular processes,
e.g., protection of cells and/or tissues from organic anions,
organic anion transport, inter- or intra-cellular signaling, and/or
hormonal responses. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention
provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding OAT proteins or
biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid
fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the
detection of OAT-encoding nucleic acids.
[0101] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. In another embodiment, the
invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:5 or 8.
[0102] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1% 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical) to the
nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. The
invention further features isolated nucleic acid molecules
including at least 30 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. In another
embodiment, the invention features isolated nucleic acid molecules
which encode a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence that is
substantially identical (e.g., 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical) to the amino
acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:5 or 8. Also featured are
nucleic acid molecules which encode allelic variants of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:5
or 8. In addition to isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding
full-length polypeptides, the present invention also features
nucleic acid molecules which encode fragments, for example,
biologically active or antigenic fragments, of the full-length
polypeptides of the present invention (e.g., fragments including at
least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8). In still other embodiments, the invention
features nucleic acid molecules that are complementary to,
antisense to, or hybridize under stringent conditions to the
isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein.
[0103] In a related aspect, the invention provides vectors
including the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein
(e.g., OAT-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can
optionally include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous
polypeptides. Also featured are host cells including such vectors
(e.g., host cells including vectors suitable for producing OAT
nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides).
[0104] In another aspect, the invention features isolated OAT
polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic fragments
thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide including the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%,
99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical
to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, a
polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a
nucleotide sequence at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical to the
nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. Also
featured are fragments of the full-length polypeptides described
herein (e.g., fragments including at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
40, 45, or 50 contiguous amino acid residues of the sequence set
forth as SEQ ID NO:5 or 8) as well as allelic variants of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:5
or 8.
[0105] The OAT polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic
fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as reagents or targets
in assays applicable to treatment and/or diagnosis of OAT
associated disorders. In one embodiment, an OAT polypeptide or
fragment thereof has an OAT activity. In another embodiment, an OAT
polypeptide or fragment thereof has at least one of the following
domains: a transmembrane domain, a sugar (and other) transporter
domain, and/or an ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) domain, and
optionally, has an OAT activity. In a related aspect, the invention
features antibodies (e.g., antibodies which specifically bind to
any one of the polypeptides, as described herein) as well as fusion
polypeptides including all or a fragment of a polypeptide described
herein.
[0106] The present invention further features methods for detecting
OAT polypeptides and/or OAT nucleic acid molecules, such methods
featuring, for example, a probe, primer or antibody described
herein. Also featured are kits for the detection of OAT
polypeptides and/or OAT nucleic acid molecules. In a related
aspect, the invention features methods for identifying compounds
which bind to and/or modulate the activity of an OAT polypeptide or
OAT nucleic acid molecule described herein. Also featured are
methods for modulating an OAT activity.
[0107] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0108] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel organic anion transporter family members,
referred to herein as "Organic anion transporter" or "OAT" nucleic
acid and protein molecules, e.g., OAT4 and OAT5. These novel
molecules are capable of transporting organic anions (e.g., drugs,
xenobiotics, and/or metabolites of lipophilic compounds such as
sulfate and glucuronide conjugates) across cellular membranes and,
thus, play a role in or function in a variety of cellular
processes, e.g., protection of cells and/or tissues from organic
anions, organic anion transport, inter- or intra-cellular
signaling, and/or hormonal responses. Thus, the OAT molecules of
the present invention provide novel diagnostic targets and
therapeutic agents to control organic anion transporter-associated
disorders.
[0109] As used herein, an "organic anion transporter-associated
disorder" or an "OAT-associated disorder" includes a disorder,
disease or condition which is caused or characterized by a
misregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of organic
anion transporter activity. Organic anion transporter-associated
disorders can detrimentally affect cellular functions such as
cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration,
inter- or intra-cellular communication; tissue function, such as
cardiac function or musculoskeletal function; systemic responses in
an organism, such as nervous system responses, hormonal responses
(e.g., insulin response); immune responses; and protection of cells
from toxic compounds (e.g., carcinogens, toxins, or mutagens).
[0110] Examples of organic anion transporter-associated disorders
include CNS disorders such as cognitive and neurodegenerative
disorders, examples of which include, but are not limited to,
Alzheimer's disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such
as Pick's disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body
diseases, senile dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la
Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, and
Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomic function disorders such as
hypertension and sleep disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders,
such as depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxiety disorders, or phobic
disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g., amnesia or
age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder, dysthymic
disorder, major depressive disorder, mania, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders, anxiety, phobias,
panic disorder, as well as bipolar affective disorder, e.g., severe
bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1), and bipolar affective
neurological disorders, e.g., migraine and obesity. Further
CNS-related disorders include, for example, those listed in the
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical
manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the most current version of which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0111] Further examples of organic anion transporter-associated
disorders include cardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system
disorders in which the OAT molecules of the invention may be
directly or indirectly involved include arteriosclerosis, ischemia
reperfusion injury, restenosis, arterial inflammation, vascular
wall remodeling, ventricular remodeling, rapid ventricular pacing,
coronary microembolism, tachycardia, bradycardia, pressure
overload, aortic bending, coronary artery ligation, vascular heart
disease, atrial fibrilation, Jervell syndrome, Lange-Nielsen
syndrome, long-QT syndrome, congestive heart failure, sinus node
dysfunction, angina, heart failure, hypertension, atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic
cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease,
coronary artery spasm, and arrhythmia. OAT-mediated or related
disorders also include disorders of the musculoskeletal system such
as paralysis and muscle weakness, e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and
myokymia.
[0112] Organic anion transporter disorders also include cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorders.
Cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
disorders include those disorders that affect cell proliferation,
growth, differentiation, or migration processes. As used herein, a
"cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
process" is a process by which a cell increases in number, size or
content, by which a cell develops a specialized set of
characteristics which differ from that of other cells, or by which
a cell moves closer to or further from a particular location or
stimulus. The OAT molecules of the present invention are involved
in signal transduction mechanisms, which are known to be involved
in cellular growth, differentiation, and migration processes. Thus,
the OAT molecules may modulate cellular growth, differentiation, or
migration, and may play a role in disorders characterized by
aberrantly regulated growth, differentiation, or migration. Such
disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia;
tumor angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic
disorders; and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative
disorders.
[0113] OAT-associated or related disorders also include hormonal
disorders, such as conditions or diseases in which the production
and/or regulation of hormones in an organism is aberrant. Examples
of such disorders and diseases include type I and type II diabetes
mellitus, pituitary disorders (e.g., growth disorders), thyroid
disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), and
reproductive or fertility disorders (e.g., disorders which affect
the organs of the reproductive system, e.g., the prostate gland,
the uterus, or the vagina; disorders which involve an imbalance in
the levels of a reproductive hormone in a subject; disorders
affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce; and disorders
affecting secondary sex characteristic development, e.g., adrenal
hyperplasia).
[0114] Further examples of OAT-associated or related disorders also
include immune disorders, such as autoimmune disorders or immune
deficiency disorders, e.g., allergies, transplant rejection,
responses to pathogenic infection (e.g., bacterial, viral, or
parasitic infection), lupus, multiple sclerosis, congenital
X-linked infantile hypogammaglobulinemia, transient
hypogammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, selective
IgA deficiency, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severe
combined immunodeficiency.
[0115] DHDR-associated or related disorders also include viral
disorders, i.e., disorders affected or caused by infection by a
virus, e.g., hepatitis, AIDS, certain cancers, influenza, and
common colds.
[0116] OAT-associated or related disorders also include disorders
affecting tissues in which OAT protein is expressed, e.g., the
kidney, osteoblasts, brain cortex, lung, liver, bone marrow
mononuclear cells (BM-MNC), and neutrophils.
[0117] The term "family" when referring to the protein and nucleic
acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or more
proteins or nucleic acid molecules having a common structural
domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or nucleotide
sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members can be
naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either the
same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first protein of human origin as well as other distinct proteins of
human origin or alternatively, can contain homologues of non-human
origin, e.g., rat or mouse proteins. Members of a family can also
have common functional characteristics.
[0118] For example, the family of OAT proteins of the present
invention comprises at least one "transmembrane domain". As used
herein, the term "transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid
sequence of about 15 amino acid residues in length which spans the
plasma membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes
about at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and
spans the plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in
hydrophobic residues, and typically have an alpha-helical
structure. In a preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 95% or more of the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are
hydrophobic, e.g., leucines, isoleucines, tyrosines, or
tryptophans. Transmembrane domains are described in, for example,
Zagotta, W. N. et al. (1996) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:235-263, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Amino acid
residues 10-31,148-165, 172-195, 202-219, 228-252, 26-276, 347-365,
375-399, 406-422, 431-451, 466-484, and 495-512 of the human OAT4
protein are predicted to comprise transmembrane domains (see FIG.
4). Amino acid residues 106-130, 143-166, 174-191, 230-254,
265-284, 314-335, 382-405, 419-443, 456-473, 579-603, 613-636, and
667-690 of the human OAT5 protein are predicted to comprise
transmembrane domains (see FIG. 3). Accordingly, OAT proteins
having at least 50-60% homology, preferably about 60-70%, more
preferably about 70-80%, or about 80-90% homology with a
transmembrane domain of human OAT are within the scope of the
invention.
[0119] In another embodiment, members of the OAT family of
proteins, include at least one "sugar (and other) transporter
domain" in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As
used herein, the term "sugar (and other) transporter domain"
includes a protein domain having at least about 335-505 amino acid
residues. Preferably, a sugar (and other) transporter domain
includes a protein domain having an amino acid sequence of about
355-485, 375-465, 395-445, or more preferably about 415-425 amino
acid residues, and a bit score of at least 10, 20, 30, or more
preferably, 34.7. To identify the presence of a sugar (and other)
transporter domain in an OAT protein, and make the determination
that a protein of interest has a particular profile, the amino acid
sequence of the protein is searched against a database of known
protein domains (e.g., the HMM database). The sugar (and other)
transporter domain (HMM) has been assigned the PFAM Accession
number PF00083 (see the PFAM website, available online through
Washington University in St. Louis). A search was performed against
the HMM database resulting in the identification of a sugar (and
other) transporter domain in the amino acid sequence of human OAT4
at about residues 103-527 of SEQ ID NO:5. Another search was
performed against the HMM database, further resulting in the
identification of a sugar (and other) transporter domain in the
amino acid sequence of human OAT5 at about residues 141-555 of SEQ
ID NO:8.
[0120] A description of the Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer
et al. (1997) Proteins 28:405-420, and a detailed description of
HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth.
Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531;
and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0121] In another embodiment, an OAT protein of the present
invention includes at least one "ATP/GTP-binding site motif A
(P-loop) domain". As used herein, the term "ATP/GTP-binding site
motif A (P-loop) domain" includes an amino acid sequence having the
consensus sequence [AG]-X(4)-G-K-[ST] (SEQ ID NO: 11).
ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) domains are described under
Prosite entry PS00017 (see the Prosite website, available online
through the Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics). The consensus
sequence described herein is described according to the standard
Prosite signature designation (e.g., all amino acids are indicated
according to their universal single letter designation; X
designates any amino acid; X(n) designates any n amino acids, e.g.,
X(4) designates any 4 amino acids; [AG] indicates any one of the
amino acids appearing within the brackets, e.g., any one of A or
G). Searches were performed against the Prosite database resulting
in the identification of two ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop)
domains in the amino acid sequence of OAT5 at about residues
343-350 and 360-367 of SEQ ID NO:8.
[0122] Isolated proteins of the present invention, preferably OAT
proteins, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently homologous to
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, or are encoded by a
nucleotide sequence sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7,
or 9. As used herein, the term "sufficiently homologous" refers to
a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains a
sufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an
amino acid residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid
residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide
sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleotide
sequences share common structural domains or motifs and/or a common
functional activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share common structural domains having at least
50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,
94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%,
99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more homology or identity across the
amino acid sequences of the domains and contain at least one and
preferably two structural domains or motifs, are defined herein as
sufficiently homologous. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%,
99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more
homology or identity and share a common functional activity are
defined herein as sufficiently homologous.
[0123] In a preferred embodiment, an OAT protein includes at least
one of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, a sugar (and
other) transporter domain, and/or an ATP/GTP-binding site motif A
(P-loop) domain, and has an amino acid sequence at least about 50%,
55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%,
99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more homologous or identical to the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8. In yet another preferred
embodiment, an OAT protein includes at least one of the following
domains: a transmembrane domain, a sugar (and other) transporter
domain, and/or an ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) domain, and
is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence
which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. In another preferred
embodiment, an OAT protein includes at least one of the following
domains: a transmembrane domain, a sugar (and other) transporter
domain, and/or an ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) domain, and
has an OAT activity.
[0124] As used interchangeably herein, an "OAT activity",
"biological activity of OAT" or "functional activity of OAT",
refers to an activity exhibited by an OAT protein, polypeptide or
nucleic acid molecule (e.g., in an OAT expressing cell or tissue)
on an OAT responsive cell or an OAT substrate, as determined in
vivo or in vitro, according to standard techniques. In one
embodiment, an OAT activity is a direct activity, such as transport
of an OAT substrate, e.g., a metabolite of a lipophilic compound
such as a sulfate or glucuronide conjugate. As used herein, an "OAT
substrate" is a molecule which is transported from one side of a
membrane to the other. Exemplary OAT substrates include, but are
not limited to, organic anions such as drugs, xenobiotics, and
metabolites of lipophilic compounds such as sulfate and glucuronide
conjugates. Examples of OAT substrates also include non-transported
molecules that are essential for OAT function, such as ATP or GTP.
An OAT activity can also be a direct activity such as an
association with an OAT target molecule. An OAT target molecule can
be a non-OAT molecule or an OAT protein or polypeptide of the
present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, an OAT target
molecule is an intracellular signaling protein that mediates an
OAT-modulated signal transduction pathway. An OAT activity can also
be an indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling activity
mediated by transport of an OAT substrate or by interaction of the
OAT protein with an OAT substrate or target molecule.
[0125] In a preferred embodiment, an OAT activity is at least one
of the following activities: (i) interaction with an OAT substrate
or target molecule; (ii) transport of an OAT substrate across a
membrane; (iii) interaction with and/or modulation of a second
non-OAT protein; (iv) modulation of cellular signaling and/or gene
transcription (e.g., either directly or indirectly); (v) protection
of cells and/or tissues from organic anions; and/or (vi) modulation
of hormonal responses.
[0126] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human OAT4 cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the OAT4 cDNA are
shown in SEQ ID NO:4 and 5, respectively.
[0127] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human OAT5 cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the OAT5 cDNA are
shown in SEQ ID NO:7 and 8, respectively.
[0128] The human OAT4 gene, which is approximately 2206 nucleotides
in length, encodes a protein having a molecular weight of
approximately 60.5 kD and which is approximately 550 amino acid
residues in length. The human OAT5 gene, which is approximately
2634 nucleotides in length, encodes a protein having a molecular
weight of approximately 79.6 kD and which is approximately 724
amino acid residues in length.
[0129] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter III. 57250, A Novel Human Sugar Transporter Family Member
and Uses Thereof
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0130] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel human sugar transporter family members, referred
to herein as "human sugar transporter-1" or "HST-1" nucleic acid
and polypeptide molecules. The HST-1 nucleic acid and polypeptide
molecules of the present invention are useful as modulating agents
in regulating a variety of cellular processes, e.g., sugar
homeostasis. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides
isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding HST-1 polypeptides or
biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid
fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the
detection of HST-1-encoding nucleic acids.
[0131] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14. In another embodiment, the invention
features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 13.
[0132] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical) to
the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14. The
invention further features isolated nucleic acid molecules
including at least 50, 57, 63, 72, 100, 124, 150, 172, 175, 200,
250, 268, 300, 305, 328, 350, 400, 431, 450, 495, 500, 550, 600,
650, 700, 750, 800, 804, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1200, 1250,
1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800,
1850, 1900 or more contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14. In another embodiment,
the invention features isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode
a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence that is
substantially identical (e.g., 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical) to the amino
acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:13. The present invention also
features nucleic acid molecules which encode allelic variants of
the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:13. In addition to isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding
full-length polypeptides, the present invention also features
nucleic acid molecules which encode fragments, for example,
biologically active or antigenic fragments, of the full-length
polypeptides of the present invention (e.g., fragments including at
least 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 155, 200, 250, 300, 350, 350, 400, 450,
500 or more contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:13). In still other embodiments, the
invention features nucleic acid molecules that are complementary
to, antisense to, or hybridize under stringent conditions to the
isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein.
[0133] In another aspect, the invention provides vectors including
the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein (e.g.,
HST-1-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can optionally
include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous polypeptides.
Also featured are host cells including such vectors (e.g., host
cells including vectors suitable for producing HST-1 nucleic acid
molecules and polypeptides).
[0134] In another aspect, the invention features isolated HST-1
polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic fragments
thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide including the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13, a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13, a
polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a
nucleotide sequence at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to
the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14. Also
featured are fragments of the full-length polypeptides described
herein (e.g., fragments including at least 10, 20, 50, 100, 150,
155, 200, 250, 300, 350, 350, 400, 450, 500 or more contiguous
amino acid residues of the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13) as
well as allelic variants of the polypeptide having the amino acid
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0135] The HST-1 polypeptides and/or biologically active or
antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as reagents
or targets in assays applicable to treatment and/or diagnosis of
HST-1 mediated or related disorders. In one embodiment, an HST-1
polypeptide or fragment thereof, has an HST-1 activity. In another
embodiment, an HST-1 polypeptide or fragment thereof, has a
transmembrane domain and/or a sugar transporter family domain, and
optionally, has an HST-1 activity. In a related aspect, the
invention features antibodies (e.g., antibodies which specifically
bind to any one of the polypeptides described herein) as well as
fusion polypeptides including all or a fragment of a polypeptide
described herein.
[0136] The present invention further features methods for detecting
HST-1 polypeptides and/or HST-1 nucleic acid molecules, such
methods featuring, for example, a probe, primer or antibody
described herein. Also featured are kits e.g., kits for the
detection of HST-1 polypeptides and/or HST-1 nucleic acid
molecules. In a related aspect, the invention features methods for
identifying compounds which bind to and/or modulate the activity of
an HST-1 polypeptide or HST-1 nucleic acid molecule described
herein. Further featured are methods for modulating an HST-1
activity.
[0137] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0138] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as "human sugar
transporter-1" or "HST-1" nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules,
which are novel members of the sugar transporter family. These
novel molecules are capable of, for example, modulating a
transporter mediated activity (e.g., a sugar transporter mediated
activity) in a cell, e.g., a liver cell, fat cell, muscle cell, or
blood cell, such as an erythrocyte. These novel molecules are
capable of transporting molecules, e.g., monosaccharides such as
D-glucose, D-fructose or D-galactose, across biological membranes
and, thus, play a role in or function in a variety of cellular
processes, e.g., maintenance of sugar homeostasis.
[0139] As used herein, a "sugar transporter" includes a protein or
polypeptide which is involved in transporting a molecule, e.g., a
monosaccharide such as D-glucose, D-fructose or D-galactose, across
the plasma membrane of a cell, e.g., a liver cell, fat cell, muscle
cell, or blood cell, such as an erythrocyte. Sugar transporters
regulate sugar homeostasis in a cell and, typically, have sugar
substrate specificity. Examples of sugar transporters include
glucose transporters, fructose transporters, and galactose
transporters.
[0140] As used herein, a "sugar transporter mediated activity"
includes an activity which involves a sugar transporter, e.g., a
sugar transporter in a liver cell, fat cell, muscle cell, or blood
cell, such as an erythrocyte. Sugar transporter mediated activities
include the transport of sugars, e.g., D-glucose, D-fructose or
D-galactose, into and out of cells; the stimulation of molecules
that regulate glucose homeostasis (e.g., insulin and glucagon), in
cells, e.g., pancreatic cells; and the participation in signal
transduction pathways associated with sugar metabolism.
[0141] As the HST-1 molecules of the present invention are sugar
transporters, they may be useful for developing novel diagnostic
and therapeutic agents for sugar transporter associated disorders.
As used herein, the term "sugar transporter associated disorder"
includes a disorder, disease, or condition which is characterized
by an aberrant, e.g., upregulated or downregulated, sugar
transporter mediated activity. Sugar transporter associated
disorders typically result in, for example, upregulated or
downregulated, sugar levels in a cell. Examples of sugar
transporter associated disorders include disorders associated with
sugar homeostasis, such as obesity, anorexia, type-1 diabetes,
type-2 diabetes, hypoglycemia, glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke
disease), type I glycogenosis, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective
disorder, and cluster B personality disorders. HST-1-associated
disorders may also include cellular growth or proliferation
disorders. Further examples of sugar transporter associated
disorders include cellular growth or proliferation disorders, such
as cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia, examples of which
include, but are not limited to, colon, ovarian, lung, breast,
endometrial, uterine, hepatic, gastrointestinal, prostate, and
brain cancer; tumorigenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; and
hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative disorders.
[0142] The term "family" when referring to the polypeptide and
nucleic acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or
more polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules having a common
structural domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or
nucleotide sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members
can be naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either
the same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first polypeptide of human origin, as well as other, distinct
polypeptides of human origin or alternatively, can contain
homologues of non-human origin, e.g., mouse or monkey polypeptides.
Members of a family may also have common functional
characteristics.
[0143] For example, the family of HST-1 polypeptides comprise at
least one "transmembrane domain" and preferably twelve
transmembrane domains. As used herein, the term "transmembrane
domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about 20-45 amino acid
residues in length which spans the plasma membrane. More
preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at least 20, 25,
30, or 35 amino acid residues and spans the plasma membrane.
Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic residues, and
typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a preferred
embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the
amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, alanines, valines, phenylalanines, prolines
or methionines. Transmembrane domains are described in, for
example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19:
235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A MEMSAT analysis resulted in the identification of
twelve transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human
HST-1 (SEQ ID NO:13) at about residues 20-36, 150-167, 174-196,
204-220, 231-255, 263-282, 355-372, 387-405, 413-431, 438-462,
469-485, and 505-521 as set forth in FIG. 8.
[0144] Accordingly, HST-1 polypeptides having at least 50-60%
homology, preferably about 60-70%, more preferably about 70-80%, or
about 80-90% homology with a transmembrane domain of human HST-1
are within the scope of the invention.
[0145] In another embodiment, an HST-1 molecule of the present
invention is identified based on the presence of at least one
"sugar transporter family domain." As used herein, the term "sugar
transporter family domain" includes a protein domain having at
least about 350-500 amino acid residues and a sugar transporter
mediated activity. Preferably, a sugar transporter family domain
includes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of about
350-450, 400-450, or more preferably, about 419 amino acid residues
and a sugar transporter mediated activity. To identify the presence
of a sugar transporter family domain in an HST-1 protein, and make
the determination that a protein of interest has a particular
profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein may be searched
against a database of known protein domains (e.g., the PFAM HMM
database). A PFAM sugar transporter family domain has been assigned
the PFAM Accession PF00083. A search was performed against the PFAM
HMM database resulting in the identification of a sugar transporter
family domain in the amino acid sequence of human HST-1 (SEQ ID NO:
13) at about residues 117-536 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0146] Preferably a "sugar transporter family domain" has a "sugar
transporter mediated activity" as described herein. For example, a
sugar transporter family domain may have the ability to bind a
monosaccharide, such as D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose;
the ability to transport a monosaccharide such as D-glucose,
D-fructose, and/or D-galactose, across a cell membrane (e.g., a
liver cell membrane, fat cell membrane, muscle cell membrane,
and/or blood cell membrane, such as an erythrocyte membrane); and
the ability to modulate sugar homeostasis in a cell. Accordingly,
identifying the presence of a "sugar transporter family domain" can
include isolating a fragment of an HST-1 molecule (e.g., an HST-1
polypeptide) and assaying for the ability of the fragment to
exhibit one of the aforementioned sugar transporter mediated
activities.
[0147] A description of the Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer
et al. (1997) Proteins 28:405-420 and a detailed description of
HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth.
Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 84:4355-4358;. Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531;
and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0148] In a preferred embodiment, the NPM-1 molecules of the
invention include at least one, preferably two, even more
preferably twelve transmembrane domain(s) and/or at least one sugar
transporter family domain.
[0149] Isolated polypeptides of the present invention, preferably
HST-1 polypeptides, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently
identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or are
encoded by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently identical to SEQ ID
NO: 12 or 14. As used herein, the term "sufficiently identical"
refers to a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains
a sufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an
amino acid residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid
residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide
sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleotide
sequences share common structural domains or motifs and/or a common
functional activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share common structural domains having at least
50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,
94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity across
the amino acid sequences of the domains and contain at least one
and preferably two structural domains or motifs, are defined herein
as sufficiently identical. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
homology or identity and share a common functional activity are
defined herein as sufficiently identical.
[0150] In a preferred embodiment, an HST-1 polypeptide includes at
least one or more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain
and/or a sugar transporter family domain, and has an amino acid
sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
homologous or identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
13. In yet another preferred embodiment, an HST-1 polypeptide
includes at least one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain and/or a sugar transporter family domain, and
is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence
which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14. In another preferred embodiment,
an HST-1 polypeptide includes at least one or more of the following
domains: a transmembrane domain and/or a sugar transporter family
domain, and has an HST-1 activity.
[0151] As used interchangeably herein, an "HST-1 activity",
"biological activity of HST-1" or "functional activity of HST-1,"
refers to an activity exerted by an HST-1 polypeptide or nucleic
acid molecule on an HST-1 responsive cell or tissue, or on an HST-1
polypeptide substrate, as determined in vivo, or in vitro,
according to standard techniques. In one embodiment, an HST-1
activity is a direct activity, such as an association with an
HST-1-target molecule. As used herein, a "substrate," "target
molecule," or "binding partner" is a molecule with which an HST-1
polypeptide binds or interacts in nature, such that HST-1-mediated
function is achieved. An HST-1 target molecule can be a non-HST-1
molecule or an HST-1 polypeptide or polypeptide of the present
invention. In an exemplary embodiment, an HST-1 target molecule is
an HST-1 ligand, e.g., a sugar transporter ligand such as
D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose. Alternatively, an HST-1
activity is an indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling
activity mediated by interaction of the HST-1 polypeptide with an
HST-1 ligand. The biological activities of HST-1 are described
herein. For example, the HST-1 polypeptides of the present
invention can have one or more of the following activities: (1)
maintain sugar homeostasis in a cell, (2) influence insulin and/or
glucagon secretion, (3) bind a monosaccharide, e.g., D-glucose,
D-fructose, and/or D-galactose, and/or (4) transport
monosaccharides across a cell membrane.
[0152] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human HST-1 cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence of the human HST-1 polypeptide
are shown in SEQ ID NOs:12 and 14, respectively.
[0153] The human HST-1 gene, which is approximately 1917
nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide which is approximately
572 amino acid residues in length.
[0154] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter IV. 63760, A Novel Human Transporter and Uses Thereof
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0155] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel human transporter family members, referred to
herein as "transporter-2" or "TP-2" nucleic acid and polypeptide
molecules. The TP-2 nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules of the
present invention are useful as modulating agents in regulating a
variety of cellular processes, e.g., cellular growth, migration, or
proliferation. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides
isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding TP-2 polypeptides or
biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid
fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the
detection of TP-2-encoding nucleic acids.
[0156] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:15 or 17. In another embodiment, the invention
features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 16.
[0157] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 60% identical) to the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:15 or 17. The invention further
features isolated nucleic acid molecules including at least 50
contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO:15 or 17. In another embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical
(e.g., 60% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO: 16. The present invention also features nucleic acid
molecules which encode allelic variants of the polypeptide having
the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 16. In addition to
isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding full-length polypeptides,
the present invention also features nucleic acid molecules which
encode fragments, for example, biologically active or antigenic
fragments, of the full-length polypeptides of the present invention
(e.g., fragments including at least 10 contiguous amino acid
residues of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16). In still
other embodiments, the invention features nucleic acid molecules
that are complementary to, antisense to, or hybridize under
stringent conditions to the isolated nucleic acid molecules
described herein.
[0158] In another aspect, the invention provides vectors including
the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein (e.g.,
TP-2-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can optionally
include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous polypeptides.
Also featured are host cells including such vectors (e.g., host
cells including vectors suitable for producing TP-2 nucleic acid
molecules and polypeptides).
[0159] In another aspect, the invention features isolated TP-2
polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic fragments
thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide including the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 16, a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:16, a polypeptide
encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a nucleotide sequence
at least 60% identical to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO: 15 or 17. Also featured are fragments of the full-length
polypeptides described herein (e.g., fragments including at least
10 contiguous amino acid residues of the sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO: 16) as well as allelic variants of the polypeptide having
the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:16.
[0160] The TP-2 polypeptides and/or biologically active or
antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as reagents
or targets in assays applicable to treatment and/or diagnosis of
TP-2 mediated or related disorders. In one embodiment, a TP-2
polypeptide or fragment thereof, has a TP-2 activity. In another
embodiment, a TP-2 polypeptide or fragment thereof, includes at
least one of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, a sugar
transporter domain, a LacY proton/sugar symporter domain, and
optionally, has a TP-2 activity. In a related aspect, the invention
features antibodies (e.g., antibodies which specifically bind to
any one of the polypeptides described herein) as well as fusion
polypeptides including all or a fragment of a polypeptide described
herein.
[0161] The present invention further features methods for detecting
TP-2 polypeptides and/or TP-2 nucleic acid molecules, such methods
featuring, for example, a probe, primer or antibody described
herein. Also featured are kits e.g., kits for the detection of TP-2
polypeptides and/or TP-2 nucleic acid molecules. In a related
aspect, the invention features methods for identifying compounds
which bind to and/or modulate the activity of a TP-2 polypeptide or
TP-2 nucleic acid molecule described herein. Further featured are
methods for modulating a TP-2 activity.
[0162] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0163] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as "transporter-2"
or "TP-2" nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules, which are novel
members of the transporter family. These novel molecules are
capable of, for example, transporting ions, proteins, sugars, and
small molecules across biological membranes both within a cell and
between the cell and the environment and, thus, play a role in or
function in a variety of cellular processes, e.g., proliferation,
growth, differentiation, migration, immune responses, hormonal
responses, and inter- or intra-cellular communication.
[0164] As used herein, the term "transporter" includes a molecule
which is involved in the movement of a biochemical molecule from
one side of a lipid bilayer to the other, for example, against a
pre-existing concentration gradient. Transporters are usually
involved in the movement of biochemical compounds which would
normally not be able to cross a membrane (e.g., a protein; an ion;
a sugar; or other small molecule, such as ATP; signaling molecules;
vitamins; and cofactors). Transporter molecules are involved in the
growth, development, and differentiation of cells, in the
regulation of cellular homeostasis, in the metabolism and
catabolism of biochemical molecules necessary for energy production
or storage, in intra- or inter-cellular signaling, in metabolism or
catabolism of metabolically important biomolecules, and in the
removal of potentially harmful compounds from the interior of the
cell. Examples of transporters include GSH transporters, ATP
transporters, sugar transporters, and fatty acid transporters. As
transporters, the TP-2 molecules of the present invention provide
novel diagnostic targets and therapeutic agents to control
transporter-associated disorders.
[0165] As used herein, a "transporter-associated disorder" includes
a disorder, disease or condition which is caused or characterized
by a misregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of a
transporter-mediated activity. Transporter-associated disorders can
detrimentally affect cellular functions such as cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration, cellular
regulation of homeostasis, inter- or intra-cellular communication;
tissue function, such as cardiac function or musculoskeletal
function; systemic responses in an organism, such as nervous system
responses, hormonal responses (e.g., insulin response), or immune
responses; and protection of cells from toxic compounds (e.g.,
carcinogens, toxins, mutagens, and toxic byproducts of metabolic
activity (e.g., reactive oxygen species)). Examples of
transporter-associated disorders include CNS disorders such as
cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders, examples of which
include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, dementias
related to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's disease),
Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile dementia,
Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple
sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear
palsy, epilepsy, and Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomic function
disorders such as hypertension and sleep disorders, and
neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorder, korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxiety
disorders, or phobic disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g.,
amnesia or age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder,
dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, mania,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoactive substance use
disorders, anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, as well as bipolar
affective disorder, e.g., severe bipolar affective (mood) disorder
(BP-1), and bipolar affective neurological disorders, e.g.,
migraine and obesity. Further CNS-related disorders include, for
example, those listed in the American Psychiatric Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the
most current version of which is incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.
[0166] Further examples of transporter-associated disorders include
cardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system disorders in which
the TP-2 molecules of the invention may be directly or indirectly
involved include arteriosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury,
restenosis, arterial inflammation, vascular wall remodeling,
ventricular remodeling, rapid ventricular pacing, coronary
microembolism, tachycardia, bradycardia, pressure overload, aortic
bending, coronary artery ligation, vascular heart disease, atrial
fibrilation, Jervell syndrome, Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long-QT
syndrome, congestive heart failure, sinus node dysfunction, angina,
heart failure, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,
dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, myocardial
infarction, coronary artery disease, coronary artery spasm, and
arrhythmia. TP-2-mediated or related disorders also include
disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as paralysis and
muscle weakness, e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and myokymia.
[0167] Transporter-associated disorders also include cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorders.
Cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
disorders include those disorders that affect cell proliferation,
growth, differentiation, or migration processes. As used herein, a
"cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
process" is a process by which a cell increases in number, size or
content, by which a cell develops a specialized set of
characteristics which differ from that of other cells, or by which
a cell moves closer to or further from a particular location or
stimulus. The TP-2 molecules of the present invention are involved
in signal transduction mechanisms, which are known to be involved
in cellular growth, differentiation, and migration processes. Thus,
the TP-2 molecules may modulate cellular growth, differentiation,
or migration, and may play a role in disorders characterized by
aberrantly regulated growth, differentiation, or migration. Such
disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia;
tumor angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic
disorders; and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative
disorders.
[0168] TP-2-associated disorders also include hormonal disorders,
such as conditions or diseases in which the production and/or
regulation of hormones in an organism is aberrant. Examples of such
disorders and diseases include type I and type II diabetes
mellitus, pituitary disorders (e.g., growth disorders), thyroid
disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), and
reproductive or fertility disorders (e.g., disorders which affect
the organs of the reproductive system, e.g., the prostate gland,
the uterus, or the vagina; disorders which involve an imbalance in
the levels of a reproductive hormone in a subject; disorders
affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce; and disorders
affecting secondary sex characteristic development, e.g., adrenal
hyperplasia).
[0169] TP-2-associated disorders also include immune disorders,
such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiency disorders, e.g.,
congenital X-linked infantile hypogammaglobulinemia, transient
hypogammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, selective
IgA deficiency, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severe
combined immunodeficiency.
[0170] TP-2-associated disorders also include disorders associated
with sugar homeostasis, such as obesity, anorexia, hypoglycemia,
glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke disease), type I glycogenosis,
seasonal affective disorder, and cluster B personality
disorders.
[0171] TP-2-associated disorders also include disorders affecting
tissues in which TP-2 protein is expressed.
[0172] As used herein, a "transporter-mediated activity" includes
an activity which involves the facilitated movement of one or more
molecules from one side of a biological membrane to the other.
Transporter-mediated activities include the import or export across
internal or external cellular membranes of biochemical molecules
necessary for energy production or storage, intra- or
inter-cellular signaling, metabolism or catabolism of metabolically
important biomolecules, and removal of potentially harmful
compounds from the cell.
[0173] The term "family" when referring to the polypeptide and
nucleic acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or
more polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules having a common
structural domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or
nucleotide sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members
can be naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either
the same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first polypeptide of human origin, as well as other, distinct
polypeptides of human origin or alternatively, can contain
homologues of non-human origin, e.g., mouse or monkey polypeptides.
Members of a family may also have common functional
characteristics.
[0174] For example, the family of TP-2 polypeptides comprise at
least one "transmembrane domain" and preferably twelve
transmembrane domains. As used herein, the term "transmembrane
domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about 15-45 amino acid
residues in length which spans the plasma membrane. More
preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at least 15, 20,
25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and spans the plasma
membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic residues,
and typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a preferred
embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the
amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, alanines, valines, phenylalanines, prolines
or methionines. Transmembrane domains are described in, for
example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19:
235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A MEMSAT analysis and a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis resulted in the identification of twelve
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human TP-2 (SEQ
ID NO: 16) at about residues 45-69, 80-102, 112-126, 133-156,
167-190, 197-218, 288-310, 323-343, 352-368, 375-391, 409-433, and
442-458 as set forth in FIGS. 11 and 12.
[0175] Accordingly, TP-2 polypeptides having at least 50-60%
homology, preferably about 60-70%, more preferably about 70-80%, or
about 80-90% homology with a transmembrane domain of human TP-2 are
within the scope of the invention.
[0176] For example, in one embodiment, members of the TP-2 family
of proteins include at least one "sugar transporter domain" in the
protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, the
term "sugar transporter domain" includes a protein domain having at
least about 350-500 amino acid residues and a sugar transporter
mediated activity. Preferably, a sugar transporter domain includes
a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of about 350-450,
400-450, or more preferably about 417 amino acid residues, and a
sugar transporter mediated activity. To identify the presence of a
sugar transporter domain in a TP-2 protein, and make the
determination that a protein of interest has a particular profile,
the amino acid sequence of the protein may be searched against a
database of known protein domains (e.g., the PFAM HMM database). A
PFAM sugar transporter domain has been assigned the PFAM Accession
PF00083. A search was performed against the PFAM HMM database
resulting in the identification of a sugar transporter domain in
the amino acid sequence of human TP-2 (SEQ ID NO:16) at about
residues 37-454 of SEQ ID NO:16.
[0177] As used herein, a "sugar transporter mediated activity"
includes the ability to bind a monosaccharide, such as D-glucose,
D-fructose, and/or D-galactose; the ability to transport a
monosaccharide such as D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose,
across a cell membrane (e.g., a liver cell membrane, fat cell
membrane, muscle cell membrane, and/or blood cell membrane, such as
an erythrocyte membrane); and the ability to modulate sugar
homeostasis in a cell. Accordingly, identifying the presence of a
"sugar transporter domain" can include isolating a fragment of a
TP-2 molecule (e.g., a TP-2 polypeptide) and assaying for the
ability of the fragment to exhibit one of the aforementioned sugar
transporter mediated activities.
[0178] In another embodiment, a TP-2 molecule of the present
invention is identified based on the presence of at least one "LacY
proton/sugar symporter domain." As used herein, the term "LacY
proton/sugar symporter domain" includes a protein domain having at
least about 350-500 amino acid residues and a LacY proton/sugar
symporter mediated activity. Preferably, a LacY proton/sugar
symporter domain includes a protein domain having an amino acid
sequence of about 300-400, 300-350, or more preferably, about 344
amino acid residues and a LacY proton/sugar symporter mediated
activity. To identify the presence of a LacY proton/sugar symporter
domain in a TP-2 protein, and make the determination that a protein
of interest has a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of
the protein may be searched against a database of known protein
domains (e.g., the PFAM HMM database). A PFAM LacY proton/sugar
symporter domain has been assigned the PFAM Accession PF01306. A
search was performed against the PFAM HMM database resulting in the
identification of a LacY proton/sugar symporter domain in the amino
acid sequence of human TP-2 (SEQ ID NO:16) at about residues 39-383
of SEQ ID NO:16.
[0179] As used herein, a "LacY proton/sugar symporter mediated
activity" includes the ability to mediate the transport of a
variety of sugars (e.g., D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose)
with the concomitant transport of hydrogen ions across a biological
membrane. Accordingly, identifying the presence of a "LacY
proton/sugar symporter domain" can include isolating a fragment of
a TP-2 molecule (e.g., a TP-2 polypeptide) and assaying for the
ability of the fragment to exhibit one of the aforementioned LacY
proton/sugar symporter mediated activities.
[0180] A description of the Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer
et al. (1997) Proteins 28:405-420 and a detailed description of
HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth.
Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531;
and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0181] In a preferred embodiment, the TP-2 molecules of the
invention include at least one, preferably two, even more
preferably twelve transmembrane domain(s), and/or at least one
sugar transporter domain, and/or at least one LacY proton/sugar
symporter domain.
[0182] Isolated polypeptides of the present invention, preferably
TP-2 polypeptides, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently
identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 or are encoded
by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 or
17. As used herein, the term "sufficiently identical" refers to a
first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains a sufficient
or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid
residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid residues or
nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that
the first and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences share
common structural domains or motifs and/or a common functional
activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide sequences which
share common structural domains having at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,
70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more
homology or identity across the amino acid sequences of the domains
and contain at least one and preferably two structural domains or
motifs, are defined herein as sufficiently identical. Furthermore,
amino acid or nucleotide sequences which share at least 50%, 55%,
60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or
more homology or identity and share a common functional activity
are defined herein as sufficiently identical.
[0183] In a preferred embodiment, a TP-2 polypeptide includes at
least one or more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain,
and/or a sugar transporter domain, and/or a LacY proton/sugar
symporter domain, and has an amino acid sequence at least about
50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
98%, 99%, or more homologous or identical to the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In yet another preferred embodiment, a
TP-2 polypeptide includes at least one or more of the following
domains: a transmembrane domain, and/or a sugar transporter domain,
and/or a LacY proton/sugar symporter domain, and is encoded by a
nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes
under stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a
nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:15 or 17. In another preferred embodiment, a TP-2 polypeptide
includes at least one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain, and/or a sugar transporter domain, and/or a
LacY proton/sugar symporter domain, and has a TP-2 activity.
[0184] As used interchangeably herein, a "TP-2 activity",
"biological activity of TP-2" or "functional activity of TP-2",
refers to an activity exerted by a TP-2 protein, polypeptide or
nucleic acid molecule on a TP-2 responsive cell or tissue, or on a
TP-2 protein substrate, as determined in vivo, or in vitro,
according to standard techniques. In one embodiment, a TP-2
activity is a direct activity, such as an association with a
TP-2-target molecule. As used herein, a "target molecule" or
"binding partner" is a molecule with which a TP-2 protein binds or
interacts in nature, such that TP-2-mediated function is achieved.
A TP-2 target molecule can be a non-TP-2 molecule or a TP-2 protein
or polypeptide of the present invention (e.g., a molecule to be
transported, e.g., a monosaccharide). In an exemplary embodiment, a
TP-2 target molecule is a TP-2 ligand (e.g., an energy molecule, a
metabolite, a monosaccharide or an ion). Alternatively, a TP-2
activity is an indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling
activity mediated by interaction of the TP-2 protein with a TP-2
ligand. The biological activities of TP-2 are described herein. For
example, the TP-2 proteins of the present invention can have one or
more of the following activities: 1) modulate the import and export
of molecules, e.g., hormones, ions, cytokines, neurotransmitters,
monosaccharides, and metabolites, from cells, 2) modulate intra- or
inter-cellular signaling, 3) modulate removal of potentially
harmful compounds from the cell, or facilitate the
compartmentalization of these molecules into a sequestered
intra-cellular space (e.g., the peroxisome), and 4) modulate
transport of biological molecules across membranes, e.g., the
plasma membrane, or the membrane of the mitochondrion, the
peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus,
or the vacuole.
[0185] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human TP-2 cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence of the human TP-2 polypeptide are
shown in SEQ ID NOs:15 and 16, respectively.
[0186] The human TP-2 gene, which is approximately 1963 nucleotides
in length, encodes a polypeptide which is approximately 474 amino
acid residues in length.
[0187] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter V. 49938, A Novel Human Phospholipid Transporter and Uses
Therefor
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0188] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel phospholipid transporter family members,
referred to herein as "Phospholipid Transporter-1" or "PLTR-1"
nucleic acid and protein molecules. The PLTR-1 nucleic acid and
protein molecules of the present invention are useful as modulating
agents in regulating a variety of cellular processes, e.g.,
phospholipid transport (e.g., aminophospholipid transport),
absorption, secretion, gene expression, intra- or intercellular
signaling, blood coagulation, and/or cellular proliferation,
growth, apoptosis, and/or differentiation. Accordingly, in one
aspect, this invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules
encoding PLTR-1 proteins or biologically active portions thereof,
as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or
hybridization probes for the detection of PLTR-1-encoding nucleic
acids.
[0189] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21. In another embodiment, the invention
features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:20.
[0190] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%, 91%,
92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%,
99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical) to the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21. The invention further
features isolated nucleic acid molecules including at least 30, 35,
40, 45, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600,
650, 676, 677, 689, 690, 691, 692, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950,
1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500,
1550, 1562, 1600, 1610, 1660, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950,
2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2373, 2374, 2375,
2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600, 2650, 2700, 2750, 2800, 2850, 2900,
2950, 3000, 3050, 3063, 3064, 3100, 3150, 3200, 3250, 3300, 3350,
3400, 3450, 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650, 3700, 3750, 3753, 3754, 3800,
3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4150, 4200, 4250, 4300, 4350,
4400, 4450, 4500, 4550, 4600, 4650 contiguous nucleotides of the
nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:19 or 21. In another
embodiment, the invention features isolated nucleic acid molecules
which encode a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence that is
substantially identical (e.g., 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%, 91%,
92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%,
99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical) to the amino acid
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:20. Also featured are nucleic acid
molecules which encode allelic variants of the polypeptide having
the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:20. In addition to
isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding full-length polypeptides,
the present invention also features nucleic acid molecules which
encode fragments, for example, biologically active or antigenic
fragments, of the full-length polypeptides of the present invention
(e.g., fragments including at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45,
50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 328, 350, 375, 400, 450,
465, 500, 520, 550, 600, 650, 700, 703, 750, 800, 850, 900, 932,
950, 1000, 1050, 1100, or 1150 contiguous amino acid residues of
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20). In still other
embodiments, the invention features nucleic acid molecules that are
complementary to, antisense to, or hybridize under stringent
conditions to the isolated nucleic acid molecules described
herein.
[0191] In a related aspect, the invention provides vectors
including the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein
(e.g., PLTR-1-encoding-nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can
optionally include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous
polypeptides. Also featured are host cells including such vectors
(e.g., host cells including vectors suitable for producing PLTR-1
nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides).
[0192] In another aspect, the invention features isolated PLTR-1
polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic fragments
thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide including the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:20, a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence at least 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%,
90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%,
99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% identical to the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:20, a polypeptide
encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a nucleotide sequence
at least 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1% 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%,
99.8%, or 99.9% identical to the nucleotide sequence set forth as
SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21. Also featured are fragments of the full-length
polypeptides described herein (e.g., fragments including at least
10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200,
250, 300, 328, 350, 375, 400, 450, 465, 500, 520, 550, 600, 650,
700, 703, 750, 800, 850, 900, 932, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, or 1150
contiguous amino acid residues of the sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:20) as well as allelic variants of the polypeptide having the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:20.
[0193] The PLTR-1 polypeptides and/or biologically active or
antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as reagents
or targets in assays applicable to treatment and/or diagnosis of
PLTR-1 associated or related disorders. In one embodiment, a PLTR-1
polypeptide or fragment thereof has a PLTR-1 activity. In another
embodiment, a PLTR-1 polypeptide or fragment thereof has at least
one or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a
transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a
C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or
one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino acid resides,
and optionally, has a PLTR-1 activity. In a related aspect, the
invention features antibodies (e.g., antibodies which specifically
bind to any one of the polypeptides, as described herein) as well
as fusion polypeptides including all or a fragment of a polypeptide
described herein.
[0194] The present invention further features methods for detecting
PLTR-1 polypeptides and/or PLTR-1 nucleic acid molecules, such
methods featuring, for example, a probe, primer or antibody
described herein. Also featured are kits for the detection of
PLTR-1 polypeptides and/or PLTR-1 nucleic acid molecules. In a
related aspect, the invention features methods for identifying
compounds which bind to and/or modulate the activity of a PLTR-1
polypeptide or PLTR-1 nucleic acid molecule described herein. Also
featured are methods for modulating a PLTR-1 activity.
[0195] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0196] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel phospholipid transporter family members,
referred to herein as "Phospholipid Transporter-1" or "PLTR-1"
nucleic acid and protein molecules. These novel molecules are
capable of transporting phospholipids (e.g., aminophospholipids
such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, choline
phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, and
bile acids) across cellular membranes and, thus, play a role in or
function in a variety of cellular processes, e.g., phospholipid
transport, absorption, secretion, gene expression, intra- or
intercellular signaling, and/or cellular proliferation, growth,
and/or differentiation. Thus, the PLTR-1 molecules of the present
invention provide novel diagnostic targets and therapeutic agents
to control PLTR-1-associated disorders, as defined herein.
[0197] The term "family" when referring to the protein and nucleic
acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or more
proteins or nucleic acid molecules having a common structural
domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or nucleotide
sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members can be
naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either the
same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first protein of human origin as well as other distinct proteins of
human origin or alternatively, can contain homologues of non-human
origin, e.g., rat or mouse proteins. Members of a family can also
have common functional characteristics.
[0198] For example, the family of PLTR-1 proteins of the present
invention comprises at least one "transmembrane domain," preferably
at least 2, 3, or 4 transmembrane domains, more preferably 5, 6, or
7 transmembrane domains, even more preferably 8 or 9 transmembrane
domains, and most preferably, 10 transmembrane domains. As used
herein, the term "transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid
sequence of about 15 amino acid residues in length which spans the
plasma membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes
about at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and
spans the plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in
hydrophobic residues, and typically have an alpha-helical
structure. In a preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 95% or more of the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are
hydrophobic, e.g., leucines, isoleucines, tyrosines, or
tryptophans. Transmembrane domains are described in, for example,
Zagotta, W. N. et al. (1996) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:235-263, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Amino acid
residues 55-71, 78-94, 276-298, 320-344, 880-897, 904-924, 954-977,
993-1011, 1022-1038, 1066, 1084 of the human PLTR-1 protein (SEQ ID
NO:20) are predicted to comprise transmembrane domains (see FIGS.
14A-B and 15).
[0199] The family of PLTR-1 proteins of the present invention also
comprises at least one "large extramembrane domain" in the protein
or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a "large
extramembrane domain" includes a domain having greater than 20
amino acid residues that is found between transmembrane domains,
preferably on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, and does
not span or traverse the plasma membrane. A large extramembrane
domain preferably includes at least one, two, three, four or more
motifs or consensus sequences characteristic of P-type ATPases,
i.e., includes one, two, three, four, or more "P-type ATPase
consensus sequences or motifs". As used herein, the phrase "P-type
ATPase consensus sequences or motifs" includes any consensus
sequence or motif known in the art to be characteristic of P-type
ATPases, including, but not limited to, the P-type ATPase sequence
1 motif (as defined herein), the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif (as
defined herein), the P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif (as defined
herein), and the E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site (as defined
herein).
[0200] In one embodiment, the family of PLTR-1 proteins of the
present invention comprises at least one "N-terminal" large
extramembrane domain in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid
molecule. As used herein, an "N-terminal" large extramembrane
domain is found in the N-terminal 1/3.sup.rd of the protein,
preferably between the second and third transmembrane domains of a
PLTR-1 protein and includes about 60-300, 80-280, 100-260, 120-240,
140-220, 160-200, or preferably, 181 amino acid residues. In a
preferred embodiment, an N-terminal large extramembrane domain
includes at least one P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif (as described
herein). An N-terminal large extramembrane domain was identified in
the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at about residues 95-275 of
SEQ ID NO:20.
[0201] The family of PLTR-1 proteins of the present invention also
comprises at least one "C-terminal" large extramembrane domain in
the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein,
a "C-terminal" large extramembrane domain is found in the
C-terminal 2/3.sup.rds of the protein, preferably between the
fourth and fifth transmembrane domains of a PLTR-1 protein and
includes about 430-650, 450-630, 470-610, 490-590, 510-570,
530-550, or preferably, 535 amino acid residues. In a preferred
embodiment, a C-terminal large extramembrane domain includes at
least one or more of the following motifs: a P-type ATPase sequence
2 motif (as described herein), a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif (as
defined herein), and/or an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site (as
defined herein). A C-terminal large extramembrane domain was
identified in the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at about
residues 345-879 of SEQ ID NO:20.
[0202] In another preferred embodiment, a C-terminal large
extramembrane domain includes at least one or more of the following
domains: one, two, or three hydrolase domains and/or an
Adeno_EIB.sub.--19K domain. To identify the presence of a hydrolase
domain or an Adeno_E1B.sub.--19K domain in a PLTR-1 family member
and make the determination that a protein of interest has a
particular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein is
searched against a database of HMMs (e.g., the Pfam database,
release 2.1) using the default parameters (available online at the
PFAM website, available through Washington University in St.
Louis). For example, the hmmsf program, which is available as part
of the HMMER package of search programs, is a family specific
default program with a score of 15 as the default threshold score
for determining a hit. Alternatively, the threshold score for
determining a hit can be lowered (e.g., to 8 bits). A description
of the Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer et al. (1997)
Proteins 28(3)405-420 and a detailed description of HMMs can be
found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth. Enzymol.
183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531; and
Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of which
are incorporated herein by reference. A search was performed
against the HMM database resulting in the identification of 3
hydrolase domains and 1 Adeno_E1B.sub.--19K domain in the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20. The results of the search are set
forth below. TABLE-US-00002 Scores for sequence family
classification (score includes all domains): Model Description
Score E-value N Hydrolase haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase 20.9
6.5e-05 3 Adeno_E1B_19K Adenovirus E1B 19K protein / small t-an 9.1
1 Parsed for domains: Model Domain seq-f seq-t hmm-f hmm-t score
E-value Hydrolase 1/3 386 399 .. 1 14 [. 3.5 7.4 Adeno_E1B_19K 1/1
462 482 .. 56 76 .. 9.1 0.28 Hydrolase 2/3 603 682 .. 34 104 .. 4.2
4.7 Hydrolase 3/3 762 835 .. 106 184 .] 12.9 0.013 Alignments of
top-scoring domains: Hydrolase: domain 1 of 3, from 386 to 399:
score 3.5, E = 7.4 *->ikavvFDkDGTLtd<-* + ++ Dk+GTLt+ 49938
386 VEYIFSDKTGTLTQ 399 Adeno_E1B_19K: domain 1 or 1, from 462 to
482: score 9.1, E = 0.28 *->pecpglfasLnlGytlvFqe>-*
p+++++f++L l++t+ ++ek 49938 462 PHTHEFFRLLSLCHTVMSEEK 482
Hydrolase: domain 2 of 3, from 603 to 682: score 4.2, E = 4.7
*->apleevekllgrgl.gerilleggltaell......ld.evlglial +++e++e +++r
l++ ++++++ 30 + ++ +++ +lg+ a 49938 603
LDEEYYEEWARERRLqA-SLAQDSREDRLASiyeeveNNmMLLGATAI 648
.dklypgarealkaLkerGikvailTngdr.nae<-* +dkl g++e+++ L ++ik+++lT++
+++a+ 49938 649 eDKLQQGVPETIALLTLANIKIWVLTGDKQeTAV 682 Hydrolase:
domain 3 of 3, from 762 to 835: score 12.9, E = 0.013
*->llealgla.lfdaivdsdevggcgpvvvgKPkpeifllalerlgvkp l+ al+++
+++++++++ ++ +v++ + p + +++e ++ 49938 762
LAHALEADmELEFLETACACK---AVICCRVTPLQKAQVVELVKKYK 805
eevgpkvlmGDginDapalaaAGvgvamgngg<-* ++v +l++GDg nD+ +++ A++gv +
49938 806 KAV---TLAIGDGANDVSMIKTAHIGVGISGQE 835
[0203] In another embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein includes at least
one "P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif" in the protein or
corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a "P-type
ATPase sequence 1 motif" is a conserved sequence motif diagnostic
for P-type ATPases (Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497;
Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M. H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57). A P-type
ATPase sequence 1 motif is involved in the coupling of ATP
hydrolysis with transport (e.g., transport of phospholipids). The
consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif is
[DNS]-[QENR]-[SA]-[LIVSAN]-[LIV]-[TSN]-G-E-[SN] (SEQ ID NO:23). The
use of amino acids in brackets indicates that the amino acid at the
indicated position may be any one of the amino acids within the
brackets, e.g., [SA] indicates any of one of either S (serine) or A
(alanine). In a preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 1
motif is contained within an N-terminal large extramembrane domain.
In another preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif
in the PLTR-1 proteins of the present invention has at least 1, 2,
3, or preferably 4 amino acid resides which match the consensus
sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif. A P-type ATPase
sequence 1 motif was identified in the amino acid sequence of human
PLTR-1 at about residues 164-172 of SEQ ID NO:20.
[0204] In another embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein includes at least
one "P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif" in the protein or
corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a "P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif" is a conserved sequence motif diagnostic
for P-type ATPases (Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497;
Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M. H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57).
Preferably, a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif overlaps with and/or
includes an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site (as defined herein).
The consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif is
[LIV]-[CAML]-[STFL]-D-K-T-G-T-[LI]-T (SEQ ID NO:24). The use of
amino acids in brackets indicates that the amino acid at the
indicated position may be any one of the amino acids within the
brackets, e.g., [LI] indicates any of one of either L (leucine) or
I (isoleucine). In a preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence
2 motif is contained within a C-terminal large extramembrane
domain. In another preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 2
motif in the PLTR-1 proteins of the present invention has at least
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more preferably 9 amino acid resides
which match the consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 2
motif. A P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif was identified in the amino
acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at about residues 389-398 of SEQ ID
NO:20.
[0205] In yet another embodiment, a PLTR-l protein includes at
least one "P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif" in the protein or
corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a "P-type
ATPase sequence 3 motif" is a conserved sequence motif diagnostic
for P-type ATPases (Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497;
Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M. H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57). A P-type
ATPase sequence 3 motif is involved in ATP binding. The consensus
sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif is
[TIV]-G-D-G-X-N-D-[ASG]-P-[ASV]-L (SEQ ID NO:25). X indicates that
the amino acid at the indicated position may be any amino acid
(i.e., is not conserved). The use of amino acids in brackets
indicates that the amino acid at the indicated position may be any
one of the amino acids within the brackets, e.g., [TIV] indicates
any of one of either T (threonine), I (isoleucine), or V (valine).
In a preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif is
contained within a C-terminal large extramembrane domain. In
another preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif in
the PLTR-1 proteins of the present invention has at least 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, or more preferably 7 amino acid resides (including the
amino acid at the position indicated by "X") which match the
consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif. A P-type
ATPase sequence 3 motif was identified in the amino acid sequence
of human PLTR-1 at about residues 812-822 of SEQ ID NO:20.
[0206] In another embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein of the present
invention is identified based on the presence of an "E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site" (alternatively referred to simply as a
"phosphorylation site") in the protein or corresponding nucleic
acid molecule. An E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site functions in
accepting a phosphate moiety and has the following consensus
sequence: D-K-T-G-T-[LIVM]-[TI] (SEQ ID NO:26), wherein D is
phosphorylated. The use of amino acids in brackets indicates that
the amino acid at the indicated position may be any one of the
amino acids within the brackets, e.g., [TI] indicates any of one of
either T (threonine) or I (isoleucine). The E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site has been assigned ProSite Accession Number
PS00154. To identify the presence of an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site in a PLTR-1 protein, and to make the
determination that a protein of interest has a particular profile,
the amino acid sequence of the protein may be searched against a
database of known protein domains (e.g., the ProSite database)
using the default parameters (available online through the Swiss
Institute for Bioinformatics). A search was performed against the
ProSite database resulting in the identification of an E1-E2
ATPases phosphorylation site in the amino acid sequence of human
PLTR-1 (SEQ ID NO:20) at about residues 392-398 (see FIGS.
14A-B).
[0207] Preferably an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site has a
"phosphorylation site activity," for example, the ability to be
phosphorylated; to be dephosphorylated; to regulate the E1-E2
conformational change of the phospholipid transporter in which it
is contained; to regulate transport of phospholipids (e.g.,
aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and
phosphatidylethanolamine, choline phospholipids such as
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, and bile acids) across a
cellular membrane by the PLTR-1 protein in which it is contained;
and/or to regulate the activity (as defined herein) of the PLTR-1
protein in which it is contained. Accordingly, identifying the
presence of an "E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site" can include
isolating a fragment of a PLTR-1 molecule (e.g., a PLTR-1
polypeptide) and assaying for the ability of the fragment to
exhibit one of the aforementioned phosphorylation site
activities.
[0208] In another embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein of the present
invention may also be identified based on its ability to adopt an
E1 conformation or an E2 conformation. As used herein, an "E1
conformation" of a PLTR-1 protein includes a 3-dimensional
conformation of a PLTR-1 protein which does not exhibit PLTR-1
activity (e.g., the ability to transport phospholipids), as defined
herein. An E1 conformation of a PLTR-1 protein usually occurs when
the PLTR-1 protein is unphosphorylated. As used herein, an "E2
conformation" of a PLTR-1 protein includes a 3-dimensional
conformation of a PLTR-1 protein which exhibits PLTR-1 activity
(e.g., the ability to transport phospholipids), as defined herein.
An E2 conformation of a PLTR-1 protein usually occurs when the
PLTR-1 protein is phosphorylated.
[0209] In still another embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein of the present
invention is identified based on the presence of "phospholipid
transporter specific" amino acid residues. As used herein,
"phospholipid transporter specific" amino acid residues are amino
acid residues specific to the class of phospholipid transporting
P-type ATPases (as defined in Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science
272:1495-1497). Phospholipid transporter specific amino acid
residues are not found in P-type ATPases which transport molecules
which are not phospholipids (e.g., cations). For example,
phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues are found at
the first, second, and fifth positions of the P-type ATPase
sequence 1 motif. In phospholipid transporting P-type ATPases, the
first position of the P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif is preferably
E (glutamic acid), the second position is preferably T (threonine),
and the fifth position is preferably L (leucine). A phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid residue is further found at the
second position of the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif. In
phospholipid transporting P-type ATPases, the second position of
the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif is preferably F (phenylalanine).
Phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues are still
further found at the first, tenth, and eleventh positions of the
P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif. In phospholipid transporting P-type
ATPases, the first position of the P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif
is preferably I (isoleucine), the tenth position is preferably M
(methionine), and the eleventh position is preferably I
(isoleucine). Phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues
were identified in the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 (SEQ ID
NO:20) at about residues 164, 165, and 168 (within the P-type
ATPase sequence 1 motif; see FIGS. 14A-B), at about residue 390
(within the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif; see FIGS. 14-B), and at
about residues 812, 821, and 822 (within the P-type ATPase sequence
3 motif; see FIGS. 14-B).
[0210] Isolated proteins of the present invention, preferably
PLTR-1 proteins, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently
homologous to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20, or are
encoded by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID
NO:19 or 21. As used herein, the term "sufficiently homologous"
refers to a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains
a sufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an
amino acid residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid
residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide
sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleotide
sequences share common structural domains or motifs and/or a common
functional activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share common structural domains having at least
75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%,
99.9% or more homology or identity across the amino acid sequences
of the domains and contain at least one and preferably two
structural domains or motifs, are defined herein as sufficiently
homologous. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide sequences which
share at least 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%,
99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more homology or identity and share a common
functional activity are defined herein as sufficiently homologous.
In a preferred embodiment, amino acid or nucleotide sequences share
percent identity across the full or entire length of the amino acid
or nucleotide sequence being aligned, for example, when the
sequences are globally aligned (e.g., as determined by the ALIGN
algorithm as defined herein).
[0211] In a preferred embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein includes at
least one or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a
transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a
C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or
one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino acid resides
and has an amino acid sequence at least about 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%,
99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more
homologous or identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20.
In yet another preferred embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein includes at
least one or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a
transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a
C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or
one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino acid resides,
and is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide
sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21. In another preferred
embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein includes at least one or more of the
following domains, sites, or motifs: a transmembrane domain, an
N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a C-terminal large
extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site, a
P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif, a
P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or one or more phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid resides, and has a PLTR-1
activity.
[0212] As used interchangeably herein, a "PLTR-1 activity",
"phospholipid transporter activity", "biological activity of
PLTR-1", or "functional activity of PLTR-1", includes an activity
exerted or mediated by a PLTR-1 protein, polypeptide or nucleic
acid molecule on a PLTR-1 responsive cell or on a PLTR-1 substrate,
as determined in vivo or in vitro, according to standard
techniques. In one embodiment, a PLTR-1 activity is a direct
activity, such as an association with a PLTR-1 target molecule. As
used herein, a "target molecule" or "binding partner" is a molecule
with which a PLTR-1 protein binds or interacts in nature, such that
PLTR-1-mediated function is achieved. A PLTR-1 target molecule can
be a non-PLTR-1 molecule or a PLTR-1 protein or polypeptide of the
present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, a PLTR-1 target
molecule is a PLTR-1 substrate (e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a
non-PLTR-1 protein). A PLTR-1 activity can also be an indirect
activity, such as a cellular signaling activity mediated by
interaction of the PLTR-1 protein with a PLTR-1 substrate.
[0213] In a preferred embodiment, a PLTR-1 activity is at least one
of the following activities: (i) interaction with a PLTR-1
substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a
non-PLTR-1 protein); (ii) transport of a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule (e.g., an aminophospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or
phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a cellular membrane to
the other; (iii) the ability to be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated; (iv) adoption of an E1 conformation or an E2
conformation; (v) conversion of a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis of ATP); (vi) interaction
with a second non-PLTR-1 protein; (vii) modulation of substrate or
target molecule location (e.g., modulation of phospholipid location
within a cell and/or location with respect to a cellular membrane);
(viii) maintenance of aminophospholipid gradients; (ix) modulation
of blood coagulation; (x) modulation of intra- or intercellular
signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either directly or
indirectly); and/or (xi) modulation of cellular proliferation,
growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, or secretion.
[0214] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human PLTR-1 cDNA
and the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the PLTR-1 cDNA
are shown in SEQ ID NOs:19 and 20, respectively.
[0215] The human PLTR-1 gene, which is approximately 4693
nucleotides in length, encodes a protein having a molecular weight
of approximately 130.9 kD and which is approximately 1190 amino
acid residues in length.
[0216] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter VI. 32146 and 57259, Novel Human Transporters and Uses
Thereof
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0217] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel human transporter family members, referred to
herein as "transporter family members" or "TFM," e.g., "TFM-2" and
"TFM-3," nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules. The TFM-2 and
TFM-3 nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules of the present
invention are useful as modulating agents in regulating a variety
of cellular processes, e.g., cellular growth, migration, or
proliferation. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides
isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding TFM-2 and TFM-3
polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof, as well as
nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes
for the detection of TFM-2 and TFM-3-encoding nucleic acids.
[0218] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32. In another embodiment, the
invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:28 or 31.
[0219] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 66.6%, 66.7%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical) to the nucleotide sequence set
forth as SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32. The invention further
features isolated nucleic acid molecules including at least 589,
590, 600, 650, 700, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, or 1855 contiguous
nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:27,
29, 30, or 32. In another embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical
(e.g., 52%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or
99% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:28
or 31. The present invention also features nucleic acid molecules
which encode allelic variants of the polypeptide having the amino
acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:28 or 31. In addition to
isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding full-length polypeptides,
the present invention also features nucleic acid molecules which
encode fragments, for example, biologically active or antigenic
fragments, of the full-length polypeptides of the present invention
(e.g., fragments including at least 157, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 or
404 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:28 or 31). In still other embodiments, the invention
features nucleic acid molecules that are complementary to,
antisense to, or hybridize under stringent conditions to the
isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein.
[0220] In another aspect, the invention provides vectors including
the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein (e.g., TFM-2
and/or TFM-3-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can
optionally include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous
polypeptides. Also featured are host cells including such vectors
(e.g., host cells including vectors suitable for producing TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides).
[0221] In another aspect, the invention features isolated TFM-2 and
TFM-3 polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic
fragments thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide
including the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:28 or 31,
a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence at least 52%, 55%,
60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%90, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:28 or 31, a polypeptide
encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a nucleotide sequence
at least 66.6%, 66.7%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%
identical to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:27, 29,
30, or 32. Also featured are fragments of the full-length
polypeptides described herein (e.g., fragments including at least
157, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 or 404 contiguous amino acid residues
of the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:28 or 31) as well as allelic
variants of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set
forth as SEQ ID NO:28 or 31.
[0222] The TFM-2 and TFM-3 polypeptides and/or biologically active
or antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as
reagents or targets in assays applicable to treatment and/or
diagnosis of TFM-2 and TFM-3 mediated or related disorders. In one
embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or fragment thereof,
has a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity. In another embodiment, a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or fragment thereof, includes at least one
of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, a sugar
transporter domain, and/or a monocarboxylate transporter domain,
and optionally, has a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3 activity. In a related
aspect, the invention features antibodies (e.g., antibodies which
specifically bind to any one of the polypeptides described herein)
as well as fusion polypeptides including all or a fragment of a
polypeptide described herein.
[0223] The present invention further features methods for detecting
TFM-2 and TFM-3 polypeptides and/or TFM-2 and TFM-3 nucleic acid
molecules, such methods featuring, for example, a probe, primer or
antibody described herein. Also featured are kits e.g., kits for
the detection of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides and/or TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 nucleic acid molecules. In a related aspect, the
invention features methods for identifying compounds which bind to
and/or modulate the activity of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 nucleic acid molecule described herein. Further
featured are methods for modulating a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
activity.
[0224] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0225] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as "transporter
family members" or "TFM," e.g., "TFM-2" and. "TFM-3," nucleic acid
and polypeptide molecules, which are novel members of the
transporter family. These novel molecules are capable of, for
example, transporting lactate, pyruvate, branched chain oxoacids,
ketone bodies, ions, proteins, sugars, and small molecules across
biological membranes both within a cell and between the cell and
the environment and, thus, play a role in or function in a variety
of cellular processes, e.g., proliferation, growth,
differentiation, migration, immune responses, hormonal responses,
and inter- or intra-cellular communication.
[0226] As used herein, the term "transporter" includes a molecule
which is involved in the movement of a biochemical molecule from
one side of a lipid bilayer to the other, for example, against a
pre-existing concentration gradient. Transporters are usually
involved in the movement of biochemical compounds which would
normally not be able to cross a membrane (e.g., a protein; an ion;
a monocarboxylate; a sugar; or other small molecule, such as ATP;
signaling molecules; vitamins; and cofactors). Transporter
molecules are involved in the growth, development, and
differentiation of cells, in the regulation of cellular
homeostasis, in the metabolism and catabolism of biochemical
molecules necessary for energy production or storage, in intra- or
inter-cellular signaling, in metabolism or catabolism of
metabolically important biomolecules, and in the removal of
potentially harmful compounds from the interior of the cell.
Examples of transporters include monocarboxylate transporters,
sugar transporters, GSH transporters, ATP transporters, and fatty
acid transporters. As transporters, the TFM-2 and TFM-3 molecules
of the present invention provide novel diagnostic targets and
therapeutic agents to control transporter-associated disorders.
[0227] As used herein, a "transporter-associated disorder" includes
a disorder, disease or condition which is caused or characterized
by a misregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of a
transporter-mediated activity. Transporter-associated disorders can
detrimentally affect cellular functions such as cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration, cellular
regulation of homeostasis, inter- or intra-cellular communication;
tissue function, such as cardiac function or musculoskeletal
function; systemic responses in an organism, such as nervous system
responses, hormonal responses (e.g., insulin response), or immune
responses; and protection of cells from toxic compounds (e.g.,
carcinogens, toxins, mutagens, and toxic byproducts of metabolic
activity (e.g., reactive oxygen species)). Examples of
transporter-associated disorders include CNS disorders such as
cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders, examples of which
include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, dementias
related to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's disease),
Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile dementia,
Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple
sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear
palsy, epilepsy, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; autonomic function
disorders such as hypertension and sleep disorders, and
neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorder, korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxiety
disorders, or phobic disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g.,
amnesia or age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder,
dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, mania,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoactive substance use
disorders, anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, as well as bipolar
affective disorder, e.g., severe bipolar affective (mood) disorder
(BP-1), and bipolar affective neurological disorders, e.g.,
migraine and obesity. Further CNS-related disorders include, for
example, those listed in the American Psychiatric Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the
most current version of which is incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.
[0228] Further examples of transporter-associated disorders include
cardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system disorders in which
the TFM-2 and TFM-3 molecules of the invention may be directly or
indirectly involved include arteriosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion
injury, restenosis, arterial inflammation, vascular wall
remodeling, ventricular remodeling, rapid ventricular pacing,
coronary microembolism, tachycardia, bradycardia, pressure
overload, aortic bending, coronary artery ligation, vascular heart
disease, atrial fibrilation, Jervell syndrome, Lange-Nielsen
syndrome, long-QT syndrome, congestive heart failure, sinus node
dysfunction, angina, heart failure, hypertension, atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic
cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease,
coronary artery spasm, and arrhythmia. TFM-2 and TFM-3-mediated or
related disorders also include disorders of the musculoskeletal
system such as paralysis and muscle weakness, e.g., ataxia,
myotonia, and myokymia.
[0229] Transporter-associated disorders also include cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorders.
Cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
disorders include those disorders that affect cell proliferation,
growth, differentiation, or migration processes. As used herein, a
"cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
process" is a process by which a cell increases in number, size or
content, by which a cell develops a specialized set of
characteristics which differ from that of other cells, or by which
a cell moves closer to or further from a particular location or
stimulus. The TFM-2 and TFM-3 molecules of the present invention
are involved in signal transduction mechanisms, which are known to
be involved in cellular growth, differentiation, and migration
processes. Thus, the TFM-2 and TFM-3 molecules may modulate
cellular growth, differentiation, or migration, and may play a role
in disorders characterized by aberrantly regulated growth,
differentiation, or migration. Such disorders include cancer, e.g.,
carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia; tumor angiogenesis and metastasis;
skeletal dysplasia; hepatic disorders; and hematopoietic and/or
myeloproliferative disorders.
[0230] Transporter-associated disorders also include hormonal
disorders, such as conditions or diseases in which the production
and/or regulation of hormones in an organism is aberrant. Examples
of such disorders and diseases include type I and type II diabetes
mellitus, pituitary disorders (e.g., growth disorders), thyroid
disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), and
reproductive or fertility disorders (e.g., disorders which affect
the organs of the reproductive system, e.g., the prostate gland,
the uterus, or the vagina; disorders which involve an imbalance in
the levels of a reproductive hormone in a subject; disorders
affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce; and disorders
affecting secondary sex characteristic development, e.g., adrenal
hyperplasia).
[0231] Transporter-associated disorders also include immune
disorders, such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiency
disorders, e.g., congenital X-linked infantile
hypogammaglobulinemia, transient hypogammaglobulinemia, common
variable immunodeficiency, selective IgA deficiency, chronic
mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severe combined immunodeficiency.
[0232] Transporter-associated disorders also include disorders
associated with sugar homeostasis, such as obesity, anorexia,
hypoglycemia, glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke disease), type I
glycogenosis, seasonal affective disorder, and cluster B
personality disorders.
[0233] Transporter-associated disorders also include disorders
affecting tissues in which TFM-2 and TFM-3 protein is
expressed.
[0234] As used herein, a "transporter-mediated activity" includes
an activity of a transporter which involves the facilitated
movement of one or more molecules, e.g., biological molecules, from
one side of a biological membrane to the other.
Transporter-mediated activities include the import or export across
internal or external cellular membranes of biochemical molecules
necessary for energy production or storage; intra- or
inter-cellular signaling; metabolism or catabolism of metabolically
important biomolecules; and removal of potentially harmful
compounds from the cell.
[0235] The term "family" when referring to the polypeptide and
nucleic acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or
more polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules having a common
structural domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or
nucleotide sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members
can be naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either
the same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first polypeptide of human origin, as well as other, distinct
polypeptides of human origin or alternatively, can contain
homologues of non-human origin, e.g., mouse or monkey polypeptides.
Members of a family may also have common functional
characteristics.
[0236] For example, the family of TFM-2 and TFM-3 polypeptides
comprise at least one "transmembrane domain" and preferably eight,
nine, or ten transmembrane domains. As used herein, the term
"transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about
15-45 amino acid residues in length which spans the plasma
membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at
least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and spans
the plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic
residues, and typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a
preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more
of the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, alanines, valines, phenylalanines, prolines
or methionines. Transmembrane domains are described in, for
example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19:
235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A MEMSAT analysis and a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis also resulted in the identification of ten
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2
(SEQ ID NO:28) at about residues 22-42, 49-69, 76-98, 105-128,
167-186, 207-223, 236-253, 261-285, 296-318, and 327-349 as set
forth in FIGS. 16 and 17. A MEMSAT analysis and a structural,
hydrophobicity, and antigenicity analysis resulted in the
identification of nine transmembrane domains in the amino acid
sequence of human TFM-3 (SEQ ID NO:31) at about residues 7-23,
34-57, 66-82, 150-168, 188-206, 213-237, 255-279, 288-308, and
321-337 as set forth in FIGS. 18 and 19.
[0237] Accordingly, TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides having at least
50-60% homology, preferably about 60-70%, more preferably about
70-80%, or about 80-90% homology with a transmembrane domain of
human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 are within the scope of the invention.
[0238] In one embodiment, a TFM molecule of the present invention,
e.g., TFM-2, is identified based on the presence within the
molecule of at least one "monocarboxylate transporter domain." As
used herein, the term "monocarboxylate transporter domain" includes
a protein domain having at least about 250-500 amino acid residues,
a bit score of at least 20 when compared against a monocarboxylate
transporter domain Hidden Markov Model, and a monocarboxylate
transporter mediated activity. Preferably, a monocarboxylate
transporter domain includes a protein domain having an amino acid
sequence of about 300-400, 300-350, or more preferably, about 330
amino acid residues, a bit score of at least 35, and a
monocarboxylate transporter mediated activity. To identify the
presence of a monocarboxylate transporter domain in a TFM-2
protein, and make the determination that a protein of interest has
a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein may be
searched against a database of known protein domains (e.g., the
PFAM HMM database). A PFAM monocarboxylate transporter domain has
been assigned the PFAM Accession PF01587. A search was performed
against the PFAM HMM database resulting in the identification of a
monocarboxylate transporter domain in the amino acid sequence of
human TFM-2 (SEQ ID NO:28) at about residues 1-332 of SEQ ID
NO:28.
[0239] As used herein, a "monocarboxylate transporter mediated
activity" includes the ability to mediate the transport of a
variety of monocarboxylates (e.g., lactate, pyruvate, branched
chain oxoacids, and/or ketone bodies) across a biological membrane
(e.g., a red blood cell membrane, a heart cell membrane, a brain
cell membrane, a skeletal muscle cell membrane, a liver cell
membrane, a kidney cell membrane, and/or a tumor cell membrane.
Accordingly, identifying the presence of a "monocarboxylate
transporter domain" can include isolating a fragment of a TFM-2
molecule (e.g., a TFM-2 polypeptide) and assaying for the ability
of the fragment to exhibit one of the aforementioned
monocarboxylate transporter mediated activities.
[0240] In another embodiment, members of the TFM family of
proteins, e.g., TFM-3, include at least one "sugar transporter
domain" in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As
used herein, the term "sugar transporter domain" includes a protein
domain having at least about 250-500 amino acid residues and a
sugar transporter mediated activity. Preferably, a sugar
transporter domain includes a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence of about 300-400, 300-350, or more preferably, about 353
amino acid residues, and a sugar transporter mediated activity. To
identify the presence of a sugar transporter domain in a TFM-3
protein, and make the determination that a protein of interest has
a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein may be
searched against a database of known protein domains (e.g., the
PFAM HMM database). A PFAM sugar transporter domain has been
assigned the PFAM Accession PF00083. A search was performed against
the PFAM HMM database resulting in the identification of a sugar
transporter domain in the amino acid sequence of human TFM-3 (SEQ
ID NO:31) at about residues 1-353 of SEQ ID NO:31.
[0241] As used herein, a "sugar transporter mediated activity"
includes the ability to bind a monosaccharide, such as D-glucose,
D-fructose, and/or D-galactose; the ability to transport a
monosaccharide such as D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose,
across a cell membrane (e.g., a liver cell membrane, fat cell
membrane, muscle cell membrane, and/or blood cell membrane, such as
an erythrocyte membrane); and the ability to modulate sugar
homeostasis in a cell. Accordingly, identifying the presence of a
"sugar transporter domain" can include isolating a fragment of a
TFM-3 molecule (e.g., a TFM-3 polypeptide) and assaying for the
ability of the fragment to exhibit one of the aforementioned sugar
transporter mediated activities.
[0242] A description of the Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer
et al. (1997) Proteins 28:405-420 and a detailed description of
HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth.
Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531;
and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0243] In a preferred embodiment, the TFM-2 and TFM-3 molecules of
the invention include at least one, preferably two, even more
preferably eight, nine or ten transmembrane domain(s), and/or at
least one monocarboxylate transporter domain, and/or at least one
sugar transporter domain.
[0244] Isolated polypeptides of the present invention, preferably
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides, have an amino acid sequence
sufficiently identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28
or 31 or are encoded by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently
identical to SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32. As used herein, the term
"sufficiently identical" refers to a first amino acid or nucleotide
sequence which contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical
or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid residue which has a similar side
chain) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or
nucleotide sequence such that the first and second amino acid or
nucleotide sequences share common structural domains or motifs
and/or a common functional activity. For example, amino acid or
nucleotide sequences which share common structural domains having
at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity across the amino
acid sequences of the domains and contain at least one and
preferably two structural domains or motifs, are defined herein as
sufficiently identical. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity
and share a common functional activity are defined herein as
sufficiently identical.
[0245] In a preferred embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3
polypeptide includes at least one or more of the following domains:
a transmembrane domain, and/or a monocarboxylate transporter
domain, and/or a sugar transporter domain, and has an amino acid
sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous or identical
to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 or 31. In yet another
preferred embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3 polypeptide includes
at least one or more of the following domains: a transmembrane
domain, and/or a monocarboxylate transporter domain, and/or a sugar
transporter domain, and is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule
having a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent
hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32.
In another preferred embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3 polypeptide
includes at least one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain, and/or a monocarboxylate transporter domain,
and/or a sugar transporter domain, and has a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
activity.
[0246] As used interchangeably herein, a "TFM-2 activity," "TFM-3
activity," "biological activity of TFM-2," "biological activity of
TFM-3," "functional activity of TFM-2," or "functional activity of
TFM-3" refers to an activity exerted by a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3
protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule on a TFM-2 and/or a
TFM-3 responsive cell or tissue, or on a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3
protein substrate, as determined in vivo, or in vitro, according to
standard techniques. In one embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3
activity is a direct activity, such as an association with a TFM-2
and/or a TFM-3-target molecule. As used herein, a "target molecule"
or "binding partner" is a molecule with which a TFM-2 and/or a
TFM-3 protein binds or interacts in nature, such that TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3-mediated function is achieved. A TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3 target
molecule can be a non-TFM-2 and/or a non-TFM-3 molecule or a TFM-2
and/or a TFM-3 protein or polypeptide of the present invention
(e.g., a molecule to be transported, e.g., a monocarboxylate and/or
a monosaccharide). In an exemplary embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or a
TFM-3 target molecule is a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3 ligand (e.g., a
proton, an energy molecule, a metabolite, a monocarboxylate, a
monosaccharide or an ion). Alternatively, a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3
activity is an indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling
activity mediated by interaction of the TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3
protein with a TFM-2 and/or a TFM-3 ligand. The biological
activities of TFM-2 and TFM-3 are described herein. For example,
the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 proteins of the present invention can have
one or more of the following activities: 1) modulate the import and
export of molecules, e.g., hormones, ions, cytokines,
neurotransmitters, monocarboxylates, monosaccharides, and
metabolites, from cells, 2) modulate intra- or inter-cellular
signaling, 3) modulate removal of potentially harmful compounds
from the cell, or facilitate the compartmentalization of these
molecules into a sequestered intra-cellular space (e.g., the
peroxisome), and 4) modulate transport of biological molecules
across membranes, e.g., the plasma membrane, or the membrane of the
mitochondrion, the peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the nucleus, or the vacuole.
[0247] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human TFM-2 and
TFM-3 cDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the human TFM-2
and TFM-3 polypeptides are shown in SEQ ID NOs:27, 28 and 30, 31,
respectively.
[0248] The human TFM-2 gene, which is approximately 3524
nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide which is approximately
392 amino acid residues in length. The human TFM-3 gene, which is
approximately 1855 nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide
which is approximately 405 amino acid residues in length.
[0249] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in the following subsections:
Chapter VII. 67118, 67067, and 62092, Human Proteins and Methods of
Use Thereof
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0250] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel human phospholipid transporter family members,
referred to herein as "67118 and 67067" nucleic acid and
polypeptide molecules. The 67118 and 67067 nucleic acid and
polypeptide molecules of the present invention are useful as
modulating agents in regulating a variety of cellular processes,
e.g., phospholipid transport (e.g., aminophospholipid transport),
absorption, secretion, gene expression, intra- or inter-cellular
signaling, and/or cellular proliferation, growth, apoptosis, and/or
differentiation. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention
provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding 67118 and 67067
polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof, as well as
nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes
for the detection of 67118 and 67067-encoding nucleic acids.
[0251] The present invention is also based, at least in part, on
the discovery of novel histidine triad family members, referred to
herein as "62092" nucleic acid and protein molecules. The 62092
nucleic acid and protein molecules of the present invention are
useful as modulating agents in regulating a variety of cellular
processes, e.g., gene expression, intra- or intercellular
signaling, cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, and/or
apoptosis, and/or sensing of cellular stress signals. Accordingly,
in one aspect, this invention provides isolated nucleic acid
molecules encoding 62092 proteins or biologically active portions
thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or
hybridization probes for the detection of 62092-encoding nucleic
acids.
[0252] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41. In another
embodiment, the invention features an isolated nucleic acid
molecule that encodes a polypeptide including the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40.
[0253] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 60% identical) to the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41. The
invention further features isolated nucleic acid molecules
including at least 50 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41. In
another embodiment, the invention features isolated nucleic acid
molecules which encode a polypeptide including an amino acid
sequence that is substantially identical (e.g., 60% identical) to
the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40. The
present invention also features nucleic acid molecules which encode
allelic variants of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence
set forth as SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40. In addition to isolated
nucleic acid molecules encoding full-length polypeptides, the
present invention also features nucleic acid molecules which encode
fragments, for example, biologically active or antigenic fragments,
of the full-length polypeptides of the present invention (e.g.,
fragments including at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40). In still other
embodiments, the invention features nucleic acid molecules that are
complementary to, antisense to, or hybridize under stringent
conditions to the isolated nucleic acid molecules described
herein.
[0254] In another aspect, the invention provides vectors including
the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein (e.g., 67118,
67067, and/or 62092-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors
can optionally include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous
polypeptides. Also featured are host cells including such vectors
(e.g., host cells including vectors suitable for producing 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides).
[0255] In another aspect, the invention features isolated 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides and/or biologically active or
antigenic fragments thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:34, 37, or 40, a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence at
least 60% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:34, 37, or 40, a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule
including a nucleotide sequence at least 60% identical to the
nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or
41. Also featured are fragments of the full-length polypeptides
described herein (e.g., fragments including at least 10 contiguous
amino acid residues of the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:34, 37,
or 40) as well as allelic variants of the polypeptide having the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40.
[0256] The 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides and/or
biologically active or antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for
example, as reagents or targets in assays applicable to treatment
and/or diagnosis of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 associated or
related disorders. In one embodiment, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide or fragment thereof, has a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
activity.
[0257] In another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 polypeptide or
fragment thereof includes at least one of the following domains,
sites, or motifs: a transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large
extramembrane domain, a C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an
E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1
motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3
motif, and/or one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino
acid resides, and optionally, has a 67118 and/or a 67067 activity.
In yet another embodiment, a 62092 polypeptide or fragment thereof
has at least one or more of the following domains or motifs: a
signal peptide, a HIT family domain, and/or a HIT family signature
motif, and optionally, has a 62092 activity.
[0258] In a related aspect, the invention features antibodies
(e.g., antibodies which specifically bind to any one of the
polypeptides described herein) as well as fusion polypeptides
including all or a fragment of a polypeptide described herein.
[0259] The present invention further features methods for detecting
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides and/or 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 nucleic acid molecules, such methods featuring, for example,
a probe, primer or antibody described herein. Also featured are
kits, e.g., kits for the detection of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptides and/or 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 nucleic acid
molecules. In a related aspect, the invention features methods for
identifying compounds which bind to and/or modulate the activity of
a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 nucleic acid molecule described herein. Further featured are
methods for modulating a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 activity.
[0260] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0261] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as "67118" and
"67067" nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules, which are novel
members of the phospholipid transporter family. These novel
molecules are capable of, for example, transporting phospholipids
(e.g., aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and
phosphatidylethanolamine, choline phospholipids such as
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, and bile acids) across
cellular membranes and, thus, play a role in or function in a
variety of cellular processes, e.g., phospholipid transport,
absorption, secretion, gene expression, intra- or inter-cellular
signaling, and/or cellular proliferation, growth, and/or
differentiation.
[0262] The present invention is also based, at least in part, on
the discovery of novel histidine triad family members, referred to
herein as "62092" nucleic acid and protein molecules. These novel
molecules are capable of binding nucleotides (e.g., purine
mononucleotides and/or dinucleoside polyphosphates) and, thus, play
a role in or function in a variety of cellular processes, e.g.,
gene expression, intra- or intercellular signaling, cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, and/or apoptosis, and/or
sensing of cellular stress signals. Thus, the 62092 molecules of
the present invention provide novel diagnostic targets and
therapeutic agents to control 62092-associated disorders, as
defined herein.
[0263] The term "family" when referring to the protein and nucleic
acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or more
proteins or nucleic acid molecules having a common structural
domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or nucleotide
sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members can be
naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either the
same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first protein of human origin as well as other distinct proteins of
human origin or alternatively, can contain homologues of non-human
origin, e.g., rat or mouse proteins. Members of a family can also
have common functional characteristics.
[0264] For example, the family of 67118 and 67067 polypeptides
comprise at least one "transmembrane domain" and preferably eight,
nine, or ten transmembrane domains. As used herein, the term
"transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about
15-45 amino acid residues in length which spans the plasma
membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at
least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and spans
the plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic
residues, and typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a
preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more
of the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, alanines, valines, phenylalanines, prolines
or methionines. Transmembrane domains are described in, for
example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19:
235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A MEMSAT analysis and a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis also resulted in the identification of ten
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human 67118
(SEQ ID NO:34) at about residues 71-87, 94-110, 295-314, 349-368,
891-907, 915-935, 964-987, 1002-1018, 1033-1057, and 1064-1088 as
set forth in FIG. 20. A MEMSAT analysis and a structural,
hydrophobicity, and antigenicity analysis resulted in the
identification of ten transmembrane domains in the amino acid
sequence of human 67067 (SEQ ID NO:37) at about residues 65-82,
89-105, 287-304, 366-388, 1239-1259, 1322-1343, 1274-1292,
1351-1368, 1377-1399, 1425-1446 as set forth in FIG. 22.
[0265] The family of 67118 and/or 67067 proteins of the present
invention also comprise at least one "extramembrane domain" in the
protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, an
"extramembrane domain" includes a domain having greater than 20
amino acid residues that is found between transmembrane domains,
preferably on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, and does
not span or traverse the plasma membrane. An extramembrane domain
preferably includes at least one, two, three, four or more motifs
or consensus sequences characteristic of P-type ATPases, i.e.,
includes one, two, three, four, or more "P-type ATPase consensus
sequences or motifs". As used herein, the phrase "P-type ATPase
consensus sequences or motifs" includes any consensus sequence or
motif known in the art to be characteristic of P-type ATPases,
including, but not limited to, the P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif
(as defined herein), the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif (as defined
herein), the P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif (as defined herein),
and the E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site (as defined herein).
[0266] In one embodiment, the family of 67118 and 67067 proteins of
the present invention comprises at least one "N-terminal" large
extramembrane domain in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid
molecule. As used herein, an "N-terminal" large extramembrane
domain is found in the N-terminal 1/3.sup.rd of the protein,
preferably between the second and third transmembrane domains of a
67118 or 67067 protein and includes about 60-300, 80-280, 100-260,
120-240, 140-220, 160-200, or preferably,181 or 183 amino acid
residues. In a preferred embodiment, an N-terminal large
extramembrane domain includes at least one P-type ATPase sequence 1
motif (as described herein). An N-terminal large extramembrane
domain was identified in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 at
about residues 111-294 of SEQ ID NO:34. An N-terminal large
extramembrane domain was identified in the amino acid sequence of
human 67067 at about residues 105-286 of SEQ ID NO:37.
[0267] The family of 67118 and 67067 proteins of the present
invention also comprises at least one "C-terminal" large
extramembrane domain in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid
molecule. As used herein, a "C-terminal" large extramembrane domain
is found in the C-terminal 2/3.sup.rds of the protein, preferably
between the fourth and fifth transmembrane domains of a PLTR
protein and includes about 370-850, 400-820, 430-790, 460-760,
430-730, 460-700, 430-670, 460-640, 430-610, 490-580, 510-550, or
preferably, 521 or 849 amino acid residues. In a preferred
embodiment, a C-terminal large extramembrane domain includes at
least one or more of the following motifs: a P-type ATPase sequence
2 motif (as described herein), a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif (as
defined herein), and/or an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site (as
defined herein). A C-terminal large extramembrane domain was
identified in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 at about
residues 369-890 of SEQ ID NO:34. A C-terminal large extramembrane
domain was identified in the amino acid sequence of human 67067 at
about residues 389-1238 of SEQ ID NO:37.
[0268] In another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein
extramembrane domain is characterized by at least one "P-type
ATPase sequence 1 motif" in the protein or corresponding nucleic
acid sequence. As used herein, a "P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif"
is a conserved sequence motif diagnostic for P-type ATPases (Tang,
X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497; Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M.
H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57). Amino acid residues of the P-type
ATPase sequence 1 motif are involved in the coupling of ATP
hydrolysis with transport (e.g., transport of phospholipids). The
consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif is
[DNS]-[QENR]-[SA]-[LIVSAN]-[LIV]-[TSN]-G-E-[SN] (SEQ ID NO:42). The
use of amino acids in brackets indicates that the amino acid at the
indicated position may be any one of the amino acids within the
brackets, e.g., [SA] indicates any of one of either S (serine) or A
(alanine). In a preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 1
motif is contained within an N-terminal large extramembrane domain.
In another preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence I motif
in the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 proteins of the present invention
has at least 1, 2, 3, or preferably 4 amino acid resides which
match the consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif.
A P-type ATPase sequence 1. motif was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human 67118 at about residues 179-187 of SEQ ID NO:34.
A P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human 67067 at about residues 175-183 of SEQ ID
NO:37.
[0269] In another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein
extramembrane domain is characterized by at least one "P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif" in the protein or corresponding nucleic
acid sequence. As used herein, a "P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif"
is a conserved sequence motif diagnostic for P-type ATPases (Tang,
X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497; Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M.
H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57). Preferably, a P-type ATPase
sequence 2 motif overlaps with and/or includes an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site (as defined herein). The consensus sequence
for a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif is
[LIV]-[CAML]-[STFL]-D-K-T-G-T-[LI]-T (SEQ ID NO:43). The use of
amino acids in brackets indicates that the amino acid at the
indicated position may be any one of the amino acids within the
brackets, e.g., [LI] indicates any of one of either L (leucine) or
I (isoleucine). In a preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence
2 motif is contained within a C-terminal large extramembrane
domain. In another preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 2
motif in the PLTR proteins of the present invention has at least 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more preferably 9 amino acid resides which
match the consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif.
A P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human 67118 at about residues 411-420 of SEQ ID NO:34.
A P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human 67067 at about residues 431-440 of SEQ ID
NO:37.
[0270] In yet another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein
extramembrane domain is characterized by at least one "P-type
ATPase sequence 3 motif" in the protein or corresponding nucleic
acid sequence. As used herein, a "P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif"
is a conserved sequence motif diagnostic for P-type ATPases (Tang,
X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497; Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M.
H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57). Amino acid residues of the P-type
ATPase sequence 3 motif are involved in ATP binding. The consensus
sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif is
[TIV]-G-D-G-X-N-D-[ASG]-P-[ASV]-L (SEQ ID NO:44). X indicates that
the amino acid at the indicated position may be any amino acid
(i.e., is not conserved). The use of amino acids in brackets
indicates that the amino acid at the indicated position may be any
one of the amino acids within the brackets, e.g., [TIV] indicates
any of one of either T (threonine), I (isoleucine), or V (valine).
In a preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif is
contained within a C-terminal large extramembrane domain. In
another preferred embodiment, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif in
the 67118 or 67067 proteins of the present invention has at least
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more preferably 7 amino acid resides
(including the amino acid at the position indicated by "X") which
match the consensus sequence for a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif.
A P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human 67118 at about residues 823-833 of SEQ ID NO:34.
A P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human 67067 at about residues 1180-1190 of SEQ ID
NO:37.
[0271] In another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein of the
present invention is identified based on the presence of an "E1-E2
ATPases phosphorylation site" (alternatively referred to simply as
a "phosphorylation site") in the protein or corresponding nucleic
acid molecule. An E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site functions in
accepting a phosphate moiety and has the amino acid sequence DKTGT
(amino acid residues 1-5 of SEQ ID NO:45), and can be included
within the E1-E2 ATPase phosphorylation site consensus sequence:
D-K-T-G-T-[LIVM]-[TI] (SEQ ID NO:45), wherein D is phosphorylated.
The use of amino acids in brackets indicates that the amino acid at
the indicated position may be any one of the amino acids within the
brackets, e.g., [TI] indicates any of one of either T (threonine)
or I (isoleucine). The E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site consensus
sequence has been assigned ProSite Accession Number PS00154. To
identify the presence of an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site
consensus sequence in a 67118 or 67067 protein, and to make the
determination that a protein of interest has a particular profile,
the amino acid sequence of the protein may be searched against a
database of known protein motifs (e.g., the ProSite database) using
the default parameters (available on the Internet at the Prosite
website). A search was performed against the ProSite database
resulting in the identification of an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation
site consensus sequence in the amino acid sequence of human 67118
(SEQ ID NO:34) at about residues 414-420 (see FIGS. 21A-B). A
search was performed against the ProSite database resulting in the
identification of an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site consensus
sequence in the amino acid sequence of human 67067 (SEQ ID NO:37)
at about residues 434-440 (see FIGS. 23A-B).
[0272] Preferably an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site has a
"phosphorylation site activity," for example, the ability to be
phosphorylated; to be dephosphorylated; to regulate the E1-E2
conformational change of the phospholipid transporter in which it
is contained; to regulate transport of phospholipids (e.g.,
aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and
phosphatidylethanolamine, choline phospholipids such as
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, and bile acids) across a
cellular membrane by the 67118 or 67067 protein in which it is
contained; and/or to regulate the activity (as defined herein) of
the 67118 or 67067 protein in which it is contained. Accordingly,
identifying the presence of an "E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site"
can include isolating a fragment of a 67118 or 67067 molecule
(e.g., a 67118 or 67067 polypeptide) and assaying for the ability
of the fragment to exhibit one of the aforementioned
phosphorylation site activities.
[0273] In another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein of the
present invention may also be identified based on its ability to
adopt an E1 conformation or an E2 conformation. As used herein, an
"E1 conformation" of a 67118 or 67067 protein includes a
3-dimensional conformation of a 67118 or 67067 protein which does
not exhibit 67118 or 67067 activity (e.g., the ability to transport
phospholipids), as defined herein. An E1 conformation of a 67118 or
67067 protein usually occurs when the 67118 or 67067 protein is
unphosphorylated. As used herein, an "E2 conformation" of a 67118
or 67067 protein includes a 3-dimensional conformation of a 67118
or 67067 protein which exhibits 67118 or 67067 activity (e.g., the
ability to transport phospholipids), as defined herein. An E2
conformation of a 67118 or 67067 protein usually occurs when the
67118 or 67067 protein is phosphorylated.
[0274] In still another embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein of the
present invention is identified based on the presence of
"phospholipid transporter specific" amino acid residues. As used
herein, "phospholipid transporter specific" amino acid residues are
amino acid residues specific to the class of phospholipid
transporting P-type ATPases (as defined in Tang, X. et al. (1996)
Science 272:1495-1497). Phospholipid transporter specific amino
acid residues are not found in those P-type ATPases which transport
molecules which are not phospholipids (e.g., cations). For example,
phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues are found at
the first, second, and fifth positions of the P-type ATPase
sequence 1 motif. In phospholipid transporting P-type ATPases, the
first position of the P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif is preferably
E (glutamic acid), the second position is preferably T (threonine),
and the fifth position is preferably L (leucine). A phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid residue is further found at the
second position of the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif. In
phospholipid transporting P-type ATPases, the second position of
the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif is preferably F (phenylalanine).
Phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues are still
further found at the first, tenth, and eleventh positions of the
P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif. In phospholipid transporting P-type
ATPases, the first position of the P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif
is preferably I (isoleucine), the tenth position is preferably M
(methionine), and the eleventh position is preferably I
(isoleucine). Phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues
were identified in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 (SEQ ID
NO:34) at about residues 179 and 183 (within the P-type ATPase
sequence 1 motif; see FIGS. 21A-B), at about residue 442 (within
the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif; see FIGS. 21A-B), and at about
residues 823, 832 and 833 (within the P-type ATPase sequence 3
motif; see FIGS. 21A-B). Phospholipid transporter specific amino
acid residues were identified in the amino acid sequence of human
67067 (SEQ ID NO:37) at about residues 175, 176, and 179 (within
the P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif; see FIGS. 23A-B), at about
residue 432 (within the P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif; see FIGS.
23A-B), and at about residues 1180, 1189, and 1190 (within the
P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif; see FIGS. 23A-B).
[0275] Isolated polypeptides of the present invention, preferably
67118 and/or 67067 polypeptides, have an amino acid sequence
sufficiently identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34
or 37 or are encoded by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently
identical to SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, or 38. As used herein, the term
"sufficiently identical" refers to a first amino acid or nucleotide
sequence which contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical
or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid residue which has a similar side
chain) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or
nucleotide sequence such that the first and second amino acid or
nucleotide sequences share common structural domains or motifs
and/or a common functional activity. For example, amino acid or
nucleotide sequences which share common structural domains having
at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity across the amino
acid sequences of the domains and contain at least one and
preferably two structural domains or motifs, are defined herein as
sufficiently identical. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity
and share a common functional activity are defined herein as
sufficiently identical.
[0276] In a preferred embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein includes
at least one or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a
transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a
C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or
one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino acid resides,
and has an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,
70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
homologous or identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34
or 37. In yet another preferred embodiment, a 67118 or 67067
protein includes at least one or more of the following domains,
sites, or motifs: a transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large
extramembrane domain, a C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an
E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1
motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3
motif, and/or one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino
acid resides, and is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a
nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization
conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising
the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 4, or 6. In another
preferred embodiment, a 67118 or 67067 protein includes at least
one or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a
transmembrane domain, an N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a
C-terminal large extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases
phosphorylation site, a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type
ATPase sequence 2 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or
one or more phospholipid transporter specific amino acid resides,
and has a 67118 or 67067 activity.
[0277] As used interchangeably herein, a "phospholipid transporter
activity" or a "67118 or 67067 activity" includes an activity
exerted or mediated by a 67118 or 67067 protein, polypeptide or
nucleic acid molecule on a 67118 or 67067 responsive cell or on a
67118 or 67067 substrate, as determined in vivo or in vitro,
according to standard techniques. In one embodiment, a phospholipid
transporter activity is a direct activity, such as an association
with a 67118 or 67067 target molecule. As used herein, a "target
molecule" or "binding partner" is a molecule with which a 67118 or
67067 protein binds or interacts in nature, such that 67118 or
67067-mediated function is achieved. In an exemplary embodiment, a
67118 or 67067 target molecule is a 67118 or 67067 substrate (e.g.,
a phospholipid, ATP, or a non-67118 or 67067 protein). A
phospholipid transporter activity can also be an indirect activity,
such as a cellular signaling activity mediated by interaction of
the 67118 or 67067 protein with a 67118 or 67067 substrate.
[0278] In a preferred embodiment, a phospholipid transporter
activity is at least one of the following activities: (i)
interaction with a 67118 or 67067 substrate or target molecule
(e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a non-67118 or non-67067 protein);
(ii) transport of a 67118 or 67067 substrate or target molecule
(e.g., an aminophospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or
phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a cellular membrane to
the other; (iii) the ability to be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated; (iv) adoption of an E1 conformation or an E2
conformation; (v) conversion of a 67118 or 67067 substrate or
target molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis of ATP); (vi)
interaction with a second non-67118 or non-67067 protein; (vii)
modulation of substrate or target molecule location (e.g.,
modulation of phospholipid location within a cell and/or location
with respect to a cellular membrane); (viii) maintenance of
aminophospholipid gradients; (ix) modulation of intra- or
intercellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); and/or (x) modulation of cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, or
secretion.
[0279] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human 67118 and
67067 cDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the human 67118
and 67067 polypeptides are shown in SEQ ID NOs:33, 34 and 36, 37,
respectively.
[0280] The human 67118 gene, which is approximately 7745
nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide which is approximately
1134 amino acid residues in length. The human 67067 gene, which is
approximately 7205 nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide
which is approximately 1588 amino acid residues in length.
[0281] 62092 family members likewise share structural and
functional characteristics and can be identified by said
characteristics, as follows. In another embodiment, a 62092 protein
of the present invention is identified based on the presence of a
signal peptide. The prediction of such a signal peptide can be
made, for example, by using the computer algorithm SignalP (Henrik
et al. (1997) Protein Eng. 10: 1-6). As used herein, a "signal
sequence" or "signal peptide" includes a peptide containing about
15 or more amino acids which occurs at the N-terminus of secretory
and/or membrane bound proteins and which contains a large number of
hydrophobic amino acid residues. For example, a signal sequence
contains at least about 10-30 amino acid residues, preferably about
15-25 amino acid residues, more preferably about 18-20 amino acid
residues, and more preferably about 19 amino acid residues, and has
at least about 35-65%, preferably about 38-50%, and more preferably
about 40-45% hydrophobic amino acid residues (e.g., Valine,
Leucine, Isoleucine or Phenylalanine). Such a "signal sequence",
also referred to in the art as a "signal peptide", serves to direct
a protein containing such a sequence to a lipid bilayer, and is
cleaved in secreted and membrane bound proteins. A possible signal
sequence was identified in the amino acid sequence of human 62092
at about amino acids 1-19 of SEQ ID NO:40.
[0282] In still another embodiment, members of the 62092 family of
proteins include at least one "HIT family domain" in the protein or
corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used interchangeably
herein, the term "HIT family domain" includes a protein domain
having at least about 30-170 amino acid residues and a bit score of
at least 60.0 when compared against a HIT family domain Hidden
Markov Model (HMM), e.g., Accession Number PF01230. Preferably, a
HIT family domain includes a protein domain having an amino acid
sequence of about 50-150, 70-130, 90-110, or more preferably about
102 amino acid residues, and a bit score of at least 80, 100, 120,
140, 160, or more preferably, 180.3. To identify the presence of a
HIT family domain in a 62092 protein, and make the determination
that a protein of interest has a particular profile, the amino acid
sequence of the protein is searched against a database of known
protein motifs and/or domains (e.g., the HMM database). The HIT
family domain (HMM) has been assigned the PFAM Accession number
PF01230. A search was performed against the HMM database resulting
in the identification of a HIT family domain in the amino acid
sequence of human 62092 at about residues 54-155 of SEQ ID
NO:40.
[0283] A description of the Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer
et al. (1997) Proteins 28:405-420, and a detailed description of
HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth.
Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531;
and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0284] Preferably a HIT family domain is at least about 80-120
amino acid residues and comprises core amino acid residues
sufficient to carry out a 62092 activity, as described herein. In a
preferred embodiment, a "HIT family domain" includes at least about
90-110 amino acid residues, for example, about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, or 110 amino acid residues, preferably, about 102 residues,
and is capable of carrying out a 62092 biological activity.
Accordingly, identifying the presence of a "HIT family domain" can
include isolating a fragment of a 62092 molecule (e.g., a 62092
polypeptide) and assaying for the ability of the fragment to
exhibit one of the aforementioned HIT family domain activities.
[0285] In another embodiment, a 62092 protein of the present
invention is identified based on the presence of an "HIT family
signature motif" in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid
molecule. The consensus for a HIT family signature motif is a
protein motif and has the consensus sequence
[NGA]-X(4)-[GSAV]-X-[QF]-X-[LIVM]-X-H-[LIVMFYST]-H-[LIVMFT]-H-[L-
IVMF](2)-[PSGA] (SEQ ID NO:50). The HIT family signature motif
functions in nucleotide binding and has been assigned Prosite.TM.
Accession Number PS00892. To identify the presence of an HIT family
signature motif in a 62092 protein, and to make the determination
that a protein of interest has a particular profile, the amino acid
sequence of the protein may be searched against a database of known
protein domains or motifs (e.g., the Prosite.TM. database) using
the default parameters (available at the ProSite internet website).
A search was performed against the ProSite database resulting in
the identification of a HIT family signature motif in the amino
acid sequence of human 62092 (SEQ ID NO:40) at about residues
136-151.
[0286] Isolated proteins of the present invention, preferably 62092
proteins, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently homologous to
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:40, or are encoded by a
nucleotide sequence sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:39 or 41.
As used herein, the term "sufficiently homologous" refers to a
first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains a sufficient
or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid
residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid residues or
nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that
the first and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences share
common structural domains or motifs and/or a common functional
activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide sequences which
share common structural domains having at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,
70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
homology or identity across the amino acid sequences of the domains
and contain at least one and preferably two structural domains or
motifs, are defined herein as sufficiently homologous. Furthermore,
amino acid or nucleotide sequences which share at least 50%, 55%,
60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or
more homology or identity and share a common functional activity
are defined herein as sufficiently homologous.
[0287] In a preferred embodiment, a 62092 protein includes at least
one or more of the following domains or motifs: a signal peptide, a
HIT family domain, and/or a HIT family signature motif, and has an
amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,
80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous or
identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:40. In yet
another preferred embodiment, a 62092 protein includes at least one
or more of the following domains or motifs: a signal peptide, a HIT
family domain, and/or a HIT family signature motif, and is encoded
by a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence which
hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a complement
of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of
SEQ ID NO:39 or 41. In another preferred embodiment, a 62092
protein includes at least one or more of the following domains or
motifs: a signal peptide, a HIT family domain, and/or a HIT family
signature motif, and has a 62092 activity.
[0288] As used interchangeably herein, a "62092 activity",
"biological activity of 62092" or "functional activity of 62092",
includes an activity exerted or mediated by a 62092 protein,
polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule on a 62092 responsive cell or
on a 62092 substrate, as determined in vivo or in vitro, according
to standard techniques. In one embodiment, a 62092 activity is a
direct activity, such as an association with a 62092 target
molecule. As used herein, a "target molecule" or "binding partner"
is a molecule with which a 62092 protein binds or interacts in
nature, such that 62092-mediated function is achieved. In an
exemplary embodiment, a 62092 target molecule is a 62092 substrate
(e.g., a nucleotide such as a purine mononucleotide (e.g.,
adenosine, AMP, GMP, or 8Br-AMP) or an dinucleoside polyphosphate
(e.g., ApppA, AppppA, or AppppG)). A 62092 activity can also be an
indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling activity mediated
by interaction of the 62092 protein with a 62092 substrate. For
example, a 62092 protein:substrate complex can interact with a
downstream signaling molecule or target in order to indirectly
effect a 62092 biological activity.
[0289] In a preferred embodiment, a 62092 activity is at least one
of the following activities: (i) interaction with a 62092 substrate
or target molecule (e.g., a nucleotide such as a purine
mononucleotide or a nucleoside polyphosphate), or a non-62092
protein); (ii) conversion of a 62092 substrate or target molecule
to a product (e.g., cleavage of a dinucleoside polyphosphate);
(iii) interaction with a second non-62092 protein; (iv) sensation
of cellular stress signals; (v) regulation of substrate or target
molecule availability or activity; (vi) modulation of intra- or
intercellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); and/or (vii) modulation of cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, and/or apoptosis.
[0290] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human 62092 cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the 62092 cDNA are
shown in SEQ ID NOs:39 and 40, respectively.
[0291] The human 62092 gene, which is approximately 978 nucleotides
in length, encodes a protein having a molecular weight of
approximately 6.9 kD and which is approximately 163 amino acid
residues in length.
[0292] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter VIII.FBH58295FL, A Novel Human Amino Acid Transporter and
Uses Thereof
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0293] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel amino acid transporter family members, referred
to herein as "Human Amino Acid Transporter" or "HAAT" nucleic acid
and protein molecules. The HAAT nucleic acid and protein molecules
of the present invention are useful as modulating agents in
regulating a variety of cellular processes, e.g., protein
synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular
activation, regulation of cell growth, production of metabolic
energy, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism,
and/or biosynthesis of urea. Accordingly, in one aspect, this
invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding HAAT
proteins or biologically active portions thereof, as well as
nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes
for the detection of HAAT-encoding nucleic acids.
[0294] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:51 or 53. In another embodiment, the invention
features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:52.
[0295] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 80% identical) to the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:51 or 53. The invention further
features isolated nucleic acid molecules including at least 30
contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO: 51 or 53. In another embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical
(e.g., 80% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO:52. Also featured are nucleic acid molecules which encode
allelic variants of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence
set forth as SEQ ID NO:52. In addition to isolated nucleic acid
molecules encoding full-length polypeptides, the present invention
also features nucleic acid molecules which encode fragments, for
example, biologically active or antigenic fragments, of the
full-length polypeptides of the present invention (e.g., fragments
including at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52). In still other embodiments, the
invention features nucleic acid molecules that are complementary
to, antisense to, or hybridize under stringent conditions to the
isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein.
[0296] In a related aspect, the invention provides vectors
including the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein
(e.g., HAAT-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can
optionally include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous
polypeptides. Also featured are host cells including such vectors
(e.g., host cells including vectors suitable for producing HAAT
nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides).
[0297] In another aspect, the invention features isolated HAAT
polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic fragments
thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide including the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:52, a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:52, a polypeptide
encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a nucleotide sequence
at least 80% identical to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO:51 or 53. Also featured are fragments of the full-length
polypeptides described herein (e.g., fragments including at least
10 contiguous amino acid residues of the sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO:52) as well as allelic variants of the polypeptide having the
amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:52.
[0298] The HAAT polypeptides and/or biologically active or
antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as reagents
or targets in assays applicable to treatment and/or diagnosis of
HAAT associated or related disorders. In one embodiment, a HAAT
polypeptide or fragment thereof has a HAAT activity. In another
embodiment, a HAAT polypeptide or fragment thereof has at least one
or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a transmembrane
domain, a transmembrane amino acid transporter domain, and
optionally, has a HAAT activity. In a related aspect, the invention
features antibodies (e.g., antibodies which specifically bind to
any one of the polypeptides, as described herein) as well as fusion
polypeptides including all or a fragment of a polypeptide described
herein.
[0299] The present invention further features methods for detecting
HAAT polypeptides and/or HAAT nucleic acid molecules, such methods
featuring, for example, a probe, primer or antibody described
herein. Also featured are kits for the detection of HAAT
polypeptides and/or HAAT nucleic acid molecules. In a related
aspect, the invention features methods for identifying compounds
which bind to and/or modulate the activity of a HAAT polypeptide or
HAAT nucleic acid molecule described herein. Also featured are
methods for modulating a HAAT activity.
[0300] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0301] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel amino acid transporter family members, referred
to herein as "Human Amino Acid Transporter" or "HAAT" nucleic acid
and protein molecules, also referred to interchangeably herein as
"FBH5829FL" nucleic acid and protein molecules. These novel
molecules are capable of transporting alanine, serine, proline,
glutamine, and N-methyl amino acids across cellular membranes and,
thus, play a role in or function in a variety of cellular
processes, e.g., protein synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve
transmission, cellular activation, regulation of cell growth,
production of metabolic energy, synthesis of purines and
pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism, and/or biosynthesis of urea.
Thus, the HAAT molecules of the present invention provide novel
diagnostic targets and therapeutic agents to control
HAAT-associated disorders, as defined herein.
[0302] The term "treatment" as used herein, is defined as the
application or administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient,
or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an
isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has a disease, a
symptom of disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the
purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy,
ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease
or the predisposition toward disease. A therapeutic agent includes,
but is not limited to, small molecules, peptides, antibodies,
ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides.
[0303] The term "family" when referring to the protein and nucleic
acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or more
proteins or nucleic acid molecules having a common structural
domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or nucleotide
sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members can be
naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either the
same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first protein of human origin as well as other distinct proteins of
human origin or alternatively, can contain homologues of non-human
origin, e.g., rat or mouse proteins. Members of a family can also
have common functional characteristics.
[0304] For example, the family of HAAT polypeptides comprise at
least one "transmembrane domain" and preferably at least two,
three, four, five, fix, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven
transmembrane domains. As used herein, the term "transmembrane
domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about 15-45 amino acid
residues in length which spans the plasma membrane. More
preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at least 15, 20,
25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and spans the plasma
membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic residues,
and typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a preferred
embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the
amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, alanines, valines, phenylalanines, prolines
or methionines. Transmembrane domains are described in, for
example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19:
235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A MEMSAT analysis and a structural, hydrophobicity, and
antigenicity analysis resulted in the identification of ten
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of HAAT (SEQ ID
NO:52) at about residues 68-92, 135-156, 190-207, 214-232, 256-274,
287-308, 334-356, 373-390, 397-421, and 435-453 as set forth in
FIGS. 26 and 28. Manual analysis of the amino acid sequence of
human HAAT resulted in the identification of an additional
transmembrane domain at amino acids 42-65 of SEQ ID NO:52.
[0305] The family of HAAT polypeptides also comprises at least one
"transmembrane amino acid transporter protein domain." As used
herein, the term "transmembrane amino acid transporter protein
domain" includes transmembrane domains found in amino acid
sequences that are involved in the transport of amino acids across
a membrane. There are a wide range of amino acid transporter
proteins that may be classified into a multitude of different amino
acid transporter systems. A listing of some of the different amino
acid transporter systems follows.
System A
[0306] System A transports small aliphatic amino acids including
alanine, serine, proline, glutamine and is wide expressed in
mammalian cells including myocytes and hepatocytes. In the
intestine, system A is localized to basolateral membranes where it
absorbs amino acids from the blood for the metabolic requirement of
enterocytes. (Stevens, et al. (1984) A. Rev. Physiol. 46:417-433).
System A is Na.sup.+-coupled, tolerates Li.sup.+ and is pH
sensitive. (Christensen, et al. (1965) J. Biol. Chem.
240:3609-3616). System A recognize N-methyl amino acids, and
(N-methylamino)-.alpha.-isobutyric acid (MeAIB) is a characteristic
substrate. System A is regulated by amino acid deprivation,
hormones, growth factors and hyperosmotic stress. For example,
insulin stimulates system A activity in both liver and skeletal
muscle, and glucagon also stimulates it synergistically in
hepatocytes. (Le Cam, et al. (1978) Diabetologia 15:1835-1853).
System ASC
[0307] System ASC provides cell with the amino acids alanine,
threonine, serine, cysteine. System ASC is distinguishable from
system A because (1) it does not recognize
(N-methylamino)-.alpha.-isobutyric acid (MeAIB), and (2) neutral
amino acid uptake is relatively pH-insensitive.
Systems B, B.sup.0, and B.sup.0+
[0308] Systems B, B.sup.0, and B.sup.0+ mediate the absorption of
aliphate, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. B.sup.0+ also
accepts dibasic amino acids. (Van Winkle, et al. (1988) Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 947:173-208.) Systems B, B.sup.0, and B.sup.0+ are
Na.sup.+-dependent. Systems B and B.sup.0 have a broader
specificity for neutral amino acids than systems A and ASC. Systems
B and B.sup.0 are present in intestinal and renal epithelial
brush-border membranes. (Stevens, et al. (1984) A. Rev. Physiol.
46:417-433). System B.sup.0+ is both Na.sup.+ and Cl.sup.--coupled.
(Van Winkle (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:12118-12123.)
System b.sup.0+
[0309] The mouse blastocyst transport system b.sup.0+ mediates
Na.sup.+ independent, high affinity transport of neutral and
dibasic amino acids. It is expressed in kidney and intestinal
epithelia.
System N
[0310] System N is Na.sup.+ coupled and specific for neutral amino
acids. It has a more restricted tissue distribution than systems A,
ASC, B, B.sup.0, and B.sup.0+. It is expressed in liver and muscle.
In liver, system N is involved in the transport of glutamine,
asparagine and histidine and it plays an important role in
glutamine metabolism. Kilberg, et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem.
255:4011-4019.
System GLY
[0311] System GLY is specific for glycine and sarcosine and is
found in liver, erythrocytes, and brain.
System .beta.
[0312] System .beta. is specific for .beta.-amino acids and
taurine. Given its high abundance in the brain, it is thought to
play a role in neurotransmission.
The Imino System
[0313] The iminio system is specific for proline and was described
in brush border membranes of intestinal enterocytes. The iminio
system accounts for 60% of the Na.sup.+-dependent uptake of proline
in brush-border membranes and is specific for imino acids and
MeAIB.
System L
[0314] System L transport branched-chain and aromatic amino acids.
System L is Na.sup.+-independent. In the brain, system L is the
major transport system of the blood-brain barrier and of glial
cells. The bicyclic amino acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) is a
characteristic substrate of system L.
System X.sup.-.sub.AG
[0315] System X.sup.-.sub.AG is an electrogenic Na.sup.+-dependent
acidic amino acid transport system that has been found in both
epithelial cells and neurons. In the central nervous system,
glutamate plays an important role as excitatory neurotransmitter.
To terminate signal transmission, glutamate is removed from the
extracellular fluid in the synaptic cleft surrounding the receptors
by specialized uptake systems in neurons and glial cells because
there are no enzymatic pathways for transmitter inactivation.
System y.sup.+
[0316] System y.sup.+ takes up cationic acid. System y.sup.+ also
takes up some neutral amino acids in the presence of Na.sup.+,
resulting in electrogenic transport.
System x.sup.-.sub.c
[0317] System x.sup.-.sub.c is a Na.sup.+-independent, Cl.sup.-
dependent, cystine/glutamate exchange. System x.sup.-.sub.c has
been found in fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, glial
cells, and hepatocytes.
[0318] Isolated proteins of the present invention, preferably HAAT
proteins, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently homologous to
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52, or are encoded by a
nucleotide sequence sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:51 or 53.
As used herein, the term "sufficiently homologous" refers to a
first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains a sufficient
or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid
residue which has a similar side chain) amino acid residues or
nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that
the first and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences share
common structural domains or motifs and/or a common functional
activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide sequences which
share common structural domains having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity across
the amino acid sequences of the domains and contain at least one
and preferably two structural domains or motifs, are defined herein
as sufficiently homologous. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotide
sequences which share at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity and share a common
functional activity are defined herein as sufficiently homologous.
In a preferred embodiment, amino acid or nucleotide sequences share
percent identity across the full or entire length of the amino acid
or nucleotide sequence being aligned, for example, when the
sequences are globally aligned (e.g., as determined by the ALIGN
algorithm as defined herein).
[0319] In a preferred embodiment, a HAAT protein includes at least
one or more of the following domains, sites, or motifs: a
transmembrane domain, a transmembrane amino acid transporter domain
and has an amino acid sequence at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous or identical to the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52.
[0320] As used interchangeably herein, a "HAAT activity", "amino
acid transporter activity", "biological activity of HAAT", or
"functional activity of HAAT", includes an activity exerted or
mediated by a HAAT protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule on
a HAAT responsive cell or on a HAAT substrate, as determined in
vivo or in vitro, according to standard techniques. In one
embodiment, a HAAT activity is a direct activity, such as an
association with a HAAT target molecule. As used herein, a "target
molecule" or "binding partner" is a molecule with which a HAAT
protein binds or interacts in nature, such that HAAT-mediated
function is achieved. A HAAT target molecule can be a non-HAAT
molecule or a HAAT protein or polypeptide of the present invention.
In an exemplary embodiment, a HAAT target molecule is a HAAT
substrate (e.g., an amino acid). A HAAT activity can also be an
indirect activity, such as a protein synthesis activity mediated by
interaction of the HAAT protein with a HAAT substrate.
[0321] In a preferred embodiment, a HAAT activity is at least one
of the following activities: (i) interaction with a HAAT substrate
or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid); (ii) transport of a HAAT
substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid) from one side of
a cellular membrane to the other; (iii) conversion of a HAAT
substrate or target molecule to a product (e.g., glucose
production); (iv) interaction with a second non-HAAT protein; (v)
modulation of substrate or target molecule location (e.g.,
modulation of amino acid location within a cell and/or location
with respect to a cellular membrane); (vi) maintenance of amino
acid gradients; (vii) modulation of hormone metabolism and/or nerve
transmission (e.g., either directly or indirectly); (viii)
modulation of cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, and
production of metabolic energy; and/or (ix) modulation of amino
acid homeostasis.
[0322] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human HAAT cDNA and
the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the HAAT cDNA are
shown in SEQ ID NO:51 and 52, respectively.
[0323] The human HAAT gene, which is approximately 2397 nucleotides
in length, encodes a protein which is approximately 485 amino acid
residues in length.
[0324] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in later subsections.
Chapter IX. 57255 and 57255alt, Novel Human Sugar Transporters and
Uses Therefor
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0325] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel human sugar transporter family members, referred
to herein as "human sugar transporters," e.g., "human sugar
transporter-4" and "human sugar transporter-5" or "HST-4" and
"HST-5," nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules. The HST-4 and
HST-5 nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules of the present
invention are useful as modulating agents in regulating a variety
of cellular processes, e.g., sugar homeostasis. Accordingly, in one
aspect, this invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules
encoding HST-4 and HST-5 polypeptides or biologically active
portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as
primers or hybridization probes for the detection of HST-4- and
HST-5-encoding nucleic acids.
[0326] In one embodiment, the invention features an isolated
nucleic acid molecule that includes the nucleotide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59. In another embodiment, the
invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a
polypeptide including the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:55 or 58.
[0327] In still other embodiments, the invention features isolated
nucleic acid molecules including nucleotide sequences that are
substantially identical (e.g., 60% identical) to the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 54, 56, 57, or 59. The invention
further features isolated nucleic acid molecules including at least
50 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence set forth as
SEQ ID NO: 54, 56, 57, or 59. In another embodiment, the invention
features isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a polypeptide
including an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical
(e.g., 60% identical) to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO:55 or 58. The present invention also features nucleic acid
molecules which encode allelic variants of the polypeptide having
the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:55 or 58. In
addition to isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding full-length
polypeptides, the present invention also features nucleic acid
molecules which encode fragments, for example, biologically active
or antigenic fragments, of the full-length polypeptides of the
present invention (e.g., fragments including at least 10 contiguous
amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 or
58). In still other embodiments, the invention features nucleic
acid molecules that are complementary to, antisense to, or
hybridize under stringent conditions to the isolated nucleic acid
molecules described herein.
[0328] In another aspect, the invention provides vectors including
the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein (e.g., HST-4-
and HST-5-encoding nucleic acid molecules). Such vectors can
optionally include nucleotide sequences encoding heterologous
polypeptides. Also featured are host cells including such vectors
(e.g., host cells including vectors suitable for producing HST-4
and HST-5 nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides).
[0329] In another aspect, the invention features isolated HST-4 and
HST-5 polypeptides and/or biologically active or antigenic
fragments thereof. Exemplary embodiments feature a polypeptide
including the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:55 or 58,
a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence at least 60%
identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:55 or
58, a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule including a
nucleotide sequence at least 60% identical to the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 54, 56, 57, or 59. Also featured
are fragments of the full-length polypeptides described herein
(e.g., fragments including at least 10 contiguous amino acid
residues of the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:55 or 58) as well
as allelic variants of the polypeptide having the amino acid
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:55 or 58.
[0330] The HST-4 and HST-5 polypeptides and/or biologically active
or antigenic fragments thereof, are useful, for example, as
reagents or targets in assays applicable to treatment and/or
diagnosis of HST-4 and HST-5 mediated or related disorders. In one
embodiment, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or fragments thereof,
have an HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity. In another embodiment, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptides or fragments thereof, have at least one,
preferably two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or
eleven transmembrane domains and/or a sugar transporter family
domain, and optionally, have an HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity. In a
related aspect, the invention features antibodies (e.g., antibodies
which specifically bind to any one of the polypeptides described
herein) as well as fusion polypeptides including all or a fragment
of a polypeptide described herein.
[0331] The present invention further features methods for detecting
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides and/or HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic
acid molecules, such methods featuring, for example, a probe,
primer or antibody described herein. Also featured are kits e.g.,
kits for the detection of HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides and/or
HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid molecules. In a related aspect, the
invention features methods for identifying compounds which bind to
and/or modulate the activity of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide or HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid molecule described
herein. Further featured are methods for modulating an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 activity.
[0332] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0333] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the
discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as "human sugar
transporter-4" and "human sugar transporter-5" or "HST-4" and
"HST-5" nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules, which are novel
members of the sugar transporter family. These novel molecules are
splice variants which have resulted from alternative splicing of
the same gene. These novel molecules are capable of, for example,
modulating a transporter mediated activity (e.g., a sugar
transporter mediated activity) in a cell, e.g., a liver cell, fat
cell, muscle cell, or blood cell, such as an erythrocyte. These
novel molecules are capable of transporting molecules, e.g.,
hexoses such as D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose or mannose
across biological membranes and, thus, play a role in or function
in a variety of cellular processes, e.g., maintenance of sugar
homeostasis. As used herein, a "sugar transporter" includes a
protein or polypeptide which is involved in transporting a
molecule, e.g., a monosaccharide such as D-glucose, D-fructose,
D-galactose or mannose, across the plasma membrane of a cell, e.g.,
a liver cell, fat cell, muscle cell, or blood cell, such as an
erythrocyte. Sugar transporters regulate sugar homeostasis in a
cell and, typically, have sugar substrate specificity. Examples of
sugar transporters include glucose transporters, fructose
transporters, and galactose transporters.
[0334] As used herein, a "sugar transporter mediated activity"
includes an activity which involves a sugar transporter, e.g., a
sugar transporter in a liver cell, fat cell, muscle cell, or blood
cell, such as an erythrocyte. Sugar transporter mediated activities
include the transport of sugars, e.g., D-glucose, D-fructose,
D-galactose or mannose, into and out of cells; the stimulation of
molecules that regulate glucose homeostasis (e.g., insulin and
glucagon), from cells, e.g., pancreatic cells; and the
participation in signal transduction pathways associated with sugar
metabolism.
[0335] As the HST-4 and HST-5 molecules of the present invention
are sugar transporters, they may be useful for developing novel
diagnostic and therapeutic agents for sugar transporter associated
disorders. As used herein, the term "sugar transporter associated
disorder" includes a disorder, disease, or condition which is
characterized by an aberrant, e.g., upregulated or downregulated,
sugar transporter mediated activity. Sugar transporter associated
disorders typically result in, e.g., upregulated or downregulated,
sugar levels in a cell. Examples of sugar transporter associated
disorders include disorders associated with sugar homeostasis, such
as obesity, anorexia, type-1 diabetes, type-2 diabetes,
hypoglycemia, glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke disease), type I
glycogenosis, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and
cluster B personality disorders.
[0336] The term "family" when referring to the polypeptide and
nucleic acid molecules of the invention is intended to mean two or
more polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules having a common
structural domain or motif and having sufficient amino acid or
nucleotide sequence homology as defined herein. Such family members
can be naturally or non-naturally occurring and can be from either
the same or different species. For example, a family can contain a
first polypeptide of human origin, as well as other, distinct
polypeptides of human origin or alternatively, can contain
homologues of non-human origin, e.g., mouse or monkey polypeptides.
Members of a family may also have common functional
characteristics.
[0337] For example, the family of HST-4 and HST-5 polypeptides
comprise at least one "transmembrane domain" and at least one,
preferably two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or
eleven transmembrane domains. As used herein, the term
"transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about
20-45 amino acid residues in length which spans the plasma
membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at
least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acid residues and spans the
plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic
residues, and typically have an alpha-helical structure. In a
preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more
of the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,
leucines, isoleucines, alanines, valines, phenylalanines, prolines
or methionines. Transmembrane domains are described in, for
example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev. Neurosci. 19:
235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A MEMSAT and additional analyses resulted in the
identification of ten transmembrane domains in the amino acid
sequence of human HST-4 (SEQ ID NO:55) at about residues 25-49,
62-80, 92-113, 126-143, 154-178, 186-202, 278-298, 318-337,
372-395, and 402-423. A MEMSAT and additional analyses resulted in
the identification of eleven transmembrane domains in the amino
acid sequence of human HST-5 (SEQ ID NO:58) at about residues
30-51, 62-84, 92-111, 126-143, 154-178, 186-202, 240-260, 276-296,
316-335, 370-393, and 400-421.
[0338] Accordingly, HST-4 and HST-5 polypeptides having at least
50-60% homology, preferably about 60-70%, more preferably about
70-80%, or about 80-90% homology with at least one, preferably at
least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or
eleven transmembrane domains of human HST-4 and HST-5, respectively
are within the scope of the invention.
[0339] In another embodiment, an HST-4 and/or HST-5 molecule of the
present invention is identified based on the presence of at least
one "sugar transporter family domain." As used herein, the term
"sugar transporter family domain" includes a protein domain having
at least about 300-600 amino acid residues and a sugar transporter
mediated activity. Preferably, a sugar transporter family domain
includes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of about
350-550, 400-550, or more preferably, about 408 or 406 amino acid
residues and a sugar transporter mediated activity. To identify the
presence of a sugar transporter family domain in an HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 protein, and make the determination that a protein of
interest has a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of the
protein may be searched against a database of known protein domains
(e.g., the PFAM HMM database). A PFAM sugar transporter family
domain has been assigned the PFAM Accession PF00083. A search was
performed against the PFAM HMM database resulting in the
identification of a sugar transporter family domain in the amino
acid sequence of human HST-4 at about residues 23-431 of SEQ ID
NO:55 and in the amino acid sequence of human HST-5 at about
residues 23-429 of SEQ ID NO:58.
[0340] Preferably a "sugar transporter family domain" has a "sugar
transporter mediated activity" as described herein. For example, a
sugar transporter family domain may have the ability to bind a
monosaccharide (e.g., D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose and/or
mannose); the ability to transport a monosaccharide (e.g.,
D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose and/or mannose) in a
constitutive manner or in response to stimuli (e.g., insulin)
across a cell membrane (e.g., a liver cell membrane, fat cell
membrane, muscle cell membrane, and/or blood cell membrane, such as
an erythrocyte membrane); the ability to mediate trans-epithelial
movement; and/or the ability to modulate sugar homeostasis in a
cell. Accordingly, identifying the presence of a "sugar transporter
family domain" can include isolating a fragment of an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 molecule (e.g., an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide) and
assaying for the ability of the fragment to exhibit one of the
aforementioned sugar transporter mediated activities.
[0341] A description of the PFAM database can be found in Sonhammer
et al. (1997) Proteins 28:405-420 and a detailed description of
HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth.
Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531;
and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0342] In a preferred embodiment, the HST-4 and/or HST-5 molecules
of the invention include at least one, preferably two, even more
preferably at least three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine,
ten, or eleven transmembrane domain(s) and/or at least one sugar
transporter family domain.
[0343] Isolated polypeptides of the present invention, preferably
HST-4 or HST-5 polypeptides, have an amino acid sequence
sufficiently identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55
or 58 or are encoded by a nucleotide sequence sufficiently
identical to SEQ ID NO: 54, 56, 57, or 59. As used herein, the term
"sufficiently identical" refers to a first amino acid or nucleotide
sequence which contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical
or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid residue which has a similar side
chain) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or
nucleotide sequence such that the first and second amino acid or
nucleotide sequences share common structural domains or motifs
and/or a common functional activity. For example, amino acid or
nucleotide sequences which share common structural domains having
at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 91%,
92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homology or identity
across the amino acid sequences of the domains and contain at least
one and preferably two structural domains or motifs, are defined
herein as sufficiently identical. Furthermore, amino acid or
nucleotide sequences which share at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,
99% or more homology or identity and share a common functional
activity are defined herein as sufficiently identical.
[0344] In a preferred embodiment, an HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
includes at least one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain and/or a sugar transporter family domain, and
has an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,
99% or more homologous or identical to the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:55 or 58. In yet another preferred embodiment, an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide includes at least one or more of the
following domains: a transmembrane domain and/or a sugar
transporter family domain, and is encoded by a nucleic acid
molecule having a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under
stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic
acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54,
56, 57, or 59. In another preferred embodiment, an HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 polypeptide includes at least one or more of the following
domains: a transmembrane domain and/or a sugar transporter family
domain, and has an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 activity.
[0345] As used interchangeably herein, an "HST-4 activity", "HST-5
activity", "biological activity of HST-4", "biological activity of
HST-5", "functional activity of HST-4" or "functional activity of
HST-5" refers to an activity exerted by an HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule on an HST-4 and/or HST-5
responsive cell or tissue, or on an HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
substrate, as determined in vivo, or in vitro, according to
standard techniques. In one embodiment, an HST-4 and/or HST-5
activity is a direct activity, such as an association with an
HST-4- and/or HST-5-target molecule. As used herein, a "substrate,"
"target molecule," or "binding partner" is a molecule with which an
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide binds or interacts in nature, such
that HST-4- and/or HST-5-mediated function is achieved. An HST-4
and/or HST-5 target molecule can be a non-HST-4 and/or a non-HST-5
molecule or an HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide or polypeptide of the
present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, an HST-4 and/or
HST-5 target molecule is an HST-4 and/or HST-5 ligand, e.g., a
sugar transporter ligand such D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose,
and/or mannose. Alternatively, an HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity is an
indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling activity mediated
by interaction of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide with an HST-4
and/or HST-5 ligand. The biological activities of HST-4 and/or
HST-5 are described herein. For example, the HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides of the present invention can have one or more of the
following activities: (1) bind a monosaccharide, e.g., D-glucose,
D-fructose, D-galactose, and/or mannose; (2) transport
monosaccharides across a cell membrane; (3) influence insulin
and/or glucagon secretion; (4) maintain sugar homeostasis in a
cell; and (5) mediate trans-epithelial movement in a cell.
Moreover, in a preferred embodiment, HST-4 and/or HST-5 molecules
of the present invention, HST-4 and/or HST-5 antibodies, HST-4
and/or HST-5 modulators are useful in at least one of the
following: (1) modulation of insulin sensitivity; (2) modulation of
blood sugar levels; (3) treatment of blood sugar level disorders
(e.g., diabetes); and/or (4) modulation of insulin resistance.
[0346] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human HST-4 and
HST-5 cDNAs and the predicted amino acid sequences of the human
HST-4 and HST-5 polypeptides are shown in SEQ ID NOs:54 and 55, and
SEQ ID NOs:57 and 58, respectively.
[0347] The human HST-4 gene, which is approximately 2565
nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide which is approximately
438 amino acid residues in length. The human HST-5 gene, which is
approximately 2558 nucleotides in length, encodes a polypeptide
which is approximately 436 amino acid residues in length.
[0348] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in the following subsections:
Chapter X. Further Embodiments of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5
I. Isolated Nucleic Acid Molecules
[0349] One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic
acid molecules that encode MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides
or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid
fragments sufficient for use as hybridization probes to identify
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4- and/or HST-5-encoding nucleic acid molecules (e.g.,
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA) and fragments for use as PCR primers
for the amplification or mutation of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
nucleic acid molecules. As used herein, the term "nucleic acid
molecule" is intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or
genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA) and analogs of the DNA
or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. The nucleic acid
molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably
is double-stranded DNA.
[0350] The term "isolated nucleic acid molecule" includes nucleic
acid molecules which are separated from other nucleic acid
molecules which are present in the natural source of the nucleic
acid. For example, with regards to genomic DNA, the term "isolated"
includes nucleic acid molecules which are separated from the
chromosome with which the genomic DNA is naturally associated.
Preferably, an "isolated" nucleic acid is free of sequences which
naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5'
and 3' ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism
from which the nucleic acid is derived. For example, in various
embodiments, the isolated MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid
molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb,
0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences which naturally flank the
nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the
nucleic acid is derived. Moreover, an "isolated" nucleic acid
molecule, such as a cDNA molecule, can be substantially free of
other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by
recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical
precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
[0351] A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, e.g., a
nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33,
35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, or a portion
thereof, can be isolated using standard molecular biology
techniques and the sequence information provided herein. Using all
or a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6,
7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39,
41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57,or 59, as a hybridization probe, MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 nucleic acid molecules can be isolated using standard
hybridization and cloning techniques (e.g., as described in
Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.,
1989).
[0352] Moreover, a nucleic acid molecule encompassing all or a
portion of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27,
29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, can
be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using synthetic
oligonucleotide primers designed based upon the sequence of SEQ ID
NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33,
35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57,or 59.
[0353] A nucleic acid of the invention can be amplified using cDNA,
mRNA or alternatively, genomic DNA, as a template and appropriate
oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification
techniques. The nucleic acid so amplified can be cloned into an
appropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.
Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 nucleotide sequences can be prepared by standard synthetic
techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer.
[0354] In a preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule
of the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO: 1 or 3. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding the human
MTP-1 protein (i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides
165-6599), as well as 5' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-164)
and 3' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 6600-6768) of SEQ ID NO:
1. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the
coding region of SEQ ID NO: 1 (e.g., nucleotides 165-6599,
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:3).
[0355] In another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or
3, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A nucleic
acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, is one which is sufficiently
complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or 3,
such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ
ID NO: 1 or 3, respectively, thereby forming a stable duplex.
[0356] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the entire
length of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, or a
portion of any of these nucleotide sequences.
[0357] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
1 or 3, for example, a fragment which can be used as a probe or
primer or a fragment encoding a portion of an MTP-1 protein, e.g.,
a biologically active portion of an MTP-1 protein. The nucleotide
sequence determined from the cloning of the MTP-1 gene allows for
the generation of probes and primers designed for use in
identifying and/or cloning other MTP-1 family members, as well as
MTP-1 homologues from other species. The probe/primer typically
comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The
oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence
that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12 or
15, preferably about 20 or 25, more preferably about 30, 35, 40,
45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 75 consecutive nucleotides of a sense
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, of an anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 1 or 3, or of a naturally occurring allelic variant or mutant
of SEQ ID NO:1 or 3. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of
the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which is
greater than 50-100, 100-500, 500-1000, 1000-1500, 1500-2000,
2000-2500, 2500-3000, 3000-3500, 3500-4000, 4000-4500, 4500-5000,
5000-5500, 5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500-6700, or more nucleotides in
length and hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
[0358] Probes based on the MTP-1 nucleotide sequences can be used
to detect transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or
homologous proteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further
comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g., the label group can
be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme
co-factor. Such probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test
kit for identifying cells or tissue which misexpress an MTP-1
protein, such as by measuring a level of an MTP-1-encoding nucleic
acid in a sample of cells from a subject e.g., detecting MTP-1 mRNA
levels or determining whether a genomic MTP-1 gene has been mutated
or deleted.
[0359] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of an MTP-1 protein" can be prepared by isolating a portion
of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, which encodes a
polypeptide having an MTP-1 biological activity (the biological
activities of the MTP-1 proteins are described herein), expressing
the encoded portion of the MTP-1 protein (e.g., by recombinant
expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded
portion of the MTP-1 protein.
[0360] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or
3, due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same
MTP-1 proteins as those encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a
protein having an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
[0361] In addition to the MTP-1 nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ
ID NO: 1 or 3, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art
that DNA sequence polymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino
acid sequences of the MTP-1 proteins may exist within a population
(e.g., the human population). Such genetic polymorphism in the
MTP-1 genes may exist among individuals within a population due to
natural allelic variation. As used herein, the terms "gene" and
"recombinant gene" refer to nucleic acid molecules which include an
open reading frame encoding an MTP-1 protein, preferably a
mammalian MTP-1 protein, and can further include non-coding
regulatory sequences, and introns.
[0362] Allelic variants of human MTP-1 include both functional and
non-functional MTP-1 proteins. Functional allelic variants are
naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of the human MTP-1
protein that maintain the ability to transport an MTP-1 substrate
and/or modulate cellular homeostasis. Functional allelic variants
will typically contain only conservative substitution of one or
more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, or substitution, deletion or
insertion of non-critical residues in non-critical regions of the
protein.
[0363] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human MTP-1 protein that do not
have the ability to bind or transport an MTP-1 substrate and/or
carry out any of the MTP-1 activities described herein.
Non-functional allelic variants will typically contain a
non-conservative substitution, a deletion, or insertion or
premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, or
a substitution, insertion or deletion in critical residues or
critical regions of the protein.
[0364] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
of the human MTP-1 protein. Orthologues of the human MTP-1 protein
are proteins that are isolated from non-human organisms and possess
the same MTP-1 substrate binding and/or modulation of membrane
excitability activities of the human MTP-1 protein. Orthologues of
the human MTP-1 protein can readily be identified as comprising an
amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to SEQ ID
NO:2.
[0365] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other MTP-1 family
members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which differs
from the MTP-1 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, are intended to be
within the scope of the invention. For example, another MTP-1 cDNA
can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human MTP-1.
Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding MTP-1 proteins from
different species, and which, thus, have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the MTP-1 sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, a
mouse MTP-1 cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence
of a human MTP-1.
[0366] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the MTP-1 cDNAs of the invention can be
isolated based on their homology to the MTP-1 nucleic acids
disclosed herein using the cDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion
thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard
hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions.
Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants
and homologues of the MTP-1 cDNAs of the invention can further be
isolated by mapping to the same chromosome or locus as the MTP-1
gene.
[0367] Accordingly, in another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention is at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more
nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to
the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ
ID NO:1 or 3. In other embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least
50-100, 100-500, 500-1000, 1000-1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500,
2500-3000, 3000-3500, 3500-4000, 4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500,
5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500-6700, or more nucleotides in length.
[0368] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or
6. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding the human OAT4 protein
(e.g., the "coding region", from nucleotides 372-2021), as well as
5' untranslated sequence (nucleotides 1-371) and 3' untranslated
sequences (nucleotides 2022-2206) of SEQ ID NO:4. Alternatively,
the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the coding region of
SEQ ID NO:4 (e.g., nucleotides 372-2021, corresponding to SEQ ID
NO:6). Accordingly, in another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO:6 and nucleotides
1-371 of SEQ ID NO:4. In yet another embodiment, the isolated
nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID NO:6 and nucleotides
2022-2206 of SEQ ID NO:4. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic
acid molecule consists of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6. In still another embodiment, the nucleic
acid molecule can comprise the coding region of SEQ ID NO:4 (e.g.,
nucleotides 372-2021, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:6), as well as a
stop codon (e.g., nucleotides 2022-2024 of SEQ ID NO:4). In another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule comprises nucleotides 1-25 of
SEQ ID NO:4 or nucleotides 2186-2206 of SEQ ID NO:4.
[0369] In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of
the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO:7 or 9. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding the human OAT4
protein (e.g., the "coding region", from nucleotides 104-2275), as
well as 5' untranslated sequence (nucleotides 1-103) and 3'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 2276-2634) of SEQ ID NO:7.
Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the
coding region of SEQ ID NO:7 (e.g., nucleotides 104-2275,
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:9). Accordingly, in another embodiment,
an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises SEQ ID
NO:9 and nucleotides 1-103 of SEQ ID NO:7. In yet another
embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID
NO:9 and nucleotides 2276-2634 of SEQ ID NO:7. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:9. In still another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise the coding
region of SEQ ID NO:7 (e.g., nucleotides 104-2275, corresponding to
SEQ ID NO:9), as well as a stop codon (e.g., nucleotides 2276-2278
of SEQ ID NO:7). In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule
comprises nucleotides 1-1305, nucleotides 1622-2634, nucleotides
104-1305, or nucleotides 1622-2275 of SEQ ID NO:7.
[0370] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, 6,
7, or 9, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A
nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, is one which is
sufficiently complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ
ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, thereby forming a stable
duplex.
[0371] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%,90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1% 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9 (e.g., to the
entire length of the nucleotide sequence), or a portion or
complement of any of these nucleotide sequences. In one embodiment,
a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises a
nucleotide sequence which is at least (or no greater than) 50, 100,
150, 200, 250, 300, 317, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700,
750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300,
1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1769, 1800,
1850, 1869, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300,
2350, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600 or more nucleotides in length
and hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:4, 6, 7, or 9.
[0372] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, for example, a fragment which can be used as a
probe or primer or a fragment encoding a portion of an OAT protein,
e.g., a biologically active portion of an OAT protein. The
nucleotide sequence determined from the cloning of the OAT gene
allows for the generation of probes and primers designed for use in
identifying and/or cloning other OAT family members, as well as OAT
homologues from other species. The probe/primer (e.g.,
oligonucleotide) typically comprises substantially purified
oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region
of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions
to at least about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more
preferably about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 75 consecutive
nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, of an
anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, or of a naturally
occurring allelic variant or mutant of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9.
[0373] Exemplary probes or primers are at least (or no greater
than) 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or
more nucleotides in length and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides
of an isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein. Also
included within the scope of the present invention are probes or
primers comprising contiguous or consecutive nucleotides of an
isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein, but for the
difference of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases within the
probe or primer sequence. Probes based on the OAT nucleotide
sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically detect)
transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous
proteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises a
label group attached thereto, e.g., the label group can be a
radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme
co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is provided,
e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be used to
amplify a selected region of an OAT sequence, e.g., a domain,
region, site or other sequence described herein. The primers should
be at least 5, 10, or 50 base pairs in length and less than 100, or
less than 200, base pairs in length. The primers should be
identical, or differ by no greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
or 10 bases when compared to a sequence disclosed herein or to the
sequence of a naturally occurring variant. Such probes can be used
as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissue
which misexpress an OAT protein, such as by measuring a level of an
OAT-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject,
e.g., detecting OAT mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic
OAT gene has been mutated or deleted.
[0374] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of an OAT protein" can be prepared by isolating a portion
of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, which
encodes a polypeptide having an OAT biological activity (the
biological activities of the OAT proteins are described herein),
expressing the encoded portion of the OAT protein (e.g., by
recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the
encoded portion of the OAT protein. In an exemplary embodiment, the
nucleic acid molecule is at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 317,
350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950,
1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500,
1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1769, 1800, 1850, 1869, 1900, 1950,
2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2400, 2450, 2500,
2550, 2600 or more nucleotides in length and encodes a protein
having an OAT activity (as described herein).
[0375] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, 6,
7, or 9, due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the
same OAT proteins as those encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown
in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. In another embodiment, an isolated
nucleic acid molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence
encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence which differs by
at least 1, but no greater than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid
residues from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 8. In
yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino
acid sequence of human OAT4 or OAT5. If an alignment is needed for
this comparison, the sequences should be aligned for maximum
homology.
[0376] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0377] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the OAT proteins.
Such genetic polymorphism in the OAT genes may exist among
individuals within a population due to natural allelic variation.
As used herein, the terms "gene" and "recombinant gene" refer to
nucleic acid molecules which include an open reading frame encoding
an OAT protein, preferably a mammalian OAT protein, and can further
include non-coding regulatory sequences, and introns.
[0378] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:4,
6, 7, or 9, for example, under stringent hybridization
conditions.
[0379] Allelic variants of human OAT include both functional and
non-functional OAT proteins. Functional allelic variants are
naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of the OAT protein
that maintain the ability to bind an OAT substrate or target
molecule, transport an OAT substrate across a membrane, protect
cells and/or tissues from organic anions, modulate inter- or
intra-cellular signaling, and/or modulate hormone responses.
Functional allelic variants will typically contain only
conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:5
or 8, or substitution, deletion or insertion of non-critical
residues in non-critical regions of the protein.
[0380] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the OAT proteins that, for example,
do not have the ability to bind an OAT substrate or target
molecule, transport an OAT substrate, protect cells and/or tissues
from organic anions, modulate inter- or intra-cellular signaling,
and/or modulate hormone responses. Non-functional allelic variants
will typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a deletion,
or insertion, or premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, or a substitution, insertion, or deletion in
critical residues or critical regions of the protein.
[0381] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
(e.g., non-human orthologues of the human OAT4 or OAT5 proteins).
Orthologues of the human OAT proteins are proteins that are
isolated from non-human organisms and possess the same OAT
substrate-transporting mechanisms, substrate or target molecule
binding mechanisms, mechanisms of protecting cells and/or tissues
from organic anions, and/or inter- or intra-cellular signaling or
hormonal modulating mechanisms of the human OAT proteins.
Orthologues of the human OAT proteins can readily be identified as
comprising an amino acid sequence that is substantially homologous
to SEQ ID NO:5 or 8.
[0382] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other OAT family
members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which differs
from the OAT sequences of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, are intended to
be within the scope of the invention. For example, another OAT cDNA
can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human OAT4 or
OAT5. Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding OAT proteins from
different species, and which, thus, have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the OAT sequences of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9,
are intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example,
a mouse or monkey OAT cDNA can be identified based on the
nucleotide sequence of human OAT, e.g., OAT4 or OAT5.
[0383] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the OAT cDNAs of the invention can be
isolated based on their homology to the OAT nucleic acids disclosed
herein using the cDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion thereof, as a
hybridization probe according to standard hybridization techniques
under stringent hybridization conditions. Nucleic acid molecules
corresponding to natural allelic variants and homologues of the OAT
cDNAs of the invention can further be isolated by mapping to the
same chromosome or locus as the OAT gene.
[0384] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9. In
other embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50, 100, 150, 200,
250, 300, 317, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800,
850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350,
1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1769, 1800, 1850,
1869, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350,
2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600 or more nucleotides in length.
[0385] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.
The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 corresponds to the human HST-1 cDNA.
This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human HST-1 polypeptide
(i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 13-1732) as well as 5'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-12) and 3' untranslated
sequences (nucleotides 1733-1917). Alternatively, the nucleic acid
molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:12 (e.g.,
nucleotides 13-1732, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 14). Accordingly,
in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises
SEQ ID NO: 14 and nucleotides 1-12 and 1733-1917 of SEQ ID NO:12.
In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of
the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:12 or 14.
[0386] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:12 or
14, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A nucleic
acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, is one which is sufficiently
complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:12 or
14, such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, thereby forming a stable duplex.
[0387] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:12 or 14
(e.g., to the entire length of the nucleotide sequence), or a
portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. In one embodiment, a
nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises a
nucleotide sequence which is at least (or no greater than) 50, 57,
63, 72, 100, 124, 150, 172, 175, 200, 250, 268, 300, 305, 328, 350,
400, 431, 450, 495, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 804, 850,
900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500,
1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900 or more nucleotides
in length and hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO: 12 or
14.
[0388] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
12 or 14, for example, a fragment which can be used as a probe or
primer or a fragment encoding a portion of an HST-1 polypeptide,
e.g., a biologically active portion of an HST-1 polypeptide. The
nucleotide sequence determined from the cloning of the HST-1 gene
allows for the generation of probes and primers designed for use in
identifying and/or cloning other HST-1 family members, as well as
HST-1 homologues from other species. The probe/primer typically
comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The probe/primer
(e.g., oligonucleotide) typically comprises a region of nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least
about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more preferably about
30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 or more
consecutive nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14,
of an anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14, or of a naturally
occurring allelic variant or mutant of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14.
[0389] Exemplary probes or primers are at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or more nucleotides in length
and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides of an isolated nucleic acid
molecule described herein. Probes based on the HST-1 nucleotide
sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically detect)
transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous
polypeptides. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises
a label group attached thereto, e.g., the label group can be a
radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme
co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is provided,
e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be used to
amplify a selected region of an HST-1 sequence, e.g., a domain,
region, site or other sequence described herein. The primers should
be at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more
nucleotides in length. Such probes can be used as a part of a
diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissue which
misexpress an HST-1 polypeptide, such as by measuring a level of an
HST-1-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject
e.g., detecting HST-1 mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic
HST-1 gene has been mutated or deleted.
[0390] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of an HST-1 polypeptide" can be prepared by isolating a
portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, which
encodes a polypeptide having an HST-1 biological activity (the
biological activities of the HST-1 polypeptides are described
herein), expressing the encoded portion of the HST-1 polypeptide
(e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the
activity of the encoded portion of the HST-1 polypeptide. In an
exemplary embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is at least 50, 57,
63, 72, 100, 124, 150, 172, 175, 200, 250, 268, 300, 305, 328, 350,
400, 431, 450, 495, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 804, 850,
900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500,
1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900 or more nucleotides
in length and encodes a polypeptide having an HST-1 activity (as
described herein).
[0391] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:12 or
14. Such differences can be due to due to degeneracy of the genetic
code, thus resulting in a nucleic acid which encodes the same HST-1
polypeptides as those encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:12 or 14. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which differs by at least
1, but no greater than 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 155, 200, 250, 300,
350, 350, 400, 450, or 500 amino acid residues from the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. In yet another embodiment, the
nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid sequence of human
HST-1. If an alignment is needed for this comparison, the sequences
should be aligned for maximum homology.
[0392] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0393] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the HST-1
polypeptides. Such genetic polymorphism in the HST-1 genes may
exist among individuals within a population due to natural allelic
variation. As used herein, the terms "gene" and "recombinant gene"
refer to nucleic acid molecules which include an open reading frame
encoding an HST-1 polypeptide, preferably a mammalian HST-1
polypeptide, and can further include non-coding regulatory
sequences, and introns.
[0394] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:12 or
14, for example, under stringent hybridization conditions.
[0395] Allelic variants of human HST-1 include both functional and
non-functional HST-1 polypeptides. Functional allelic variants are
naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of the human HST-1
polypeptide that have an HST-1 activity, e.g., maintain the ability
to bind an HST-1 ligand or substrate and/or modulate sugar
transport, or sugar homeostasis. Functional allelic variants will
typically contain only conservative substitution of one or more
amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 13, or substitution, deletion or
insertion of non-critical residues in non-critical regions of the
polypeptide.
[0396] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human HST-1 polypeptide that do
not have an HST-1 activity, e.g., they do not have the ability to
transport sugars into and out of cells or to modulate sugar
homeostasis. Non-functional allelic variants will typically contain
a non-conservative substitution, a deletion, or insertion or
premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13,
or a substitution, insertion or deletion in critical residues or
critical regions.
[0397] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
of the human HST-1 polypeptide. Orthologues of human HST-1
polypeptides are polypeptides that are isolated from non-human
organisms and possess the same HST-1 activity, e.g., ligand binding
and/or modulation of sugar transport mechanisms, as the human HST-1
polypeptide. Orthologues of the human HST-1 polypeptide can readily
be identified as comprising an amino acid sequence that is
substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:13.
[0398] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other HST-1 family
members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which differs
from the HST-1 sequences of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, are intended to be
within the scope of the invention. For example, another HST-1 cDNA
can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human HST-1.
Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding HST-1 polypeptides from
different species, and which, thus, have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the HST-1 sequences of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, a
mouse HST-1 cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence
of a human HST-1.
[0399] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the HST-1 cDNAs of the invention can be
isolated based on their homology to the HST-1 nucleic acids
disclosed herein using the cDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion
thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard
hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions.
Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants
and homologues of the HST-1 cDNAs of the invention can further be
isolated by mapping to the same chromosome or locus as the HST-1
gene.
[0400] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14. In other
embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50, 57, 63, 72, 100, 124,
150, 172, 175, 200, 250, 268, 300, 305, 328, 350, 400, 431, 450,
495, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 804, 850, 900, 950, 1000,
1050, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650,
1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900 or more nucleotides in length.
[0401] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:15.
The sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 corresponds to the human TP-2 cDNA.
This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human TP-2 polypeptide
(i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 67-1491) as well as 5'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-66) and 3' untranslated
sequences (nucleotides 1492-1963). Alternatively, the nucleic acid
molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:15 (e.g.,
nucleotides 67-1491, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:17). Accordingly,
in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises
SEQ ID NO: 17 and nucleotides 1-66 and 1492-1963 of SEQ ID NO: 15.
In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of
the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17.
[0402] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 15
or 17, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A nucleic
acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:15 or 17, is one which is sufficiently
complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:15 or
17, such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:15 or 17, thereby forming a stable duplex.
[0403] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:15 or 17 (e.g., to the
entire length of the nucleotide sequence), or a portion of any of
these nucleotide sequences. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least (or no greater than) 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350,
400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000,
1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 1950 or more
nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent hybridization
conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:
15 or 17.
[0404] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
15 or 17, for example, a fragment which can be used as a probe or
primer or a fragment encoding a portion of a TP-2 polypeptide,
e.g., a biologically active portion of a TP-2 polypeptide. The
nucleotide sequence determined from the cloning of the TP-2 gene
allows for the generation of probes and primers designed for use in
identifying and/or cloning other TP-2 family members, as well as
TP-2 homologues from other species. The probe/primer typically
comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The probe/primer
(e.g., oligonucleotide) typically comprises a region of nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least
about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more preferably about
30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 or more
consecutive nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17,
of an anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17, or of a naturally
occurring allelic variant or mutant of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17.
[0405] Exemplary probes or primers are at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or more nucleotides in length
and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides of an isolated nucleic acid
molecule described herein. Probes based on the TP-2 nucleotide
sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically detect)
transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous
polypeptides. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises
a label group attached thereto, e.g., the label group can be a
radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme
co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is provided,
e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be used to
amplify a selected region of a TP-2 sequence, e.g., a domain,
region, site or other sequence described herein. The primers should
be at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more
nucleotides in length. Such probes can be used as a part of a
diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissue which
misexpress a TP-2 polypeptide, such as by measuring a level of a
TP-2-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject
e.g., detecting TP-2 mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic
TP-2 gene has been mutated or deleted.
[0406] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of a TP-2 polypeptide" can be prepared by isolating a
portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 or 17, which
encodes a polypeptide having a TP-2 biological activity (the
biological activities of the TP-2 polypeptides are described
herein), expressing the encoded portion of the TP-2 polypeptide
(e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the
activity of the encoded portion of the TP-2 polypeptide. In an
exemplary embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is at least 50,
100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750,
800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700,
1800, 1900, 1950 or more nucleotides in length and encodes a
polypeptide having a TP-2 activity (as described herein).
[0407] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:15 or
17. Such differences can be due to due to degeneracy of the genetic
code, thus resulting in a nucleic acid which encodes the same TP-2
polypeptides as those encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:15 or 17. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which differs by at least
1, but no greater than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid residues
from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid
sequence of human TP-2. If an alignment is needed for this
comparison, the sequences should be aligned for maximum
homology.
[0408] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0409] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the TP-2
polypeptides. Such genetic polymorphism in the TP-2 genes may exist
among individuals within a population due to natural allelic
variation. As used herein, the terms "gene" and "recombinant gene"
refer to nucleic acid molecules which include an open reading frame
encoding a TP-2 polypeptide, preferably a mammalian TP-2
polypeptide, and can further include non-coding regulatory
sequences, and introns.
[0410] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:16, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:15 or
17, for example, under stringent hybridization conditions.
[0411] Allelic variants of human TP-2 include both functional and
non-functional TP-2 polypeptides. Functional allelic variants are
naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of the human TP-2
polypeptide that have a TP-2 activity, e.g., maintain the ability
to bind a TP-2 ligand or substrate and/or modulate the import and
export of molecules from cells or across membranes, e.g.,
monosaccharides. Functional allelic variants will typically contain
only conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of SEQ ID
NO: 16, or substitution, deletion or insertion of non-critical
residues in non-critical regions of the polypeptide.
[0412] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human TP-2 polypeptide that do
not have a TP-2 activity, e.g., they do not have the ability to
transport molecules into and out of cells or across membranes.
Non-functional allelic variants will typically contain a
non-conservative substitution, a deletion, or insertion or
premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16,
or a substitution, insertion or deletion in critical residues or
critical regions.
[0413] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
of the human TP-2 polypeptide. Orthologues of human TP-2
polypeptides are polypeptides that are isolated from non-human
organisms and possess the same TP-2 activity, e.g., ligand binding
and/or modulation of import and export of molecules from cells or
across membranes, e.g., monosaccharides, as the human TP-2
polypeptide. Orthologues of the human TP-2 polypeptide can readily
be identified as comprising an amino acid sequence that is
substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:16.
[0414] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other TP-2 family
members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which differs
from the TP-2 sequences of SEQ ID NO:15 or 17, are intended to be
within the scope of the invention. For example, another TP-2 cDNA
can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human TP-2.
Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding TP-2 polypeptides from
different species, and which, thus, have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the TP-2 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, a
mouse TP-2 cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence
of a human TP-2.
[0415] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the TP-2 cDNAs of the invention can be
isolated based on their homology to the TP-2 nucleic acids
disclosed herein using the cDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion
thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard
hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions.
Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants
and homologues of the TP-2 cDNAs of the invention can further be
isolated by mapping to the same chromosome or locus as the TP-2
gene.
[0416] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17. In other
embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50, 100, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950,
1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 1950 or
more nucleotides in length.
[0417] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:19
or 21. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding the human PLTR-1
protein (e.g., the "coding region", from nucleotides 171-3740), as
well as 5' untranslated sequence (nucleotides 1-170) and 3'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 3741-4693) of SEQ ID NO:19.
Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the
coding region of SEQ ID NO:19 (e.g., nucleotides 171-3740,
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:21). Accordingly, in another embodiment,
an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises SEQ ID
NO:21 and nucleotides 1-170 of SEQ ID NO:19. In yet another
embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID
NO:21 and nucleotides 3741-4693 of SEQ ID NO: 19. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:19 or 21. In another embodiment,
the nucleic acid molecule can comprise the coding region of SEQ ID
NO:19 (e.g., nucleotides 171-3740, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:21),
as well as a stop codon (e.g., nucleotides 3741-3743 of SEQ ID NO:
19). In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise
nucleotides 1-743 of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0418] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 19
or 21, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A nucleic
acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21, is one which is sufficiently
complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:19 or
21, such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:19 or 21, thereby forming a stable duplex.
[0419] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least about 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%, 91%,92%,93%,
94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%,
99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to the nucleotide
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21 (e.g., to the entire length
of the nucleotide sequence), or a portion or complement of any of
these nucleotide sequences. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least (or no greater than) 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 676, 677, 689, 690, 691, 692,
700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250,
1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1562, 1600, 1610, 1660, 1700,
1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250,
2300, 2350, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600, 2650,
2700, 2750, 2800, 2850, 2900, 2950, 3000, 3050, 3063, 3064, 3100,
3150, 3200, 3250, 3300, 3350, 3400, 3450, 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650,
3700, 3750, 3753, 3754, 3800, 3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050, 4100,
4150, 4200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500, 4550, 4600, 4650 or
more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent
hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule
of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21.
[0420] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
19 or 21, for example, a fragment which can be used as a probe or
primer or a fragment encoding a portion of a PLTR-1 protein, e.g.,
a biologically active portion of a PLTR-1 protein. The nucleotide
sequence determined from the cloning of the PLTR-1 gene allows for
the generation of probes and primers designed for use in
identifying and/or cloning other PLTR-1 family members, as well as
PLTR-1 homologues from other species. The probe/primer (e.g.,
oligonucleotide) typically comprises substantially purified
oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region
of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions
to at least about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more
preferably about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 75 consecutive
nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21, of an
anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21, or of a naturally
occurring allelic variant or mutant of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21.
[0421] Exemplary probes or primers are at least (or no greater
than) 12 or 15, 20 or 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or
more nucleotides in length and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides
of an isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein. Also
included within the scope of the present invention are probes or
primers comprising contiguous or consecutive nucleotides of an
isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein, but for the
difference of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases within the
probe or primer sequence. Probes based on the PLTR-1 nucleotide
sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically detect)
transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous
proteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises a
label group attached thereto, e.g., the label group can be a
radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme
co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is provided,
e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be used to
amplify a selected region of a PLTR-1 sequence, e.g., a domain,
region, site or other sequence described herein. The primers should
be at least 5, 10, or 50 base pairs in length and less than 100, or
less than 200, base pairs in length. The primers should be
identical, or differ by no greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
or 10 bases when compared to a sequence disclosed herein or to the
sequence of a naturally occurring variant. Such probes can be used
as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissue
which misexpress a PLTR-1 protein, such as by measuring a level of
a PLTR-1-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject,
e.g., detecting PLTR-1 mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic
PLTR-1 gene has been mutated or deleted.
[0422] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of a PLTR-1 protein" can be prepared by isolating a portion
of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21, which encodes a
polypeptide having a PLTR-1 biological activity (the biological
activities of the PLTR-1 proteins are described herein), expressing
the encoded portion of the PLTR-1 protein (e.g., by recombinant
expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded
portion of the PLTR-1 protein. In an exemplary embodiment, the
nucleic acid molecule is at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350,
400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 676, 677, 689, 690, 691, 692, 700,
750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300,
1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1562, 1600, 1610, 1660, 1700, 1750,
1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300,
2350, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600, 2650, 2700,
2750, 2800, 2850, 2900, 2950, 3000, 3050, 3063, 3064, 3100, 3150,
3200, 3250, 3300, 3350, 3400, 3450, 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650, 3700,
3750, 3753, 3754, 3800, 3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4150,
4200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500, 4550, 4600, 4650 or more
nucleotides in length and encodes a protein having a PLTR-1
activity (as described herein).
[0423] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 or
21, due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same
PLTR-1 proteins as those encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown
in SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a
protein having an amino acid sequence which differs by at least 1,
but no greater than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid residues from
the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:20. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid
sequence of human PLTR-1. If an alignment is needed for this
comparison, the sequences should be aligned for maximum
homology.
[0424] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0425] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the PLTR-1 proteins.
Such genetic polymorphism in the PLTR-1 genes may exist among
individuals within a population due to natural allelic variation.
As used herein, the terms "gene" and "recombinant gene" refer to
nucleic acid molecules which include an open reading frame encoding
a PLTR-1 protein, preferably a mammalian PLTR-1 protein, and can
further include non-coding regulatory sequences, and introns.
[0426] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:20, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO: 19 or
21, for example, under stringent hybridization conditions.
[0427] Allelic variants of PLTR-1, e.g., human PLTR-1, include both
functional and non-functional PLTR-1 proteins. Functional allelic
variants are naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of
the PLTR-1 protein that maintain the ability to, e.g., bind or
interact with a PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule, transport a
PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) across a
cellular membrane, hydrolyze ATP, be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated, adopt an E1 conformation or an E2 conformation,
and/or modulate cellular signaling, growth, proliferation,
differentiation, absorption, or secretion. Functional allelic
variants will typically contain only conservative substitution of
one or more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:20, or substitution, deletion
or insertion of non-critical residues in non-critical regions of
the protein.
[0428] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the PLTR-1 protein, e.g., human
PLTR-1, that do not have the ability to, e.g., bind or interact
with a PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule, transport a PLTR-1
substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) across a
cellular membrane, hydrolyze ATP, be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated, adopt an E1 conformation or an E2 conformation,
and/or modulate cellular signaling, growth, proliferation,
differentiation, absorption, or secretion. Non-functional allelic
variants will typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a
deletion, or insertion, or premature truncation of the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:20, or a substitution, insertion, or deletion
in critical residues or critical regions of the protein.
[0429] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
(e.g., non-human orthologues of the human PLTR-1 protein).
Orthologues of the human PLTR-1 protein are proteins that are
isolated from non-human organisms and possess the same PLTR-1
substrate or target molecule binding mechanisms, phospholipid
transporting activity, ATPase activity, and/or modulation of
cellular signaling mechanisms of the human PLTR-1 proteins.
Orthologues of the human PLTR-1 protein can readily be identified
as comprising an amino acid sequence that is substantially
homologous to SEQ ID NO:20.
[0430] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other PLTR-1
family members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which
differs from the PLTR-1 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example,
another PLTR-1 cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide
sequence of human PLTR-1. Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding
PLTR-1 proteins from different species, and which, thus, have a
nucleotide sequence which differs from the PLTR-1 sequences of SEQ
ID NO: 19 or 21, are intended to be within the scope of the
invention. For example, a mouse or monkey PLTR-1 cDNA can be
identified based on the nucleotide sequence of a human PLTR-1.
[0431] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the PLTR-1 cDNAs of the invention can be
isolated based on their homology to the PLTR-1 nucleic acids
disclosed herein using the cDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion
thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard
hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions.
Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants
and homologues of the PLTR-1 cDNAs of the invention can further be
isolated by mapping to the same chromosome or locus as the PLTR-1
gene.
[0432] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 or 21. In other
embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 676, 677, 689, 690, 691,
692, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200,
1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1562, 1600, 1610, 1660,
1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200,
2250, 2300, 2350, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600,
2650, 2700, 2750, 2800, 2850, 2900, 2950, 3000, 3050, 3063, 3064,
3100, 3150, 3200, 3250, 3300, 3350, 3400, 3450, 3500, 3550, 3600,
3650, 3700, 3750, 3753, 3754, 3800, 3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050,
4100, 4150, 4200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500, 4550, 4600,
4650 or more nucleotides in length.
[0433] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27.
The sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 corresponds to the human TFM-2 cDNA.
This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human TFM-2 polypeptide
(i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 615-1794) as well as
5' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-614) and 3' untranslated
sequences (nucleotides 1795-3524). Alternatively, the nucleic acid
molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:27 (e.g.,
nucleotides 615-1794, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:29). Accordingly,
in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises
SEQ ID NO:29 and nucleotides 1-614 and 1795-3524 of SEQ ID NO:27.
In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of
the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID
NO:29.
[0434] In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of
the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO:30. The sequence of SEQ ID NO:30 corresponds to the human TFM-3
cDNA. This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human TFM-3
polypeptide (i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 384-1602)
as well as 5' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-383) and 3'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1603-1855). Alternatively, the
nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID
NO:30 (e.g., nucleotides 384-1602, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:32).
Accordingly, in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid
molecule comprises SEQ ID NO:32 and nucleotides 1-383 and 1603-1855
of SEQ ID NO:30. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid
molecule consists of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:32.
[0435] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27,
29, 30, or 32, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A
nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, is one which is
sufficiently complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ
ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, such that it can hybridize to the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, thereby
forming a stable duplex.
[0436] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32 (e.g., to
the entire length of the nucleotide sequence), or a portion of any
of these nucleotide sequences. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least (or no greater than) 50-100, 100-250, 250-500,
500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-2000,
2000-2250, 2250-2500, 2500-2750, 2750-3000, 3000-3250, 3250-3500 or
more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent
hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule
of SEQ ID NO:27 or 29. In another embodiment, a nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least (or no greater than) 50-100, 100-250, 250-500,
500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-1850 or
more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent
hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule
of SEQ ID NO:30 or 32.
[0437] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, for example, a fragment which can be used as
a probe or primer or a fragment encoding a portion of a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, e.g., a biologically active portion of a
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. The nucleotide sequence determined
from the cloning of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene allows for the
generation of probes and primers designed for use in identifying
and/or cloning other TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 family members, as well as
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 homologues from other species. The probe/primer
typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The
probe/primer (e.g., oligonucleotide) typically comprises a region
of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions
to at least about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more
preferably about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, or 100 or more consecutive nucleotides of a sense sequence of
SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, of an anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID
NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, or of a naturally occurring allelic variant
or mutant of SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32.
[0438] Exemplary probes or primers are at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or more nucleotides in length
and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides of an isolated nucleic acid
molecule described herein. Probes based on the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
nucleotide sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically
detect) transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or
homologous polypeptides. In preferred embodiments, the probe
further comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g., the label
group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or
an enzyme co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is
provided, e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be
used to amplify a selected region of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 sequence,
e.g., a domain, region, site or other sequence described herein.
The primers should be at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,
90, 100 or more nucleotides in length. Such probes can be used as a
part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissue which
misexpress a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, such as by measuring a
level of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of
cells from a subject e.g., detecting TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 mRNA levels
or determining whether a genomic TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene has been
mutated or deleted.
[0439] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of a TFM-2 polypeptide" and/or a "biologically active
portion of a TFM-3 polypeptide" can be prepared by isolating a
portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32,
which encodes a polypeptide having a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 biological
activity (the biological activities of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptides are described herein), expressing the encoded portion
of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide (e.g., by recombinant
expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded
portion of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. In an exemplary
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is at least 50-100, 100-250,
250-500, 500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500, 1500-1750,
1750-2000, 2000-2250, 2250-2500, 2500-2750, 2750-3000, 3000-3250,
3250-3500 or more nucleotides in length and encodes a polypeptide
having a TFM-2 activity (as described herein). In another exemplary
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is at least 50-100, 100-250,
250-500, 500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500, 1500-1750,
1750-1850 or more nucleotides in length and encodes a polypeptide
having a TFM-3 activity (as described herein).
[0440] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27, 29,
30, or 32. Such differences can be due to due to degeneracy of the
genetic code, thus resulting in a nucleic acid which encodes the
same TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides as those encoded by the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32. In
another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having
an amino acid sequence which differs by at least 1, but no greater
than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid residues from the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ IfD NO:28 or 31. In yet another embodiment,
the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid sequence of human
TFM-2 and TFM-3. If an alignment is needed for this comparison, the
sequences should be aligned for maximum homology.
[0441] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0442] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptides. Such genetic polymorphism in the TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 genes may exist among individuals within a population due to
natural allelic variation. As used herein, the terms "gene" and
"recombinant gene" refer to nucleic acid molecules which include an
open reading frame encoding a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide,
preferably a mammalian TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, and can
further include non-coding regulatory sequences, and introns.
[0443] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:28 or 31, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:27,
29, 30, or 32, for example, under stringent hybridization
conditions.
[0444] Allelic variants of human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 include both
functional and non-functional TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides.
Functional allelic variants are naturally occurring amino acid
sequence variants of the human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide that
have a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity, e.g., maintain the ability to
bind a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 ligand or substrate and/or modulate the
import and export of molecules from cells or across membranes,
e.g., monocarboxylates and/or monosaccharides. Functional allelic
variants will typically contain only conservative substitution of
one or more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:28 or 31, or substitution,
deletion or insertion of non-critical residues in non-critical
regions of the polypeptide.
[0445] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide that do not have a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity, e.g.,
they do not have the ability to transport molecules into and out of
cells or across membranes. Non-functional allelic variants will
typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a deletion, or
insertion or premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO:28 or 31, or a substitution, insertion or deletion in
critical residues or critical regions.
[0446] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
of the human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. Orthologues of human
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides are polypeptides that are isolated
from non-human organisms and possess the same TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
activity, e.g., ligand binding and/or modulation of import and
export of molecules from cells or across membranes, e.g.,
monocarboxylates and/or monosaccharides, as the human TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide. Orthologues of the human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide can readily be identified as comprising an amino acid
sequence that is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:28 or 31.
[0447] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 family members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 sequences of SEQ ID
NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, are intended to be within the scope of the
invention. For example, another TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 cDNA can be
identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3. Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptides from different species, and which, thus, have a
nucleotide sequence which differs from the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
sequences of SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32, are intended to be within
the scope of the invention. For example, a mouse TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of a human
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3.
[0448] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 cDNAs of the
invention can be isolated based on their homology to the TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 nucleic acids disclosed herein using the cDNAs
disclosed herein, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe
according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent
hybridization conditions. Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to
natural allelic variants and homologues of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
cDNAs of the invention can further be isolated by mapping to the
same chromosome or locus as the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene.
[0449] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32.
In other embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 100-150, 150-200,
200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-550,
550-600, 600-650, 650-700, 700-750, 750-800, 800-850, 850-900,
900-950, 950-1000, 1000-1050, 1050-1100, 1100-1150, 1150-1200,
1200-1250, 1250-1300, 1300-1350, 1350-1400, 1400-1450, 1450-1500,
1500-1550, 1550-1600, 1600-1650, 1650-1700, 1700-1750, 1750-1800,
1800-1850, 1850-1900, 1900-1950, 1950-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000,
3000-3500 or more nucleotides in length. In other embodiment, the
nucleic acid is at least 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300,
300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-550, 550-600, 600-650,
650-700, 700-750, 750-800, 800-850, 850-900, 900-950, 950-1000,
1000-1050, 1050-1100, 1100-1150, 1150-1200, 1200-1250, 1250-1300,
1300-1350, 1350-1400, 1400-1450, 1450-1500, 1500-1550, 1550-1600,
1600-1650, 1650-1700, 1700-1750, 1750-1800, 1800-1850 or more
nucleotides in length.
[0450] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33.
The sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 corresponds to the human 67118 cDNA.
This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human 67118 polypeptide
(i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 94-3495) as well as 5'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-83) and 3' untranslated
sequences (nucleotides 3486-7745). Alternatively, the nucleic acid
molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:33 (e.g.,
nucleotides 84-3485, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:35). Accordingly,
in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises
SEQ ID NO:35 and nucleotides.1-84 and 3486-7745 of SEQ ID NO:33. In
yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of the
nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:33 or 35.
[0451] In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of
the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO:36. The sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 corresponds to the human 67067
cDNA. This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human 67067
polypeptide (i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 157-4920)
as well as 5' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-156) and 3'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 4921-7205). Alternatively, the
nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID
NO:36 (e.g., nucleotides 157-4920, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:38).
Accordingly, in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid
molecule comprises SEQ ID NO:38 and nucleotides 1-156 and 4921-7205
of SEQ ID NO:36. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid
molecule consists of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:36 or 38.
[0452] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown
in SEQ ID NO:39 or 41. This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the
human 62092 protein (e.g., the "coding region", from nucleotides
357-845), as well as 5' untranslated sequence (nucleotides 1-356)
and 3' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 846-978) of SEQ ID
NO:39. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only
the coding region of SEQ ID NO:39 (e.g., nucleotides 357-845,
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:41). Accordingly, in another embodiment,
an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises SEQ ID
NO:41 and nucleotides 1-356 of SEQ ID NO:39. In yet another
embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID
NO:41 and nucleotides 846-978 of SEQ ID NO:39. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:39 or 41.
[0453] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33,
35, 36, 38, 39, or 41, or a portion of any of these nucleotide
sequences. A nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41,
is one which is sufficiently complementary to the nucleotide
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41, such that it
can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33, 35,
36, 38, 39, or 41, thereby forming a stable duplex.
[0454] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36,
38, 39, or 41 (e.g., to the entire length of the nucleotide
sequence), or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. In
one embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention
comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least (or no greater
than) 50-100, 100-250, 250-500, 500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250,
1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-2000, 2000-2250, 2250-2500, 2500-2750,
2750-3000, 3000-3250, 3250-3500, 3500-3750, 3750-4000, 4000-4250,
4250-4500, 4500-4750, 4750-5000, 5000-5250, 5250-5500, 5500-5750,
5750-6000, 6000-6250, 6250-6500, 6500-6750, 6750-7000, 7000-7250,
7250-7500 or more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under
stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic
acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41.
[0455] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, for example, a fragment which can be
used as a probe or primer or a fragment encoding a portion of a
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide, e.g., a biologically active
portion of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide. The nucleotide
sequence determined from the cloning of the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 gene allows for the generation of probes and primers designed
for use in identifying and/or cloning other 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 family members, as well as 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
homologues from other species. The probe/primer typically comprises
substantially purified oligonucleotide. The probe/primer (e.g.,
oligonucleotide) typically comprises a region of nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least
about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more preferably about
30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 or more
consecutive nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35,
36, 38, 39, 41, of an anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36,
38, 39, 41, or of a naturally occurring allelic variant or mutant
of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41.
[0456] Exemplary probes or primers are at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or more nucleotides in length
and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides of an isolated nucleic acid
molecule described herein. Probes based on the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 nucleotide sequences can be used to detect (e.g.,
specifically detect) transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the
same or homologous polypeptides. In preferred embodiments, the
probe further comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g., the
label group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an
enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor. In another embodiment a set of
primers is provided, e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which
can be used to amplify a selected region of a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 sequence, e.g., a domain, region, site or other sequence
described herein. The primers should be at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides in length. Such probes
can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying
cells or tissue which misexpress a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide, such as by measuring a level of a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject
e.g., detecting 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 mRNA levels or
determining whether a genomic 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene has
been mutated or deleted.
[0457] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of a 67118 polypeptide," a "biologically active portion of
a 67067 polypeptide," or a "biologically active portion of a 62092
polypeptide," can be prepared by isolating a portion of the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, which
encodes a polypeptide having a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
biological activity (the biological activities of the 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 polypeptides are described herein), expressing the
encoded portion of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide
(e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the
activity of the encoded portion of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide. In an exemplary embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule
is at least 50-100, 100-250, 250-500, 500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250,
1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-2000, 2000-2250, 2250-2500, 2500-2750,
2750-3000, 3000-3250, 3250-3500, 3500-3750, 3750-4000, 4000-4250,
4250-4500, 4500-4750, 4750-5000, 5000-5250, 5250-5500, 5500-5750,
5750-6000, 6000-6250, 6250-6500, 6500-6750, 6750-7000, 7000-7250,
7250-7500 or more nucleotides in length and encodes a polypeptide
having a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 activity (as described
herein).
[0458] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33, 35,
36, 38, 39, or 41. Such differences can be due to due to degeneracy
of the genetic code, thus resulting in a nucleic acid which encodes
the same 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides as those encoded
by the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39,
or 41. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of
the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide
having an amino acid sequence which differs by at least 1, but no
greater than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid residues from the
amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40. In yet
another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino
acid sequence of human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092. If an alignment
is needed for this comparison, the sequences should be aligned for
maximum homology.
[0459] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0460] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 polypeptides. Such genetic polymorphism in the 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 genes may exist among individuals within a
population due to natural allelic variation. As used herein, the
terms "gene" and "recombinant gene" refer to nucleic acid molecules
which include an open reading frame encoding a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide, preferably a mammalian 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide, and can further include non-coding regulatory
sequences, and introns.
[0461] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40, wherein the nucleic acid molecule
hybridizes to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising
SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41, for example, under stringent
hybridization conditions.
[0462] Allelic variants of human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 include
both functional and non-functional 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptides. Functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human 67118 or 67067
polypeptide that have a 67118 or 67067 activity, e.g., bind or
interact with a 67118 or 67067 substrate or target molecule,
transport a 67118 or 67067 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a
phospholipid) across a cellular membrane, hydrolyze ATP, be
phosphorylated or dephosphorylated, adopt an E1 conformation or an
E2 conformation, and/or modulate cellular signaling, growth,
proliferation, differentiation, absorption, or secretion.
Functional allelic variants will typically contain only
conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of SEQ ID
NO:34 or 37, or substitution, deletion or insertion of non-critical
residues in non-critical regions of the polypeptide. Functional
allelic variants are naturally occurring amino acid sequence
variants of the 62092 protein that maintain the ability to, e.g.,
bind or interact with a 62092 substrate or target molecule and/or
modulate cellular signaling and/or gene transcription. Functional
allelic variants will typically contain only conservative
substitution of one or more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:40, or
substitution, deletion or insertion of non-critical residues in
non-critical regions of the protein.
[0463] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human 67118 or 67067
polypeptide that do not have a 67118 or 67067 activity, e.g., that
do not have the ability to, e.g., bind or interact with a 67118 or
67067 substrate or target molecule, transport a 67118 or 67067
substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) across a
cellular membrane, hydrolyze ATP, be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated, adopt an E1 conformation or an E2 conformation,
and/or modulate cellular signaling, growth, proliferation,
differentiation, absorption, or secretion. Non-functional allelic
variants will typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a
deletion, or insertion or premature truncation of the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:34 or 37, or a substitution, insertion or
deletion in critical residues or critical regions. Moreover,
non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring amino acid
sequence variants of the 62092 protein, e.g., human 62092, that do
not have the ability to, e.g., bind or interact with a 62092
substrate or target molecule and/or modulate cellular signaling
and/or gene transcription. Non-functional allelic variants will
typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a deletion, or
insertion, or premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:40, or a substitution, insertion, or deletion in critical
residues or critical regions of the protein.
[0464] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
of the human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides. Orthologues
of human 67118 or 67067 polypeptides are polypeptides that are
isolated from non-human organisms and possess the same 67118 or
67067 substrate or target molecule binding mechanisms, phospholipid
transporting activity, ATPase activity, and/or modulation of
cellular signaling mechanisms of the human PLTR proteins as the
human 67118 or 67067 polypeptides. Orthologues of the human 67118
or 67067 polypeptides can readily be identified as comprising an
amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:34
or 37. Orthologues of the human 62092 protein are proteins that are
isolated from non-human organisms and possess the same 62092
substrate or target molecule binding mechanisms and/or ability to
modulate cellular signaling and/or gene transcription of the human
62092 protein. Orthologues of the human 62092 protein can readily
be identified as comprising an amino acid sequence that is
substantially homologous to SEQ ID NO:40.
[0465] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 family members and, thus, which have a
nucleotide sequence which differs from the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 sequences of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example,
another 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 cDNA can be identified based on
the nucleotide sequence of human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092.
Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptides from different species, and which, thus, have a
nucleotide sequence which differs from the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 sequences of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, a
mouse 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 cDNA can be identified based on
the nucleotide sequence of a human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092.
[0466] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 cDNAs of
the invention can be isolated based on their homology to the 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 nucleic acids disclosed herein using the cDNAs
disclosed herein, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe
according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent
hybridization conditions. Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to
natural allelic variants and homologues of the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 cDNAs of the invention can further be isolated by mapping to
the same chromosome or locus as the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
gene.
[0467] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39,
or 41. In other embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50-100,
100-250, 250-500, 500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500,
1500-1750, 1750-2000, 2000-2250, 2250-2500, 2500-2750, 2750-3000,
3000-3250, 3250-3500, 3500-3750, 3750-4000, 4000-4250, 4250-4500,
4500-4750, 4750-5000, 5000-5250, 5250-5500, 5500-5750, 5750-6000,
6000-6250, 6250-6500, 6500-6750, 6750-7000, 7000-7250, 7250-7500 or
more nucleotides in length.
[0468] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:51
or 53. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding the human HAAT
protein (e.g., the "coding region", from nucleotides 69-1526), as
well as 5' untranslated sequence (nucleotides 1-68) and 3'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1527-2397) of SEQ ID NO:51.
Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the
coding region of SEQ ID NO:51 (e.g., nucleotides 69-1526,
corresponding to SEQ ID NO:53). Accordingly, in another embodiment,
an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises SEQ ID
NO:53 and nucleotides 1-68 of SEQ ID NO:51. In yet another
embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID
NO:53 and nucleotides 1527-2397 of SEQ ID NO:51. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of the nucleotide
sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:51 or 53.
[0469] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:51 or
53, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A nucleic
acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, is one which is sufficiently
complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:51 or
53, such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, thereby forming a stable duplex.
[0470] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence
which is at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%
or more identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:51
or 53 (e.g., to the entire length of the nucleotide sequence), or a
portion or complement of any of these nucleotide sequences. In one
embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention
comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least (or no greater
than) 50-100, 100-250, 250-500, 500-750, 750-1000, 1000-1250,
1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-2000, 2000-2250, 2250-2500, 2500-2750,
2750-3000 or more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under
stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic
acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53.
[0471] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:51 or 53, for example, a fragment which can be used as a probe
or primer or a fragment encoding a portion of a HAAT protein, e.g.,
a biologically active portion of a HAAT protein. The nucleotide
sequence determined from the cloning of the HAAT gene allows for
the generation of probes and primers designed for use in
identifying and/or cloning other HAAT family members, as well as
HAAT homologues from other species. The probe/primer (e.g.,
oligonucleotide) typically comprises substantially purified
oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region
of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions
to at least about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more
preferably about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 75 consecutive
nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, of an
anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, or of a naturally
occurring allelic variant or mutant of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53. In
another embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 8, 10, 15, 20,
25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450,
475, 500, 550, 575, 600, 650 or more nucleic acids (e.g.,
contiguous or consecutive nucleotides) of the nucleotide sequence
of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, or of a naturally occurring allelic variant
or mutant of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53.
[0472] Exemplary probes or primers are at least (or no greater
than) 12 or 15, 20 or 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or
more nucleotides in length and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides
of an isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein. Also
included within the scope of the present invention are probes or
primers comprising contiguous or consecutive nucleotides of an
isolated nucleic acid molecule described herein, but for the
difference of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases within the
probe or primer sequence. Probes based on the HAAT nucleotide
sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically detect)
transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous
proteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises a
label group attached thereto, e.g., the label group can be a
radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme
co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is provided,
e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be used to
amplify a selected region of a HAAT sequence, e.g., a domain,
region, site or other sequence described herein. The primers should
be at least 5, 10, or 50 base pairs in length and less than 100, or
less than 200, base pairs in length. The primers should be
identical, or differ by no greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
or 10 bases when compared to a sequence disclosed herein or to the
sequence of a naturally occurring variant. Such probes can be used
as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissue
which misexpress a HAAT protein, such as by measuring a level of a
HAAT-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject,
e.g., detecting HAAT mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic
HAAT gene has been mutated or deleted.
[0473] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of a HAAT protein" can be prepared by isolating a portion
of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, which encodes a
polypeptide having a HAAT biological activity (the biological
activities of the HAAT proteins are described herein), expressing
the encoded portion of the HAAT protein (e.g., by recombinant
expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded
portion of the HAAT protein. In an exemplary embodiment, the
nucleic acid molecule is at least 50-100, 100-250, 250-500,
500-700, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-2000,
2000-2250, 2250-2400 or more nucleotides in length and encodes a
protein having a HAAT activity (as described herein).
[0474] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:51 or
53, due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same
HAAT proteins as those encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:51 or 53. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a
protein having an amino acid sequence which differs by at least 1,
but no greater than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid residues from
the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:52. In yet another
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid
sequence of human HAAT. If an alignment is needed for this
comparison, the sequences should be aligned for maximum
homology.
[0475] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0476] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the HAAT proteins.
Such genetic polymorphism in the HAAT genes may exist among
individuals within a population due to natural allelic variation.
As used herein, the terms "gene" and "recombinant gene" refer to
nucleic acid molecules which include an open reading frame encoding
a HAAT protein, preferably a mammalian HAAT protein, and can
further include non-coding regulatory sequences, and introns.
[0477] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:52, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:51 or
53, for example, under stringent hybridization conditions.
[0478] Allelic variants of HAAT, e.g., human HAAT, include both
functional and non-functional HAAT proteins. Functional allelic
variants are naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of
the HAAT protein that maintain the ability to, e.g., bind or
interact with a HAAT substrate or target molecule, transport a HAAT
substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid) across a
cellular membrane and/or modulate protein synthesis, hormone
metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular activation, regulation of
cell growth, production of metabolic energy, synthesis of purines
and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism, and/or biosynthesis of urea.
Functional allelic variants will typically contain only
conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of SEQ ID
NO:52, or substitution, deletion or insertion of non-critical
residues in non-critical regions of the protein.
[0479] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the HAAT protein, e.g., human HAAT,
that do not have the ability to, e.g., bind or interact with a HAAT
substrate or target molecule, transport a HAAT substrate or target
molecule (e.g., an amino acid) across a cellular membrane and/or
modulate protein synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission,
cellular activation, regulation of cell growth, production of
metabolic energy, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen
metabolism, and/or biosynthesis of urea. Non-functional allelic
variants will typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a
deletion, or insertion, or premature truncation of the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:52, or a substitution, insertion, or deletion
in critical residues or critical regions of the protein.
[0480] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
(e.g., non-human orthologues of the human HAAT protein).
Orthologues of the human HAAT protein are proteins that are
isolated from non-human organisms and possess the same HAAT
substrate or target molecule binding mechanisms, amino acid
transporting activity and/or modulation of nitrogen metabolism
mechanisms of the human HAAT proteins. Orthologues of the human
HAAT protein can readily be identified as comprising an amino acid
sequence that is substantially homologous to SEQ ID NO:52.
[0481] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other HAAT family
members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which differs
from the HAAT sequences of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, are intended to be
within the scope of the invention. For example, another HAAT cDNA
can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human HAAT.
Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding HAAT proteins from
different species, and which, thus, have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the HAAT sequences of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, are
intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, a
mouse or monkey HAAT cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide
sequence of a human HAAT.
[0482] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the HAAT cDNAs of the invention can be
isolated based on their homology to the HAAT nucleic acids
disclosed herein using the cDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion
thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard
hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions.
Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants
and homologues of the HAAT cDNAs of the invention can further be
isolated by mapping to the same chromosome or locus as the HAAT
gene.
[0483] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53. In other
embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50-100, 100-250, 250-500,
500-700, 750-1000, 1000-1250, 1250-1500, 1500-1750, 1750-2000,
2000-2250, 2250-2400 or more nucleotides in length (e.g., 2397
nucleotides in length).
[0484] In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54.
The sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 corresponds to the human HST-4 cDNA.
This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human HST-4 polypeptide
(i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 137-1450) as well as
5' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-136) and 3' untranslated
sequences (nucleotides 1451-2565). Alternatively, the nucleic acid
molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:54 (e.g.,
nucleotides 137-1450, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:56). Accordingly,
in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises
SEQ ID NO:56 and nucleotides 1-136 and 1451-2565 of SEQ ID NO:54.
In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule consists of
the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:54 or SEQ ID
NO:56.
[0485] In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of
the invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO:57. The sequence of SEQ ID NO:57 corresponds to the human HST-5
cDNA. This cDNA comprises sequences encoding the human HST-5
polypeptide (i.e., "the coding region", from nucleotides 137-1444)
as well as 5' untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-136) and 3'
untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1445-2558). Alternatively, the
nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID
NO:57 (e.g., nucleotides 137-1444, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:59).
Accordingly, in another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid
molecule comprises SEQ ID NO:59 and nucleotides 1-136 and 1445-2558
of SEQ ID NO:57. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid
molecule consists of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID
NO:57 or SEQ ID NO:59.
[0486] In still another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid
molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which
is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54,
56, 57, or 59, or a portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. A
nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to the nucleotide
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, is one which is
sufficiently complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ
ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, such that it can hybridize to the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, thereby
forming a stable duplex.
[0487] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic
acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57,
or 59 (e.g., to the entire length of the nucleotide sequence), or a
portion of any of these nucleotide sequences. In one embodiment, a
nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises a
nucleotide sequence which is at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150,
200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800,
850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700,
1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500 or more nucleotides
in length and hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57,
or 59. In another embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of the
present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500,
550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200,
1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300,
2400, 2500 or more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under
stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic
acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59.
[0488] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can
comprise only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, for example, a fragment which can be used as
a probe or primer or a fragment encoding a portion of an HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptide, e.g., a biologically active portion of an
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide. The nucleotide sequence determined
from the cloning of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene allows for the
generation of probes and primers designed for use in identifying
and/or cloning other HST-4 and/or HST-5 family members, as well as
HST-4 and/or HST-5 homologues from other species. The probe/primer
typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The
probe/primer (e.g., oligonucleotide) typically comprises a region
of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions
to at least about 12 or 15, preferably about 20 or 25, more
preferably about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, or 100 or more consecutive nucleotides of a sense sequence of
SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, of an anti-sense sequence of SEQ ID
NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, or of a naturally occurring allelic variant
or mutant of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59.
[0489] Exemplary probes or primers are at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or more nucleotides in length
and/or comprise consecutive nucleotides of an isolated nucleic acid
molecule described herein. Probes based on the HST-4 and/or HST-5
nucleotide sequences can be used to detect (e.g., specifically
detect) transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or
homologous polypeptides. In preferred embodiments, the probe
further comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g., the label
group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or
an enzyme co-factor. In another embodiment a set of primers is
provided, e.g., primers suitable for use in a PCR, which can be
used to amplify a selected region of an HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequence, e.g., a domain, region, site or other sequence described
herein. The primers should be at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,
70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides in length. Such probes can be
used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or
tissue which misexpress an HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide, such as
by measuring a level of an HST-4 and/or HST-5-encoding nucleic acid
in a sample of cells from a subject e.g., detecting HST-4 and/or
HST-5 mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic HST-4 and/or
HST-5 gene has been mutated or deleted.
[0490] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically active
portion of an HST-4 polypeptide" or a "biologically active portion
of an HST-5 polypeptide" can be prepared by isolating a portion of
the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, which
encodes a polypeptide having an HST-4 and/or HST-5 biological
activity (the biological activities of the HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides are described herein), expressing the encoded portion
of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide (e.g., by recombinant
expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded
portion of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide. In an exemplary
embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is at least 10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650,
700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500,
1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500 or more
nucleotides in length and encodes a polypeptide having an HST-4
activity (as described herein). In another exemplary embodiment,
the nucleic acid molecule is at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150,
200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800,
850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700,
1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500 or more nucleotides
in length and encodes a polypeptide having an HST-5 activity (as
described herein).
[0491] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules
that differ from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54, 56,
57, or 59. Such differences can be due to due to degeneracy of the
genetic code, thus resulting in a nucleic acid which encodes the
same HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides as those encoded by the
nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59. In
another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having
an amino acid sequence which differs by at least 1, but no greater
than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acid residues from the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:55 or 58. In yet another embodiment,
the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid sequence of human
HST-4 and/or HST-5. If an alignment is needed for this comparison,
the sequences should be aligned for maximum homology.
[0492] Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as
allelic variants (same locus), homologues (different locus), and
orthologues (different organism) or can be non naturally occurring.
Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis
techniques, including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or
organisms. The variants can contain nucleotide substitutions,
deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either
or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can
produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid
substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).
[0493] Allelic variants result, for example, from DNA sequence
polymorphisms within a population (e.g., the human population) that
lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptides. Such genetic polymorphism in the HST-4 and/or
HST-5 genes may exist among individuals within a population due to
natural allelic variation. As used herein, the terms "gene" and
"recombinant gene" refer to nucleic acid molecules which include an
open reading frame encoding an HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide,
preferably a mammalian HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide, and can
further include non-coding regulatory sequences, and introns.
[0494] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention features
isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a naturally occurring
allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:55 or 58, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:54,
56, 57, or 59 for example, under stringent hybridization
conditions.
[0495] Allelic variants of human HST-4 and/or HST-5 include both
functional and non-functional HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides.
Functional allelic variants are naturally occurring amino acid
sequence variants of the human HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide that
have an HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity, e.g., maintain the ability to
bind an HST-4 and/or HST-5 ligand or substrate and/or modulate
sugar transport, or sugar homeostasis. Functional allelic variants
will typically contain only conservative substitution of one or
more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:55 or 58, or substitution, deletion
or insertion of non-critical residues in non-critical regions of
the polypeptide.
[0496] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring
amino acid sequence variants of the human HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide that do not have an HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity, e.g.,
they do not have the ability to transport sugars into and out of
cells or to modulate sugar homeostasis. Non-functional allelic
variants will typically contain a non-conservative substitution, a
deletion, or insertion or premature truncation of the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 or 58, or a substitution, insertion or
deletion in critical residues or critical regions.
[0497] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues
of the human HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide. Orthologues of human
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides are polypeptides that are isolated
from non-human organisms and possess the same HST-4 and/or HST-5
activity, e.g., ligand binding and/or modulation of sugar transport
mechanisms, as the human HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide.
Orthologues of the human HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide can readily
be identified as comprising an amino acid sequence that is
substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:55 or 58.
[0498] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other HST-4 and/or
HST-5 family members and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence
which differs from the HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequences of SEQ ID
NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, are intended to be within the scope of the
invention. For example, another HST-4 and/or HST-5 cDNA can be
identified based on the nucleotide sequence of human HST-4 and/or
HST-5. Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides from different species, and which, thus, have a
nucleotide sequence which differs from the HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequences of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, are intended to be within
the scope of the invention. For example, a mouse HST-4 and/or HST-5
cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of a human
HST-4 and/or HST-5.
[0499] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic
variants and homologues of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 cDNAs of the
invention can be isolated based on their homology to the HST-4
and/or HST-5 nucleic acids disclosed herein using the cDNAs
disclosed herein, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe
according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent
hybridization conditions. Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to
natural allelic variants and homologues of the HST-4 and/or HST-5
cDNAs of the invention can further be isolated by mapping to the
same chromosome or locus as the HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene.
[0500] Orthologues, homologues and allelic variants can be
identified using methods known in the art (e.g., by hybridization
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, for
example, under stringent hybridization conditions). In one
embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is
at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotides in length and
hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule
comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59.
In other embodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650,
700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500,
1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500 or more
nucleotides in length.
[0501] As used herein, the term "hybridizes under stringent
conditions" is intended to describe conditions for hybridization
and washing under which nucleotide sequences that are significantly
identical or homologous to each other remain hybridized to each
other. Preferably, the conditions are such that sequences at least
about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably
at least about 85% or 90% identical to each other remain hybridized
to each other. Such stringent conditions are known to those skilled
in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1995),
sections 2, 4 and 6. Additional stringent conditions can be found
in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Sambrook et al., Cold
Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), chapters 7, 9
and 11. A preferred, non-limiting example of stringent
hybridization conditions includes hybridization in 4.times. sodium
chloride/sodium citrate (SSC), at about 65-70.degree. C. (or
hybridization in 4.times.SSC plus 50% formamide at about
42-50.degree. C.) followed by one or more washes in 1.times.SSC, at
about 65-70.degree. C. A preferred, non-limiting example of highly
stringent hybridization conditions includes hybridization in
1.times.SSC, at about 65-70.degree. C. (or hybridization in
1.times.SSC plus 50% formamide at about 42-50.degree. C.) followed
by one or more washes in 0.3.times.SSC, at about 65-70.degree. C. A
preferred, non-limiting example of reduced stringency hybridization
conditions includes hybridization in 4.times.SSC, at about
50-60.degree. C. (or alternatively hybridization in 6.times.SSC
plus 50% formamide at about 40-45.degree. C.) followed by one or
more washes in 2.times.SSC, at about 50-60.degree. C. Ranges
intermediate to the above-recited values, e.g., at 65-70.degree. C.
or at 42-50.degree. C. are also intended to be encompassed by the
present invention. SSPE (1.times.SSPE is 0.15M NaCl, 10 mM
NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4, and 1.25 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) can be substituted for
SSC (1.times.SSC is 0.15M NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate) in the
hybridization and wash buffers; washes are performed for 15 minutes
each after hybridization is complete. The hybridization temperature
for hybrids anticipated to be less than 50 base pairs in length
should be 5-10.degree. C. less than the melting temperature
(T.sub.m) of the hybrid, where T.sub.m is determined according to
the following equations. For hybrids less than 18 base pairs in
length, T.sub.m(.degree. C.)=2(# of A+T bases)+4(# of G+C bases).
For hybrids between 18 and 49 base pairs in length,
T.sub.m(.degree. C.)=81.5+16.6(log.sub.10[Na.sup.+])+0.41(%
G+C)-(600/N), where N is the number of bases in the hybrid, and
[Na.sup.+] is the concentration of sodium ions in the hybridization
buffer ([Na.sup.+] for 1.times.SSC=0.165 M). It will also be
recognized by the skilled practitioner that additional reagents may
be added to hybridization and/or wash buffers to decrease
non-specific hybridization of nucleic acid molecules to membranes,
for example, nitrocellulose or nylon membranes, including but not
limited to blocking agents (e.g., BSA or salmon or herring sperm
carrier DNA), detergents (e.g., SDS), chelating agents (e.g.,
EDTA), Ficoll, PVP and the like. When using nylon membranes, in
particular, an additional preferred, non-limiting example of
stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 0.25-0.5M
NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 7% SDS at about 65.degree. C., followed by one
or more washes at 0.02M NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 1% SDS at 65.degree. C.,
see e.g., Church and Gilbert (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
81:1991-1995, (or alternatively 0.2.times.SSC, 1% SDS).
[0502] Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the
invention that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the
sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27,
29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, and
corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule. As used
herein, a "naturally-occurring" nucleic acid molecule refers to an
RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs in
nature (e.g., encodes a natural polypeptide).
[0503] In addition to naturally-occurring allelic variants of the
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 sequences that may exist in the
population, the skilled artisan will further appreciate that
changes can be introduced by mutation into the nucleotide sequences
of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30,
32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, thereby
leading to changes in the amino acid sequence of the encoded MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, without altering the functional
ability of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptides. For
example, nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid
substitutions at "non-essential" amino acid residues can be made in
the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21,
27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59.
A "non-essential" amino acid residue is a residue that can be
altered from the wild-type sequence of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
(e.g., the sequences of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34,
37, 40, 52, 55 and/or 58) without altering the biological activity,
whereas an "essential" amino acid residue is required for
biological activity. For example, amino acid residues that are
conserved among the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptides of
the present invention, e.g., those present in a transmembrane
domain and/or a sugar transporter family domain, are predicted to
be particularly unamenable to alteration. Furthermore, additional
amino acid residues that are conserved between the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 polypeptides of the present invention and other
members of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 family are not
likely to be amenable to alteration.
[0504] Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to
nucleic acid molecules encoding OAT, HST-1, or PLTR-1, proteins
that contain changes in amino acid residues that are not essential
for activity. Such OAT proteins differ in amino acid sequence from
SEQ ID NO:5, 8, 13, or 20, yet retain biological activity. In one
embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a
nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, wherein the protein
comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,
70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%
99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%
or more identical to SEQ ID NO:5, 8, 13, or 20, e.g., to the entire
length of SEQ ID NO:5, 8, 13, or 20.
[0505] Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to
nucleic acid molecules encoding MTP-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides that contain
changes in amino acid residues that are not essential for activity.
Such MTP-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptides differ in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID
NO:2, 16, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, yet retain biological
activity. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule
comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the
polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%,
55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 16, 28, 31,
34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58 (e.g., to the entire length of SEQ ID
NO:2, 16, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58).
[0506] An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptide identical to the polypeptide of SEQ ID
NO:2, 5, 8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 52, 55 or 58, can be
created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions,
additions or deletions into the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1,
3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36,
38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, such that one or more amino
acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the
encoded polypeptide. Mutations can be introduced into SEQ ID NO:1,
3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36,
38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, by standard techniques, such
as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis.
Preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one
or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues. A
"conservative amino acid substitution" is one in which the amino
acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a
similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar
side chains have been defined in the art. These families include
amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine,
histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic
acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine,
glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan),
nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,
proline, phenylalanine, methionine), beta-branched side chains
(e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains
(e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a
predicted nonessential amino acid residue in an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptide is preferably replaced with another amino acid
residue from the same side chain family. Alternatively, in another
embodiment, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part
of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 coding sequence, such as by
saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened
for MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 biological activity to identify
mutants that retain activity. Following mutagenesis of SEQ ID NO:1,
3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36,
38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, the encoded polypeptide can
be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the polypeptide can
be determined.
[0507] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant MTP-1 protein can be
assayed for the ability to metabolize or catabolize biochemical
molecules necessary for energy production or storage, permit intra-
or intercellular signaling, metabolize or catabolize metabolically
important biomolecules, and to detoxify potentially harmful
compounds, or to facilitate the compartmentalization of these
molecules into a sequestered intracellular space (e.g., the
peroxisome).
[0508] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant OAT protein can be
assayed for the ability to (i) interact with an OAT substrate or
target molecule; (ii) transport an OAT substrate across a membrane;
(iii) interact with and/or modulation of a second non-OAT protein;
(iv) modulate cellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g.,
either directly or indirectly); (v) protect cells and/or tissues
from organic anions; and/or (vi) modulate hormonal responses.
[0509] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant HST-1 polypeptide can be
assayed for the ability to (1) maintain sugar homeostasis in a
cell, (2) influence insulin and/or glucagon secretion, (3) bind a
monosaccharide, e.g., D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose,
and (4) transport monosaccharides across a cell membrane.
[0510] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant TP-2 polypeptide can be
assayed for the ability to 1) modulate the import and export of
molecules, e.g., hormones, ions, cytokines, neurotransmitters,
monosaccharides, and metabolites, from cells, 2) modulate intra- or
inter-cellular signaling, 3) modulate removal of potentially
harmful compounds from the cell, or facilitate the
compartmentalization of these molecules into a sequestered
intra-cellular space (e.g., the peroxisome), and 4) modulate
transport of biological molecules across membranes, e.g., the
plasma membrane, or the membrane of the mitochondrion, the
peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus,
or the vacuole.
[0511] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant PLTR-1 protein can be
assayed for the ability to (i) interact with a PLTR-1 substrate or
target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a non-PLTR-1
protein); (ii) transport a PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule
(e.g., an aminophospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or
phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a cellular membrane to
the other; (iii) be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated; (iv) adopt
an E1 conformation or an E2 conformation; (v) convert a PLTR-1
substrate or target molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis of
ATP); (vi) interact with a second non-PLTR-1 protein; (vii)
modulate substrate or target molecule location (e.g., modulation of
phospholipid location within a cell and/or location with respect to
a cellular membrane); (viii) maintain aminophospholipid gradients;
(ix) modulate blood coagulation; (x) modulate intra- or
intercellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); and/or (xi) modulate cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, or
secretion.
[0512] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide can be assayed for the ability to 1) modulate the
import and export of molecules, e.g., hormones, ions, cytokines,
neurotransmitters, monocarboxylates monosaccharides, and
metabolites, from cells, 2) modulate intra- or inter-cellular
signaling, 3) modulate removal of potentially harmful compounds
from the cell, or facilitate the compartmentalization of these
molecules into a sequestered intra-cellular space (e.g., the
peroxisome), and 4) modulate transport of biological molecules
across membranes, e.g., the plasma membrane, or the membrane of the
mitochondrion, the peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the nucleus, or the vacuole.
[0513] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant 67118 or 67067
polypeptide can be assayed for the ability to (i) interact with a
67118 or 67067 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid,
ATP, or a non-67118 or -67067 protein); (ii) transport a 67118 or
67067 substrate or target molecule (e.g., an aminophospholipid such
as phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of
a cellular membrane to the other; (iii) be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated; (iv) adopt an El conformation or an E2
conformation; (v) convert a 67118 or 67067 substrate or target
molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis of ATP); (vi) interact with
a second non-67118 or -67067 protein; (vii) modulate substrate or
target molecule location (e.g., modulation of phospholipid location
within a cell and/or location with respect to a cellular membrane);
(viii) maintain aminophospholipid gradients; (ix) modulate intra-
or intercellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); and/or (x) modulate cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, or
secretion.
[0514] In another preferred embodiment, a mutant 62092 protein can
be assayed for the ability to (i) interact with a 62092 substrate
or target molecule (e.g., a nucleotide such as a purine
mononucleotide or a dinucleoside polyphosphate, or a non-62092
protein); (ii) convert a 62092 substrate or target molecule to a
product (e.g., cleave a dinucleoside polyphosphate); (iii) interact
with a second non-62092 protein; (iv) sense of cellular stress
signals; (v) regulate substrate or target molecule availability or
activity; (vi) modulate intra- or intercellular signaling and/or
gene transcription (e.g., either directly or indirectly); and/or
(vii) modulate cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation,
and/or apoptosis.
[0515] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant HAAT protein can be
assayed for the ability to (i) interact with a HAAT substrate or
target molecule (e.g., an amino acid); (ii) transport a HAAT
substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid) from one side of
a cellular membrane to the other; (iii) convert a HAAT substrate or
target molecule to a product (e.g., glucose production); (iv)
interact with a second non-HAAT protein; (v) modulate substrate or
target molecule location (e.g., modulation of amino acid location
within a cell and/or location with respect to a cellular membrane);
(vi) maintain amino acid gradients; (vii) modulate hormone
metabolism and/or nerve transmission (e.g., either directly or
indirectly); and/or (viii) modulate cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, and production of metabolic energy.
[0516] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide can be assayed for the ability to (1) bind a
monosaccharide, e.g., D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, and/or
mannose; (2) transport monosaccharides across a cell membrane, (3)
influence insulin and/or glucagon secretion; (4) maintain sugar
homeostasis in a cell; and (5) mediate trans-epithelial movement in
a cell.
[0517] In addition to the nucleic acid molecules encoding MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides described above, another aspect of
the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules which are
antisense thereto. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention
provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule which is antisense to an
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid molecule (e.g., is antisense
to the coding strand of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid
molecule). An "antisense" nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide
sequence which is complementary to a "sense" nucleic acid encoding
a polypeptide, e.g., complementary to the coding strand of a
double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA sequence.
Accordingly, an antisense nucleic acid can hydrogen bond to a sense
nucleic acid. The antisense nucleic acid can be complementary to an
entire MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 coding strand, or to only a portion
thereof. In one embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid molecule is
antisense to a "coding region" of the coding strand of a nucleotide
sequence encoding MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5. The term "coding
region" refers to the region of the nucleotide sequence comprising
codons which are translated into amino acid residues (e.g., the
coding regions of human MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5 correspond to SEQ
ID NO:3, 6, 9, 14, 17, 21, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 53, 56, and 59,
respectively). In another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid
molecule is antisense to a "noncoding region" of the coding strand
of a nucleotide sequence encoding MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5. The
term "noncoding region" refers to 5' and 3' sequences which flank
the coding region that are not translated into amino acids (i.e.,
also referred to as 5' and 3' untranslated regions).
[0518] Given the coding strand sequences encoding MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 disclosed herein (e.g., SEQ I) NO:3, 6, 9, 14, 17, 21,
29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 53, 56, and 59, respectively), antisense
nucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the
rules of Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid
molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide
which is antisense to only a portion of the coding or noncoding
region of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA. For example, the
antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region
surrounding the translation start site of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
mRNA (e.g., between the -10 and +10 regions of the start site of a
gene nucleotide sequence). An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for
example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides
in length. An antisense nucleic acid of the invention can be
constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation
reactions using procedures known in the art. For example, an
antisense nucleic acid (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be
chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or
variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological
stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of
the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids,
e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted
nucleotides can be used. Examples of modified nucleotides which can
be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid include
5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil,
hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)
uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine,
5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil,
beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine,
1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine,
2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine,
5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine,
5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil,
beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil,
5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine,
uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine,
2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil,
5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester,
uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil,
3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and
2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be
produced biologically using an expression vector into which a
nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e.,
RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an
antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest,
described further in the following subsection).
[0519] The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention are
typically administered to a subject or generated in situ such that
they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA
encoding an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide to thereby
inhibit expression of the polypeptide, e.g., by inhibiting
transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by
conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex,
or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule
which binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the
major groove of the double helix. An example of a route of
administration of antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention
include direct injection at a tissue site. Alternatively, antisense
nucleic acid molecules can be modified to target selected cells and
then administered systemically. For example, for systemic
administration, antisense molecules can be modified such that they
specifically bind to receptors or antigens expressed on a selected
cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid molecules
to peptides or antibodies which bind to cell surface receptors or
antigens. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can also be
delivered to cells using the vectors described herein. To achieve
sufficient intracellular concentrations of the antisense molecules,
vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is
placed under the control of a strong pol II or pol III promoter are
preferred.
[0520] In yet another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid
molecule of the invention is an .alpha.-anomeric nucleic acid
molecule. An .alpha.-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific
double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary
to the usual .beta.-units, the strands run parallel to each other
(Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids. Res. 15:6625-6641). The
antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a
2'-o-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res.
15:6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. (1987)
FEBS Lett. 215:327-330).
[0521] In still another embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid of
the invention is a ribozyme. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules
with ribonuclease activity which are capable of cleaving a
single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a
complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes
(described in Haseloff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591)) can
be used to catalytically cleave MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA
transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4-
and/or HST-5-encoding nucleic acid can be designed based upon the
nucleotide sequence of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 cDNA disclosed
herein (i.e., SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21,
27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, or 59).
For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be
constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is
complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4- and/or HST-5-encoding mRNA. See, e.g., Cech et al. U.S. Pat.
No. 4,987,071; and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742.
Alternatively, MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-.1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA can be used to
select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from
a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel, D. and Szostak, J. W.
(1993) Science 261:1411-1418.
[0522] Alternatively, MTP-1 gene expression can be inhibited by
targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory
region of the MTP-1 (e.g., the MTP-1 promoter and/or enhancers;
e.g., nucleotides 1-107 of SEQ ID NO:1) to form triple helical
structures that prevent transcription of the MTP-1 gene in target
cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):
569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36;
and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807-15.
[0523] Alternatively, OAT gene expression can be inhibited by
targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory
region of the OAT (e.g., the OAT promoter and/or enhancers; e.g.,
nucleotides 1-371 of SEQ ID NO:4) to form triple helical structures
that prevent transcription of the OAT gene in target cells. See
generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84;
Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher,
L. J. (1992) Bioessays 14(12):807-15.
[0524] Alternatively, HST-1 gene expression can be inhibited by
targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory
region of the HST-1 (e.g., the HST-1 promoter and/or enhancers) to
form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the
HST-1 gene in target cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991)
Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays
14(12):807-15.
[0525] Alternatively, TP-2 gene expression can be inhibited by
targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory
region of the TP-2 (e.g., the TP-2 promoter and/or enhancers) to
form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the
TP-2 gene in target cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991)
Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays
14(12):807-15.
[0526] Alternatively, PLTR-1 gene expression can be inhibited by
targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory
region of the PLTR-1 (e.g., the PLTR-1 promoter and/or enhancers;
e.g., nucleotides 1-170 of SEQ ID NO: 19) to form triple helical
structures that prevent transcription of the PLTR-1 gene in target
cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des.
6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioessays 14(12):807-15.
[0527] Alternatively, TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene expression can be
inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the
regulatory region of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 (e.g., the TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures
that prevent transcription of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene in target
cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des.
6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807-15.
[0528] Alternatively, 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene expression
can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to
the regulatory region of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 (e.g., the
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 promoter and/or enhancers) to form
triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 gene in target cells. See generally, Helene, C.
(1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays
14(12):807-15.
[0529] Alternatively, HAAT gene expression can be inhibited by
targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory
region of the HAAT (e.g., the HAAT promoter and/or enhancers; e.g.,
nucleotides 1-68 of SEQ ID NO:51) to form triple helical structures
that prevent transcription of the HAAT gene in target cells. See
generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84;
Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher,
L. J. (1992) Bioessays 14(12):807-15.
[0530] Alternatively, HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene expression can be
inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the
regulatory region of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 (e.g., the HST-4 and/or
HST-5 promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures
that prevent transcription of the HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene in target
cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des.
6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807-15.
[0531] In yet another embodiment, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be modified at
the base moiety, sugar moiety or phosphate backbone to improve,
e.g., the stability, hybridization, or solubility of the molecule.
For example, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid
molecules can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids (see
Hyrup B. et al. (1996) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 4 (1):
5-23). As used herein, the terms "peptide nucleic acids" or "PNAs"
refer to nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the
deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide
backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The
neutral backbone of PNAs has been shown to allow for specific
hybridization to DNA and RNA under conditions of low ionic
strength. The synthesis of PNA oligomers can be performed using
standard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols as described in
Hyrup B. et al. (1996) supra; Perry-O'Keefe et al. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. 93: 14670-675.
[0532] PNAs of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid
molecules can be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
For example, PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for
sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, for example,
inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting
replication. PNAs of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid
molecules can also be used in the analysis of single base pair
mutations in a gene, (e.g., by PNA-directed PCR clamping); as
`artificial restriction enzymes` when used in combination with
other enzymes, (e.g., S1 nucleases (Hyrup B. (1996) supra)); or as
probes or primers for DNA sequencing or hybridization (Hyrup B. et
al. (1996) supra; Perry-O'Keefe supra).
[0533] In another embodiment, PNAs of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
can be modified, (e.g., to enhance their stability or cellular
uptake), by attaching lipophilic or other helper groups to PNA, by
the formation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or by the use of liposomes or
other techniques of drug delivery known in the art. For example,
PNA-DNA chimeras of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid
molecules can be generated which may combine the advantageous
properties of PNA and DNA. Such chimeras allow DNA recognition
enzymes, (e.g., RNase H and DNA polymerases), to interact with the
DNA portion while the PNA portion would provide high binding
affinity and specificity. PNA-DNA chimeras can be linked using
linkers of appropriate lengths selected in terms of base stacking,
number of bonds between the nucleobases, and orientation (Hyrup B.
(1996) supra). The synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can be performed
as described in Hyrup B. (1996) supra and Finn P. J. et al. (1996)
Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (17): 3357-63. For example, a DNA chain can
be synthesized on a solid support using standard phosphoramidite
coupling chemistry and modified nucleoside analogs, e.g.,
5'-(4-methoxytrityl)amino-5'-deoxy-thymidine phosphoramidite, can
be used as a between the PNA and the 5' end of DNA (Mag, M. et al.
(1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17: 5973-88). PNA monomers are then
coupled in a stepwise manner to produce a chimeric molecule with a
5' PNA segment and a 3' DNA segment (Finn P. J. et al. (1996)
supra). Alternatively, chimeric molecules can be synthesized with a
5' DNA segment and a 3' PNA segment (Peterser, K. H. et al. (1975)
Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 5: 1119-11124).
[0534] In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide may include other
appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell
receptors in vivo), or agents facilitating transport across the
cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 86:6553-6556; Lemaitre et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 84:648-652; PCT Publication No. WO88/09810) or the
blood-brain barrier (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO89/10134). In
addition, oligonucleotides can be modified with
hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (See, e.g., Krol et al.
(1988) Bio-Techniques 6:958-976) or intercalating agents. (See,
e.g., Zon (1988) Pharm. Res. 5:539-549). To this end, the
oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, (e.g., a
peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transport
agent, or hybridization-triggered cleavage agent).
[0535] Alternatively, the expression characteristics of an
endogenous MTP-1, HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene within a cell line or microorganism may be
modified by inserting a heterologous DNA regulatory element into
the genome of a stable cell line or cloned microorganism such that
the inserted regulatory element is operatively linked with the
endogenous MTP-1, HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene. For example, an endogenous MTP-1, HST-1,
TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene
which is normally "transcriptionally silent", i.e., an MTP-1,
HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 and/or HST-5
gene which is normally not expressed, or is expressed only at very
low levels in a cell line or microorganism, may be activated by
inserting a regulatory element which is capable of promoting the
expression of a normally expressed gene product in that cell line
or microorganism. Alternatively, a transcriptionally silent,
endogenous MTP-1, HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene may be activated by insertion of a
promiscuous regulatory element that works across cell types.
[0536] A heterologous regulatory element may be inserted into a
stable cell line or cloned microorganism, such that it is
operatively linked with an endogenous MTP-1, HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene, using
techniques, such as targeted homologous recombination, which are
well known to those of skill in the art, and described, e.g., in
Chappel, U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,071; PCT publication No. WO 91/06667,
published May 16, 1991.
II. Isolated Polypeptides and Antibodies
[0537] One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated or
recombinant MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 proteins and polypeptides,
and biologically active portions thereof, as well as polypeptide
fragments suitable for use as immunogens to raise anti-MTP-1,
anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1, anti-TFM-2,
anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-HAAT,
anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies. In one embodiment, native
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides can be isolated from cells or
tissue sources by an appropriate purification scheme using standard
protein purification techniques. In another embodiment, MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptides are produced by recombinant DNA
techniques. Alternative to recombinant expression, an MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptide or polypeptide can be synthesized
chemically using standard peptide synthesis techniques.
[0538] An "isolated" or "purified" polypeptide or biologically
active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material
or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from
which the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide is derived, or
substantially free from chemical precursors or other chemicals when
chemically synthesized. The language "substantially free of
cellular material" includes preparations of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptide in which the polypeptide is separated from
cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or
recombinantly produced. In one embodiment, the language
"substantially free of cellular material" includes preparations of
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide having less than about 30% (by
dry weight) of non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2, non-PLTR-1,
non-TFM-2, non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092, non- HAAT,
non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5 polypeptide (also referred to herein as
a "contaminating protein"), more preferably less than about 20% of
non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2, non-PLTR-1, non-TFM-2,
non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092, non- HAAT, non-HST-4
and/or non-HST-5 polypeptide, still more preferably less than about
10% of non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2, non-PLTR-1,
non-TFM-2, non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092, non- HAAT,
non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5 polypeptide, and most preferably less
than about 5% non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2, non-PLTR-1,
non-TFM-2, non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092, non- HAAT,
non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5 polypeptide. When the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptide or biologically active portion thereof is
recombinantly produced, it is also preferably substantially free of
culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about
20%, more preferably less than about 10%, and most preferably less
than about 5% of the volume of the protein preparation.
[0539] The language "substantially free of chemical precursors or
other chemicals" includes preparations of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide in which the polypeptide is separated from chemical
precursors or other chemicals which are involved in the synthesis
of the polypeptide. In one embodiment, the language "substantially
free of chemical precursors or other chemicals" includes
preparations of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide having
less than about 30% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or
non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2, non-PLTR-1, non-TFM-2,
non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092, non-HAAT, non-HST-4
and/or non-HST-5 chemicals, more preferably less than about 20%
chemical precursors or non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2,
non-PLTR-1, non-TFM-2, non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092,
non- HAAT, non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5 chemicals, still more
preferably less than about 10% chemical precursors or non-MTP-1,
non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2, non-PLTR-1, non-TFM-2, non-TFM-3,
non-67118, non-67067, non-62092, non- HAAT, non-HST-4 and/or
non-HST-5 chemicals, and most preferably less than about 5%
chemical precursors or non-MTP-1, non-OAT, non-HST-1, non-TP-2,
non-PLTR-1, non-TFM-2, non-TFM-3, non-67118, non-67067, non-62092,
non-HAAT, non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5 chemicals.
[0540] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of an MTP-1
protein includes a fragment of an MTP-1 protein which participates
in an interaction between an MTP-1 molecule and a non-MTP-1
molecule. Biologically active portions of an MTP-1 protein include
peptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently identical to
or derived from the amino acid sequence of the MTP-1 protein, e.g.,
the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, which include less
amino acids than the full length MTP-1 protein, and exhibit at
least one activity of an MTP-1 protein. Typically, biologically
active portions comprise a domain or motif with at least one
activity of the MTP-1 protein, e.g., transporting a substrate
molecule across a biological membrane. A biologically active
portion of an MTP-1 protein can be a polypeptide which is, for
example, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 or more
amino acids in length. Biologically active portions of an MTP-1
protein can be used as targets for developing agents which modulate
an MTP-1 mediated activity, e.g., lipid transport.
[0541] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of an MTP-1
protein comprises at least one transmembrane domain. It is to be
understood that a preferred biologically active portion of an MTP-1
protein of the present invention may contain at least one
transmembrane domain and one or more of the following domains: a
transmembrane domain, and/or an ABC transporter domain. Moreover,
other biologically active portions, in which other regions of the
protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and
evaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a native
MTP-1 protein.
[0542] In a preferred embodiment, the MTP-1 protein has an amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2. In other embodiments, the MTP-1
protein is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:2, and retains the
functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NO:2, yet differs in
amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above.
Accordingly, in another embodiment, the MTP-1 protein is a protein
which comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%,
60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
[0543] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the MTP-1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having 400 amino acid
residues, at least 50, preferably at least 100, more preferably at
least 150, even more preferably at least 200, and even more
preferably at least 300 or more amino acid residues are aligned).
The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid
positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a
position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid
residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second
sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as
used herein amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to
amino acid or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity
between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical
positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number
of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced
for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
[0544] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of an OAT
protein includes a fragment of an OAT protein which participates in
an interaction between an OAT molecule and a non-OAT molecule
(e.g., an OAT substrate or target molecule). Biologically active
portions of an OAT protein include peptides comprising amino acid
sequences sufficiently homologous to or derived from the OAT amino
acid sequences, e.g., the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:5
or 8, which include sufficient amino acid residues to exhibit at
least one activity of an OAT protein. Typically, biologically
active portions comprise a domain or motif with at least one
activity of the OAT protein, e.g., OAT substrate transporting
activity, OAT substrate or target molecule binding activity, intra-
or inter-cellular signal modulating activity, gene expression
modulating activity, hormonal response modulating activity, and/or
the ability to protect cells and/or tissues from organic anions. A
biologically active portion of an OAT protein can be a polypeptide
which is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200,
250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 or more amino
acids in length. Biologically active portions of an OAT protein can
be used as targets for developing agents which modulate an OAT
mediated activity, e.g., OAT substrate transport, OAT substrate or
target molecule binding, intra- or inter-cellular signaling,
cellular gene expression, hormonal responses, and/or protection of
cells and/or tissues from organic anions.
[0545] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of an OAT
protein comprises at least one transmembrane domain. Moreover,
other biologically active portions, in which other regions of the
protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and
evaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a native
OAT protein.
[0546] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, for
example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 8 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8. In
another embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or
consecutive amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5
or 8.
[0547] In a preferred embodiment, an OAT protein has an amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 8. In other embodiments, the OAT
protein is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, and retains
the functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NO:5 or 8, yet
differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the OAT protein is a protein which comprises an
amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,
80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%,
99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more
identical to SEQ ID NO:5 or 8.
[0548] In another embodiment, the invention features an OAT protein
which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a
nucleotide sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,
80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%,
99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more
identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, or a
complement thereof. This invention further features an OAT protein
which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a
nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization
conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising
the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, or a complement
thereof.
[0549] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the OAT amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 having 550 amino acid
residues, at least 165, preferably at least 220, more preferably at
least 275, even more preferably at least 330, and even more
preferably at least 385, 440 or 495 amino acid residues are
aligned; when aligning a second sequence to the OAT amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 having 724 amino acid residues, at least
217, preferably at least 290, more preferably at least 362, even
more preferably at least 434, and even more preferably at least
507, 579 or 652 amino acid residues are aligned). The amino acid
residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or
nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the
first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or
nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence,
then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein
amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid
or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity between the two
sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared
by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the
length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal
alignment of the two sequences.
[0550] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of an HST-1
polypeptide includes a fragment of an HST-1 polypeptide which
participates in an interaction between an HST-1 molecule and a
non-HST-1 molecule. Biologically active portions of an HST-1
polypeptide include peptides comprising amino acid sequences
sufficiently identical to or derived from the amino acid sequence
of the HST-1 polypeptide, e.g., the amino acid sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:13, which include less amino acids than the full length
HST-1 polypeptides, and exhibit at least one activity of an HST-1
polypeptide. Typically, biologically active portions comprise a
domain or motif with at least one activity of the HST-1
polypeptide, e.g., modulating sugar transport mechanisms. A
biologically active portion of an HST-1 polypeptide can be a
polypeptide which is, for example, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100,
125, 150, 155, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400,
425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550 or more amino acids in length.
Biologically active portions of an HST-1 polypeptide can be used as
targets for developing agents which modulate an HST-1 mediated
activity, e.g., a sugar transport mechanism.
[0551] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of an HST-1
polypeptide comprises at least one transmembrane domain. It is to
be understood that a preferred biologically active portion of an
HST-1 polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least one
or more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain and/or a
sugar transporter family domain. Moreover, other biologically
active portions, in which other regions of the polypeptide are
deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated
for one or more of the functional activities of a native HST-1
polypeptide.
[0552] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, for
example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. In another
embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13.
[0553] In a preferred embodiment, an HST-1 polypeptide has an amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:13. In other embodiments, the
HST-1 polypeptide is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:13, and
retains the functional activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:13,
yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation
or mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the HST-1 polypeptide is a polypeptide which
comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,
70%,75%, 80%, 85%,90%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%, 99.1%,99.2%,
99.3%,99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to
SEQ ID NO:13.
[0554] In another embodiment, the invention features an HST-1
polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting
of a nucleotide sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to a
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, or a complement thereof.
This invention further features an HST-1 polypeptide which is
encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide
sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions
to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14, or a complement
thereof.
[0555] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the HST-1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 having 419 amino acid
residues, at least 126, preferably at least 168, more preferably at
least 210, more preferably at least 251, even more preferably at
least 293, and even more preferably at least 335 or 377 or more
amino acid residues are aligned). The amino acid residues or
nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide
positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence
is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the
corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules
are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or
nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid
"homology"). The percent identity between the two sequences is a
function of the number of identical positions shared by the
sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length
of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of
the two sequences.
[0556] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of a TP-2
polypeptide includes a fragment of a TP-2 polypeptide which
participates in an interaction between a TP-2 molecule and a
non-TP-2 molecule. Biologically active portions of a TP-2
polypeptide include peptides comprising amino acid sequences
sufficiently identical to or derived from the amino acid sequence
of the TP-2 polypeptide, e.g., the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ
ID NO:16, which include less amino acids than the full length TP-2
polypeptides, and exhibit at least one activity of a TP-2
polypeptide. Typically, biologically active portions comprise a
domain or motif with at least one activity of the TP-2 polypeptide,
e.g., modulating transport mechanisms. A biologically active
portion of a TP-2 polypeptide can be a polypeptide which is, for
example, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225,
250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475 or more amino
acids in length. Biologically active portions of a TP-2 polypeptide
can be used as targets for developing agents which modulate a TP-2
mediated activity, e.g., modulating transport of biological
molecules across membranes.
[0557] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of a TP-2
polypeptide comprises at least one transmembrane domain. It is to
be understood that a preferred biologically active portion of a
TP-2 polypeptide of the present invention comprises at least one or
more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, and/or a
sugar transporter domain, and/or a LacY proton/sugar symporter
domain. Moreover, other biologically active portions, in which
other regions of the polypeptide are deleted, can be prepared by
recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more of the
functional activities of a native TP-2 polypeptide.
[0558] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, for
example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. In another
embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.
[0559] In a preferred embodiment, a TP-2 polypeptide has an amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:16. In other embodiments, the TP-2
polypeptide is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:16, and retains
the functional activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:16, yet
differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the TP-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide which
comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,
70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical
to SEQ ID NO:16.
[0560] In another embodiment, the invention features a TP-2
polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting
of a nucleotide sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more indentical to a
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 or 17, or a complement thereof.
This invention further features a TP-2 polypeptide which is encoded
by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence
which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 or 17, or a complement thereof.
[0561] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the TP-2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 having 474 amino acid
residues, at least 142, preferably at least 189, more preferably at
least 237, more preferably at least 284, even more preferably at
least 331, and even more preferably at least 379 or 426 or more
amino acid residues are aligned). The amino acid residues or
nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide
positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence
is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the
corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules
are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or
nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid
"homology"). The percent identity between the two sequences is a
function of the number of identical positions shared by the
sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length
of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of
the two sequences.
[0562] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of a PLTR-1
protein includes a fragment of a PLTR-1 protein which participates
in an interaction between a PLTR-1 molecule and a non-PLTR-1
molecule (e.g., a PLTR-1 substrate such as a phospholipid or ATP).
Biologically active portions of a PLTR-1 protein include peptides
comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently homologous to or
derived from the PLTR-1 amino acid sequences, e.g., the amino acid
sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:20, which include sufficient amino
acid residues to exhibit at least one activity of a PLTR-1 protein.
Typically, biologically active portions comprise a domain or motif
with at least one activity of the PLTR-1 protein, e.g., the ability
to interact with a PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a
phospholipid; ATP; a non-PLTR-1 protein; or another PLTR-1 protein
or subunit); the ability to transport a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) from one side of a cellular
membrane to the other; the ability to be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated; the ability to adopt an E1 conformation or an E2
conformation; the ability to convert a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule to a product (e.g., the ability to hydrolyze ATP); the
ability to interact with a second non-PLTR-1 protein; the ability
to modulate intra- or inter-cellular signaling and/or gene
transcription (e.g., either directly or indirectly); the ability to
modulate cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation,
absorption, and/or secretion. A biologically active portion of a
PLTR-1 protein can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 10, 15,
20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300,
328, 350, 375, 400, 450, 465, 500, 520, 550, 600, 650, 700, 703,
750, 800, 850, 900, 932, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150 or more amino
acids in length. Biologically active portions of a PLTR-1 protein
can be used as targets for developing agents which modulate a
PLTR-1 mediated activity, e.g., any of the aforementioned PLTR-1
activities.
[0563] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of a PLTR-1
protein comprises at least one at least one or more of the
following domains, sites, or motifs: a transmembrane domain, an
N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a C-terminal large
extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site, a
P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif, a
P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or one or more phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid resides. Moreover, other
biologically active portions, in which other regions of the protein
are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and
evaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a native
PLTR-1 protein.
[0564] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20, for
example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20. In another
embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20.
[0565] In a preferred embodiment, a PLTR-1 protein has an amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:20. In other embodiments, the
PLTR-1 protein is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:20, and
retains the functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NO:20, yet
differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the PLTR-1 protein is a protein which comprises
an amino acid sequence at least about 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to SEQ
ID NO:20.
[0566] In another embodiment, the invention features a PLTR-1
protein which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a
nucleotide sequence at least about 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%,
99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to a
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21, or a complement thereof.
This invention further features a PLTR-1 protein which is encoded
by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence
which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21, or a complement thereof.
[0567] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the PLTR-1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20 having 1190 amino
acid residues, at least 357, preferably at least 476, more
preferably at least 595, even more preferably at least 714, and
even more preferably at least 833, 952 or 1071 amino acid residues
are aligned). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at
corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then
compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the
same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position
in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that
position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is
equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent
identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of
identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account
the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be
introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
[0568] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide includes a fragment of a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide which participates in an interaction between a
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 molecule and a non-TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 molecule.
Biologically active portions of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide
include peptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently
identical to or derived from the amino acid sequence of the TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, e.g., the amino acid sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:28 or 31, which include less amino acids than the full
length TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides, and exhibit at least one
activity of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. Typically,
biologically active portions comprise a domain or motif with at
least one activity of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, e.g.,
modulating transport mechanisms. A biologically active portion of a
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide can be a polypeptide which is, for
example, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225,
250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375 or more amino acids in length.
Biologically active portions of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide
can be used as targets for developing agents which modulate a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 mediated activity, e.g., modulating transport of
biological molecules across membranes.
[0569] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide comprises at least one transmembrane
domain. It is to be understood that a preferred biologically active
portion of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide of the present
invention comprises at least one or more of the following domains:
a transmembrane domain, and/or a monocarboxylate domain, and/or a
sugar transporter domain. Moreover, other biologically active
portions, in which other regions of the polypeptide are deleted,
can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or
more of the functional activities of a native TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide.
[0570] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 or 31,
for example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 or 31. In
another embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or
consecutive amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28
or 31.
[0571] In a preferred embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide
has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:28 or 31. In other
embodiments, the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide is substantially
identical to SEQ ID NO:28 or 31, and retains the functional
activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:28 or 31, yet differs in
amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide is a
polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence at least about
50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,
99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO:28 or 31.
[0572] In another embodiment, the invention features a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule
consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%,
65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more
identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, 29, 30, or 32,
or a complement thereof. This invention further features a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid
molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under
stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic
acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27,
29, 30, or 32, or a complement thereof.
[0573] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the TFM-2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 having 392 amino acid
residues, at least 117, preferably at least 156, more preferably at
least 196, more preferably at least 235, even more preferably at
least 274, and even more preferably at least 313 or 352 or more
amino acid residues are aligned; when aligning a second sequence to
the TFM-3 amino acid sequence of SEQ iID NO:31 having 405 amino
acid residues, at least 121, preferably at least 162, more
preferably at least 202, more preferably at least 243, even more
preferably at least 283, and even more preferably at least 324 or
364 or more amino acid residues are aligned). The amino acid
residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or
nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the
first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or
nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence,
then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein
amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid
or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity between the two
sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared
by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the
length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal
alignment of the two sequences.
[0574] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide includes a fragment of a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide which participates in an
interaction between a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 molecule and a
non-67118, 67067, and/or 62092 molecule (e.g., a 67118 or 67067
substrate such as a phospholipid or ATP, or a 62092 substrate such
as a nucleotide or a non-62092 protein). Biologically active
portions of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide include
peptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently identical to
or derived from the amino acid sequence of the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide, e.g., the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO:34, 37, or 40, which include less amino acids than the full
length 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides, and exhibit at
least one activity of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide.
[0575] Typically, biologically active portions of a 67118 or 67067
polypeptide comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity
of the 67118 or 67067 polypeptide, e.g., the ability to interact
with a 67118 or 67067 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a
phospholipid; ATP; a non-67118 or 67067 protein; or another 67118
or 67067 protein or subunit); the ability to transport a 67118 or
67067 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) from one
side of a cellular membrane to the other; the ability to be
phosphorylated or dephosphorylated; the ability to adopt an E1
conformation or an E2 conformation; the ability to convert a 67118
or 67067 substrate or target molecule to a product (e.g., the
ability to hydrolyze ATP); the ability to interact with a second
non-67118 or 67067 protein; the ability to modulate intra- or
inter-cellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); the ability to modulate cellular growth,
proliferation, differentiation, absorption, and/or secretion. A
biologically active portion of a 67118 or 67067 polypeptide can be
a polypeptide which is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150,
175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750,
800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350,
1400, 1450, 1500, 1550 or more amino acids in length. Biologically
active portions of a 67118 or 67067 polypeptide can be used as
targets for developing agents which modulate a 67118 or 67067
mediated activity, e.g., modulating transport of biological
molecules across membranes.
[0576] Moreover, biologically active portions of a 62092 protein
typically comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity of
the 62092 protein, e.g., 62092 activity, nucleotide-binding
activity, ability to modulate intra- or inter-cellular signaling
and/or gene expression, and/or ability to modulate cell growth,
proliferation, differentiation, and/or apoptosis mechanisms. A
biologically active portion of a 62092 protein can be a polypeptide
which is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 or more amino
acids in length. Biologically active portions of a 62092 protein
can be used as targets for developing agents which modulate a 62092
mediated activity, e.g., 62092 activity, nucleotide-binding
activity, ability to modulate intra- or inter-cellular signaling
and/or gene expression, and/or ability to modulate cell growth,
proliferation, differentiation, and/or apoptosis mechanisms.
[0577] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of a 67118,
or 67067 polypeptide comprises at least one at least one or more of
the following domains, sites, or motifs: a transmembrane domain, an
N-terminal large extramembrane domain, a C-terminal large
extramembrane domain, an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site, a
P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif, a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif, a
P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif, and/or one or more phospholipid
transporter specific amino acid resides. Moreover, other
biologically active portions, in which other regions of the
polypeptide are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques
and evaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a
native 67118, or 67067 polypeptide.
[0578] In another embodiment, a biologically active portion of a
62092 protein comprises at least a 62092 family domain and/or a
62092 family signature motif. Moreover, other biologically active
portions, in which other regions of the protein are deleted, can be
prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more of
the functional activities of a native 62092 protein.
[0579] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or
40, for example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a
fragment comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or
consecutive amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO:34, 37, or 40. In another embodiment, a fragment comprises at
least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g.,
contiguous or consecutive amino acids) of the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40.
[0580] In a preferred embodiment, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:34, 37,
or 40. In other embodiments, the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40,
and retains the functional activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID
NO:34, 37, or 40, yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural
allelic variation or mutagenesis, as described in detail in
subsection I above. In another embodiment, the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide is a polypeptide which comprises an amino acid
sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO:34, 37,
or 40.
[0581] In another embodiment, the invention features a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid
molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least about 50%,
55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or
more identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36,
38, 39, or 41, or a complement thereof. This invention further
features a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide which is encoded
by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence
which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a
complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41, or a complement
thereof.
[0582] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the 67118 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34 having 1134 amino
acid residues, at least 340, preferably at least 453, more
preferably at least 567, more preferably at least 640, even more
preferably at least 793, and even more preferably at least 907 or
1020 or more amino acid residues are aligned; when aligning a
second sequence to the 67067 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:37
having 1588 amino acid residues, at least 476, preferably at least
635, more preferably at least 794, more preferably at least 952,
even more preferably at least 1111, and even more preferably at
least 1270 or 1429 or more amino acid residues are aligned; when
aligning a second sequence to the 62092 amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO:40 having 163 amino acid residues, at least 48, preferably at
least 65, more preferably at least 81, more preferably at least 97,
even more preferably at least 114, and even more preferably at
least 130 or 146 or more amino acid residues are aligned). In
another preferred embodiment, the sequences being aligned for
comparison purposes are globally aligned and percent identity is
determined over the entire length of the sequences aligned. The
amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid
positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a
position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid
residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second
sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as
used herein amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to
amino acid or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity
between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical
positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number
of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced
for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
[0583] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of a HAAT
protein includes a fragment of a HAAT protein which participates in
an interaction between a HAAT molecule and a non-HAAT molecule
(e.g., a HAAT substrate such as an amino acid). Biologically active
portions of a HAAT protein include peptides comprising amino acid
sequences sufficiently homologous to or derived from the HAAT amino
acid sequences, e.g., the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID
NO:52, which include sufficient amino acid residues to exhibit at
least one activity of a HAAT protein. Typically, biologically
active portions comprise a domain or motif with at least one
activity of the HAAT protein, e.g., (i) interaction with a HAAT
substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid); (ii) transport
of a HAAT substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid) from
one side of a cellular membrane to the other; (iii) conversion of a
HAAT substrate or target molecule to a product (e.g., glucose
production); (iv) interaction with a second non-HAAT protein; (v)
modulation of substrate or target molecule location (e.g.,
modulation of amino acid location within a cell and/or location
with respect to a cellular membrane); (vi) maintenance of amino
acid gradients; (vii) modulation of hormone metabolism and/or nerve
transmission (e.g., either directly or indirectly); (viii)
modulation of cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, and
production of metabolic energy; and/or (ix) modulation of amino
acid homeostasis. A biologically active portion of a HAAT protein
can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100,
125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 475, or 485 or more
amino acids in length. Biologically active portions of a HAAT
protein can be used as targets for developing agents which modulate
a HAAT mediated activity, e.g., any of the aforementioned HAAT
activities.
[0584] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of a HAAT
protein comprises at least one at least one or more of the
following domains, sites, or motifs: a transmembrane domain, a
transmembrane amino acid transporter domain, and/or one or more
amino acid transporter specific amino acid residues. Moreover,
other biologically active portions, in which other regions of the
protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and
evaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a native
HAAT protein.
[0585] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52, for
example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52. In another
embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52.
[0586] In a preferred embodiment, a HAAT protein has an amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:52. In other embodiments, the HAAT
protein is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:52, and retains the
functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NO:52, yet differs in
amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the HAAT protein is a protein which comprises
an amino acid sequence at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO:52.
[0587] In another embodiment, the invention features a HAAT protein
which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a
nucleotide sequence at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:51 or 53, or a complement thereof. This invention further
features a HAAT protein which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule
consisting of a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under
stringent hybridization conditions to a complement of a nucleic
acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ I) NO:51 or
53, or a complement thereof.
[0588] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the HAAT amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52 having 485 amino acid
residues, at least 157, preferably at least 276, more preferably at
least 395, and even more preferably at least 414 amino acid
residues are aligned). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at
corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then
compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the
same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position
in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that
position (as used herein, amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is
equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent
identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of
identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account
the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be
introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
[0589] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" of an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide includes a fragment of an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide which participates in an interaction between
an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 molecule and a non-HST-4 and/or a
non-HST-5 molecule. Biologically active portions of an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide include peptides comprising amino acid
sequences sufficiently identical to or derived from the amino acid
sequence of the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide, e.g., the amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:55 or 58, which include less amino
acids than the full length HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, and
exhibit at least one activity of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide. Typically, biologically active portions comprise a
domain or motif with at least one activity of the HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 polypeptide, e.g., modulating sugar transport mechanisms. A
biologically active portion of an HST-4 polypeptide can be a
polypeptide which is, for example, 25, 30, 35, 40,-45, 50, 75, 100,
125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425 or
more amino acids in length. A biologically active portion of an
HST-5 polypeptide can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 25,
30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275,
300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425 or more amino acids in length.
Biologically active portions of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide can be used as targets for developing agents which
modulate an HST-4 and/or HST-5 mediated activity, e.g., a sugar
transport mechanism.
[0590] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide comprises at least one transmembrane
domain. It is to be understood that a preferred biologically active
portion of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide of the present
invention comprises at least one or more of the following domains:
a transmembrane domain and/or a sugar transporter family domain.
Moreover, other biologically active portions, in which other
regions of the polypeptide are deleted, can be prepared by
recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more of the
functional activities of a native HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide.
[0591] Another aspect of the invention features fragments of the
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 or 58,
for example, for use as immunogens. In one embodiment, a fragment
comprises at least 5 amino acids (e.g., contiguous or consecutive
amino acids) of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:55 or 58. In
another embodiment, a fragment comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more amino acids (e.g., contiguous or
consecutive amino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55
or 58.
[0592] In a preferred embodiment, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:55 or 58.
In other embodiments, the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide is
substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:55 or 58, and retains the
functional activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:55 or 58, yet
differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or
mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. In
another embodiment, the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide is a
polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence at least about
50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO:55 or
58.
[0593] In another embodiment, the invention features an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid
molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence at least about 50%,
55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to a nucleotide sequence of
SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, or a complement thereof. This
invention further features an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide
which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a
nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization
conditions to a complement of a nucleic acid molecule comprising
the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, or a
complement thereof.
[0594] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid
sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are
aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be
introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or
nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical
sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a
preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned
for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%,
more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,
and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of
the reference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to
the HST-4 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 having 438 amino acid
residues, at least 131, preferably at least 175, more preferably at
least 219, more preferably at least 262, even more preferably at
least 306, and even more preferably at least 350 or 394 or more
amino acid residues are aligned; when aligning a second sequence to
the HST-5 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:58 having 436 amino acid
residues, at least 130, preferably at least 174, more preferably at
least 218, more preferably at least 261, even more preferably at
least 305, and even more preferably at least 348 or 392 or more
amino acid residues are aligned). The amino acid residues or
nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide
positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence
is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the
corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules
are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or
nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid
"homology"). The percent identity between the two sequences is a
function of the number of identical positions shared by the
sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length
of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of
the two sequences.
[0595] The comparison of sequences and determination of percent
identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a
mathematical algorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent
identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the
Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) algorithm
which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG
software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a
Blosum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14,
12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In
yet another preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two
nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG
software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using a
NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and
a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. A preferred, non-limiting
example of parameters to be used in conjunction with the GAP
program include a Blosum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of
12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of
5.
[0596] In another embodiment, the percent identity between two
amino acid or nucleotide sequences is determined using the
algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci.,
4:11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program
(version 2.0 or version 2.0U), using a PAM120 weight residue table,
a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.
[0597] The nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences of the present
invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a
search against public databases to, for example, identify other
family members or related sequences. Such searches can be performed
using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et
al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can
be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to
obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to HST-4 and/or HST-5
nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLAST protein searches can
be performed with the XBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=3, and
a Blosum62 matrix to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide molecules of the invention. To
obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can
be utilized as described in Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids
Res. 25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST
programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g.,
XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See the internet website for the
National Center for Biotechnology Information.
[0598] The invention also provides MTP-1 chimeric or fusion
proteins. As used herein, an MTP-1 "chimeric protein" or "fusion
protein" comprises an MTP-1 polypeptide operatively linked to a
non-MTP-1 polypeptide. An "MTP-1 polypeptide" refers to a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an MTP-1
molecule, whereas a "non-MTP-1 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide
having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a protein which is
not substantially homologous to the MTP-1 protein, e.g., a protein
which is different from the MTP-1 protein and which is derived from
the same or a different organism. Within an MTP-1 fusion protein
the MTP-1 polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of an
MTP-1 protein. In a preferred embodiment, an MTP-1 fusion protein
comprises at least one biologically active portion of an MTP-1
protein. In another preferred embodiment, an MTP-1 fusion protein
comprises at least two biologically active portions of an MTP-1
protein. Within the fusion protein, the term "operatively linked"
is intended to indicate that the MTP-1 polypeptide and the
non-MTP-1 polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The
non-MTP-1 polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus
of the MTP-1 polypeptide.
[0599] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-MTP-1 fusion protein in which the MTP-1 sequences are fused to
the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can
facilitate the purification of recombinant MTP-1.
[0600] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is an MTP-1
protein containing a heterologous signal sequence at its
N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells),
expression and/or secretion of MTP-1 can be increased through use
of a heterologous signal sequence.
[0601] The invention also provides OAT chimeric or fusion proteins.
As used herein, an OAT "chimeric protein" or "fusion protein"
comprises an OAT polypeptide operatively linked to a non-OAT
polypeptide. AN "OAT polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an
amino acid sequence corresponding to an OAT protein, whereas a
"non-OAT polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence corresponding to a protein which is not substantially
homologous to the OAT protein, e.g., a protein which is different
from the OAT protein and which is derived from the same or a
different organism. Within an OAT fusion protein the OAT
polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of an OAT protein.
In a preferred embodiment, an OAT fusion protein comprises at least
one biologically active portion of an OAT protein. In another
preferred embodiment, an OAT fusion protein comprises at least two
biologically active portions of an OAT protein. Within the fusion
protein, the term "operatively linked" is intended to indicate that
the OAT polypeptide and the non-OAT polypeptide are fused in-frame
to each other. The non-OAT polypeptide can be fused to the
N-terminus or C-terminus of the OAT polypeptide.
[0602] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-OAT fusion protein in which the OAT sequences are fused to the
C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can
facilitate the purification of recombinant OAT. In another
embodiment, the fusion protein is an OAT protein containing a
heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host
cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion of
OAT can be increased through use of a heterologous signal
sequence.
[0603] The invention also provides HST-1 chimeric or fusion
proteins. As used herein, an HST-1 "chimeric protein" or "fusion
protein" comprises an HST-1 polypeptide operatively linked to a
non-HST-1 polypeptide. An "HST-1 polypeptide" refers to a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to HST-1,
whereas a "non-HST-1 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an
amino acid sequence corresponding to a polypeptide which is not
substantially homologous to the HST-1 polypeptide, e.g., a
polypeptide which is different from the HST-1 polypeptide and which
is derived from the same or a different organism. Within an HST-1
fusion protein the HST-1 polypeptide can correspond to all or a
portion of an HST-1 polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, an
HST-1 fusion protein comprises at least one biologically active
portion of an HST-1 polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment,
an HST-1 fusion protein comprises at least two biologically active
portions of an HST-1 polypeptide. Within the fusion protein, the
term "operatively linked" is intended to indicate that the HST-1
polypeptide and the non-HST-1 polypeptide are fused in-frame to
each other. The non-HST-1 polypeptide can be fused to the
N-terminus or C-terminus of the HST-1 polypeptide.
[0604] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-HST-1 fusion protein in which the HST-1 sequences are fused to
the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can
facilitate the purification of recombinant HST-1.
[0605] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is an HST-1
polypeptide containing a heterologous signal sequence at its
N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells),
expression and/or secretion of HST-1 can be increased through the
use of a heterologous signal sequence.
[0606] The invention also provides TP-2 chimeric or fusion
proteins. As used herein, a TP-2 "chimeric protein" or "fusion
protein" comprises a TP-2 polypeptide operatively linked to a
non-TP-2 polypeptide. An "TP-2 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide
having an amino acid sequence corresponding to TP-2, whereas a
"non-TP-2 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence corresponding to a polypeptide which is not substantially
homologous to the TP-2 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide which is
different from the TP-2 polypeptide and which is derived from the
same or a different organism. Within a TP-2 fusion protein the TP-2
polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of a TP-2
polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, a TP-2 fusion protein
comprises at least one biologically active portion of a TP-2
polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment, a TP-2 fusion protein
comprises at least two biologically active portions of a TP-2
polypeptide. Within the fusion protein, the term "operatively
linked" is intended to indicate that the TP-2 polypeptide and the
non-TP-2 polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The non-TP-2
polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the
TP-2 polypeptide.
[0607] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-TP-2 fusion protein in which the TP-2 sequences are fused to
the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can
facilitate the purification of recombinant TP-2.
[0608] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is a TP-2
polypeptide containing a heterologous signal sequence at its
N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells),
expression and/or secretion of TP-2 can be increased through the
use of a heterologous signal sequence.
[0609] The invention also provides PLTR-1 chimeric or fusion
proteins. As used herein, a PLTR-1 "chimeric protein" or "fusion
protein" comprises a PLTR-1 polypeptide operatively linked to a
non-PLTR-1 polypeptide. A "PLTR-1 polypeptide" refers to a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to PLTR-1,
whereas a "non-PLTR-1 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having
an amino acid sequence corresponding to a protein which is not
substantially homologous to the PLTR-1 protein, e.g., a protein
which is different from the PLTR-1 protein and which is derived
from the same or a different organism. Within a PLTR-1 fusion
protein the PLTR-1 polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion
of a PLTR-1 protein. In a preferred embodiment, a PLTR-1 fusion
protein comprises at least one biologically active portion of a
PLTR-1 protein. In another preferred embodiment, a PLTR-1 fusion
protein comprises at least two biologically active portions of a
PLTR-1 protein. Within the fusion protein, the term "operatively
linked" is intended to indicate that the PLTR-1 polypeptide and the
non-PLTR-1 polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The
non-PLTR-1 polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus
of the PLTR-1 polypeptide.
[0610] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-PLTR-1 fusion protein in which the PLTR-1 sequences are fused
to the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can
facilitate the purification of recombinant PLTR-1. In another
embodiment, the fusion protein is a PLTR-1 protein containing a
heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host
cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion of
PLTR-1 can be increased through use of a heterologous signal
sequence.
[0611] The invention also provides TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 chimeric or
fusion proteins. As used herein, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 "chimeric
protein" or "fusion protein" comprises a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide operatively linked to a non-TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide. A "TFM-2 polypeptide" and a "TFM-3 polypeptide" refers
to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to
TFM-2 and TFM-3, respectively, whereas a "non-TFM-2 polypeptide"
and a "non-TFM-3 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an
amino acid sequence corresponding to a polypeptide which is not
substantially homologous to the TFM-2 and TFM-3 polypeptides,
respectively, e.g., a polypeptide which is different from the TFM-2
and TFM-3 polypeptide and which is derived from the same or a
different organism. Within a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 fusion protein the
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion
of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, a
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 fusion protein comprises at least one
biologically active portion of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. In
another preferred embodiment, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 fusion protein
comprises at least two biologically active portions of a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide. Within the fusion protein, the term
"operatively linked" is intended to indicate that the TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide and the non-TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide are
fused in-frame to each other. The non-TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide.
[0612] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-TFM-2 and/or GST-TFM-3 fusion protein in which the TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GST sequences.
Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification of recombinant
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3.
[0613] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide containing a heterologous signal sequence at its
N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells),
expression and/or secretion of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 can be increased
through the use of a heterologous signal sequence.
[0614] The invention also provides 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
chimeric or fusion proteins. As used herein, a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 "chimeric protein" or "fusion protein" comprises a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide operatively linked to a non-67118,
a non-67067, and/or a non-62092 polypeptide. A "67118 polypeptide,"
a "67067 polypeptide," and a "62092 polypeptide" refer to a
polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to 67118,
67067, and 62092, respectively, whereas a "non-67118 polypeptide,"
a "non-67067 polypeptide," and a "non-62092 polypeptide" refers to
a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a
polypeptide which is not substantially homologous to the 67118,
67067, and 62092 polypeptides, respectively, e.g., a polypeptide
which is different from the 67118, 67067, and 62092 polypeptide and
which is derived from the same or a different organism. Within a
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 fusion protein the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, a
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 fusion protein comprises at least one
biologically active portion of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment, a 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 fusion protein comprises at least two biologically
active portions of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide. Within
the fusion protein, the term "operatively linked" is intended to
indicate that the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide and the
non-67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide are fused in-frame to
each other. The non-67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide can be
fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide.
[0615] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-67118, GST-67067, or GST-62092 fusion protein in which the
67118, 67067, or 62092 sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the
GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification
of recombinant 67118, 67067, or 62092.
[0616] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is a 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 polypeptide containing a heterologous signal sequence
at its N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host
cells), expression and/or secretion of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
can be increased through the use of a heterologous signal
sequence.
[0617] The invention also provides HAAT chimeric or fusion
proteins. As used herein, a HAAT "chimeric protein" or "fusion
protein" comprises a HAAT polypeptide operatively linked to a
non-HAAT polypeptide. A "HAAT polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide
having an amino acid sequence corresponding to HAAT, whereas a
"non-HAAT polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence corresponding to a protein which is not substantially
homologous to the HAAT protein, e.g., a protein which is different
from the HAAT protein and which is derived from the same or a
different organism. Within a HAAT fusion protein the HAAT
polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of a HAAT protein.
In a preferred embodiment, a HAAT fusion protein comprises at least
one biologically active portion of a HAAT protein. In another
preferred embodiment, a HAAT fusion protein comprises at least two
biologically active portions of a HAAT protein. Within the fusion
protein, the term "operatively linked" is intended to indicate that
the HAAT polypeptide and the non-HAAT polypeptide are fused
in-frame to each other. The non-HAAT polypeptide can be fused to
the N-terminus or C-terminus of the HAAT polypeptide.
[0618] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-HAAT fusion protein in which the HAAT sequences are fused to
the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can
facilitate the purification of recombinant HAAT. In another
embodiment, the fusion protein is a HAAT protein containing a
heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host
cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion of
HAAT can be increased through use of a heterologous signal
sequence.
[0619] The invention also provides HST-4 and/or HST-5 chimeric or
fusion proteins. As used herein, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 "chimeric
protein" or "fusion protein" comprises an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide operatively linked to a non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5
polypeptide. An "HST-4 polypeptide" or an "HST-5 polypeptide"
refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding
to HST-4 and/or HST-5, whereas a "non- HST-4 polypeptide" or a
"non- HST-5 polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an amino
acid sequence corresponding to a polypeptide which is not
substantially homologous to the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide,
e.g., a polypeptide which is different from the HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 polypeptide and which is derived from the same or a different
organism. Within an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 fusion protein the HST-4
and/or the HST-5 polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of
an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 fusion protein comprises at least one
biologically active portion of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment, an HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 fusion protein comprises at least two biologically active
portions of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide. Within the fusion
protein, the term "operatively linked" is intended to indicate that
the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide and the non-HST-4 and/or
non-HST-5 polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The
non-HST-4 and/or the non-HST-5 polypeptide can be fused to the
N-terminus or C-terminus of the HST-4 and/or the HST-5
polypeptide.
[0620] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a
GST-HST-4 and/or a GST-HST-5 fusion protein in which the HST-4
and/or the HST-5 sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GST
sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification of
recombinant HST-4 and/or HST-5.
[0621] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide containing a heterologous signal sequence at
its N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells),
expression and/or secretion of HST-4 and/or HST-5 can be increased
through the use of a heterologous signal sequence.
[0622] The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 fusion proteins of the
invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and
administered to a subject in vivo. The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 fusion proteins can be used to affect the bioavailability of
an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 substrate. Use of MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 fusion proteins may be useful therapeutically for the
treatment of disorders caused by, for example, (i) aberrant
modification or mutation of a gene encoding an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide; (ii) mis-regulation of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
the HST-5 gene; and (iii) aberrant post-translational modification
of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide.
[0623] Moreover, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4- and/or the HST-5-fusion proteins
of the invention can be used as immunogens to produce anti-MTP-1,
anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1, anti-TFM-2,
anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti- HAAT,
anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies in a subject, to purify
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 ligands and in screening assays to
identify molecules which inhibit the interaction of MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,67067,62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 with an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118,67067,62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 substrate.
[0624] Preferably, an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3,67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 chimeric or
fusion protein of the invention is produced by standard recombinant
DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different
polypeptide sequences are ligated together in-frame in accordance
with conventional techniques, for example by employing blunt-ended
or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion
to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as
appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable
joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion
gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including
automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of
gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give
rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene
fragments which can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to
generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al. John Wiley
& Sons: 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are
commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a
GST polypeptide). An MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3,67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4- and/or an HST-5-encoding
nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that
the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
the HST-5 polypeptide.
[0625] The present invention also pertains to variants of the
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptides which function as either
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 agonists (mimetics) or as HST-4 and/or
HST-5 antagonists. Variants of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5
polypeptides can be generated by mutagenesis, e.g., discrete point
mutation or truncation of an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a
PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide. An agonist of the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 polypeptides can retain substantially the same, or
a subset, of the biological activities of the naturally occurring
form of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide. An
antagonist of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide can
inhibit one or more of the activities of the naturally occurring
form of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118,67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide by,
for example, competitively modulating an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4- and/or an
HST-5-mediated activity of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide. Thus, specific biological effects can be elicited by
treatment with a variant of limited function. In one embodiment,
treatment of a subject with a variant having a subset of the
biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the
polypeptide has fewer side effects in a subject relative to
treatment with the naturally occurring form of the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 polypeptide.
[0626] In one embodiment, variants of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 polypeptide which function as either MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
agonists (mimetics) or as MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 antagonists
can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants,
e.g., truncation mutants, of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide for MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide agonist
or antagonist activity. In one embodiment, a variegated library of
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 variants is generated by combinatorial
mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a
variegated gene library. A variegated library of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically
ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene
sequences such that a degenerate set of potential MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 sequences is expressible as individual polypeptides,
or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for
phage display) containing the set of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequences therein. There are a variety of methods which can be used
to produce libraries of potential MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
variants from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical
synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be performed in an
automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene then ligated into
an appropriate expression vector. Use of a degenerate set of genes
allows for the provision, in one mixture, of all of the sequences
encoding the desired set of potential MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequences. Methods for synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotides are
known in the art (see, e.g., Narang, S. A. (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3;
Itakura et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al.
(1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al. (1983) Nucleic Acid Res.
11:477.
[0627] In addition, libraries of fragments of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide coding sequence can be used to generate a
variegated population of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 fragments for
screening and subsequent selection of variants of an MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide. In one embodiment, a library of coding
sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double stranded
PCR fragment of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 coding sequence
with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs only about
once per molecule, denaturing the double stranded DNA, renaturing
the DNA to form double stranded DNA which can include
sense/antisense pairs from different nicked products, removing
single stranded portions from reformed duplexes by treatment with
S1 nuclease, and ligating the resulting fragment library into an
expression vector. By this method, an expression library can be
derived which encodes N-terminal, C-terminal and internal fragments
of various sizes of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5
polypeptide.
[0628] Several techniques are known in the art for screening gene
products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations or
truncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products
having a selected property. Such techniques are adaptable for rapid
screening of the gene libraries generated by the combinatorial
mutagenesis of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides. The
most widely used techniques, which are amenable to high through-put
analysis, for screening large gene libraries typically include
cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors,
transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of
vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in
which detection of a desired activity facilitates isolation of the
vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Recursive
ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a new technique which enhances the
frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in
combination with the screening assays to identify MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 variants (Arkin and Youvan (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 89:7811-7815; Delagrave et al. (1993) Protein Engineering
6(3):327-331).
[0629] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated MTP-1 library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line, e.g., a
neuronal cell line, which ordinarily responds to an MTP-1 ligand in
a particular MTP-1 ligand-dependent manner. The transfected cells
are then contacted with an MTP-1 ligand and the effect of
expression of the mutant on, e.g., membrane excitability of MTP-1
can be detected. Plasmid DNA can then be recovered from the cells
which score for inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of
signaling by the MTP-1 ligand, and the individual clones further
characterized.
[0630] An isolated MTP-1 protein, or a portion or fragment thereof,
can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that bind MTP-1
using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody
preparation. A full-length MTP-1 protein can be used or,
alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments
of MTP-1 for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of MTP-1
comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:2 and encompasses an epitope of MTP-1 such that
an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune
complex with the MTP-1 protein. Preferably, the antigenic peptide
comprises at least 10 amino acid residues, more preferably at least
15 amino acid residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid
residues, and most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues. In a
preferred embodiment, portions of the extracellular domains (e.g.,
extracellular non-transmembrane domains) in the amino acid sequence
of MTP-1 are used as immunogens (e.g., at about residues 40-548, at
about residues 612-624, at about residue 675-1006, at about residue
1258-1534, at about residues 1603-1645, and at about residues
1749-1931 of SEQ ID NO:2).
[0631] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of MTP-1 that are located on the surface of the protein,
e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with high
antigenicity.
[0632] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated OAT library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line, e.g., a
liver cell line, which ordinarily responds to OAT in a particular
OAT substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells are then
contacted with an OAT substrate and the effect of the expression of
the mutant on signaling by the OAT substrate can be detected, e.g.,
by measuring levels of OAT substrate transported into or out of the
cells, by measuring gene transcription, by measuring cellular
proliferation, and/or by measuring activity of intracellular
signaling pathways. Plasmid DNA can then be recovered from the
cells which score for inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of
signaling by the OAT substrate, and the individual clones further
characterized.
[0633] An isolated OAT protein, or a portion or fragment thereof,
can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that bind OAT
using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody
preparation. A full-length OAT protein can be used or,
alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments
of OAT for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of OAT
comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 8 and encompasses an epitope of OAT such
that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune
complex with OAT. Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at
least 10 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 15 amino
acid residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid
residues, and most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0634] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of OAT that are located on the surface of the protein,
e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with high
antigenicity (see, for example, FIGS. 4 and 5).
[0635] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated HST-1 library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line, e.g., an
endothelial cell line, which ordinarily responds to HST-1 in a
particular HST-1 substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells
are then contacted with HST-1 and the effect of expression of the
mutant on signaling by the HST-1 substrate can be detected, e.g.,
by monitoring intracellular calcium, IP3, or diacylglycerol
concentration, phosphorylation profile of intracellular proteins,
or the activity of an HST-1-regulated transcription factor. Plasmid
DNA can then be recovered from the cells which score for
inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of signaling by the
HST-1 substrate, and the individual clones further
characterized.
[0636] An isolated HST-1 polypeptide, or a portion or fragment
thereof, can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that
bind HST-1 using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal
antibody preparation. A full-length HST-1 polypeptide can be used
or, alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide
fragments of HST-1 for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of
HST-1 comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:13 and encompasses an epitope of HST-1
such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific
immune complex with HST-1. Preferably, the antigenic peptide
comprises at least 10 amino acid residues, more preferably at least
15 amino acid residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid
residues, and most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0637] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of HST-1 that are located on the surface of the
polypeptide, e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with
high antigenicity (see, for example, FIG. 7).
[0638] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated TP-2 library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line, e.g., an
endothelial cell line, which ordinarily responds to TP-2 in a
particular TP-2 substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells
are then contacted with TP-2 and the effect of expression of the
mutant on signaling by the TP-2 substrate can be detected, e.g., by
monitoring intra-cellular calcium, IP3, or diacylglycerol
concentration, phosphorylation profile of intra-cellular proteins,
or the activity of a TP-2-regulated transcription factor. Plasmid
DNA can then be recovered from the cells which score for
inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of signaling by the TP-2
substrate, and the individual clones further characterized.
[0639] An isolated TP-2 polypeptide, or a portion or fragment
thereof, can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that
bind TP-2 using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal
antibody preparation. A full-length TP-2 polypeptide can be used
or, alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide
fragments of TP-2 for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of
TP-2 comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:16 and encompasses an epitope of TP-2
such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific
immune complex with TP-2. Preferably, the antigenic peptide
comprises at least 10 amino acid residues, more preferably at least
15 amino acid residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid
residues, and most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0640] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of TP-2 that are located on the surface of the polypeptide,
e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with high
antigenicity (see, for example, FIG. 11).
[0641] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated PLTR-1 library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line which
ordinarily responds to PLTR-1 in a particular PLTR-1
substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells are then
contacted with PLTR-1 and the effect of the expression of the
mutant on signaling by the PLTR-1 substrate can be detected, e.g.,
phospholipid transport (e.g., by measuring phospholipid levels
inside the cell or its various cellular compartments, within
various cellular membranes, or in the extracellular medium),
hydrolysis of ATP, phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of the HEAT
protein, and/or gene transcription. Plasmid DNA can then be
recovered from the cells which score for inhibition, or
alternatively, potentiation of signaling by the HEAT substrate, or
which score for increased or decreased levels of phospholipid
transport or ATP hydrolysis, and the individual clones further
characterized.
[0642] An isolated PLTR-1 protein, or a portion or fragment
thereof, can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that
bind PLTR-1 using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal
antibody preparation. A full-length PLTR-1 protein can be used or,
alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments
of PLTR-1 for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of PLTR-1
comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:20 and encompasses an epitope of PLTR-1 such
that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune
complex with PLTR-1. Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at
least 10 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 15 amino
acid residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid
residues, and most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0643] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of PLTR-1 that are located on the surface of the protein,
e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with high
antigenicity (see, for example, FIG. 15).
[0644] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 library. For example, a
library of expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line,
e.g., an endothelial cell line, which ordinarily responds to TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 in a particular TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate-dependent
manner. The transfected cells are then contacted with TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 and the effect of expression of the mutant on signaling by
the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate can be detected, e.g., by
monitoring intra-cellular calcium, IP3, or diacylglycerol
concentration, phosphorylation profile of intra-cellular proteins,
or the activity of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-regulated transcription
factor. Plasmid DNA can then be recovered from the cells which
score for inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of signaling
by the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate, and the individual clones
further characterized.
[0645] An isolated TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, or a portion or
fragment thereof, can be used as an immunogen to generate
antibodies that bind TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 using standard techniques
for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. A full-length
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide can be used or, alternatively, the
invention provides antigenic peptide fragments of TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:28 or 31 and encompasses an epitope of
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 such that an antibody raised against the peptide
forms a specific immune complex with TFM-2 and/or TFM-3.
Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at least 10 amino acid
residues, more preferably at least 15 amino acid residues, even
more preferably at least 20 amino acid residues, and most
preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0646] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 that are located on the surface of
the polypeptide, e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with
high antigenicity (see, for example, FIGS. 16 and 18).
[0647] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated 67118 or 67067 library. For example, a library
of expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line, which
ordinarily responds to 67118 or 67067 in a particular 67118 or
67067 substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells are then
contacted with 67118 or 67067 and the effect of the expression of
the mutant on signaling by the 67118 or 67067 substrate can be
detected, e.g., the effect on phospholipid transport (e.g., by
measuring phospholipid levels inside the cell or its various
cellular compartments, within various cellular membranes, or in the
extra-cellular medium), hydrolysis of ATP, phosphorylation or
dephosphorylation of the HEAT protein, and/or gene transcription.
Plasmid DNA can then be recovered from the cells which score for
inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of signaling by the HEAT
substrate, or which score for increased or decreased levels of
phospholipid transport or ATP hydrolysis, and the individual clones
further characterized.
[0648] In another embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated 62092 library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line which
ordinarily responds to 62092 in a particular 62092
substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells are then
contacted with 62092 and the effect of the expression of the mutant
on signaling by the 62092 substrate can be detected, e.g., by
measuring levels of free or 62092 bound nucleotides, cleaved
nucleotides, gene transcription, and/or cell proliferation, growth,
differentiation, or apoptosis. Plasmid DNA can then be recovered
from the cells which score for inhibition, or alternatively,
potentiation of signaling by the 62092 substrate, and the
individual clones further characterized.
[0649] An isolated 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide, or a
portion or fragment thereof, can be used as an immunogen to
generate antibodies that bind 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 using
standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody
preparation. A full-length 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide
can be used or, alternatively, the invention provides antigenic
peptide fragments of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 for use as
immunogens. The antigenic peptide of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:34, 37, or 40 and encompasses an epitope of
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 such that an antibody raised against the
peptide forms a specific immune complex with 67118, 67067, and/or
62092. Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at least 10
amino acid residues, more preferably at least 15 amino acid
residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid residues, and
most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0650] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 that are located on the
surface of the polypeptide, e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as
regions with high antigenicity (see, for example, FIGS. 20, 22, and
24, respectively).
[0651] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated HAAT library. For example, a library of
expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line which
ordinarily responds to HAAT in a particular HAAT
substrate-dependent manner. The transfected cells are then
contacted with HAAT and the effect of the expression of the mutant
on the HAAT substrate can be detected, e.g., amino acid transport
(e.g., by measuring amino acid levels inside the cell or its
various cellular compartments, within various cellular membranes,
or in the extracellular medium), and/or gene transcription. Plasmid
DNA can then be recovered from the cells which score for increased
or decreased levels of amino acid transport, and the individual
clones further characterized.
[0652] An isolated HAAT protein, or a portion or fragment thereof,
can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that bind HAAT
using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody
preparation. A full-length HAAT protein can be used or,
alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments
of HAAT for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of HAAT
comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO:52 and encompasses an epitope of HAAT such that
an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune
complex with HAAT. Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at
least 10 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 15 amino
acid residues, even more preferably at least 20 amino acid
residues, and most preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0653] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of HAAT that are located on the surface of the protein,
e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with high
antigenicity (see, for example, FIG. 26).
[0654] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to
analyze a variegated HST-4 and/or HST-5 library. For example, a
library of expression vectors can be transfected into a cell line,
e.g., an endothelial cell line, which ordinarily responds to HST-4
and/or HST-5 in a particular HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate-dependent
manner. The transfected cells are then contacted with HST-4 and/or
HST-5 and the effect of expression of the mutant on signaling by
the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 substrate can be detected, e.g., by
monitoring intracellular calcium, IP3, or diacylglycerol
concentration, phosphorylation profile of intracellular proteins,
or the activity of an HST-4- and/or an HST-5-regulated
transcription factor. Plasmid DNA can then be recovered from the
cells which score for inhibition, or alternatively, potentiation of
signaling by the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 substrate, and the
individual clones further characterized.
[0655] An isolated HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide, or a portion or
fragment thereof, can be used as an immunogen to generate
antibodies that bind HST-4 and/or HST-5 using standard techniques
for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. A full-length
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide can be used or, alternatively, the
invention provides antigenic peptide fragments of HST-4 and/or
HST-5 for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of HST-4 and/or
HST-5 comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:55 or 58 and encompasses an epitope of
HST-4 and/or HST-5 such that an antibody raised against the peptide
forms a specific immune complex with HST-4 and/or HST-5.
Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at least 10 amino acid
residues, more preferably at least 15 amino acid residues, even
more preferably at least 20 amino acid residues, and most
preferably at least 30 amino acid residues.
[0656] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are
regions of HST-4 and/or HST-5 that are located on the surface of
the polypeptide, e.g., hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with
high antigenicity (see, for example, FIGS. 29 and 30).
[0657] An MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 immunogen typically is
used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject, (e.g.,
rabbit, goat, mouse or other mammal) with the immunogen. An
appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example,
recombinantly expressed MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide or
a chemically synthesized MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide.
The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund's
complete or incomplete adjuvant, or similar immunostimulatory
agent. Immunization of a suitable subject with an immunogenic HST-4
and/or HST-5 preparation induces a polyclonal anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT,
anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1, anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3,
anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti- HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or
anti-HST-5 antibody response.
[0658] Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to
anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,
anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-
HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies. The term "antibody"
as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and
immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e.,
molecules that contain an antigen binding site which specifically
binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen, such as MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5. Examples of immunologically active portions of
immunoglobulin molecules include F(ab) and F(ab').sub.2 fragments
which can be generated by treating the antibody with an enzyme such
as pepsin. The invention provides polyclonal and monoclonal
antibodies that bind MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5. The term "monoclonal
antibody" or "monoclonal antibody composition", as used herein,
refers to a population of antibody molecules that contain only one
species of an antigen binding site capable of immunoreacting with a
particular epitope of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5. A monoclonal
antibody composition thus typically displays a single binding
affinity for a particular MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
with which it immunoreacts.
[0659] Polyclonal anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2,
anti-PLTR-1, anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067,
anti-62092, anti- HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies can
be prepared as described above by immunizing a suitable subject
with an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 immunogen. The
anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,
anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-
HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibody titer in the immunized
subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as
with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5. If desired, the antibody molecules
directed against MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 can be isolated from
the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well
known techniques, such as protein A chromatography to obtain the
IgG fraction. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when
the anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,
anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092,
anti-HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibody titers are
highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject
and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques,
such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler and
Milstein (1975) Nature 256:495-497) (see also, Brown et al. (1981)
J. Immunol. 127:539-46; Brown et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem.
255:4980-83; Yeh et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
76:2927-31; and Yeh et al. (1982) Int. J. Cancer 29:269-75), the
more recent human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al. (1983)
Immunol Today 4:72), the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al.
(1985), Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss,
Inc., pp. 77-96) or trioma techniques. The technology for producing
monoclonal antibody hybridomas is well known (see generally R. H.
Kenneth, in Monoclonal Antibodies: A New Dimension In Biological
Analyses, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, New York (1980); E. A.
Lerner (1981) Yale J. Biol. Med., 54:387-402; M. L. Gefter et al.
(1977) Somatic Cell Genet. 3:231-36). Briefly, an immortal cell
line (typically a myeloma) is fused to lymphocytes (typically
splenocytes) from a mammal immunized with an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 immunogen as described above, and the culture supernatants
of the resulting hybridoma cells are screened to identify a
hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody that binds MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5.
[0660] Any of the many well known protocols used for fusing
lymphocytes and immortalized cell lines can be applied for the
purpose of generating an anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1,
anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1, anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118,
anti-67067, anti-62092, anti- HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5
monoclonal antibody (see, e.g., G. Galfre et al. (1977) Nature
266:55052; Gefter et al. Somatic Cell Genet., cited supra; Lerner,
Yale J. Biol. Med., cited supra; Kenneth, Monoclonal Antibodies,
cited supra). Moreover, the ordinarily skilled worker will
appreciate that there are many variations of such methods which
also would be useful. Typically, the immortal cell line (e.g., a
myeloma cell line) is derived from the same mammalian species as
the lymphocytes. For example, murine hybridomas can be made by
fusing lymphocytes from a mouse immunized with an immunogenic
preparation of the present invention with an immortalized mouse
cell line. Preferred immortal cell lines are mouse myeloma cell
lines that are sensitive to culture medium containing hypoxanthine,
aminopterin and thymidine ("HAT medium"). Any of a number of
myeloma cell lines can be used as a fusion partner according to
standard techniques, e.g., the P3-NS1/1-Ag4-1, P3-x63-Ag8.653 or
Sp2/O-Ag14 myeloma lines. These myeloma lines are available from
ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.). Typically,
HAT-sensitive mouse myeloma cells are fused to mouse splenocytes
using polyethylene glycol ("PEG"). Hybridoma cells resulting from
the fusion are then selected using HAT medium, which kills unfused
and unproductively fused myeloma cells (unfused splenocytes die
after several days because they are not transformed). Hybridoma
cells producing a monoclonal antibody of the invention are detected
by screening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies that
bind MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5, e.g., using a standard ELISA
assay.
[0661] Alternative to preparing monoclonal antibody-secreting
hybridomas, a monoclonal anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1,
anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,anti- TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118,
anti-67067, anti-62092, anti- HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5
antibody can be identified and isolated by screening a recombinant
combinatorial immunoglobulin library (e.g., an antibody phage
display library) with MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 to thereby
isolate immunoglobulin library members that bind MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5. Kits for generating and screening phage display libraries
are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage
Antibody System, Catalog No. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene
SurfZAP.TM. Phage Display Kit, Catalog No. 240612). Additionally,
examples of methods and reagents particularly amenable for use in
generating and screening antibody display library can be found in,
for example, Ladner et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Kang et al. PCT
International Publication No. WO 92/18619; Dower et al. PCT
International Publication No. WO 91/17271; Winter et al. PCT
International Publication WO 92/20791; Markland et al. PCT
International Publication No. WO 92/15679; Breitling et al. PCT
International Publication WO 93/01288; McCafferty et al. PCT
International Publication No. WO 92/01047; Garrard et al. PCT
International Publication No. WO 92/09690; Ladner et al. PCT
International Publication No. WO 90/02809; Fuchs et al. (1991)
Bio/Technology 9:1369-1372; Hay et al. (1992) Hum. Antibod.
Hybridomas 3:81-85; Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281;
Griffiths et al. (1993) EMBO J 12:725-734; Hawkins et al. (1992) J.
Mol. Biol. 226:889-896; Clackson et al. (1991) Nature 352:624-628;
Gram et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3576-3580; Garrard
et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1373-1377; Hoogenboom et al. (1991)
Nuc. Acid Res. 19:4133-4137; Barbas et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 88:7978-7982; and McCafferty et al. Nature (1990)
348:552-554.
[0662] Additionally, recombinant anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1,
anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,anti- TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118,
anti-67067, anti-62092, anti- HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5
antibodies, such as chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies,
comprising both human and non-human portions, which can be made
using standard recombinant DNA techniques, are within the scope of
the invention. Such chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies
can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art, for
example using methods described in Robinson et al. International
Application No. PCT/US86/02269; Akira, et al. European Patent
Application 184,187; Taniguchi, M., European Patent Application
171,496; Morrison et al. European Patent Application 173,494;
Neuberger et al. PCT International Publication No. WO 86/01533;
Cabilly et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Cabilly et al. European
Patent Application 125,023; Better et al. (1988) Science
240:1041-1043; Liu et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
84:3439-3443; Liu et al. (1987) J. Immunol. 139:3521-3526; Sun et
al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:214-218; Nishimura et al.
(1987) Canc. Res. 47:999-1005; Wood et al. (1985) Nature
314:446-449; and Shaw et al. (1988) J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
80:1553-1559); Morrison, S. L. (1985) Science 229:1202-1207; Oi et
al. (1986) BioTechniques 4:214; Winter U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539;
Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321:552-525; Verhoeyen et al. (1988)
Science 239:1534; and Beidler et al. (1988) J. Immunol.
141:4053-4060.
[0663] An anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,
anti- TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-
HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibody (e.g., monoclonal
antibody) can be used to isolate MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 by
standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or
immunoprecipitation. An anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1,
anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1, anti- TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118,
anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5
antibody can facilitate the purification of natural MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 from cells and of recombinantly produced MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 expressed in host cells. Moreover, an anti-MTP-1,
anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,anti- TFM-2,
anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-HAAT,
anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibody can be used to detect MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides (e.g., in a cellular lysate or cell
supernatant) in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of
expression of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides.
Anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,anti-
TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-HAAT,
anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies can be used diagnostically
to monitor polypeptide levels in tissue as part of a clinical
testing procedure, e.g., to, for example, determine the efficacy of
a given treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling
(i.e., physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance.
Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes,
prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials,
bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of
suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline
phosphatase, .beta.-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include
streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable
fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein,
fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine
fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a
luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent
materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples
of suitable radioactive material include .sup.125I, .sup.131I,
.sup.35S or .sup.3H.
III. Recombinant Expression Vectors and Host Cells
[0664] Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors,
preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding
an MTP-1 protein (or a portion thereof). Another aspect of the
invention pertains to vectors, for example recombinant expression
vectors, containing an OAT nucleic acid molecule or vectors
containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes an OAT protein (or
a portion thereof). Another aspect of the invention pertains to
vectors, for example recombinant expression vectors, containing a
nucleic acid containing an HST-1 nucleic acid molecule or vectors
containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes an HST-1
polypeptide (or a portion thereof). Another aspect of the invention
pertains to vectors, for example recombinant expression vectors,
containing a nucleic acid containing a TP-2 nucleic acid molecule
or vectors containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a TP-2
polypeptide (or a portion thereof). Another aspect of the invention
pertains to vectors, for example recombinant expression vectors,
containing a PLTR-1 nucleic acid molecule or vectors containing a
nucleic acid molecule which encodes a PLTR-1 protein (or a portion
thereof). Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, for
example recombinant expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid
containing a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 nucleic acid molecule or vectors
containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide (or a portion thereof). Another aspect of the
invention pertains to vectors, for example recombinant expression
vectors, containing a nucleic acid containing a 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 nucleic acid molecule or vectors containing a nucleic
acid molecule which encodes a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide (or a portion thereof). Another aspect of the invention
pertains to vectors, for example recombinant expression vectors,
containing a HAAT nucleic acid molecule or vectors containing a
nucleic acid molecule which encodes a HAAT protein (or a portion
thereof). Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, for
example recombinant expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid
containing an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 nucleic acid molecule or
vectors containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide (or a portion thereof). As used herein,
the term "vector" refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of
transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One
type of vector is a "plasmid", which refers to a circular double
stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be
ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein
additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.
Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host
cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having
a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated
into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host
cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome.
Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression
of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are
referred to herein as "expression vectors". In general, expression
vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the
form of plasmids. In the present specification, "plasmid" and
"vector" can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most
commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to
include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral
vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and
adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.
[0665] The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise
a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression
of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the
recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory
sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for
expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid
sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector,
"operably linked" is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence
of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner
which allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an
in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when
the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term "regulatory
sequence" is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other
expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such
regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene
Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press,
San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those which
direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many
types of host cells and those which direct expression of the
nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g.,
tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector
can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be
transformed, the level of expression of polypeptide desired, and
the like. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced
into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including
fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described
herein (e.g., MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, mutant forms
of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, fusion proteins, and
the like).
[0666] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a protein, preferably an OAT protein, by culturing in a
suitable medium a host cell of the invention (e.g., a mammalian
host cell such as a non-human mammalian cell) containing a
recombinant expression vector, such that the protein is
produced.
[0667] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a polypeptide, preferably an HST-1 polypeptide, by
culturing in a suitable medium a host cell of the invention (e.g.,
a mammalian host cell such as a non-human mammalian cell)
containing a recombinant expression vector, such that the
polypeptide is produced.
[0668] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a polypeptide, preferably a TP-2 polypeptide, by
culturing in a suitable medium a host cell of the invention (e.g.,
a mammalian host cell such as a non-human mammalian cell)
containing a recombinant expression vector, such that the
polypeptide is produced.
[0669] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a protein, preferably a PLTR-l protein, by culturing in a
suitable medium a host cell of the invention (e.g., a mammalian
host cell such as a non-human mammalian cell) containing a
recombinant expression vector, such that the protein is
produced.
[0670] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a polypeptide, preferably a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide, by culturing in a suitable medium a host cell of the
invention (e.g., a mammalian host cell such as a non-human
mammalian cell) containing a recombinant expression vector, such
that the polypeptide is produced.
[0671] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a polypeptide, preferably a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide, by culturing in a suitable medium a host cell of the
invention (e.g., a mammalian host cell such as a non-human
mammalian cell) containing a recombinant expression vector, such
that the polypeptide is produced.
[0672] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a protein, preferably a HAAT protein, by culturing in a
suitable medium a host cell of the invention (e.g., a mammalian
host cell such as a non-human mammalian cell) containing a
recombinant expression vector, such that the protein is
produced.
[0673] Accordingly, an exemplary embodiment provides a method for
producing a polypeptide, preferably an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide, by culturing in a suitable medium a host cell of the
invention (e.g., a mammalian host cell such as a non-human
mammalian cell) containing a recombinant expression vector, such
that the polypeptide is produced.
[0674] The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be
designed for expression of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides
in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptides can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E.
coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors) yeast
cells or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further
in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185,
Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, the
recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in
vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7
polymerase.
[0675] Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried
out in E. coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible
promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion
proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein
encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant
protein. Such fusion vectors typically serve three purposes: 1) to
increase expression of recombinant protein; 2) to increase the
solubility of the recombinant protein; and 3) to aid in the
purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in
affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a
proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the
fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of
the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to
purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate
recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and
enterokinase. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX
(Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S. (1988) Gene
67:31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5
(Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase
(GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to
the target recombinant protein.
[0676] Purified fusion proteins can be utilized in MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 activity assays, (e.g., direct assays or competitive
assays described in detail below), or to generate antibodies
specific for MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, for example.
In a preferred embodiment, an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 fusion
protein expressed in a retroviral expression vector of the present
invention can be utilized to infect bone marrow cells which are
subsequently transplanted into irradiated recipients. The pathology
of the subject recipient is then examined after sufficient time has
passed (e.g., six (6) weeks).
[0677] Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression
vectors include pTrc (Amann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET
11d (Studier et al., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in
Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89).
Target gene expression from the pTrc vector relies on host RNA
polymerase transcription from a hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter.
Target gene expression from the pET 11d vector relies on
transcription from a T7 gn10-lac fusion promoter mediated by a
coexpressed viral RNA polymerase (T7 gn1). This viral polymerase is
supplied by host strains BL21(DE3) or HMS174(DE3) from a resident
prophage harboring a T7 gn1 gene under the. transcriptional control
of the lacUV 5 promoter.
[0678] One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression in
E. coli is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an
impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein
(Gottesman, S., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology
185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128). Another
strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid
to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual
codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in E.
coli (Wada et al., (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118). Such
alteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be
carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.
[0679] In another embodiment, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5
expression vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors
for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae include pYepSec1 (Baldari, et
al., (1987) EMBO J. 6:229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, (1982)
Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., (1987) Gene 54:113-123),
pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ
(Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.).
[0680] Alternatively, MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides
can be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression
vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins
in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells) include the pAc series
(Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165) and the pVL
series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170:31-39).
[0681] In yet another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention
is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression
vector. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8
(Seed, B. (1987) Nature 329:840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al. (1987)
EMBO J. 6:187-195). When used in mammalian cells, the expression
vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory
elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from
polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and Simian Virus 40. For
other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E.
F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd,
ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.
[0682] In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expression
vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid
preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific
regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).
Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art.
Non-limiting examples of suitable tissue-specific promoters include
the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert et al. (1987) Genes
Dev. 1:268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton
(1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275), in particular promoters of T cell
receptors (Winoto and Baltimore (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733) and
immunoglobulins (Banerji et al. (1983) Cell 33:729-740; Queen and
Baltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g.,
the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle (1989) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 86:5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund
et al. (1985) Science 230:912-916), and mammary gland-specific
promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and
European Application Publication No. 264,166).
Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, for
example the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss (1990) Science
249:374-379) and the .alpha.-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and
Tilghman (1989) Genes Dev. 3:537-546).
[0683] The invention further provides a recombinant expression
vector comprising a DNA molecule of the invention cloned into the
expression vector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA
molecule is operatively linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner
which allows for expression (by transcription of the DNA molecule)
of an RNA molecule which is antisense to MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
mRNA. Regulatory sequences operatively linked to a nucleic acid
cloned in the antisense orientation can be chosen which direct the
continuous expression of the antisense RNA molecule in a variety of
cell types, for instance viral promoters and/or enhancers, or
regulatory sequences can be chosen which direct constitutive,
tissue specific or cell type specific expression of antisense RNA.
The antisense expression vector can be in the form of a recombinant
plasmid, phagemid or attenuated virus in which antisense nucleic
acids are produced under the control of a high efficiency
regulatory region, the activity of which can be determined by the
cell type into which the vector is introduced. For a discussion of
the regulation of gene expression using antisense genes see
Weintraub, H. et al., Antisense RNA as a molecular tool for genetic
analysis, Reviews--Trends in Genetics, Vol. 1(1) 1986.
[0684] Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into
which an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a
TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
nucleic acid molecule of the invention is introduced, e.g., an
MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a
67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 nucleic
acid molecule within a vector (e.g., a recombinant expression
vector) or an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 nucleic acid molecule
containing sequences which allow it to homologously recombine into
a specific site of the host cell's genome. The terms "host cell"
and "recombinant host cell" are used interchangeably herein. It is
understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject
cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell.
Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations
due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny
may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still
included within the scope of the term as used herein.
[0685] A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For
example, an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide can be
expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells, yeast
or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or
COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in
the art.
[0686] Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic
cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques.
As used herein, the terms "transformation" and "transfection" are
intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for
introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell,
including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation,
DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or
electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting
host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989),
and other laboratory manuals.
[0687] For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known
that, depending upon the expression vector and transfection
technique used, only a small fraction of cells may integrate the
foreign DNA into their genome. In order to identify and select
these integrants, a gene that encodes a selectable marker (e.g.,
resistance to antibiotics) is generally introduced into the host
cells along with the gene of interest. Preferred selectable markers
include those which confer resistance to drugs, such as G418,
hygromycin and methotrexate. Nucleic acid encoding a selectable
marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector as
that encoding an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a
TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide or can be introduced on a separate vector.
Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be
identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated
the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells
die).
[0688] A host cell of the invention, such as a prokaryotic or
eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e.,
express) an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a
TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods
for producing an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a
TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide using the host cells of the invention. In one
embodiment, the method comprises culturing the host cell of the
invention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding an
MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a
67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that an
MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a
67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide is produced. In another embodiment, the method further
comprises isolating an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a
TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or
an HST-5 polypeptide from the medium or the host cell.
[0689] The host cells of the invention can also be used to produce
non-human transgenic animals. For example, in one embodiment, a
host cell of the invention is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic
stem cell into which MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4- and/or HST-5-coding sequences
have been introduced. Such host cells can then be used to create
non-human transgenic animals in which exogenous HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequences have been introduced into their genome or homologous
recombinant animals in which endogenous MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequences have been altered. Such animals are useful for studying
the function and/or activity of an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2,
a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 and for identifying and/or evaluating
modulators of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity. As used herein, a
"transgenic animal" is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal,
more preferably a rodent such as a rat or mouse, in which one or
more of the cells of the animal includes a transgene. Other
examples of transgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep,
dogs, cows, goats, chickens, amphibians, and the like. A transgene
is exogenous DNA which is integrated into the genome of a cell from
which a transgenic animal develops and which remains in the genome
of the mature animal, thereby directing the expression of an
encoded gene product in one or more cell types or tissues of the
transgenic animal. As used herein, a "homologous recombinant
animal" is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably
a mouse, in which an endogenous MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene
has been altered by homologous recombination between the endogenous
gene and an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into a cell of the
animal, e.g., an embryonic cell of the animal, prior to development
of the animal.
[0690] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing an MTP-1-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei
of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral
infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant
female foster animal. The MTP-1 cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 can be
introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
Alternatively, a nonhuman homologue of a human MTP-1 gene, such as
a mouse or rat MTP-1 gene, can be used as a transgene.
Alternatively, an MTP-1 gene homologue, such as another MTP-1
family member, can be isolated based on hybridization to the MTP-1
cDNA sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, and used as a transgene.
Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals can also be included
in the transgene to increase the efficiency of expression of the
transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably
linked to an MTP-1 transgene to direct expression of an MTP-1
protein to particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic
animals via embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly
animals such as mice, have become conventional in the art and are
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009,
both by Leder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and
in Hogan, B., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods
are used for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic
founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of an
MTP-1 transgene in its genome and/or expression of MTP-1 mRNA in
tissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can
then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene.
Moreover, transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding an MTP-1
protein can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying
other transgenes.
[0691] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of an MTP-1 gene into
which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to
thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the MTP-1 gene. The
MTP-1 gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:3), but
more preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human MTP-1 gene
(e.g., a cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1). For example, a mouse MTP-1
gene can be used to construct a homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an endogenous
MTP-1 gene in the mouse genome. In a preferred embodiment, the
homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is designed such
that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous MTP-1 gene is
functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional
protein; also referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively,
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed
such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous MTP-1 gene
is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional
protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to
thereby alter the expression of the endogenous MTP-1 protein). In
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered
portion of the MTP-1 gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by
additional nucleic acid sequence of the MTP-1 gene to allow for
homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous MTP-1 gene
carried by the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule and
an endogenous MTP-1 gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell.
The additional flanking MTP-1 nucleic acid sequence is of
sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the
endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both
at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R.
(1987) Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination
vectors). The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is
introduced into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced MTP-1 gene has
homologously recombined with the endogenous MTP-1 gene are selected
(see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells
can then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to
form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E.
J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric
embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female
foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the
homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to
breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the
homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the
transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion
in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication
Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et
al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et
al.
[0692] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing an OAT-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of
a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection or retroviral
infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant
female foster animal. The OAT cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or 7 can
be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
Alternatively, a non-human homologue of a human OAT gene, such as a
rat or mouse OAT gene, can be used as a transgene. Alternatively,
an OAT gene homologue, such as another OAT family member, can be
isolated based on hybridization to the OAT cDNA sequences of SEQ ID
NO:4, 6, 7, or 9, (described further in subsection I above) and
used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals
can also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiency of
expression of the transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory
sequence(s) can be operably linked to an OAT transgene to direct
expression of an OAT protein to particular cells. Methods for
generating transgenic animals via embryo manipulation and
microinjection, particularly animals such as mice, have become
conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al., U.S. Pat.
No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B., Manipulating the
Mouse Embryo (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used for production of
other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder animal can be
identified based upon the presence of an OAT transgene in its
genome and/or expression of OAT mRNA in tissues or cells of the
animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed
additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic
animals carrying a transgene encoding an OAT protein can further be
bred to other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes.
[0693] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of an OAT gene into
which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to
thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the OAT gene. The OAT
gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:4 or 7), but
more preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human OAT gene
(e.g., a cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, or 9), For example, a
mouse OAT gene can be used to construct a homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an
endogenous OAT gene in the mouse genome. In a preferred embodiment,
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is designed such
that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous OAT gene is
functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional
protein; also referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively,
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed
such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous OAT gene
is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional
protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to
thereby alter the expression of the endogenous OAT protein). In the
homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered portion
of the OAT gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by additional
nucleic acid sequence of the OAT gene to allow for homologous
recombination to occur between the exogenous OAT gene carried by
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule and an
endogenous OAT gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell. The
additional flanking OAT nucleic acid sequence is of sufficient
length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous
gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5'
and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987)
Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors).
The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is introduced
into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced OAT gene has
homologously recombined with the endogenous OAT gene are selected
(see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells
can then be injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse)
to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach,
Robertson, E. J. ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric
embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female
foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the
homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to
breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the
homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the
transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion
in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication
Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et
al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et
al.
[0694] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing an HST-1-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei
of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral
infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant
female foster animal. The HST-1 cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 can
be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
Alternatively, a nonhuman homologue of a human HST-1 gene, such as
a mouse or rat HST-1 gene, can be used as a transgene.
Alternatively, an HST-1 gene homologue, such as another HST-1
family member, can be isolated based on hybridization to the HST-1
cDNA sequences of SEQ ID NO:12 or 14 (described further in
subsection I above) and used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and
polyadenylation signals can also be included in the transgene to
increase the efficiency of expression of the transgene. A
tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to an
HST-1 transgene to direct expression of an HST-1 polypeptide to
particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via
embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such
as mice, have become conventional in the art and are described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B.,
Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used
for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder
animal can be identified based upon the presence of an HST-1
transgene in its genome and/or expression of HST-1 mRNA in tissues
or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be
used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover,
transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding an HST-1
polypeptide can further be bred to other transgenic animals
carrying other transgenes.
[0695] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of an HST-1 gene into
which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to
thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the HST-1 gene. The
HST-1 gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:14),
but more preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human HST-1 gene
(e.g., a cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12). For example, a mouse HST-1
gene can be used to construct a homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an endogenous
HST-1 gene in the mouse genome. In a preferred embodiment, the
homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is designed such
that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous HST-1 gene is
functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional
protein; also referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively,
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed
such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous HST-1 gene
is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional
polypeptide (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to
thereby alter the expression of the endogenous HST-1 polypeptide).
In the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered
portion of the HST-1 gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by
additional nucleic acid sequence of the HST-1 gene to allow for
homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous HST-1 gene
carried by the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule and
an endogenous HST-1 gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell.
The additional flanking HST-1 nucleic acid sequence is of
sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the
endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both
at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R.
(1987) Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination
vectors). The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is
introduced into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced HST-1 gene has
homologously recombined with the endogenous HST-1 gene are selected
(see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells
can then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to
form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E.
J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric
embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female
foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the
homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to
breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the
homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the
transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion
in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication
Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et
al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijistra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et
al.
[0696] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing a TP-2-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of
a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral infection,
and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female
foster animal. The TP-2 cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 can be
introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
Alternatively, a nonhuman homologue of a human TP-2 gene, such as a
mouse or rat TP-2 gene, can be used as a transgene. Alternatively,
a TP-2 gene homologue, such as another TP-2 family member, can be
isolated based on hybridization to the TP-2 cDNA sequences of SEQ
ID NO:15 or 17, (described further in subsection I above) and used
as a transgene. Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals can
also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiency of
expression of the transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory
sequence(s) can be operably linked to a TP-2 transgene to direct
expression of a TP-2 polypeptide to particular cells. Methods for
generating transgenic animals via embryo manipulation and
microinjection, particularly animals such as mice, have become
conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al., U.S. Pat.
No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B., Manipulating the
Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used for production of
other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder animal can be
identified based upon the presence of a TP-2 transgene in its
genome and/or expression of TP-2 mRNA in tissues or cells of the
animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed
additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic
animals carrying a transgene encoding a TP-2 polypeptide can
further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other
transgenes.
[0697] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of a TP-2 gene into
which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to
thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the TP-2 gene. The TP-2
gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:17), but more
preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human TP-2 gene (e.g., a
cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:15). For example, a mouse TP-2 gene can be
used to construct a homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule,
e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an endogenous TP-2 gene in
the mouse genome. In a preferred embodiment, the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule is designed such that, upon
homologous recombination, the endogenous TP-2 gene is functionally
disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also
referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively, the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed such that, upon
homologous recombination, the endogenous TP-2 gene is mutated or
otherwise altered but still encodes functional polypeptide (e.g.,
the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the
expression of the endogenous TP-2 polypeptide). In the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered portion of the
TP-2 gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by additional nucleic
acid sequence of the TP-2 gene to allow for homologous
recombination to occur between the exogenous TP-2 gene carried by
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule and an
endogenous TP-2 gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell. The
additional flanking TP-2 nucleic acid sequence is of sufficient
length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous
gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5'
and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987)
Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors).
The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is introduced
into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced TP-2 gene has
homologously recombined with the endogenous TP-2 gene are selected
(see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells
can then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to
form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E.
J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric
embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female
foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the
homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to
breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the
homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the
transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion
in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication
Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et
al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et
al.
[0698] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing a PLTR-1-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei
of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection or retroviral
infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant
female foster animal. The PLTR-1 cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 can
be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
Alternatively, a non-human homologue of a human PLTR-1 gene, such
as a rat or mouse PLTR-1 gene, can be used as a transgene.
Alternatively, a PLTR-1 gene homologue, such as another PLTR-1
family member, can be isolated based on hybridization to the PLTR-1
cDNA sequences of SEQ ID NO:19 or 21, (described further in
subsection I above) and used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and
polyadenylation signals can also be included in the transgene to
increase the efficiency of expression of the transgene. A
tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to a
PLTR-1 transgene to direct expression of a PLTR-1 protein to
particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via
embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such
as mice, have become conventional in the art and are described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B.,
Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used
for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder
animal can be identified based upon the presence of a PLTR-1
transgene in its genome and/or expression of PLTR-1 mRNA in tissues
or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be
used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover,
transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding a PLTR-1 protein
can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other
transgenes.
[0699] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of a PLTR-1 gene into
which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to
thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the PLTR-1 gene. The
PLTR-1 gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:21),
but more preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human PLTR-1
gene (e.g., a cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19), For example, a mouse PLTR-1
gene can be used to construct a homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an endogenous
PLTR-1 gene in the mouse genome. In a preferred embodiment, the
homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is designed such
that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous PLTR-1 gene is
functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional
protein; also referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively,
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed
such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous PLTR-1
gene is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional
protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to
thereby alter the expression of the endogenous PLTR-1 protein). In
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered
portion of the PLTR-1 gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by
additional nucleic acid sequence of the PLTR-1 gene to allow for
homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous PLTR-1 gene
carried by the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule and
an endogenous PLTR-1 gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell.
The additional flanking PLTR-1 nucleic acid sequence is of
sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the
endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both
at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R.
(1987) Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination
vectors). The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is
introduced into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced PLTR-1 gene has
homologously recombined with the endogenous PLTR-1 gene are
selected (see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected
cells can then be injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a
mouse) to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A., in
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach,
Robertson, E. J. ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric
embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female
foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the
homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to
breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the
homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the
transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol. 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication Nos.: WO
90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et al.; WO
92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et al.
[0700] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-encoding nucleic acid into the
male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection,
retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a
pseudopregnant female foster animal. The TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 cDNA
sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:30 can be introduced as a
transgene into the genome of a non-human animal. Alternatively, a
nonhuman homologue of a human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene, such as a
mouse or rat TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene, can be used as a transgene.
Alternatively, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene homologue, such as another
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 family member, can be isolated based on
hybridization to the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 cDNA sequences of SEQ ID
NO:27, 29, 30, or 32 (described further in subsection I above) and
used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals
can also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiency of
expression of the transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory
sequence(s) can be operably linked to a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
transgene to direct expression of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide
to particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via
embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such
as mice, have become conventional in the art and are described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B.,
Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used
for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder
animal can be identified based upon the presence of a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 transgene in its genome and/or expression of TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder
animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the
transgene. Moreover, transgenic animals carrying a transgene
encoding a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide can further be bred to
other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes.
[0701] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
gene into which a deletion, addition or substitution has been
introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 gene. The TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene can be a human gene
(e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:29 or 32), but more preferably, is a
non-human homologue of a human TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene (e.g., a
cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 or 30). For example, a mouse TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene can be used to construct a homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an
endogenous TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene in the mouse genome. In a
preferred embodiment, the homologous recombination nucleic acid
molecule is designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the
endogenous TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene is functionally disrupted (i.e.,
no longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as a
"knock out" vector). Alternatively, the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule can be designed such that, upon homologous
recombination, the endogenous TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene is mutated or
otherwise altered but still encodes functional polypeptide (e.g.,
the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the
expression of the endogenous TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide). In
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered
portion of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene is flanked at its 5' and 3'
ends by additional nucleic acid sequence of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
gene to allow for homologous recombination to occur between the
exogenous TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene carried by the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule and an endogenous TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell. The additional
flanking TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 nucleic acid sequence is of sufficient
length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous
gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5'
and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987)
Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors).
The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is introduced
into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 gene are selected (see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell
69:915). The selected cells can then injected into a blastocyst of
an animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g.,
Bradley, A. in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A
Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp.
113-152). A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable
pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term.
Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ
cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal
contain the homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of
the transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion
in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication
Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et
al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et
al.
[0702] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092-encoding nucleic acid into
the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection,
retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a
pseudopregnant female foster animal. The 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, 36, or 39 can be introduced as a
transgene into the genome of a non-human animal. Alternatively, a
nonhuman homologue of a human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, such
as a mouse or rat 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, can be used as a
transgene. Alternatively, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene
homologue, such as another 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 family
member, can be isolated based on hybridization to the 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 cDNA sequences of SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 36, 38, 39, or 41,
(described further in subsection I above) and used as a transgene.
Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals can also be included
in the transgene to increase the efficiency of expression of the
transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably
linked to a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 transgene to direct
expression of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide to
particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via
embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such
as mice, have become conventional in the art and are described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B.,
Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used
for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder
animal can be identified based upon the presence of a 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 transgene in its genome and/or expression of 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A
transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional
animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic animals
carrying a transgene encoding a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide can further be bred to other transgenic animals
carrying other transgenes.
[0703] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of a 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 gene into which a deletion, addition or substitution
has been introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt,
the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene. The 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:33, 36, or
39, respectively), but more preferably, is a non-human homologue of
a human 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene (e.g., a cDNA isolated by
stringent hybridization with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ II)
NO:33, 36, or 39). For example, a mouse 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
gene can be used to construct a homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an endogenous
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene in the mouse genome. In a preferred
embodiment, the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is
designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene is functionally disrupted (i.e., no
longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as a "knock
out" vector). Alternatively, the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule can be designed such that, upon homologous
recombination, the endogenous 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene is
mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional
polypeptide (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to
thereby alter the expression of the endogenous 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide). In the homologous recombination nucleic acid
molecule, the altered portion of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by additional nucleic acid
sequence of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene to allow for
homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 gene carried by the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule and an endogenous 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell. The additional
flanking 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 nucleic acid sequence is of
sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the
endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both
at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R.
(1987) Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination
vectors). The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is
introduced into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene are selected (see e.g., Li, E. et
al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells can then injected into
a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation
chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic
Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL,
Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric embryo can then be implanted
into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo
brought to term. Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA
in their germ cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells
of the animal contain the homologously recombined DNA by germline
transmission of the transgene. Methods for constructing homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecules,. e.g., vectors, or homologous
recombinant animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991)
Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International
Publication Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by
Smithies et al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by
Berns et al.
[0704] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing a HAAT-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of
a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection or retroviral
infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant
female foster animal. The HAAT cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 can be
introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
Alternatively, a non-human homologue of a human HAAT gene, such as
a rat or mouse HAAT gene, can be used as a transgene.
Alternatively, a HAAT gene homologue, such as another HAAT family
member, can be isolated based on hybridization to the HAAT cDNA
sequences of SEQ ID NO:51 or 53, (described further in subsection I
above) and used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and
polyadenylation signals can also be included in the transgene to
increase the efficiency of expression of the transgene. A
tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to a
HAAT transgene to direct expression of a HAAT protein to particular
cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via embryo
manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such as mice,
have become conventional in the art and are described, for example,
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al.,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B.,
Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods are used
for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder
animal can be identified based upon the presence of a HAAT
transgene in its genome and/or expression of HAAT mRNA in tissues
or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be
used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover,
transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding a HAAT protein can
further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other
transgenes.
[0705] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of a HAAT gene into
which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to
thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the HAAT gene. The HAAT
gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:53), but more
preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human HAAT gene (e.g., a
cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:51), For example, a mouse HAAT gene can be
used to construct a homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule,
e.g., a vector, suitable for altering an endogenous HAAT gene in
the mouse genome. In a preferred embodiment, the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule is designed such that, upon
homologous recombination, the endogenous HAAT gene is functionally
disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also
referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively, the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed such that, upon
homologous recombination, the endogenous HAAT gene is mutated or
otherwise altered but still encodes functional protein (e.g., the
upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the
expression of the endogenous HAAT protein). In the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered portion of the
HAAT gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by additional nucleic
acid sequence of the HAAT gene to allow for homologous
recombination to occur between the exogenous HAAT gene carried by
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule and an
endogenous HAAT gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell. The
additional flanking HAAT nucleic acid sequence is of sufficient
length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous
gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5'
and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987)
Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors).
The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is introduced
into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced HAAT gene has
homologously recombined with the endogenous HAAT gene are selected
(see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells
can then be injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse)
to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g., Bradley, A. in
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach,
Robertson, E. J. ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). A chimeric
embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female
foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the
homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to
breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the
homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of the
transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol. 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication Nos.: WO
90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et al.; WO
92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et al.
[0706] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by
introducing an HST-4- and/or an HST-5-encoding nucleic acid into
the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection,
retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a
pseudopregnant female foster animal. The HST-4 and/or HST-5 cDNA
sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 57 can be introduced as a transgene
into the genome of a non-human animal. Alternatively, a nonhuman
homologue of a human HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene, such as a mouse or
rat HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene, can be used as a transgene.
Alternatively, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene homologue, such as
another HST-4 and/or HST-5 family member, can be isolated based on
hybridization to the HST-4 and/or HST-5 cDNA sequences of SEQ ID
NO:54, 56, 57, or 59, (described further in subsection I above) and
used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals
can also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiency of
expression of the transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory
sequence(s) can be operably linked to an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
transgene to direct expression of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide to particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic
animals via embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly
animals such as mice, have become conventional in the art and are
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009,
both by Leder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and
in Hogan, B., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods
are used for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic
founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 transgene in its genome and/or expression of
HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A
transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional
animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic animals
carrying a transgene encoding an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide
can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other
transgenes.
[0707] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is
prepared which contains at least a portion of an HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 gene into which a deletion, addition or substitution has been
introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the HST-4
and/or the HST-5 gene. The HST-4 and/or the HST-5 gene can be a
human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:56 or 59), but more
preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human HST-4 and/or HST-5
gene (e.g., a cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with the
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 57). For example, a mouse
HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene can be used to construct a homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitable for
altering an endogenous HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene in the mouse genome.
In a preferred embodiment, the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule is designed such that, upon homologous recombination,
the endogenous HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene is functionally disrupted
(i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as
a "knock out" vector). Alternatively, the homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecule can be designed such that, upon homologous
recombination, the endogenous HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene is mutated or
otherwise altered but still encodes functional polypeptide (e.g.,
the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the
expression of the endogenous HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide). In
the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered
portion of the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 gene is flanked at its 5' and
3' ends by additional nucleic acid sequence of the HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 gene to allow for homologous recombination to occur between
the exogenous HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene carried by the homologous
recombination nucleic acid molecule and an endogenous HST-4 and/or
HST-5 gene in a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell. The additional
flanking HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid sequence is of sufficient
length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous
gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5'
and 3' ends) are included in the homologous recombination nucleic
acid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987)
Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors).
The homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is introduced
into a cell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced HST-4 and/or
HST-5 gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous HST-4
and/or HST-5 gene are selected (see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell
69:915). The selected cells can then injected into a blastocyst of
an animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g.,
Bradley, A. in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A
Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp.
113-152). A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable
pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term.
Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ
cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal
contain the homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of
the transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination
nucleic acid molecules, e.g., vectors, or homologous recombinant
animals are described further in Bradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion
in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCT International Publication
Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO 91/01140 by Smithies et
al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO 93/04169 by Berns et
al.
[0708] In another embodiment, transgenic non-human animals can be
produced which contain selected systems which allow for regulated
expression of the transgene. One example of such a system is the
cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage P1. For a description
of the cre/loxP recombinase system, see, e.g., Lakso et al. (1992)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236. Another example of a
recombinase system is the FLP recombinase system of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. (1991) Science 251:1351-1355. If a
cre/loxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression of the
transgene, animals containing transgenes encoding both the Cre
recombinase and a selected protein are required. Such animals can
be provided through the construction of "double" transgenic
animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, one containing a
transgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a
transgene encoding a recombinase.
[0709] Clones of the non-human transgenic animals described herein
can also be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut,
I. et al. (1997) Nature 385:810-813 and PCT International
Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669. In brief, a cell,
e.g., a somatic cell, from the transgenic animal can be isolated
and induced to exit the growth cycle and enter G.sub.o phase. The
quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g., through the use of
electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from an animal of the
same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated. The
reconstructed oocyte is then cultured such that it develops to
morula or blastocyte and then transferred to pseudopregnant female
foster animal. The offspring borne of this female foster animal
will be a clone of the animal from which the cell, e.g., the
somatic cell, is isolated.
IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0710] The MTP-1 nucleic acid molecules, fragments of MTP-1
proteins, and anti-MTP-1 antibodies (also referred to herein as
"active compounds") of the invention can be incorporated into
pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such
compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein,
or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used
herein the language "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is
intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media,
coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and
absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with
pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for
pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except
insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the
active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.
Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the
compositions.
[0711] The OAT, PLTR-1 and/or HAAT nucleic acid molecules, OAT,
PLTR-1 and/or HAAT proteins, fragments thereof, anti-OAT,
anti-PLTR-1 and/or anti-HAAT antibodies, and OAT, PLTR-1 and/or
HAAT modulators (also referred to herein as "active compounds") of
the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions
suitable for administration. Such compositions typically comprise
the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language
"pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to include any
and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and
antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the
like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of
such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is
well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or
agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the
compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can
also be incorporated into the compositions.
[0712] The HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 nucleic acid molecules,
fragments of HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides, and
anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-TFM-2 and/or anti-TFM-3 antibodies
(also referred to herein as "active compounds") of the invention
can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for
administration. Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic
acid molecule, polypeptide, or antibody and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier. As used herein the language "pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier" is intended to include any and all solvents,
dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,
isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible
with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and
agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the
art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is
incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the
compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can
also be incorporated into the compositions.
[0713] The 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 nucleic acid
molecules, fragments of 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-HST-4 and/or
anti-HST-5 antibodies, and/or 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 modulators
and/or HST-5 modulators (also referred to herein as "active
compounds") of the invention can be incorporated into
pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such
compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule,
polypeptide, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
As used herein the language "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier"
is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media,
coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and
absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with
pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for
pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except
insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the
active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.
Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the
compositions.
[0714] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated
to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g.,
intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation),
transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or
subcutaneous application can include the following components: a
sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed
oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other
synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or
methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium
bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents
for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid
or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in
ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass
or plastic.
[0715] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use
include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or
dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation
of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous
administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline,
bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL.TM. (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or
phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must
be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy
syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of
manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the
contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for
example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene
glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and
suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained,
for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the
maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion
and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of
microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and
antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol,
ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be
preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars,
polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the
composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions
can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which
delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and
gelatin.
[0716] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating the active compound (e.g., a fragment of an MTP-1, an
OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a
67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide or an
anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,
anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-
HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibody) in the required amount
in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients
enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active
compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion
medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated
above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of
sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation
are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the
active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a
previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0717] Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an
edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or
compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic
administration, the active compound can be incorporated with
excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for
use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is
applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant
materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets,
pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the
following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder
such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an
excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as
alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as
magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon
dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a
flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange
flavoring.
[0718] For administration by inhalation, the compounds are
delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container
or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such
as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
[0719] Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or
transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration,
penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in
the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art,
and include, for example, for transmucosal administration,
detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal
administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays
or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active
compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as
generally known in the art.
[0720] The compounds can also be prepared in the form of
suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as
cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal
delivery.
[0721] In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with
carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination
from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including
implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable,
biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate,
polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and
polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will
be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be
obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes
targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral
antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled
in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,522,811.
[0722] It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or
parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of
administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used
herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary
dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a
predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the
desired therapeutic effect in association with the required
pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms
of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the
unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular
therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in
the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of
individuals.
[0723] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be
determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures
or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose
lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose
therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio
between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and
it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit
large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that
exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to
design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of
affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected
cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
[0724] The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal
studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in
humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range
of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or
no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon
the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
For any compound used in the method of the invention, the
therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell
culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to
achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the
IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a
half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.
Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful
doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by
high performance liquid chromatography.
[0725] As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of
polypeptide (i.e., an effective dosage) ranges from about 0.001 to
30 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body
weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even
more preferably about 1 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4
to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6 mg/kg body weight. The skilled artisan will
appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required
to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the
severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the
general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases
present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically
effective amount of a polypeptide or antibody can include a single
treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.
[0726] In a preferred example, a subject is treated with antibody
or polypeptide in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body
weight, one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks,
preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to
7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. It
will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of antibody or
polypeptide used for treatment may increase or decrease over the
course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and
become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays as described
herein.
[0727] The present invention encompasses agents which modulate
expression or activity. An agent may, for example, be a small
molecule. For example, such small molecules include, but are not
limited to, peptides, peptidomimetics, amino acids, amino acid
analogs, polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides,
nucleotide analogs, organic or inorganic compounds (i.e.,.
including heteroorganic and organometallic compounds) having a
molecular weight less than about 10,000 grams per mole, organic or
inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 5,000
grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular
weight less than about 1,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic
compounds having a molecular weight less than about 500 grams per
mole, and salts, esters, and other pharmaceutically acceptable
forms of such compounds. It is understood that appropriate doses of
small molecule agents depends upon a number of factors within the
ken of the ordinarily skilled physician, veterinarian, or
researcher. The dose(s) of the small molecule will vary, for
example, depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the
subject or sample being treated, further depending upon the route
by which the composition is to be administered, if applicable, and
the effect which the practitioner desires the small molecule to
have upon the nucleic acid or polypeptide of the invention.
[0728] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of
the small molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g.,
about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per
kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams
per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50
micrograms per kilogram. It is furthermore understood that
appropriate doses of a small molecule depend upon the potency of
the small molecule with respect to the expression or activity to be
modulated. Such appropriate doses may be determined using the
assays described herein. When one or more of these small molecules
is to be administered to an animal (e.g., a human) in order to
modulate expression or activity of a polypeptide or nucleic acid of
the invention, a physician, veterinarian, or researcher may, for
example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently
increasing the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In
addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any
particular animal subject will depend upon a variety of factors
including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age,
body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the
time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of
excretion, any drug combination, and the degree of expression or
activity to be modulated.
[0729] In certain embodiments of the invention, a modulator of OAT,
PLTR-1 or HAAT activity is administered in combination with other
agents (e.g., a small molecule), or in conjunction with another,
complementary treatment regime. For example, in one embodiment, a
modulator of OAT, PLTR-1 or HAAT activity is used to treat OAT,
PLTR-1 or HAAT associated disorder. Accordingly, modulation of OAT,
PLTR-1 or HAAT activity may be used in conjunction with, for
example, another agent used to treat the disorder.
[0730] Further, an antibody (or fragment thereof) may be conjugated
to a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a therapeutic agent or
a radioactive metal ion. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes
any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples include taxol,
cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin,
etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin,
doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone,
mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids,
procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and
analogs or homologues thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are
not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate,
6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil
decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa
chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU),
cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin,
mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP)
cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly
daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin
(formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin
(AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and
vinblastine).
[0731] The conjugates of the invention can be used for modifying a
given biological response, the drug moiety is not to be construed
as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example,
the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a
desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for
example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or
diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor,
alpha-interferon, beta-interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet
derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator; or, biological
response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1
("IL-1"), interleukin-2 ("IL-2"), interleukin-6 ("IL-6"),
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ("GM-CSF"),
granulocyte colony stimulating factor ("G-CSF"), or other growth
factors.
[0732] Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to
antibodies are well known, see, e.g., Arnon et al., "Monoclonal
Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy", in
Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.),
pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al., "Antibodies
For Drug Delivery", in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson
et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe,
"Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A
Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical
Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985);
"Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use
Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal
Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.),
pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al., "The
Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates",
Immunol. Rev., 62:119-58 (1982). Alternatively, an antibody can be
conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate
as described by Segal in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.
[0733] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted
into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors
can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous
injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by
stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the
gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an
acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which
the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the
complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from
recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical
preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene
delivery system.
[0734] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a
container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for
administration.
V. Uses and Methods of the Invention
A. MTP-1
[0735] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
and antibodies described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, an MTP-1
protein of the invention has one or more of the following
activities: 1) modulates the import and export of molecules from
cells, e.g., lipids, hormones, ions, cytokines, neurotransmitters,
and metabolites, 2) modulates intra- or intercellular signaling, 3)
modulates removal of potentially harmful compounds from the cell,
or facilitate the compartmentalization of these molecules into a
sequestered intracellular space (e.g., the peroxisome), and 4)
modulates transport of biological molecules across membranes, e.g.,
the plasma membrane, or the membrane of the mitochondrion, the
peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus,
or the vacuole.
[0736] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express MTP-1 protein (e.g., via a
recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy
applications), to detect MTP-1 mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample)
or a genetic alteration in an MTP-1 gene, and to modulate MTP-1
activity, as described further below. The MTP-1 proteins can be
used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive
production of an MTP-1 substrate or production of MTP-1 inhibitors.
In addition, the MTP-1 proteins can be used to screen for naturally
occurring MTP-1 substrates, to screen for drugs or compounds which
modulate MTP-1 activity, as well as to treat disorders
characterized by insufficient or excessive production of MTP-1
protein or production of MTP-1 protein forms which have decreased,
aberrant or unwanted activity compared to MTP-1 wild type protein,
preferably a transporter-associated disorder. As used herein, a
"transporter-associated disorder" includes a disorder, disease or
condition which is caused or characterized by a misregulation
(e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of a transporter-mediated
activity. Transporter-associated disorders can detrimentally affect
cellular functions such as inflammation, lipid metabolism,
hematopoiesis, cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
migration, cellular regulation of homeostasis, inter- or
intra-cellular communication; tissue function, such as cardiac
function or musculoskeletal function; systemic responses in an
organism, such as nervous system responses, hormonal responses
(e.g., insulin response), or immune responses; and protection of
cells from toxic compounds (e.g., carcinogens, toxins, mutagens,
and toxic byproducts of metabolic activity (e.g., reactive oxygen
species)).
[0737] Since MTP-1 is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic
tissue such as bone marrow cells, MTP-1 molecules may be
causatively linked to hematopoietic disorders, examples of which
include disorders relating to the proliferation, differentiation,
and/or function of cells that appear in the bone marrow, e.g., stem
cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells), and blood cells, e.g.,
erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes. Thus [x] nucleic acids,
proteins, and modulators thereof can be used to treat bone marrow,
blood, and hematopoietic associated diseases and disorders, e.g.,
acute myeloid leukemia, hemophilia, leukemia, anemia (e.g., sickle
cell anemia), and thalassemia.
[0738] In another example, MTP-1 polypeptides, nucleic acids, and
modulators thereof can be used to treat leukocytic disorders, such
as leukopenias (e.g., neutropenia, monocytopenia, lymphopenia, and
granulocytopenia), leukocytosis (e.g., granulocytosis,
lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis, acute and chronic
lymphadenitis), malignant lymphomas (e.g., Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas,
Hodgkin's lymphomas, leukemias, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia,
multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia,
heavy-chain disease, monoclonal gammopathy, histiocytoses,
eosinophilic granuloma, and angioimmunoblastic
lymphadenopathy).
[0739] Since MTP-1 is homologous to known ABC transporter
molecules, which are known to be causatively linked to disorders
related to lipid metabolism, MTP-1 molecules may be causatively
linked to disorders related to lipid metabolism, adipocyte function
and adipocyte-related processes such as, e.g., obesity, regulation
of body temperature, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism,
body weight regulation, obesity, anorexia nervosa, diabetes
mellitus, unusual susceptibility or insensitivity to heat or cold,
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis and disorders
involving abnormal vascularization, e.g., vascularization of solid
tumors.
[0740] Examples of transporter-associated disorders also include
immunological disorders such as autoimmune disorders (e.g.,
arthritis, graft rejection (e.g., allograft rejection), T cell
disorders (e.g., AIDS)), immune deficiency disorders, e.g.,
congenital X-linked infantile hypogammaglobulinemia, transient
hypogammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, selective
IgA deficiency, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severe
combined immunodeficiency. Transporter-related disorders also
include inflammatory disorders pertaining to, characterized by,
causing, resulting from, or becoming affected by inflammation.
Examples of inflammatory diseases or disorders include, without
limitation, asthma, lung inflammation, chronic granulomatous
diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, silicosis and
schistosomiasis, nephritis, amyloidosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
ankylosing sponduylitis, chronic bronchitis, scleroderma, lupus,
polymyositis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers,
Sjorgen's syndrome, Reiter's syndrome, psoriasis, pelvic
inflammatory disease, orbital inflammatory disease, thrombotic
disease, and inappropriate allergic responses to environmental
stimuli such as poison ivy, pollen, insect stings and certain
foods, including atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis.
[0741] Examples of transporter-associated disorders also include
CNS disorders such as cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders,
examples of which include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's
disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's
disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile
dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive
supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, and Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease;
autonomic function disorders such as hypertension and sleep
disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression,
schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, korsakoff's psychosis,
mania, anxiety disorders, or phobic disorders; learning or memory
disorders, e.g., amnesia or age-related memory loss, attention
deficit disorder, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder,
mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoactive substance use
disorders, anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, as well as bipolar
affective disorder, e.g., severe bipolar affective (mood) disorder
(BP-1), and bipolar affective neurological disorders, e.g.,
migraine and obesity. Further CNS-related disorders include, for
example, those listed in the American Psychiatric Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the
most current version of which is incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.
[0742] Further examples of transporter-associated disorders include
cardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system disorders in which
the MTP-1 molecules of the invention may be directly or indirectly
involved include arteriosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury,
restenosis, arterial inflammation, vascular wall remodeling,
ventricular remodeling, rapid ventricular pacing, coronary
microembolism, tachycardia, bradycardia, pressure overload, aortic
bending, coronary artery ligation, vascular heart disease, atrial
fibrilation, Jervell syndrome, Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long-QT
syndrome, congestive heart failure, sinus node dysfunction, angina,
heart failure, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,
dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, myocardial
infarction, coronary artery disease, coronary artery spasm, and
arrhythmia. MTP-1-mediated or related disorders also include
disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as paralysis and
muscle weakness, e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and myokymia.
[0743] Transporter disorders also include cellular proliferation,
growth, differentiation, or migration disorders. Cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorders
include those disorders that affect cell proliferation, growth,
differentiation, or migration processes. As used herein, a
"cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
process" is a process by which a cell increases in number, size or
content, by which a cell develops a specialized set of
characteristics which differ from that of other cells, or by which
a cell moves closer to or further from a particular location or
stimulus. The MTP-1 molecules of the present invention are involved
in signal transduction mechanisms, which are known to be involved
in cellular growth, differentiation, and migration processes. Thus,
the MTP-1 molecules may modulate cellular growth, differentiation,
or migration, and may play a role in disorders characterized by
aberrantly regulated growth, differentiation, or migration. Such
disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia;
tumor angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic
disorders; and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative
disorders.
[0744] MTP-1-associated or related disorders also include hormonal
disorders, such as conditions or diseases in which the production
and/or regulation of hormones in an organism is aberrant. Examples
of such disorders and diseases include type I and type II diabetes
mellitus, pituitary disorders (e.g., growth disorders), thyroid
disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), and
reproductive or fertility disorders (e.g., disorders which affect
the organs of the reproductive system, e.g., the prostate gland,
the uterus, or the vagina; disorders which involve an imbalance in
the levels of a reproductive hormone in a subject; disorders
affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce; and disorders
affecting secondary sex characteristic development, e.g., adrenal
hyperplasia).
[0745] MTP-1-associated or related disorders also include disorders
affecting tissues in which MTP-1 protein is expressed.
1. MTP-1 Screening Assays:
[0746] The invention provides a method (also referred to herein as
a "screening assay") for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or
test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small
molecules (organic or inorganic) or other drugs) which bind to
MTP-1 proteins, have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for
example, MTP-1 expression or MTP-1 activity, or have a stimulatory
or inhibitory effect on, for example, the transport (e.g., import
or export) of an MTP-1 substrate (e.g., cytotoxic substances, ions,
peptides, metabolites).
[0747] These assays are designed to identify compounds that bind to
a MTP-1 protein, bind to other inter- or extra-cellular proteins
that interact with a MTP-1 protein, and/or interfere with the
interaction of the MTP-1 protein with other inter- or
extra-cellular proteins. For example, in the case of the MTP-1
protein, which is protein that is capable of membrane transport,
such techniques can be used to identify ligands for such a protein.
A MTP-1 protein modulator can, for example, be used to ameliorate
diseases or disorders related to transmembrane lipid transport
and/or hematopoietic cells. Such compounds may include, but are not
limited to MTP-1 peptides, anti-MTP-1 antibodies, or small organic
or inorganic compounds. Such compounds may also include other
cellular proteins or peptides.
[0748] Compounds identified via assays such as those described
herein may be useful, for example, for ameliorating hematopoietic
and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related diseases or
disorders. In instances whereby a hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease condition
results from an overall lower level of MTP-1 gene expression and/or
MTP-1 protein in a cell or tissue, compounds that interact with the
MTP-1 protein may include compounds which accentuate or amplify the
activity of the bound MTP-1 protein. Such compounds would bring
about an effective increase in the level of MTP-1 protein activity,
thus ameliorating symptoms.
[0749] In other instances, mutations within the MTP-1 gene may
cause aberrant types or excessive amounts of MTP-1 proteins to be
made which have a deleterious effect that leads to a hematopoietic
and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or
disorder. Similarly, physiological conditions may cause an
excessive increase in MTP-1 gene expression leading to a
hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related
disease or disorder. In such cases, compounds that bind to a MTP-1
protein may be identified that inhibit the activity of the MTP-1
protein. Assays for testing the effectiveness of compounds
identified by techniques such as those described in this section
are discussed herein.
[0750] In one embodiment, the invention provides assays for
screening candidate or test compounds which are capable of binding
to and/or being transported by an MTP-1 protein or polypeptide or
biologically active portion thereof. In another embodiment, the
invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds
which bind to or modulate the activity of an MTP-1 protein or
polypeptide or biologically active portion thereof, e.g., which
modulate the ability of an MTP-1 protein to transport an MTP-1
substrate (e.g., a cytotoxic substance, an ion, a peptide, a
metabolite). The test compounds of the present invention can be
obtained using any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial
library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries;
spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase
libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the
`one-bead one-compound` library method; and synthetic library
methods using affinity chromatography selection. The biological
library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other
four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or
small molecule libraries of compounds (Lam, K. S. (1997) Anticancer
Drug Des. 12:145).
[0751] Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries
can be found in the art, for example in: DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6909; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 91:11422; Zuckermann et al. (1994). J. Med. Chem.
37:2678; Cho et al. (1993) Science 261:1303; Carrell et al. (1994)
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2059; Carell et al. (1994) Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2061; and in Gallop et al. (1994) J. Med.
Chem. 37: 1233.
[0752] Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g.,
Houghten (1992) Biotechniques 13:412-421), or on beads (Lam (1991)
Nature 354:82-84), chips (Fodor (1993) Nature 364:555-556),
bacteria (Ladner U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (Ladner USP
'409), plasmids (Cull et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
89:1865-1869) or on phage (Scott and Smith (1990) Science
249:386-390); (Devlin (1990) Science 249:404-406); (Cwirla et al.
(1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:6378-6382); (Felici (1991) J. Mol.
Biol. 222:301-310); (Ladner supra.).
[0753] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses an MTP-1 protein or biologically active
portion thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate MTP-1 activity is determined.
Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate MTP-1
activity can be accomplished by monitoring, for example, the
transport of an MTP-1 substrate into or out of a cell which
expresses MTP-1. The cell, for example, can be of mammalian origin,
e.g., a murine or human cell. The ability of the test compound to
modulate MTP-1 transport of a substrate (e.g., cytotoxic
substances, ions, peptides, metabolites) or to bind to MTP-1 can
also be determined. Determining the ability of the test compound to
modulate MTP-1 transport of a substrate (e.g., cytotoxic
substances, ions, peptides, metabolites) can be accomplished, for
example, by coupling the MTP-1 substrate with a radioisotope or
enzymatic label such that transport of the MTP-1 substrate by MTP-1
can be determined by detecting the labeled MTP-1 substrate (e.g.,
in the cell, extracellularly, or intercompartmentally). Determining
the ability of the test compound to bind MTP-1 can be accomplished,
for example, by coupling the compound with a radioisotope or
enzymatic label such that binding of the compound to MTP-1 can be
determined by detecting the labeled MTP-1 compound, for example,
complexed to MTP-1 in a cell membrane. For example, compounds
(e.g., MTP-1 substrates) can be labeled with .sup.125I, .sup.35S,
.sup.14C, or .sup.3H, either directly or indirectly, and the
radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemission or by
scintillation counting. Alternatively, compounds can be
enzymatically labeled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase,
alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label
detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate
to product.
[0754] It is also within the scope of this invention to determine
the ability of a compound (e.g., an MTP-1 substrate, e.g.,
cytotoxic substances, ions, peptides, metabolites) to interact with
or to be transported by MTP-1 without the labeling of any of the
interactants. For example, a microphysiometer can be used to detect
the interaction of a compound with MTP-1 without the labeling of
either the compound or the MTP-1. McConnell, H. M. et al. (1992)
Science 257:1906-1912. As used herein, a "microphysiometer" (e.g.,
Cytosensor) is an analytical instrument that measures the rate at
which a cell acidifies its environment using a light-addressable
potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Changes in this acidification rate
can be used as an indicator of the interaction between a compound
and MTP-1.
[0755] In another embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay
comprising contacting a cell which expresses or produces MTP-1 with
an MTP-1 substrate (e.g., a cytotoxic substance, an ion, a peptide,
a metabolite) and a test compound and determining the ability of
the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the
activity (e.g., transport) or cellular location of the MTP-1
substrate molecule.
[0756] Determining the ability of the MTP-1 protein, or a
biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to, interact with, or
transport an MTP-1 substrate (e.g., cytotoxic substances, ions,
peptides, metabolites) can be accomplished by one of the methods
described above for determining direct binding. In a preferred
embodiment, determining the ability of the MTP-1 protein to bind
to, interact with, or transport an MTP-1 substrate (e.g., cytotoxic
substances, ions, peptides, metabolites) can be accomplished by
determining the activity or localization of the substrate molecule.
For example, the activity of the substrate can be determined by
detecting induction of a cellular response (i.e., changes in
intracellular K.sup.+ levels), detecting a secondary or indirect
activity of the substrate on a downstream molecule, detecting the
induction of a reporter gene (comprising a substrate-responsive
regulatory element operatively linked to a nucleic acid encoding a
detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), detecting a
substrate-regulated cellular response, or determining the
localization of the substrate molecule. In other embodiments, the
assays described above are carried out in a cell-free context
(e.g., in an artificial membrane, vesicle, or micelle
preparation).
[0757] In one embodiment, an assay of the present invention is a
cell-free assay in which an MTP-1 protein or biologically active
portion thereof (e.g., a portion which possesses the ability to
transport or interact with an MTP-1 substrate, e.g., a cytotoxic
substance, an ion, a peptide, or a metabolite) is contacted with a
test compound and the ability of the test compound to bind to the
MTP-1 protein or biologically active portion thereof is determined.
Preferred biologically active portions of the MTP-1 proteins to be
used in assays of the present invention include fragments which
participate in interactions with non-MTP-1 molecules, e.g.,
fragments with high surface probability scores. Binding of the test
compound to the MTP-1 protein can be determined either directly or
indirectly as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the assay
includes contacting the MTP-1 protein or biologically active
portion (e.g., a portion which possesses the ability to transport
or interact with an MTP-1 substrate, e.g., a cytotoxic substance,
an ion, a peptide, or a metabolite) thereof with a known compound
which binds MTP-1 to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay
mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the
test compound to interact with an MTP-1 protein, wherein
determining the ability of the test compound to interact with an
MTP-1 protein comprises determining the ability of the test
compound to preferentially bind to MTP-1 or biologically active
portion thereof as compared to the known compound.
[0758] In another embodiment, the assay is a cell-free assay in
which an MTP-1 protein or biologically active portion thereof
(e.g., a portion which possesses the ability to transport or
interact with an MTP-1 substrate, e.g., a cytotoxic substance, an
ion, a peptide, or a metabolite) is contacted with a test compound
and the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate
or inhibit) the activity of the MTP-1 protein or biologically
active portion thereof is determined. Determining the ability of
the test compound to modulate the activity of an MTP-1 protein can
be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of the
MTP-1 protein to transport an MTP-1 substrate as described herein.
Determining the ability of the MTP-1 protein to bind to an MTP-1
substrate (e.g., cytotoxic substances, ions, peptides, metabolites)
can also be accomplished using a technology such as real-time
Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA). Sjolander, S. and
Urbaniczky, C. (1991) Anal. Chem. 63:2338-2345 and Szabo et al.
(1995) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5:699-705. As used herein, "BIA"
is a technology for studying biospecific interactions in real time,
without labeling any of the interactants (e.g., BIAcore). Changes
in the optical phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be
used as an indication of real-time reactions between biological
molecules.
[0759] In more than one embodiment of the above assay methods of
the present invention, it may be desirable to immobilize MTP-1
(e.g., MTP-1 in a cell, vesicle, or membrane preparation) MTP-1
protein can be immobilized for example on the surface of any vessel
suitable for containing reactants. Examples of such vessels include
microtitre plates, test tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. For
example, an MTP-1 protein can be immobilized utilizing conjugation
of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated MTP-1 protein can be
prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques
known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals,
Rockford, Ill.), and immobilized in the wells of
streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical).
Alternatively, antibodies reactive with MTP-1 protein or target
molecules but which do not interfere with activity of the MTP-1
protein can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and unbound
MTP-1 protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
[0760] In another embodiment, modulators of MTP-1 expression are
identified in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidate
compound and the expression of MTP-1 mRNA or protein in the cell is
determined. The level of expression of MTP-1 mRNA or protein in the
presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of
expression of MTP-1 mRNA or protein in the absence of the candidate
compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a
modulator of MTP-1 expression based on this comparison. For
example, when expression of MTP-1 mRNA or protein is greater
(statistically significantly greater) in the presence of the
candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is
identified as a stimulator of MTP-1 mRNA or protein expression.
Alternatively, when expression of MTP-1 mRNA or protein is less
(statistically significantly less) in the presence of the candidate
compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified
as an inhibitor of MTP-1 mRNA or protein expression. The level of
MTP-1 mRNA or protein expression in the cells can be determined by
methods described herein for detecting MTP-1 mRNA or protein.
[0761] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based assay or a
cell free assay (e.g., an artificial membrane, micelle, or vesicle
preparation), and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of an MTP-1 protein can be confirmed in vivo, e.g., in an animal
such as an animal model for cellular transformation and/or
tumorigenesis.
[0762] This invention further pertains to novel agents identified
by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within
the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as
described herein in an appropriate animal model. For example, an
agent identified as described herein (e.g., an MTP-1 modulating
agent, an antisense MTP-1 nucleic acid molecule, an MTP-1-specific
antibody, or an MTP-1-binding partner) can be used in an animal
model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of
treatment with such an agent. Alternatively, an agent identified as
described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the
mechanism of action of such an agent. Furthermore, this invention
pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described
screening assays for treatments as described herein. In one
embodiment, the invention features a method of treating a subject
having a hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder that involves administering
to the subject a MTP-1 modulator such that treatment occurs. In
another embodiment, the invention features a method of treating a
subject having a hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease, e.g., atherogenesis, that involves
treating a subject with a MTP-1 modulator, such that treatment
occurs. Preferred MTP-1 modulators include, but are not limited to,
MTP-1 proteins or biologically active fragments, MTP-1 nucleic acid
molecules, MTP-1 antibodies, ribozymes, and MTP-1 antisense
oligonucleotides designed based on the MTP-1 nucleotide sequences
disclosed herein, as well as peptides, organic and non-organic
small molecules identified as being capable of modulating MTP-1
expression and/or activity, for example, according to at least one
of the screening assays described herein.
[0763] Any of the compounds, including but not limited to compounds
such as those identified in the foregoing assay systems, may be
tested for the ability to ameliorate immunological disease or
disorder symptoms. Cell-based and animal model-based assays for the
identification of compounds exhibiting such an ability to
ameliorate hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder systems are described
herein.
[0764] In one aspect, cell-based systems, as described herein, may
be used to identify compounds which may act to ameliorate
hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related
disease or disorder symptoms. For example, such cell systems may be
exposed to a compound, suspected of exhibiting an ability to
ameliorate hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms, at a sufficient
concentration and for a time sufficient to elicit such an
amelioration of hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms in the exposed
cells. After exposure, the cells are examined to determine whether
one or more of the hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder cellular phenotypes has been
altered to resemble a more normal or more wild type,
non-hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder phenotype. Cellular
phenotypes that are associated with hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease states
include aberrant proliferation, growth, and migration, anchorage
independent growth, and loss of contact inhibition.
[0765] In addition, animal-based hematopoietic and/or immunological
and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or disorder systems, such
as those described herein, may be used to identify compounds
capable of ameliorating hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or
lipid metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms. Such animal
models may be used as test substrates for the identification of
drugs, pharmaceuticals, therapies, and interventions which may be
effective in treating hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or
lipid metabolism-related disorders or diseases. For example, animal
models may be exposed to a compound, suspected of exhibiting an
ability to hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms, at a sufficient
concentration and for a, time sufficient to elicit such an
amelioration of hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms in the exposed
animals. The response of the animals to the exposure may be
monitored by assessing the reversal of disorders or symptoms
associated with hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease.
[0766] With regard to intervention, any treatments which reverse
any aspect of hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms should be
considered as candidates for human hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or disorder
therapeutic intervention. Dosages of test agents may be determined
by deriving dose-response curves.
[0767] Additionally, gene expression patterns may be utilized to
assess the ability of a compound to ameliorate hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease symptoms. For
example, the expression pattern of one or more genes may form part
of a "gene expression profile" or "transcriptional profile" which
may be then be used in such an assessment. "Gene expression
profile" or "transcriptional profile", as used herein, includes the
pattern of mRNA expression obtained for a given tissue or cell type
under a given set of conditions. Such conditions may include, but
are not limited to, cell growth, proliferation, differentiation,
transformation, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and carcinogen exposure.
Gene expression profiles may be generated, for example, by
utilizing a differential display procedure, Northern analysis
and/or RT-PCR. In one embodiment, MTP-1 gene sequences may be used
as probes and/or PCR primers for the generation and corroboration
of such gene expression profiles.
[0768] Gene expression profiles may be characterized for known
states within the cell- and/or animal-based model systems.
Subsequently, these known gene expression profiles may be compared
to ascertain the effect a test compound has to modify such gene
expression profiles, and to cause the profile to more closely
resemble that of a more desirable profile.
[0769] For example, administration of a compound may cause the gene
expression profile of a hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or
lipid metabolism-related disease or disorder model system to more
closely resemble the control system. Administration of a compound
may, alternatively, cause the gene expression profile of a control
system to begin to mimic a hematopoietic and/or immunological
and/or lipid metabolism-related disease state. Such a compound may,
for example, be used in further characterizing the compound of
interest, or may be used in the generation of additional animal
models.
B. OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4, and/or HST-5
[0770] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
and antibodies described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, an OAT protein
of the invention has one or more of the following activities: (i)
interaction with an OAT substrate or target molecule; (ii)
transport of an OAT substrate across a membrane; (iii) interaction
with and/or modulation of a second non-OAT protein; (iv) modulation
of cellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); (v) protection of cells and/or tissues
from organic anions; and/or (vi) modulation, of hormonal
responses.
[0771] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express OAT protein (e.g., via a recombinant
expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy applications), to
detect OAT mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample) or a genetic
alteration in an OAT gene, and to modulate OAT activity, as
described further below. The OAT proteins can be used to treat
disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive transport of
an OAT substrate or production of OAT inhibitors. In addition, the
OAT proteins can be used to screen for naturally occurring OAT
substrates or target molecules, to screen for drugs or compounds
which modulate OAT activity, as well as to treat disorders
characterized by insufficient or excessive production of OAT
protein or production of OAT protein forms which have decreased,
aberrant or unwanted activity compared to OAT wild type protein
(e.g., an OAT-associated disorder).
[0772] Moreover, the anti-OAT antibodies of the invention can be
used to detect and isolate OAT proteins, regulate the
bioavailability of OAT proteins, and modulate OAT activity.
[0773] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
and antibodies described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, an HST-1
polypeptide of the invention has one or more of the following
activities: (1) maintain sugar homeostasis in a cell, (2) influence
insulin and/or glucagon secretion, (3) bind a monosaccharide, e.g.,
D-glucose, D-fructose, and/or D-galactose, and (4) transport
monosaccharides across a cell membrane.
[0774] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express HST-1 polypeptides (e.g., via a
recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy
applications), to detect HST-1 mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample)
or a genetic alteration in an HST-1 gene, and to modulate HST-1
activity, as described further below. The HST-1 polypeptides can be
used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive
production of an HST-1 substrate or production of HST-1 inhibitors.
In addition, the HST-1 polypeptides can be used to screen for
naturally occurring HST-1 substrates, to screen for drugs or
compounds which modulate HST-1 activity, as well as to treat
disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive production of
HST-1 polypeptide or production of HST-1 polypeptide forms which
have decreased, aberrant or unwanted activity compared to HST-1
wild type polypeptide (e.g., sugar transporter disorders).
Moreover, the anti-HST-1 antibodies of the invention can be used to
detect and isolate HST-1 polypeptides, to regulate the
bioavailability of HST-1 polypeptides, and modulate HST-1
activity.
[0775] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
and antibodies described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, a TP-2
polypeptide of the invention has one or more of the following
activities: (1) modulate the import and export of molecules, e.g.,
hormones, ions, cytokines, neurotransmitters, monosaccharides, and
metabolites, from cells, 2) modulate intra- or inter-cellular
signaling, 3) modulate removal of potentially harmful compounds
from the cell, or facilitate the compartmentalization of these
molecules into a sequestered intra-cellular space (e.g., the
peroxisome), and 4) modulate transport of biological molecules
across membranes, e.g., the plasma membrane, or the membrane of the
mitochondrion, the peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the nucleus, or the vacuole.
[0776] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express TP-2 polypeptides (e.g., via a
recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy
applications), to detect TP-2 mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample)
or a genetic alteration in a TP-2 gene, and to modulate TP-2
activity, as described further below. The TP-2 polypeptides can be
used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive
production of a TP-2 substrate or production of TP-2 inhibitors. In
addition, the TP-2 polypeptides can be used to screen for naturally
occurring TP-2 substrates, to screen for drugs or compounds which
modulate TP-2 activity, as well as to treat disorders characterized
by insufficient or excessive production of TP-2 polypeptide or
production of TP-2 polypeptide forms which have decreased, aberrant
or unwanted activity compared to TP-2 wild type polypeptide (e.g.,
transporter-associated disorders). Moreover, the anti-TP-2
antibodies of the invention can be used to detect and isolate TP-2
polypeptides, to regulate the bioavailability of TP-2 polypeptides,
and modulate TP-2 activity.
[0777] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
protein fragments, antibodies, peptides, peptidomimetics, and small
molecules described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, a PLTR-1
protein of the invention has one or more of the following
activities: (i) interaction with a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule (e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a non-PLTR-1 protein); (ii)
transport of a PLTR-l substrate or target molecule (e.g., an
aminophospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or
phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a cellular membrane to
the other; (iii) the ability to be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated; (iv) adoption of an E1 conformation or an E2
conformation; (v) conversion of a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis of ATP); (vi) interaction
with a second non-PLTR-1 protein; (vii) modulation of substrate or
target molecule location (e.g., modulation of phospholipid location
within a cell and/or location with respect to a cellular membrane);
(viii) maintenance of aminophospholipid gradients; (ix) modulation
of blood coagulation; (x) modulation of intra- or intercellular
signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either directly or
indirectly); and/or (xi) modulation of cellular proliferation,
growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, or secretion.
[0778] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express PLTR-1 protein (e.g., via a
recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy
applications), to detect PLTR-1 mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample)
or a genetic alteration in a PLTR-1 gene, and to modulate PLTR-1
activity, as described further below. The PLTR-1 proteins can be
used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive
production or transport of a PLTR-1 substrate or production of
PLTR-1 inhibitors, for example, PLTR-1 associated disorders.
[0779] As used interchangeably herein, a "phospholipid transporter
associated disorder" or a "PLTR-1 associated disorder" includes a
disorder, disease or condition which is caused or characterized by
a misregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of PLTR-1
activity. PLTR-1 associated disorders can detrimentally affect
cellular functions such as cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, inter- or intra-cellular communication; tissue
function, such as cardiac function or musculoskeletal function;
systemic responses in an organism, such as nervous system
responses, hormonal responses (e.g., insulin response), or immune
responses; and protection of cells from toxic compounds (e.g.,
carcinogens, toxins, or mutagens).
[0780] Preferred examples of PLTR-1 associated disorders include
cardiovascular or cardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system
disorders in which the PLTR-1 molecules of the invention may be
directly or indirectly involved include arteriosclerosis, ischemia
reperfusion injury, restenosis, arterial inflammation, vascular
wall remodeling, ventricular remodeling, rapid ventricular pacing,
coronary microembolism, tachycardia, bradycardia, pressure
overload, aortic bending, coronary artery ligation, vascular heart
disease, atrial fibrilation, Jervell syndrome, Lange-Nielsen
syndrome, long-QT syndrome, congestive heart failure, sinus node
dysfunction, angina, heart failure, hypertension, atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic
cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease,
coronary artery spasm, and arrhythmia. PLTR-1 associated disorders
also include disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as
paralysis and muscle weakness, e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and
myokymia.
[0781] Other examples of PLTR-1 associated disorders include lipid
homeostasis disorders such as atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes,
insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypolipidemia, dyslipidemia,
hypercholesterolemia, hypocholesterolemia, triglyceride storage
disease, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease,
hypertension, stroke, overweight, anorexia, cachexia,
hyperlipoproteinemia, hypolipoproteinemia, Niemann Pick disease,
hypertriglyceridemia, hypotriglyceridemia, pancreatitis, diffuse
idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), atherogenic lipoprotein
phenotype (ALP), epilepsy, liver disease, fatty liver,
steatohepatitis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome.
[0782] Further examples of PLTR-1 associated disorders include CNS
disorders such as cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders,
examples of which include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's
disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's
disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile
dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive
supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, seizure disorders, and
Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomic function disorders such as
hypertension and sleep disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders,
such as depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxiety disorders, or phobic
disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g., amnesia or
age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder, dysthymic
disorder, major depressive disorder, mania, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders, anxiety, phobias,
panic disorder, as well as bipolar affective disorder, e.g., severe
bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1), and bipolar affective
neurological disorders, e.g., migraine and obesity. Further
CNS-related disorders include, for example, those listed in the
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical
manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the most current version of which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0783] PLTR-1 associated disorders also include cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation disorders. Cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation disorders include those
disorders that affect cell proliferation, growth, or
differentiation processes. As used herein, a "cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation process" is a process by
which a cell increases in number, size or content, or by which a
cell develops a specialized set of characteristics which differ
from that of other cells. The PLTR-1 molecules of the present
invention are involved in phospholipid transport mechanisms, which
are known to be involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and
differentiation processes. Thus, the PLTR-1 molecules may modulate
cellular growth, proliferation, or differentiation, and may play a
role in disorders characterized by aberrantly regulated growth,
proliferation, or differentiation. Such disorders include cancer,
e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia; tumor angiogenesis and
metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic disorders; and
hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative disorders.
[0784] PLTR-1 associated or related disorders also include hormonal
disorders, such as conditions or diseases in which the production
and/or regulation of hormones in an organism is aberrant. Examples
of such disorders and diseases include type I and type II diabetes
mellitus, pituitary disorders (e.g., growth disorders), thyroid
disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), and
reproductive or fertility disorders (e.g., disorders which affect
the organs of the reproductive system, e.g., the prostate gland,
the uterus, or the vagina; disorders which involve an imbalance in
the levels of a reproductive hormone in a subject; disorders
affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce; and disorders
affecting secondary sex characteristic development, e.g., adrenal
hyperplasia).
[0785] PLTR-1 associated or related disorders also include immune
disorders, such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiency
disorders, e.g., congenital X-linked infantile
hypogammaglobulinemia, transient hypogammaglobulinemia, common
variable immunodeficiency, selective IgA deficiency, chronic
mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severe combined immunodeficiency.
[0786] PLTR-1 associated or related disorders also include
disorders affecting tissues in which PLTR-1 protein is expressed
(e.g., vessels).
[0787] In addition, the PLTR-1 proteins can be used to screen for
naturally occurring PLTR-1 substrates, to screen for drugs or
compounds which modulate PLTR-1 activity, as well as to treat
disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive production of
PLTR-1 protein or production of PLTR-1 protein forms which have
decreased, aberrant or unwanted activity compared to PLTR-1 wild
type protein (e.g., a PLTR-1-associated disorder).
[0788] Moreover, the anti-PLTR-1 antibodies of the invention can be
used to detect and isolate PLTR-1 proteins, regulate the
bioavailability of PLTR-1 proteins, and modulate PLTR-1
activity.
[0789] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
and antibodies described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide of the invention has one or more of the following
activities: (1) modulate the import and export of molecules, e.g.,
hormones, ions, cytokines, neurotransmitters, monocarboxylates,
monosaccharides, and metabolites, from cells, 2) modulate intra- or
inter-cellular signaling, 3) modulate removal of potentially
harmful compounds from the cell, or facilitate the
compartmentalization of these molecules into a sequestered
intra-cellular space (e.g., the peroxisome), and 4) modulate
transport of biological molecules across membranes, e.g., the
plasma membrane, or the membrane of the mitochondrion, the
peroxisome, the lysosome, the endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus,
or the vacuole.
[0790] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides
(e.g., via a recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene
therapy applications), to detect TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 mRNA (e.g., in
a biological sample) or a genetic alteration in a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene, and to modulate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity, as
described further below. The TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides can be
used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive
production of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate or production of TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 inhibitors. In addition, the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptides can be used to screen for naturally occurring TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 substrates, to screen for drugs or compounds which
modulate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity, as well as to treat disorders
characterized by insufficient or excessive production of TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or production of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide forms which have decreased, aberrant or unwanted
activity compared to TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 wild type polypeptide
(e.g., transporter-associated disorders). Moreover, the anti-TFM-2
and/or anti-TFM-3 antibodies of the invention can be used to detect
and isolate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides, to regulate the
bioavailability of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides, and modulate
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity.
[0791] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
antibodies, and modulators described herein can be used in one or
more of the following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive
medicine (e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring
clinical trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment
(e.g., therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, a 67118
or 67067 polypeptide of the invention has one or more of the
following activities: (i) interaction with a 67118 or 67067
substrate or target molecule (e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a
non-67118 or 67067 protein); (ii) transport of a 67118 or 67067
substrate or target molecule (e.g., an aminophospholipid such as
phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a
cellular membrane to the other; (iii) the ability to be
phosphorylated or dephosphorylated; (iv) adoption of an E1
conformation or an E2 conformation; (v) conversion of a 67118 or
67067 substrate or target molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis
of ATP); (vi) interaction with a second non-67118 or 67067 protein;
(vii) modulation of substrate or target molecule location (e.g.,
modulation of phospholipid location within a cell and/or location
with respect to a cellular membrane); (viii) maintenance of
aminophospholipid gradients; (ix) modulation of intra- or
intercellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g., either
directly or indirectly); and/or (x) modulation of cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, or
secretion.
[0792] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express 67118 or 67067 polypeptides (e.g.,
via a recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy
applications), to detect 67118 or 67067 mRNA (e.g., in a biological
sample) or a genetic alteration in a 67118 or 67067 gene, and to
modulate 67118 or 67067 activity, as described further below. The
67118 or 67067 polypeptides can be used to treat disorders
characterized by insufficient or excessive production of a 67118 or
67067 substrate or production or transport of 67118 or 67067
inhibitors, for example, 67118 or 67067 associated disorders.
[0793] As described herein, a 62092 protein of the invention has
one or more of the following activities: (i) interaction with a
62092 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a nucleotide such as a
purine mononucleotide or a dinucleoside polyphosphate, or a
non-62092 protein); (ii) conversion of a 62092 substrate or target
molecule to a product (e.g., cleavage of a nucleoside
polyphosphate); (iii) interaction with a second non-62092 protein;
(iv) sensation of cellular stress signals; (v) regulation of
substrate or target molecule availability or activity; (vi)
modulation of intra- or intercellular signaling and/or gene
transcription (e.g., either directly or indirectly); and/or (vii)
modulation of cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation,
and/or apoptosis.
[0794] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express 62092 protein (e.g., via a
recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy
applications), to detect 62092 mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample)
or a genetic alteration in a 62092 gene, and to modulate 62092
activity, as described further below. The 62092 proteins can be
used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive
production of a 62092 substrate or production of 62092 inhibitors,
for example, histidine triad family associated disorders.
[0795] As used interchangeably herein, a "phospholipid transporter
associated disorder" or a "67118 or 67067 associated disorder"
includes a disorder, disease or condition which is caused or
characterized by a misregulation (e.g., downregulation or
upregulation) of 67118 or 67067 activity. 67118 or 67067 associated
disorders can detrimentally affect cellular functions such as
cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, inter- or
intra-cellular communication; tissue function, such as cardiac
function or musculoskeletal function; systemic responses in an
organism, such as nervous system responses, hormonal responses
(e.g., insulin response), or immune responses; and protection of
cells from toxic compounds (e.g., carcinogens, toxins, or
mutagens). Examples of 67118 or 67067 associated disorders include
CNS disorders such as cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders,
examples of which include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's
disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's
disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile
dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive
supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, seizure disorders, and
Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomic function disorders such as
hypertension and sleep disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders,
such as depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxiety disorders, or phobic
disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g., amnesia or
age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder, dysthymic
disorder, major depressive disorder, mania, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders, anxiety, phobias,
panic disorder, as well as bipolar affective disorder, e.g., severe
bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1), and bipolar affective
neurological disorders, e.g., migraine and obesity. Further
CNS-related disorders include, for example, those listed in the
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical
manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the most current version of which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0796] Further examples of 67118 or 67067 associated disorders
include cardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system disorders
in which the 67118 or 67067 molecules of the invention may be
directly or indirectly involved include arteriosclerosis, ischemia
reperfusion injury, restenosis, arterial inflammation, vascular
wall remodeling, ventricular remodeling, rapid ventricular pacing,
coronary microembolism, tachycardia, bradycardia, pressure
overload, aortic bending, coronary artery ligation, vascular heart
disease, atrial fibrilation, Jervell syndrome, Lange-Nielsen
syndrome, long-QT syndrome, congestive heart failure, sinus node
dysfunction, angina, heart failure, hypertension, atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic
cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease,
coronary artery spasm, and arrhythmia. 67118 or 67067 associated
disorders also include disorders of the musculoskeletal system such
as paralysis and muscle weakness, e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and
myokymia.
[0797] 67118 or 67067 associated disorders also include cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation disorders. Cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation disorders include those
disorders that affect cell proliferation, growth, or
differentiation processes. As used herein, a "cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation process" is a process by
which a cell increases in number, size or content, or by which a
cell develops a specialized set of characteristics which differ
from that of other cells. The 67118 or 67067 molecules of the
present invention are involved in phospholipid transport
mechanisms, which are known to be involved in cellular growth,
proliferation, and differentiation processes. Thus, the 67118 or
67067 molecules may modulate cellular growth, proliferation, or
differentiation, and may play a role in disorders characterized by
aberrantly regulated growth, proliferation, or differentiation.
Such disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or
leukemia; tumor angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia;
hepatic disorders; and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative
disorders.
[0798] 67118 or 67067 associated or related disorders also include
hormonal disorders, such as conditions or diseases in which the
production and/or regulation of hormones in an organism is
aberrant. Examples of such disorders and diseases include type I
and type II diabetes mellitus, pituitary disorders (e.g., growth
disorders), thyroid disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism), and reproductive or fertility disorders (e.g.,
disorders which affect the organs of the reproductive system, e.g.,
the prostate gland, the uterus, or the vagina; disorders which
involve an imbalance in the levels of a reproductive hormone in a
subject; disorders affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce;
and disorders affecting secondary sex characteristic development,
e.g., adrenal hyperplasia).
[0799] 67118 or 67067 associated or related disorders also include
immune disorders, such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiency
disorders, e.g., congenital X-linked infantile
hypogammaglobulinemia, transient hypogammaglobulinemia, common
variable immunodeficiency, selective IgA deficiency, chronic
mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severe combined immunodeficiency.
[0800] 67118 or 67067 associated or related disorders also include
disorders affecting tissues in which 67118 or 67067 protein is
expressed.
[0801] As used interchangeably herein, a "histidine triad family
associated disorder" or a "62092-associated disorder" includes a
disorder, disease or condition which is caused or characterized by
a misregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of 62092
activity. 62092 associated disorders can detrimentally affect
cellular functions such as cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, inter- or intra-cellular communication; tissue
function, such as cardiac function or musculoskeletal function;
systemic responses in an organism, such as nervous system
responses, hormonal responses (e.g., insulin response), or immune
responses; and protection of cells from toxic compounds (e.g.,
carcinogens, toxins, or mutagens).
[0802] In a preferred embodiment, 62092 associated disorders
include cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
apoptosis disorders. Cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, or apoptosis disorders include those disorders
that affect cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
apoptosis processes. As used herein, a "cellular proliferation,
growth, differentiation, or apoptosis process" is a process by
which a cell increases in number, size or content, by which a cell
develops a specialized set of characteristics which differ from
that of other cells, or by which a cell undergoes programmed cell
death. The 62092 molecules of the present invention are involved in
nucleotide binding, which are known to be involved in cellular
growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis processes.
Thus, the 62092 molecules may modulate cellular growth,
proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis, and may play a role
in disorders characterized by aberrantly regulated growth,
proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Such disorders
include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia; tumor
angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic disorders;
and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative disorders.
[0803] 62092 associated disorders also include CNS disorders.
[0804] Further examples of 62092 associated disorders include
cardiac-related disorders, hormonal disorders, and autoimmune
disorders or immune deficiency disorders, as defined herein.
[0805] 62092 associated or related disorders also include disorders
affecting tissues in which 62092 protein is expressed.
[0806] In addition, the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides can
be used to screen for naturally occurring 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 substrates, to screen for drugs or compounds which modulate
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 activity, as well as to treat disorders
characterized by insufficient or excessive production of 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or production of 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 polypeptide forms which have decreased, aberrant or
unwanted activity compared to 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 wild type
polypeptide (e.g., phospholipid transporter-associated disorders).
Moreover, the anti-67118 and/or anti-67067 antibodies of the
invention can be used to detect and isolate 67118, 67067,. and/or
62092 polypeptides, to regulate the bioavailability of 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides, and modulate 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 activity.
[0807] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
protein fragments, antibodies, peptides, peptidomimetics, and small
molecules described herein can be used in one or more of the
following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine
(e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical
trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g.,
therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, a HAAT protein
of the invention has one or more of the following activities: (i)
interaction with a HAAT substrate or target molecule (e.g., an
amino acid); (ii) transport of a HAAT substrate or target molecule
(e.g., an amino acid) from one side of a cellular membrane to the
other; (iii) conversion of a HAAT substrate or target molecule to a
product (e.g., glucose production); (iv) interaction with a second
non-HAAT protein; (v) modulation of substrate or target molecule
location (e.g., modulation of amino acid location within a cell
and/or location with respect to a cellular membrane); (vi)
maintenance of amino acid gradients; (vii) modulation of hormone
metabolism and/or nerve transmission (e.g., either directly or
indirectly); (viii) modulation of cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, and production of metabolic energy; and/or (ix)
modulation of amino acid homeostasis.
[0808] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express HAAT protein (e.g., via a recombinant
expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy applications), to
detect HAAT mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample) or a genetic
alteration in a HAAT gene, and to modulate HAAT activity, as
described further below. The HAAT proteins can be used to treat
disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive production or
transport of a HAAT substrate or production of HAAT inhibitors, for
example, HAAT associated disorders.
[0809] As used interchangeably herein, a "human amino acid
transporter associated disorder" or a "HAAT associated disorder"
includes a disorder, disease or condition which is caused or
characterized by a misregulation (e.g., downregulation or
upregulation) of HAAT activity. HAAT associated disorders can
detrimentally affect cellular functions such as protein synthesis,
hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular activation,
regulation of cell growth, production of metabolic energy,
synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism, and/or
biosynthesis of urea. Examples of HAAT associated disorders
include: retinitis pigmentosa; tumorigenesis; nephrolithiasis;
chronic lymphocytic leukemia; neurodegenerative diseases such as
epilepsy, ischemia (i.e. hypoxia, stroke), amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis; Hatnup disease; hyperdibasic aminoaciduria; isolated
lysinuria; iminoglycinuria; familial protein intolerance;
dicarboxylic aminoaciduria; cystinuria; lysinuric protein
intolerance; and endotoxic shock.
[0810] Further examples of HAAT associated disorders include CNS
disorders such as cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders,
examples of which include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's
disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's
disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile
dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive
supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, seizure disorders, and
Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomic function disorders such as
hypertension and sleep disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders,
such as depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxiety disorders, or phobic
disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g., amnesia or
age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder, dysthymic
disorder, major depressive disorder, mania, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders, anxiety, phobias,
panic disorder, as well as bipolar affective disorder, e.g., severe
bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1), and bipolar affective
neurological disorders, e.g., migraine and obesity. Further
CNS-related disorders include, for example, those listed in the
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical
manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the most current version of which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0811] As used herein, the term "metabolic disorder" includes a
disorder, disease or condition which is caused or characterized by
an abnormal metabolism (i.e., the chemical changes in living cells
by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities) in
a subject. Metabolic disorders include diseases, disorders, or
conditions associated with aberrant thermogenesis or aberrant
adipose cell (e.g., brown or white adipose cell) content or
function. Metabolic disorders can be characterized by a
misregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of HAAT
activity. Metabolic disorders can detrimentally affect cellular
functions such as cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation,
or migration, cellular regulation of homeostasis, inter- or
intra-cellular communication; tissue function, such as liver
function, muscle function, or adipocyte function; systemic
responses in an organism, such as hormonal responses (e.g., insulin
response). Examples of metabolic disorders include obesity,
diabetes, hyperphagia, endocrine abnormalities, triglyceride
storage disease, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Lawrence-Moon syndrome,
Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome, anorexia, and cachexia. Obesity is
defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/2m or more (National
Institute of Health, Clinical Guidelines on the Identification,
Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
(1998)). However, the present invention is also intended to include
a disease, disorder, or condition that is characterized by a body
mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/.sup.2m or more, 26 kg/.sup.2m or more,
27 kg/.sup.2m or more, 28 kg/.sup.2m or more, 29 kg/.sup.2m or
more, 29.5 kg/.sup.2m or more, or 29.9 kg/.sup.2m or more, all of
which are typically referred to as overweight (National Institute
of Health, Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation,
and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults (1998)).
[0812] HAAT associated disorders also include cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation disorders. Cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation disorders include those
disorders that affect cell proliferation, growth, or
differentiation processes. As used herein, a "cellular
proliferation, growth, or differentiation process" is a process by
which a cell increases in number, size or content, or by which a
cell develops a specialized set of characteristics which differ
from that of other cells. The HAAT molecules of the present
invention are involved in amino acid transport mechanisms, which
are known to be involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and
differentiation processes. Thus, the HAAT molecules may modulate
cellular growth, proliferation, or differentiation, and may play a
role in disorders characterized by aberrantly regulated growth,
proliferation, or differentiation. Such disorders include cancer,
e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia; tumor angiogenesis and
metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; hepatic disorders; and
hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative disorders.
[0813] In addition, the HAAT proteins can be used to screen for
naturally occurring HAAT substrates, to screen for drugs or
compounds which modulate HAAT activity, as well as to treat
disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive production of
HAAT protein or production of HAAT protein forms which have
decreased, aberrant or unwanted activity compared to HAAT wild type
protein (e.g., a HAAT-associated disorder).
[0814] Moreover, the anti-HAAT antibodies of the invention can be
used to detect and isolate HAAT proteins, regulate the
bioavailability of HAAT proteins, and modulate HAAT activity.
[0815] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues,
antibodies, and modulators described herein can be used in one or
more of the following methods: a) screening assays; b) predictive
medicine (e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring
clinical trials, and pharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment
(e.g., therapeutic and prophylactic). As described herein, an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 polypeptide of the invention has one or more of the
following activities: (1) bind a monosaccharide, e.g., D-glucose,
D-fructose, D-galactose, and/or mannose; (2) transport
monosaccharides across a cell membrane; (3) influence insulin
and/or glucagon secretion; (4) maintain sugar homeostasis in a
cell; and (5) mediate trans-epithelial movement in a cell.
[0816] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be
used, for example, to express HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides
(e.g., via a recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene
therapy applications), to detect HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA (e.g., in
a biological sample) or a genetic alteration in an HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 gene, and to modulate HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity, as
described further below. The HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, or
modulators thereof, can be used to treat disorders characterized by
insufficient or excessive production of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
substrate or production of HST-4 and/or HST-5 inhibitors. In
addition, the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptides can be used to
screen for naturally occurring HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrates, to
screen for drugs or compounds which modulate HST-4 and/or HST-5
activity, as well as to treat disorders characterized by
insufficient or excessive production of HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide or production of HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide forms
which have decreased, aberrant or unwanted activity compared to
HST-4 and/or HST-5 wild type polypeptide (e.g., sugar transporter
disorders). Moreover, the anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies
of the invention can be used to detect and isolate HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptides, to regulate the bioavailability of HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptides, and modulate HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity.
1. OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 Screening Assays:
[0817] The invention provides a method (also referred to herein as
a "screening assay") for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or
test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small
molecules or other drugs) which bind to OAT proteins, PLTR-1
proteins, HAAT proteins have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on,
for example, OAT, PLTR-1, HAAT expression or OAT, PLTR-1, HAAT
activity, or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for
example, the transport, expression or activity of an OAT substrate
or target molecule, a PLTR-1 substrate, a HAAT substrate.
[0818] The invention provides a method (also referred to herein as
a "screening assay") for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or
test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small
molecules or other drugs) which bind to HST-1 polypeptides, TP-2
polypeptides, TFM-2 polypeptides, TFM-3 polypeptides, 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 polypeptides, HAAT polypeptides, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for
example, HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity, or have a
stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for example, the expression or
activity of HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, and/or 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate.
[0819] In one embodiment, the invention provides assays for
screening candidate or test compounds which are substrates or
target molecules of an OAT protein or polypeptide or biologically
active portion thereof, an HST-1 polypeptide or biologically active
portion thereof, a TP-2 polypeptide or biologically active portion
thereof, a PLTR-1 protein or polypeptide or biologically active
portion thereof, a TFM-2 polypeptide or biologically active portion
thereof, a TFM-3 polypeptide or biologically active portion
thereof, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or biologically
active portion thereof, a HAAT protein or polypeptide or
biologically active portion thereof, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
or biologically active portion thereof. In another embodiment, the
invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds
which bind to or modulate the activity of an OAT protein or
polypeptide or biologically active portion thereof. The test
compounds of the present invention can be obtained using any of the
numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the
art, including: biological libraries; spatially addressable
parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library
methods requiring deconvolution; the `one-bead one-compound`
library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity
chromatography selection. The biological library approach is
limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are
applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule
libraries of compounds (Lam, K. S. (1997) Anticancer Drug Des.
12:45).
[0820] Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries
can be found in the art, for example, in: DeWitt et al. (1993)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6909; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 91:11422; Zuckermann et al. (1994). J. Med. Chem.
37:2678; Cho et al. (1993) Science 261:1303; Carrell et al. (1994)
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2059; Carell et al. (1994) Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2061; and Gallop et al. (1994) J. Med.
Chem. 37:1233.
[0821] Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g.,
Houghten (1992) Biotechniques 13:412-421), or on beads (Lam (1991)
Nature 354:82-84), chips (Fodor (1993) Nature 364:555-556),
bacteria (Ladner U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (Ladner U.S. Pat.
No. '409), plasmids (Cull et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
89:1865-1869) or on phage (Scott and Smith (1990) Science
249:386-390); (Devlin (1990) Science 249:404-406); (Cwirla et al.
(1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382); (Felici (1991) J.
Mol. Biol. 222:301-310); (Ladner supra.).
[0822] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses an OAT protein or biologically active portion
thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability of the
test compound to modulate OAT activity is determined. Determining
the ability of the test compound to modulate OAT activity can be
accomplished by monitoring, for example, transport of substrates
across membranes and/or levels of gene transcription. The cell, for
example, can be of a mammalian origin.
[0823] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses an HST-1 polypeptide or biologically active
portion thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate HST-1 activity is determined.
Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate HST-1
activity can be accomplished by monitoring, for example,
intracellular or extracellular D-glucose, D-fructose or D-galactose
concentration, or insulin or glucagon secretion. The cell, for
example, can be of mammalian origin, e.g., a liver cell, fat cell,
muscle cell, or a blood cell, such as an erythrocyte.
[0824] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses a TP-2 polypeptide or biologically active
portion thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate TP-2 activity is determined.
Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate TP-2
activity can be accomplished by monitoring, for example, intra- or
extra-cellular D-glucose, D-fructose or D-galactose concentration,
or insulin or glucagon secretion. The cell, for example, can be of
mammalian origin, e.g., a liver cell, fat cell, muscle cell, or a
blood cell, such as an erythrocyte.
[0825] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses a PLTR-1 protein or biologically active
portion thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate PLTR-1 activity is determined.
Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate PLTR-1
activity can be accomplished by monitoring, for example: (i)
interaction of PLTR-1 with a PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule
(e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a non-PLTR-1 protein); (ii)
transport of a PLTR-1 substrate or target molecule (e.g., an
aminophospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or
phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a cellular membrane to
the other; (iii) the ability of PLTR-1 to be phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated; (iv) adoption by PLTR-1 of an E1 conformation or
an E2 conformation; (v) conversion of a PLTR-1 substrate or target
molecule to a product (e.g., hydrolysis of ATP); (vi) interaction
of PLTR-1 with a second non-PLTR-1 protein; (vii) modulation of
substrate or target molecule location (e.g., modulation of
phospholipid location within a cell and/or location with respect to
a cellular membrane); (viii) maintenance of aminophospholipid
gradients; (ix) modulation of blood coagulation; (x) modulation of
intra- or intercellular signaling and/or gene transcription (e.g.,
either directly or indirectly); and/or (xi) modulation of cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, absorption,
and/or secretion.
[0826] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or
biologically active portion thereof is contacted with a test
compound and the ability of the test compound to modulate TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 activity is determined. Determining the ability of the
test compound to modulate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity can be
accomplished by monitoring, for example, intra- or extra-cellular
lactate, pyruvate, branched chain oxoacid, ketone body, mannose,
D-glucose, D-fructose or D-galactose concentration, or insulin or
glucagon secretion. The cell, for example, can be of mammalian
origin, e.g., a brain cell, a heart cell, a liver cell, fat cell,
muscle cell, a tumor cell, or a blood cell, such as an
erythrocyte.
[0827] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses a 67118 and/or 67067 polypeptide or
biologically active portion thereof is contacted with a test
compound and the ability of the test compound to modulate 67118
and/or 67067 activity is determined. Determining the ability of the
test compound to modulate 67118 and/or 67067 activity can be
accomplished by monitoring, for example, (i) interaction of 67118
and/or 67067 with a 67118 and/or 67067 substrate or target molecule
(e.g., a phospholipid, ATP, or a non-67118 and/or 670672 protein);
(ii) transport of a 67118 and/or 67067 substrate or target molecule
(e.g., an aminophospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or
phosphatidylethanolamine) from one side of a cellular membrane to
the other; (iii) the ability of 67118 and/or 67067 to be
phosphorylated or dephosphorylated; (iv) adoption by 67118 and/or
67067 of an E1 conformation or an E2 conformation; (v) conversion
of a 67118 and/or 67067 substrate or target molecule to a product
(e.g., hydrolysis of ATP); (vi) interaction of 67118 and/or 67067
with a second non-67118 and/or 67067 protein; (vii) modulation of
substrate or target molecule location (e.g., modulation of
phospholipid location within a cell and/or location with respect to
a cellular membrane); (viii) maintenance of aminophospholipid
gradients; (ix) modulation of intra- or intercellular signaling
and/or gene transcription (e.g., either directly or indirectly);
and/or (x) modulation of cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, apoptosis, absorption, and/or secretion.
[0828] In another embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in
which a cell which expresses a 62092 protein or biologically active
portion thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate 62092 activity is determined.
Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate 62092
activity can be accomplished by monitoring, for example: (i)
interaction with a 62092 substrate or target molecule (e.g., a
nucleotide such as a purine mononucleotide or a dinucleoside
polyphosphate, or a non-62092 protein); (ii) conversion of a 62092
substrate or target molecule to a product (e.g., cleavage of a
nucleoside polyphosphate); (iii) interaction with a second
non-62092 protein; (iv) sensation of cellular stress signals; (v)
regulation of substrate or target molecule availability or
activity; (vi) modulation of intra- or intercellular signaling
and/or gene transcription (e.g., either directly or indirectly);
and/or (vii) modulation of cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, and/or apoptosis.
[0829] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses a HAAT protein or biologically active portion
thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability of the
test compound to modulate HAAT activity is determined. Determining
the ability of the test compound to modulate HAAT activity can be
accomplished by monitoring, for example: (i) interaction with a
HAAT substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino acid); (ii)
transport of a HAAT substrate or target molecule (e.g., an amino
acid) from one side of a cellular membrane to the other; (iii)
conversion of a HAAT substrate or target molecule to a product
(e.g., glucose production); (iv) interaction with a second non-HAAT
protein; (v) modulation of substrate or target molecule location
(e.g., modulation of amino acid location within a cell and/or
location with respect to a cellular membrane); (vi) maintenance of
amino acid gradients; (vii) modulation of hormone metabolism and/or
nerve transmission (e.g., either directly or indirectly); (viii)
modulation of cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, and
production of metabolic energy; and/or (ix) modulation of amino
acid homeostasis.
[0830] The activity of the HAAT protein in promoting the uptake of
amino acids can be monitored by expression cloning the HAAT protein
in an oocyte. By incubating the HAAT protein with a .sup.14C
labeled amino acid, the transport of the labeled amino acid into
the oocyte by the HAAT protein can be measured. Further, the
substrate selectivity of the HAAT protein can be measured by
monitoring the uptake of the .sup.14C labeled amino acid in the
presence of other non-labeled amino acids which may inhibit the
uptake of the labeled amino acid.
[0831] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a
cell which expresses an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide or
biologically active portion thereof is contacted with a test
compound and the ability of the test compound to modulate HST-4
and/or HST-5 activity is determined. Determining the ability of the
test compound to modulate HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity can be
accomplished by monitoring, for example, intracellular or
extracellular D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, and/or mannose
concentration, or insulin or glucagon secretion. The cell, for
example, can be of mammalian origin, e.g., a liver cell, fat cell,
muscle cell, or a blood cell, such as an erythrocyte.
[0832] The ability of the test compound to modulate binding of a
substrate or target molecule to OAT can also be determined. The
ability of the test compound to modulate HST-1 binding to a
substrate or to bind to HST-1 can also be determined. The ability
of the test compound to modulate TP-2 binding to a substrate or to
bind to TP-2 can also be determined. The ability of the test
compound to modulate PLTR-1 binding to a substrate or to bind to
PLTR-1 can also be determined. The ability of the test compound to
modulate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 binding to a substrate or to bind to
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 can also be determined. The ability of the test
compound to modulate 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 binding to a
substrate or to bind to 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 can also be
determined. The ability of the test compound to modulate HAAT
binding to a substrate or to bind to HAAT can also be determined.
The ability of the test compound to modulate HST-4 and/or HST-5
binding to a substrate or to bind to HST-4 and/or HST-5 can also be
determined. Determining the ability of the test compound to
modulate OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 binding to a substrate or target
molecule can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 substrate or target molecule with a radioisotope or
enzymatic label such that binding of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
substrate or target molecule to OAT can be determined by detecting
the labeled OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate or target molecule in a
complex. Alternatively, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 could be coupled with
a radioisotope or enzymatic label to monitor the ability of a test
compound to modulate OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 binding to an OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 substrate or target molecule in a complex. Determining the
ability of the test compound to bind OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 can be
accomplished, for example, by coupling the compound with a
radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the compound
to OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 can be determined by detecting the labeled
compound in a complex. For example, compounds (e.g., OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 substrates) can be labeled with .sup.125I, .sup.35S,
.sup.14C, or .sup.3H, either directly or indirectly, and the
radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemission or by
scintillation counting. Alternatively, compounds can be
enzymatically labeled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase,
alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label
detected by determination of an appropriate substrate to
product.
[0833] It is also within the scope of this invention to determine
the ability of a compound (e.g., an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
substrate) to interact with OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 without the labeling
of any of the interactants. For example, a microphysiometer can be
used to detect the interaction of a compound with OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
without the labeling of either the compound or the OAT. McConnell,
H. M. et al. (1992) Science 257:1906-1912. As used herein, a
"microphysiometer" (e.g., Cytosensor) is an analytical instrument
that measures the rate at which a cell acidifies its environment
using a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Changes in
this acidification rate can be used as an indicator of the
interaction between a compound and OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5.
[0834] In another embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay
comprising contacting a cell which expresses OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
with an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 target molecule (e.g., an OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 substrate) and a test compound and determining the
ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or
inhibit) the activity (e.g., transport) or cellular location of the
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate or target molecule. Determining the
ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of an OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate or
target molecule can be accomplished, for example, by determining
the ability of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 protein to bind to or interact with the OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate or target
molecule or by determining the cellular localization of the OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate or
target molecule. Determining the ability of the test compound to
modulate the activity of a PLTR-1 target molecule can be
accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of a PLTR-1
protein to bind to or interact with the PLTR-1 target molecule, by
determining the cellular location of the target molecule, or by
determining whether the target molecule (e.g., ATP) has been
hydrolyzed. Determining the ability of the test compound to
modulate the activity of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 target
molecule can be accomplished, for example, by determining the
cellular location of the target molecule, or by determining whether
the target molecule (e.g., a 67118 or 67067 target molecule such as
ATP, or a 62092 target molecule) has been hydrolyzed.
[0835] Determining the ability of the OAT protein, or a
biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to or interact with
or transport an OAT substrate or target molecule can be
accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining
direct binding. In a preferred embodiment, determining the ability
of the OAT protein to bind to or interact with an OAT substrate or
target molecule can be accomplished by determining the activity or
cellular localization of the substrate or target molecule. For
example, the activity of the substrate or target molecule can be
determined by detecting induction of a cellular response (e.g.,
changes in intracellular substrate concentration), detecting a
secondary or indirect activity of the substrate or target molecule,
detecting the induction of a reporter gene (comprising a
target-responsive regulatory element operatively linked to a
nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or
detecting a target-regulated cellular response (i.e., a hormonal
response). In other embodiments, the assays described above are
carried out in a cell-free context (e.g., in an artificial
membrane, vesicle, or micelle preparation).
[0836] Determining the ability of the HST-1 polypeptide, or a
biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to or interact with
an HST-1 target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods
described above for determining direct binding. In a preferred
embodiment, determining the ability of the HST-1 polypeptide to
bind to or interact with an HST-1 target molecule can be
accomplished by determining the activity of the target molecule.
For example, the activity of the target molecule can be determined
by detecting induction of a cellular second messenger of the target
(i.e., intracellular Ca.sup.2+, diacylglycerol, IP.sub.3, and the
like), detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target using
an appropriate substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter
gene (comprising a target-responsive regulatory element operatively
linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g.,
luciferase), or detecting a target-regulated cellular response.
[0837] Determining the ability of the TP-2 polypeptide, or a
biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to or interact with a
TP-2 target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods
described above for determining direct binding. In a preferred
embodiment, determining the ability of the TP-2 polypeptide to bind
to or interact with a TP-2 target molecule can be accomplished by
determining the activity of the target molecule. For example, the
activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting
induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (i.e.,
intra-cellular Ca.sup.2+, diacylglycerol, IP.sub.3, and the like),
detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target using an
appropriate substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene
(comprising a target-responsive regulatory element operatively
linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g.,
luciferase), or detecting a target-regulated cellular response.
[0838] Determining the ability of the PLTR-1 protein, or a
biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to or interact with a
PLTR-1 target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods
described above for determining direct binding. In a preferred
embodiment, determining the ability of the PLTR-1 protein to bind
to or interact with a PLTR-1 target molecule can be accomplished by
determining the activity of the target molecule. For example, the
activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting the
cellular location of target molecule, detecting catalytic/enzymatic
activity of the target molecule upon an appropriate substrate,
detecting induction of a metabolite of the target molecule (e.g.,
detecting the products of ATP hydrolysis) detecting the induction
of a reporter gene (comprising a target-responsive regulatory
element operatively linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable
marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting a target-regulated cellular
response (i.e., cell growth or differentiation).
[0839] Determining the ability of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide, or a biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to
or interact with a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 target molecule can be
accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining
direct binding. In a preferred embodiment, determining the ability
of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide to bind to or interact with a
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 target molecule can be accomplished by
determining the activity of the target molecule. For example, the
activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting
induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (i.e.,
intra-cellular Ca.sup.2+, diacylglycerol, IP.sub.3, and the like),
detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target using an
appropriate substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene
(comprising a target-responsive regulatory element operatively
linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g.,
luciferase), or detecting a target-regulated cellular response.
[0840] Determining the ability of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide, or a biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to
or interact with a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 target molecule can
be accomplished by one of the methods described above for
determining direct binding. In a preferred embodiment, determining
the ability of the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide to bind
to or interact with a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 target molecule
can be accomplished by determining the activity of the target
molecule. For example, the activity of the target molecule can be
determined by detecting the cellular location of target molecule,
detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target molecule upon
an appropriate substrate, detecting induction of a metabolite of
the target molecule (e.g., detecting the products of ATP
hydrolysis) detecting the induction of a reporter gene (comprising
a target-responsive regulatory element operatively linked to a
nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or
detecting a target-regulated cellular response (i.e., cell growth
or differentiation).
[0841] Determining the ability of the HST-4 and/or the HST-5
polypeptide, or a biologically active fragment thereof, to bind to
or interact with an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 target molecule can be
accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining
direct binding. In a preferred embodiment, determining the ability
of the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide to bind to or interact
with an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 target molecule can be accomplished
by determining the activity of the target molecule. For example,
the activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting
induction of a cellular second messenger of the target, detecting
catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target using an appropriate
substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene (comprising a
target-responsive regulatory element operatively linked to a
nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or
detecting a target-regulated cellular response.
[0842] In yet another embodiment, an assay of the present invention
is a cell-free assay in which an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or
biologically active portion (e.g., a portion which possesses the
ability to transport or interact with a substrate or target
molecule) thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to bind to the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein
or biologically active portion thereof is determined. Preferred
biologically active portions of the OAT proteins to be used in
assays of the present invention include fragments which participate
in interactions with non-OAT molecules, e.g., fragments with high
surface probability scores (see, for example, FIGS. 4 and 5).
Preferred biologically active portions of the HST-1 polypeptides to
be used in assays of the present invention include fragments which
participate in interactions with non-HST-1 molecules, e.g.,
fragments with high surface probability scores (see, for example,
FIG. 7). Preferred biologically active portions of the TP-2
polypeptides to be used in assays of the present invention include
fragments which participate in interactions with non-TP-2
molecules, e.g., fragments with high surface probability scores
(see, for example, FIG. 11). Preferred biologically active portions
of the PLTR-1 proteins to be used in assays of the present
invention include fragments which participate in interactions with
non-PLTR-1 molecules, e.g., fragments with high surface probability
scores (see, for example, FIG. 15). Preferred biologically active
portions of the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptides to be used in
assays of the present invention include fragments which participate
in interactions with non-TFM-2 and/or non-TFM-3 molecules, e.g.,
fragments with high surface probability scores (see, for example,
FIGS. 16 and 18). Preferred biologically active portions of the
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptides to be used in assays of the
present invention include fragments which participate in
interactions with non-67118, non-67067, and/or non-62092 molecules,
e.g., fragments with high surface probability scores (see, for
example, FIGS. 20, 22, and 24). Preferred biologically active
portions of the HAAT proteins to be used in assays of the present
invention include fragments which participate in interactions with
non-HAAT molecules. Preferred biologically active portions of the
HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptides to be used in assays of the
present invention include fragments which participate in
interactions with non-HST-4 and/or non-HST-5 molecules, e.g.,
fragments with high surface probability scores (see, for example,
FIGS. 29 and 30). Binding of the test compound to the OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 protein can be determined either directly or indirectly as
described above. In a preferred embodiment, the assay includes
contacting the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or biologically
active portion thereof with a known compound which binds OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture
with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test
compound to interact with an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein,
wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact
with an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein comprises determining the
ability of the test compound to preferentially bind to OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 or biologically active portion thereof as compared to the
known compound.
[0843] In another embodiment, the assay is a cell-free assay in
which a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, or biologically active
portion thereof, is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate the intrinsic fluorescence of the
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide, or biologically active portion
thereof, is monitored. It is common for a molecule's intrinsic
fluorescence to change when binding occurs with or near fluorescent
aminoacids (e.g., tryptophan and tyrosine).
[0844] In another embodiment, the assay is a cell-free assay in
which an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or biologically active
portion thereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability
of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the
activity of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or biologically
active portion thereof is determined. Determining the ability of
the test compound to modulate the activity of an OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
protein can be accomplished, for example, by determining the
ability of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein to bind to an OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 substrate or target molecule by one of the methods
described above for determining direct binding. Determining the
ability of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein to bind to an OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 substrate or target molecule can also be accomplished
using a technology such as real-time Biomolecular Interaction
Analysis (BIA). Sjolander, S. and Urbaniczky, C. (1991) Anal. Chem.
63:2338-2345 and Szabo et al. (1995) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.
5:699-705. As used herein, "BIA" is a technology for studying
biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the
interactants (e.g., BIAcore). Changes in the optical phenomenon of
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication of
real-time reactions between biological molecules.
[0845] In an alternative embodiment, determining the ability of the
test compound to modulate the activity of an OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
protein can be accomplished by determining the ability of the OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 protein to further modulate the activity of a
downstream effector of an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 target molecule. For
example, the activity of the effector molecule on an appropriate
target can be determined or the binding of the effector to an
appropriate target can be determined as previously described.
[0846] In yet another embodiment, the cell-free assay involves
contacting an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or biologically active
portion thereof with a known compound which binds to or is
transported by the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein to form an assay
mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and
determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein, wherein determining the ability of the
test compound to interact with the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein
comprises determining the ability of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein
to preferentially bind to, transport, or modulate the activity of
an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 substrate or target molecule.
[0847] The cell-free assays of the present invention are amenable
to use of both soluble and/or membrane-bound forms of isolated
proteins (e.g., OAT, PLTR-1, 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 or HAAT
proteins or biologically active portions thereof). In the case of
cell-free assays in which a membrane-bound form of an isolated
protein is used it may be desirable to utilize a solubilizing agent
such that the membrane-bound form of the isolated protein is
maintained in solution. Examples of such solubilizing agents
include non-ionic detergents such as n-octylglucoside,
n-dodecylglucoside, n-dodecylmaltoside, octanoyl-N-methylglucamide,
decanoyl-N-methylglucamide, Triton.RTM. X-100, Triton.RTM. X-114,
Thesit.RTM., Isotridecypoly(ethylene glycol ether).sub.n,
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylamminio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS),
3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylamminio]-2-hydroxy-1-propane
sulfonate (CHAPSO), or N-dodecyl=N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propane
sulfonate.
[0848] In more than one embodiment of the above assay methods of
the present invention, it may be desirable to immobilize either OAT
or its substrate or target molecule to facilitate separation of
complexed from uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins, as
well as to accommodate automation of the assay. Binding of a test
compound to an OAT protein, or interaction of an OAT protein with a
substrate or target molecule in the presence and absence of a
candidate compound, can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for
containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include
microtiter plates, test tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. In one
embodiment, a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain
that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix.
For example, glutathione-S-transferase/OAT fusion proteins or
glutathione-S-transferase/target fusion proteins can be adsorbed
onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.)
or glutathione derivatized micrometer plates, which are then
combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the
non-adsorbed target protein or OAT protein, and the mixture
incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at
physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation,
the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any
unbound components, the matrix immobilized in the case of beads,
complex determined either directly or indirectly, for example, as
described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated
from the matrix, and the level of OAT binding or activity
determined using standard techniques.
[0849] In more than one embodiment of the above assay methods of
the present invention, it may be desirable to immobilize either
HST-1 or its target molecule, either TP-2 or its target molecule,
either PLTR-1 or its target molecule, either TFM-2 or its target
molecule, either TFM-3 or its target molecule, either 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 or their target molecules, HAAT or its target
molecule, HST-4 or its target molecule, and/or HST-5 or its target
molecule, to facilitate separation of complexed from uncomplexed
forms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to accommodate
automation of the assay. Binding of a test compound to a HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptide, or interaction of a HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate
compound, can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing
the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates,
test tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. In one embodiment, a fusion
protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both
of the proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example,
glutathione-S-transferase/HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 fusion proteins or
glutathione-S-transferase/target fusion proteins can be adsorbed
onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.)
or glutathione derivatized micrometer plates, which are then
combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the
non-adsorbed target protein or HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide, and the
mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation
(e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following
incubation, the beads or micrometer plate wells are washed to
remove any unbound components, the matrix immobilized in the case
of beads, complex determined either directly or indirectly, for
example, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be
dissociated from the matrix, and the level of HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 binding
or activity determined using standard techniques.
[0850] Other techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can
also be used in the screening assays of the invention. For example,
either an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or an OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
substrate or target molecule can be immobilized utilizing
conjugation of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 protein, substrates or target molecules can be prepared from
biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques known in the
art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, Ill.),
and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates
(Pierce Chemical). Alternatively, antibodies reactive with OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 protein, substrates or target molecules but which do
not interfere with binding of the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein to its
substrate, or target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of
the plate, and unbound target or OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein
trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation. Methods for detecting
such complexes, in addition to those described above for the
GST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes
using antibodies reactive with the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 protein or
target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on
detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 protein or target molecule.
[0851] In another embodiment, modulators of OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
expression are identified in a method wherein a cell is contacted
with a candidate compound and the expression of OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
mRNA or protein in the cell is determined. The level of expression
of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or protein in the presence of the
candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 mRNA or protein in the absence of the candidate
compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a
modulator of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression based on this
comparison. For example, when expression of OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
mRNA or protein is greater (statistically significantly greater) in
the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the
candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 mRNA or protein expression. Alternatively, when expression of
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or protein is less (statistically
significantly less) in the presence of the candidate compound than
in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an
inhibitor of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or protein expression. The
level of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or protein expression in the
cells can be determined by methods described herein for detecting
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or protein.
[0852] In yet another aspect of the invention, the OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 proteins can be used as "bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay
or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos
et al. (1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem.
268:12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Biotechniques 14:920-924;
Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8:1693-1696; and Brent WO94/10300),
to identify other proteins, which bind to or interact with OAT
("OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-binding proteins" or "OAT-bp", "HST-1-bp",
"TP-2-bp", "PLTR-1-bp", "TFM-2-bp", "TFM-3-bp", "67118-bp",
"67067-bp", "62092-bp", "HAAT-bp", "HST-4-bp" and/or "HST-5-bp")
and are involved in OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity. Such OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-binding proteins are also likely to be involved in the
propagation of signals by the OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 proteins or
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 targets as, for example, downstream elements of
an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-mediated signaling pathway. Alternatively,
such OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-binding proteins may be OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
inhibitors.
[0853] The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most
transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and
activation domains. Briefly, the assay utilizes two different DNA
constructs. In one construct, the gene that codes for an OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 protein is fused to a gene encoding the DNA binding
domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4). In the other
construct, a DNA sequence, from a library of DNA sequences, that
encodes an unidentified protein ("prey" or "sample") is fused to a
gene that codes for the activation domain of the known
transcription factor. If the "bait" and the "prey" proteins are
able to interact, in vivo, forming an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-dependent complex, the DNA-binding and activation domains of
the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This
proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ)
which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site
responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter
gene can be detected and cell colonies containing the functional
transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the cloned
gene which encodes the protein which interacts with the OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 protein.
[0854] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a cell
free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of an OAT protein can be confirmed in vivo, e.g., in an animal such
as an animal model for organic anion sensitivity or an animal model
with dysregulated organic anion transport.
[0855] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a cell
free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of an HST-1 polypeptide can be confirmed in vivo, e.g., in an
animal such as an animal model for obesity, or diabetes. Examples
of animals that can be used include the transgenic mouse described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,779 that contains a mutation in an
endogenous melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4-R) gene; animals having
mutations which lead to syndromes that include obesity symptoms
(described in, for example, Friedman, J. M. et al. (1991) Mamm.
Gen. 1:130-144; Friedman, J. M. and Liebel, R. L. (1992) Cell
69:217-220; Bray, G. A. (1992) Prog. Brain Res. 93:333-341; and
Bray, G. A. (1989) Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 5:891-902); the animals
described in Stubdal H. et al. (2000) Mol. Cell Biol. 20(3):878-82
(the mouse tubby phenotype characterized by maturity-onset
obesity); the animals described in Abadie J. M. et al. Lipids
(2000) 35(6):613-20 (the obese Zucker rat (ZR), a genetic model of
human youth-onset obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus); the
animals described in Shaughnessy S. et al. (2000) Diabetes
49(6):904-11 (mice null for the adipocyte fatty acid binding
protein); or the animals described in Loskutoff D. J. et al. (2000)
Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 902:272-81 (the fat mouse). Other examples of
animals that may be used include non-recombinant, non-genetic
animal models of obesity such as, for example, rabbit, mouse, or
rat models in which the animal has been exposed to either prolonged
cold or long-term over-eating, thereby, inducing hypertrophy of BAT
and increasing BAT thermogenesis (Himms-Hagen, J. (1990), supra).
Additionally, animals created by ablation of BAT through use of
targeted expression of a toxin gene (Lowell, B. et al. (1993)
Nature 366:740-742) may be used.
[0856] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a cell
free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of a TP-2 polypeptide can be confirmed in vivo, e.g., in an animal
such as an animal model for cellular transformation and/or
tumorigenesis.
[0857] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a
cell-free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the
activity of a PLTR-1 protein can be confirmed in vivo, e.g., in an
animal such as an animal model for cellular transformation and/or
tumorigenesis.
[0858] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a cell
free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide can be confirmed in vivo, e.g.,
in an animal such as an animal model for cellular transformation
and/or tumorigenesis, an animal model for obesity, or an animal
model for a deficiency in sugar transport. Examples of animals that
can be used include animals having mutations which lead to
syndromes that include obesity symptoms (described in, for example,
Friedman, J. M. et al. (1991) Mamm. Gen. 1:130-144; Friedman, J. M.
and Liebel, R. L. (1992) Cell 69:217-220; Bray, G. A. (1992) Prog.
Brain Res. 93:333-341; and Bray, G. A. (1989) Amer. J. Clin. Nutr.
5:891-902); the animals described in Stubdal H. et al. (2000) Mol.
Cell Biol. 20(3):878-82 (the mouse tubby phenotype characterized by
maturity-onset obesity); the animals described in Abadie J. M. et
al. Lipids (2000) 35(6):613-20 (the obese Zucker rat (ZR), a
genetic model of human youth-onset obesity and type 2 diabetes
mellitus); the animals described in Shaughnessy S. et al. (2000)
Diabetes 49(6):904-11 (mice null for the adipocyte fatty acid
binding protein); or the animals described in Loskutoff D. J. et
al. (2000) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 902:272-81 (the fat mouse).
[0859] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a cell
free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide can be confirmed in
vivo, e.g., in an animal such as an animal model for cellular
transformation and/or tumorigenesis, such as animal models for
colon cancer or lung cancer. Animal based models for studying
tumorigenesis in vivo are well known in the art (reviewed in Animal
Models of Cancer Predisposition Syndromes, Hiai, H and Hino, O
(eds.) 1999, Progress in Experimental Tumor Research, Vol. 35;
Clarke A R Carcinogenesis (2000) 21:435-41) and include, for
example, carcinogen-induced tumors (Rithidech, K et al. Mutat. Res.
(1999) 428:33-39; Miller, M. L. et al. Environ Mol Mutagen (2000)
35:319-327), injection and/or transplantation of tumor cells into
an animal, as well as animals bearing mutations in growth
regulatory genes, for example, oncogenes (e.g., ras) (Arbeit, J M
et al. Am J Pathol (1993) 142:1187-1197; Sinn, E et al. Cell (1987)
49:465-475; Thorgeirsson, S S et al. Toxicol Lett (2000)
112-113:553-555) and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p 53) (Vooijs, M
et al. Oncogene (1999) 18:5293-5303; Clark A R Cancer Metast Rev
(1995) 14:125-148; Kumar, T R et al. J Intern Med (1995)
238:233-238; Donehower, L A et al. (1992) Nature 356215-221).
Furthermore, experimental model systems are available for the study
of, for example, ovarian cancer (Hamilton, T C et al. Semin Oncol
(1984) 11:285-298; Rahman, N A et al. Mol Cell Endocrinol (1998)
145:167-174; Beamer, W G et al. Toxicol Pathol (1998) 26:704-710),
gastric cancer (Thompson, J et al. (2000) Int. J. Cancer
86:863-869; Fodde, R et al. Cytogenet Cell Genet (1999)
86:105-111), breast cancer (Li, M et al. Oncogene (2000)
19:1010-1019; Green, J E et al. Oncogene (2000) 19:1020-1027),
melanoma (Satyamoorthy, K et al. Cancer Metast Rev (1999)
18:401-405), and prostate cancer (Shirai, T et al. Mutat. Res.
(2000) 462:219-226; Bostwick, D G et al. Prostate (2000)
43:286-294).
[0860] In yet another aspect of the invention, the HAAT proteins
can be used as "bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay or
three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos et
al. (1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem.
268:12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Biotechniques 14:920-924;
Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8:1693-1696; and Brent WO94/10300)
to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with HAAT
("HAAT-binding proteins" or "HAAT-bp") and are involved in HAAT
activity.
[0861] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination
of two or more of the assays described herein. For example, a
modulating agent can be identified using a cell-based or a cell
free assay, and the ability of the agent to modulate the activity
of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide can be confirmed in vivo,
e.g., in animal models for obesity, anorexia, type-1 diabetes,
type-2 diabetes, hypoglycemia, glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke
disease), type I glycogenosis, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective
disorder, cluster B personality disorders, cellular transformation,
and/or tumorigenesis. Examples of animal models which may be used
include animals having mutations which lead to syndromes that
include obesity symptoms (described in, for example, Friedman, J.
M. et al. (1991) Mamm. Gen. 1:130-144; Friedman, J. M. and Liebel,
R. L. (1992) Cell 69:217-220; Bray, G. A. (1992) Prog. Brain Res.
93:333-341; and Bray, G. A. (1989) Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 5:891-902);
the animals described in Stubdal H. et al. (2000) Mol. Cell Biol.
20(3):878-82 (the mouse tubby phenotype characterized by
maturity-onset obesity); the animals described in Abadie J. M. et
al. Lipids (2000) 35(6):613-20 (the obese Zucker rat (ZR), a
genetic model of human youth-onset obesity and type 2 diabetes
mellitus); the animals described in Shaughnessy S. et al. (2000)
Diabetes 49(6):904-11 (mice null for the adipocyte fatty acid
binding protein); or the animals described in Loskutoff D. J. et
al. (2000) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 902:272-81 (the fat mouse).
[0862] This invention further pertains to novel agents identified
by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within
the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as
described herein in an appropriate animal model. For example, an
agent identified as described herein (e.g., an OAT substrate, an
OAT target molecule, an OAT modulating agent, an antisense OAT
nucleic acid molecule, an OAT-specific antibody, or an OAT binding
partner, an HST-1 modulating agent, an antisense HST-1 nucleic acid
molecule, an HST-1-specific antibody, or an HST-1-binding partner,
a TP-2 modulating agent, an antisense TP-2 nucleic acid molecule, a
TP-2-specific antibody, or a TP-2-binding partner, a PLTR-1
modulating agent, an antisense PLTR-1 nucleic acid molecule, a
PLTR-1-specific antibody, or a PLTR-1 binding partner, a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 modulating agent, an anti sense TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
nucleic acid molecule, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-specific antibody, or a
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-binding partner, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
modulating agent, an antisense 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 nucleic
acid molecule, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092-specific antibody, or a
67118, 67067, and/or 62092-binding partner, a HAAT modulating
agent, an antisense HAAT nucleic acid molecule, a HAAT-specific
antibody, or a HAAT binding partner, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
modulating agent, an antisense HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid
molecules, an HST-4- and/or an HST-5-specific antibody, or an
HST-4- and/or an HST-5-binding partner) can be used in an animal
model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of
treatment with such an agent. Alternatively, an agent identified as
described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the
mechanism of action of such an agent. Furthermore, this invention
pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described
screening assays for treatments as described herein.
C. Detection Assays
[0863] Portions or fragments of the cDNA sequences identified
herein (and the corresponding complete gene sequences) can be used
in numerous ways as polynucleotide reagents. For example, these
sequences can be used to: (i) map their respective genes on a
chromosome; and, thus, locate gene regions associated with genetic
disease; (ii) identify an individual from a minute biological
sample (tissue typing); and (iii) aid in forensic identification of
a biological sample. These applications are described in the
subsections below.
1. Chromosome Mapping
[0864] Once the sequence (or a portion of the sequence) of a gene
has been isolated, this sequence can be used to map the location of
the gene on a chromosome. This process is called chromosome
mapping. Accordingly, portions or fragments of the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 nucleotide sequences, described herein, can be
used to map the location of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5
genes on a chromosome. The mapping of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 sequences to chromosomes is an important first step in
correlating these sequences with genes associated with disease.
[0865] Briefly, MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 genes can be mapped
to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp in
length) from the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 nucleotide
sequences. Computer analysis of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 sequences can be used to predict primers that do not span
more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thus complicating the
amplification process. These primers can then be used for PCR
screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human
chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene
corresponding to the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 sequences will
yield an amplified fragment.
[0866] Somatic cell hybrids are prepared by fusing somatic cells
from different mammals (e.g., human and mouse cells). As hybrids of
human and mouse cells grow and divide, they gradually lose human
chromosomes in random order, but retain the mouse chromosomes. By
using media in which mouse cells cannot grow, because they lack a
particular enzyme, but human cells can, the one human chromosome
that contains the gene encoding the needed enzyme, will be
retained. By using various media, panels of hybrid cell lines can
be established. Each cell line in a panel contains either a single
human chromosome or a small number of human chromosomes, and a full
set of mouse chromosomes, allowing easy mapping of individual genes
to specific human chromosomes. (D'Eustachio P. et al. (1983)
Science 220:919-924). Somatic cell hybrids containing only
fragments of human chromosomes can also be produced by using human
chromosomes with translocations and deletions.
[0867] PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure for
assigning a particular sequence to a particular chromosome. Three
or more sequences can be assigned per day using a single thermal
cycler. Using the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 nucleotide
sequences to design oligonucleotide primers, sublocalization can be
achieved with panels of fragments from specific chromosomes. Other
mapping strategies which can similarly be used to map an MTP-1, an
OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a
67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 sequence to its
chromosome include in situ hybridization (described in Fan, Y. et
al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6223-27), pre-screening
with labeled flow-sorted chromosomes, and pre-selection by
hybridization to chromosome specific cDNA libraries.
[0868] Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a DNA sequence
to a metaphase chromosomal spread can further be used to provide a
precise chromosomal location in one step. Chromosome spreads can be
made using cells whose division has been blocked in metaphase by a
chemical such as colcemid that disrupts the mitotic spindle. The
chromosomes can be treated briefly with trypsin, and then stained
with Giemsa. A pattern of light and dark bands develops on each
chromosome, so that the chromosomes can be identified individually.
The FISH technique can be used with a DNA sequence as short as 500
or 600 bases. However, clones larger than 1,000 bases have a higher
likelihood of binding to a unique chromosomal location with
sufficient signal intensity for simple detection. Preferably 1,000
bases, and more preferably 2,000 bases will suffice to get good
results at a reasonable amount of time. For a review of this
technique, see Verma et al., Human Chromosomes: A Manual of Basic
Techniques (Pergamon Press, New York 1988).
[0869] Reagents for chromosome mapping can be used individually to
mark a single chromosome or a single site on that chromosome, or
panels of reagents can be used for marking multiple sites and/or
multiple chromosomes. Reagents corresponding to noncoding regions
of the genes actually are preferred for mapping purposes. Coding
sequences are more likely to be conserved within gene families,
thus increasing the chance of cross hybridizations during
chromosomal mapping.
[0870] Once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomal
location, the physical position of the sequence on the chromosome
can be correlated with genetic map data. (Such data are found, for
example, in V. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man, available
on-line through Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library).
The relationship between a gene and a disease, mapped to the same
chromosomal region, can then be identified through linkage analysis
(co-inheritance of physically adjacent genes), described in, for
example, Egeland, J. et al. (1987) Nature, 325:783-787.
[0871] Moreover, differences in the DNA sequences between
individuals affected and unaffected with a disease associated with
the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 gene, can be determined. If a
mutation is observed in some or all of the affected individuals but
not in any unaffected individuals, then the mutation is likely to
be the causative agent of the particular disease. Comparison of
affected and unaffected individuals generally involves first
looking for structural alterations in the chromosomes, such as
deletions or translocations that are visible from chromosome
spreads or detectable using PCR based on that DNA sequence.
Ultimately, complete sequencing of genes from several individuals
can be performed to confirm the presence of a mutation and to
distinguish mutations from polymorphisms.
2. Tissue Typing
[0872] The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 sequences of the present
invention can also be used to identify individuals from minute
biological samples. The United States military, for example, is
considering the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP) for identification of its personnel. In this technique, an
individual's genomic DNA is digested with one or more restriction
enzymes, and probed on a Southern blot to yield unique bands for
identification. This method does not suffer from the current
limitations of "Dog Tags" which can be lost, switched, or stolen,
making positive identification difficult. The sequences of the
present invention are useful as additional DNA markers for RFLP
(described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,057).
[0873] Furthermore, the sequences of the present invention can be
used to provide an alternative technique which determines the
actual base-by-base DNA sequence of selected portions of an
individual's genome. Thus, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5
nucleotide sequences described herein can be used to prepare two
PCR primers from the 5' and 3' ends of the sequences. These primers
can then be used to amplify an individual's DNA and subsequently
sequence it.
[0874] Panels of corresponding DNA sequences from individuals,
prepared in this manner, can provide unique individual
identifications, as each individual will have a unique set of such
DNA sequences due to allelic differences. The sequences of the
present invention can be used to obtain such identification
sequences from individuals and from tissue. The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
the HST-5 nucleotide sequences of the invention uniquely represent
portions of the human genome. Allelic variation occurs to some
degree in the coding regions of these sequences, and to a greater
degree in the noncoding regions. It is estimated that allelic
variation between individual humans occurs with a frequency of
about once per each 500 bases. Each of the sequences described
herein can, to some degree, be used as a standard against which DNA
from an individual can be compared for identification purposes.
Because greater numbers of polymorphisms occur in the noncoding
regions, fewer sequences are necessary to differentiate
individuals. The noncoding sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, 4, 7, 12, 15,
19, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 51, 54 or 57 can comfortably provide
positive individual identification with a panel of perhaps 10 to
1,000 primers which each yield a noncoding amplified sequence of
100 bases. If predicted coding sequences, such as those in SEQ ID
NO:3, 6, 9, 14, 17, 21, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 53, 56, or 59 are used,
a more appropriate number of primers for positive individual
identification would be 500-2,000.
[0875] If a panel of reagents from MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
nucleotide sequences described herein is used to generate a unique
identification database for an individual, those same reagents can
later be used to identify tissue from that individual. Using the
unique identification database, positive identification of the
individual, living or dead, can be made from extremely small tissue
samples.
3. Use of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5 Sequences in Forensic
Biology
[0876] DNA-based identification techniques can also be used in
forensic biology. Forensic biology is a scientific field employing
genetic typing of biological evidence found at a crime scene as a
means for positively identifying, for example, a perpetrator of a
crime. To make such an identification, PCR technology can be used
to amplify DNA sequences taken from very small biological samples
such as tissues, e.g., hair or skin, or body fluids, e.g., blood,
saliva, or semen found at a crime scene. The amplified sequence can
then be compared to a standard, thereby allowing identification of
the origin of the biological sample.
[0877] The sequences of the present invention can be used to
provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., PCR primers, targeted to
specific loci in the human genome, which can enhance the
reliability of DNA-based forensic identifications by, for example,
providing another "identification marker" (i.e. another DNA
sequence that is unique to a particular individual). As mentioned
above, actual base sequence information can be used for
identification as an accurate alternative to patterns formed by
restriction enzyme generated fragments. Sequences targeted to
noncoding regions of SEQ ID NO:1, 4, 7, 12, 15, 19, 27, 30, 33, 36,
39, 51, 54 or 57 are particularly appropriate for this use as
greater numbers of polymorphisms occur in the noncoding regions,
making it easier to differentiate individuals using this technique.
Examples of polynucleotide reagents include the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
the HST-5 nucleotide sequences or portions thereof, e.g., fragments
derived from the noncoding regions of SEQ ID NO:1, 4, 7, 12, 15,
19, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 51, 54 or 57 having a length of at least 20
bases, preferably at least 30 bases.
[0878] The MTP-1 nucleotide sequences described herein can further
be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled or
labelable probes which can be used in, for example, an in situ
hybridization technique, to identify a specific tissue, e.g.,
thymus or brain tissue. This can be very useful in cases where a
forensic pathologist is presented with a tissue of unknown origin.
Panels of such MTP-1 probes can be used to identify tissue by
species and/or by organ type.
[0879] The OAT nucleotide sequences described herein can further be
used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled or labelable
probes which can be used in, for example, an in situ hybridization
technique, to identify a specific tissue, e.g., an OAT-expressing
tissue. This can be very useful in cases where a forensic
pathologist is presented with a tissue of unknown origin. Panels of
such OAT probes can be used to identify tissue by species and/or by
organ type.
[0880] The PLTR-1 or HAAT nucleotide sequences described herein can
further be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled
or labelable probes which can be used in, for example, an in situ
hybridization technique, to identify a specific tissue, e.g., a
tissue which expresses PLTR-1 or a tissue which expresses HAAT.
This can be very useful in cases where a forensic pathologist is
presented with a tissue of unknown origin. Panels of such PLTR-1 or
HAAT probes can be used to identify tissue by species and/or by
organ type.
[0881] The HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 nucleotide sequences described herein can further
be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled or
labelable probes which can be used in, for example, an in situ
hybridization technique, to identify a specific tissue, e.g., brain
tissue. This can be very useful in cases where a forensic
pathologist is presented with a tissue of unknown origin. Panels of
such HST-1, TP-2, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 probes can be used to identify tissue by species and/or by
organ type.
[0882] In a similar fashion, these reagents, e.g., MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 primers or probes can be used to screen tissue culture
for contamination (i.e. screen for the presence of a mixture of
different types of cells in a culture).
D. Predictive Medicine:
[0883] The present invention also pertains to the field of
predictive medicine in which diagnostic assays, prognostic assays,
and monitoring clinical trials are used for prognostic (predictive)
purposes to thereby treat an individual prophylactically.
Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention relates to
diagnostic assays for determining MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide and/or nucleic acid expression as well as MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 activity, in the context of a biological sample (e.g.,
blood, serum, cells, tissue) to thereby determine whether an
individual is afflicted with a disease or disorder, or is at risk
of developing a disorder, associated with aberrant or unwanted
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity. The invention also
provides for prognostic (or predictive) assays for determining
whether an individual is at risk of developing a disorder
associated with MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, nucleic
acid expression or activity. For example, mutations in an MTP-1,
OAT, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or an HST-5 gene can be assayed in a biological sample. Such
assays can be used for prognostic or predictive purpose to thereby
prophylactically treat an individual prior to the onset of a
disorder characterized by or associated with MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptides, nucleic acid expression or activity.
[0884] Another aspect of the invention pertains to monitoring the
influence of agents (e.g., drugs, compounds) on the expression or
activity of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 in clinical trials.
[0885] These and other agents are described in further detail in
the following sections.
1. Regarding MTP-1
[0886] The present invention encompasses methods for diagnostic and
prognostic evaluation of hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or
lipid metabolism-related disorders or diseases, e.g.,
atherogenesis, including, but not limited to colon cancer and lung
cancer, and for the identification of subjects exhibiting a
predisposition to such conditions.
[0887] An exemplary method for detecting the presence or absence of
MTP-1 protein or nucleic acid in a biological sample involves
obtaining a biological sample from a test subject and contacting
the biological sample with a compound or an agent capable of
detecting MTP-1 protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA, or genomic
DNA) that encodes MTP-1 protein such that the presence of MTP-1
protein or nucleic acid is detected in the biological sample. A
preferred agent for detecting MTP-1 mRNA or genomic DNA is a
labeled nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing to MTP-1 mRNA or
genomic DNA. The nucleic acid probe can be, for example, the MTP-1
nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, or a portion thereof,
such as an oligonucleotide of at least 15, 30, 50, 100, 250 or 500
nucleotides in length and sufficient to specifically hybridize
under stringent conditions to MTP-1 mRNA or genomic DNA. Other
suitable probes for use in the diagnostic assays of the invention
are described herein.
2. Regarding OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5
[0888] An exemplary method for detecting the presence or absence of
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or nucleic acids in a biological
sample involves obtaining a biological sample from a test subject
and contacting the biological sample with a compound or an agent
capable of detecting OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or nucleic
acids (e.g., mRNA, or genomic DNA) that encodes OAT, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides such that the presence of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides or nucleic acids is detected in the biological sample.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for
detecting the presence of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity in a
biological sample by contacting the biological sample with an agent
capable of detecting an indicator of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
activity such that the presence of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity is
detected in the biological sample. A preferred agent for detecting
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or genomic DNA is a labeled nucleic acid
probe capable of hybridizing to OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or
genomic DNA. The nucleic acid probe can be, for example, the OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 7, 9,
12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 51,
53, 54, 56, 57, or 59, or a portion thereof, such as an
oligonucleotide of at least 15, 30, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides
in length and sufficient to specifically hybridize under stringent
conditions to OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA or genomic DNA. Other suitable
probes for use in the diagnostic assays of the invention are
described herein.
3. Diagnostic Assays
[0889] A preferred agent for detecting MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides is an antibody capable of binding to MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptides, preferably an antibody with a detectable
label. Antibodies can be polyclonal, or more preferably,
monoclonal. An intact antibody, or a fragment thereof (e.g., Fab or
F(ab')2) can be used. The term "labeled", with regard to the probe
or antibody, is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe
or antibody by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable
substance to the probe or antibody, as well as indirect labeling of
the probe or antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is
directly labeled. Examples of indirect labeling include detection
of a primary antibody using a fluorescently labeled secondary
antibody and end-labeling of a DNA probe with biotin such that it
can be detected with fluorescently labeled streptavidin. The term
"biological sample" is intended to include tissues, cells and
biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues,
cells and fluids present within a subject. That is, the detection
method of the invention can be used to detect MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 mRNA, polypeptides, or genomic DNA in a biological sample in
vitro as well as in vivo. For example, in vitro techniques for
detection of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 mRNA include Northern
hybridizations and in situ hybridizations. In vitro techniques for
detection of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides include enzyme
linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots,
immunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence. In vitro techniques
for detection of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 genomic DNA include
Southern hybridizations. Furthermore, in vivo techniques for
detection of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides include
introducing into a subject a labeled anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT,
anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1, anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3,
anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092, anti-HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or
anti-HST-5 antibody. For example, the antibody can be labeled with
a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can
be detected by standard imaging techniques.
[0890] The present invention also provides diagnostic assays for
identifying the presence or absence of a genetic alteration
characterized by at least one of (i) aberrant modification or
mutation of a gene encoding an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide;
(ii) aberrant expression of a gene encoding an OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide; (iii) mis-regulation of the gene; and (iv) aberrant
post-translational modification of an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide, wherein a wild-type form of the gene encodes a
polypeptide with an OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 an activity. "Misexpression
or aberrant expression", as used herein, refers to a non-wild type
pattern of gene expression, at the RNA or protein level. It
includes, but is not limited to, expression at non-wild type levels
(e.g., over or under expression); a pattern of expression that
differs from wild type in terms of the time or stage at which the
gene is expressed (e.g., increased or decreased expression (as
compared with wild type) at a predetermined developmental period or
stage); a pattern of expression that differs from wild type in
terms of decreased expression (as compared with wild type) in a
predetermined cell type or tissue type; a pattern of expression
that differs from wild type in terms of the splicing size, amino
acid sequence, post-transitional modification, or biological
activity of the expressed polypeptide; a pattern of expression that
differs from wild type in terms of the effect of an environmental
stimulus or extracellular stimulus on expression of the gene (e.g.,
a pattern of increased or decreased expression (as compared with
wild type) in the presence of an increase or decrease in the
strength of the stimulus).
[0891] In one embodiment, the biological sample contains protein
molecules from the test subject. Alternatively, the biological
sample can contain mRNA molecules from the test subject or genomic
DNA molecules from the test subject. A preferred biological sample
is a serum sample isolated by conventional means from a
subject.
[0892] In another embodiment, the methods further involve obtaining
a control biological sample from a control subject, contacting the
control sample with a compound or agent capable of detecting MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, mRNA, or genomic DNA, such that
the presence of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, mRNA or
genomic DNA is detected in the biological sample, and comparing the
presence of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides, mRNA or
genomic DNA in the control sample with the presence of MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptides, mRNA or genomic DNA in the test
sample.
[0893] The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the
presence of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 in a biological sample. For
example, the kit can comprise a labeled compound or agent capable
of detecting MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or mRNA in a
biological sample; means for determining the amount of MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 in the sample; and means for comparing the amount of
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 in the sample with a standard. The
compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container. The kit
can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detect
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or nucleic acid.
4. Prognostic Assays
[0894] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted MTP-1
expression or activity. As used herein, the term "aberrant"
includes an MTP-1 expression or activity which deviates from the
wild type MTP-1 expression or activity. Aberrant expression or
activity includes increased or decreased expression or activity, as
well as expression or activity which does not follow the wild type
developmental pattern of expression or the subcellular pattern of
expression. For example, aberrant MTP-1 expression or activity is
intended to include the cases in which a mutation in the MTP-1 gene
causes the MTP-1 gene to be under-expressed or over-expressed and
situations in which such mutations result in a non-functional MTP-1
protein or a protein which does not function in a wild-type
fashion, e.g., a protein which does not interact with an MTP-1
substrate, or one which interacts with a non-MTP-1 substrate. As
used herein, the term "unwanted" includes an unwanted phenomenon
involved in a biological response such as inflammation and/or lipid
metabolism. For example, the term unwanted includes an MTP-1
expression or activity which is undesirable in a subject.
[0895] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in MTP-1 protein activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disorder, a CNS
disorder (e.g., a cognitive or neurodegenerative disorder), a
cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration
disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, musculoskeletal disorder, an
immune disorder, or a hormonal disorder. Alternatively, the
prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a subject having or
at risk for developing a disorder associated with a misregulation
in MTP-1 protein activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a
hematopoietic disorder, an immunological disorder, a lipid
metabolism-related disorder, a CNS disorder, a cellular
proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorder, a
musculoskeletal disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, an immune
disorder, or a hormonal disorder. Thus, the present invention
provides a method for identifying a disease or disorder associated
with aberrant or unwanted MTP-1 expression or activity in which a
test sample is obtained from a subject and MTP-1 protein or nucleic
acid (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) is detected, wherein the presence
of MTP-1 protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject having
or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted MTP-1 expression or activity. As used herein,
a "test sample" refers to a biological sample obtained from a
subject of interest. For example, a test sample can be a biological
fluid (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid or serum), cell sample, or
tissue.
[0896] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted MTP-1
expression or activity. For example, such methods can be used to
determine whether a subject can be effectively treated with an
agent for a hematopoietic disorder, an immunological disorder, a
lipid metabolism-related disorder, a CNS disorder, a muscular
disorder, a cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
migration disorder, an immune disorder, or a hormonal disorder.
Thus, the present invention provides methods for determining
whether a subject can be effectively treated with an agent for a
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted MTP-1 expression or
activity in which a test sample is obtained and MTP-1 protein or
nucleic acid expression or activity is detected (e.g., wherein the
abundance of MTP-1 protein or nucleic acid expression or activity
is diagnostic for a subject that can be administered the agent to
treat a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted MTP-1
expression or activity).
[0897] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in an MTP-1 gene, thereby determining if a
subject with the altered gene is at risk for a disorder
characterized by misregulation in MTP-1 protein activity or nucleic
acid expression, such as a hematopoietic disorder, an immunological
disorder, a lipid metabolism-related disorder, a CNS disorder, a
musculoskeletal disorder, a cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, or migration disorder, a cardiovascular disorder,
an immune disorder, or a hormonal disorder. In preferred
embodiments, the methods include detecting, in a sample of cells
from the subject, the presence or absence of a genetic alteration
characterized by at least one of an alteration affecting the
integrity of a gene encoding an MTP-1-protein, or the
mis-expression of the MTP-1 gene. For example, such genetic
alterations can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at
least one of 1) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from an MTP-1
gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to an MTP-1 gene;
3) a substitution of one or more nucleotides of an MTP-1 gene, 4) a
chromosomal rearrangement of an MTP-1 gene; 5) an alteration in the
level of a messenger RNA transcript of an MTP-1 gene, 6) aberrant
modification of an MTP-1 gene, such as of the methylation pattern
of the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing
pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of an MTP-1 gene, 8) a
non-wild type level of an MTP-1-protein, 9) allelic loss of an
MTP-1 gene, and 10) inappropriate post-translational modification
of an MTP-1-protein. As described herein, there are a large number
of assays known in the art which can be used for detecting
alterations in an MTP-1 gene. A preferred biological sample is a
tissue or serum sample isolated by conventional means from a
subject.
[0898] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT
expression or activity. As used herein, the term "aberrant"
includes an OAT expression or activity which deviates from the wild
type OAT expression or activity. Aberrant expression or activity
includes increased or decreased expression or activity, as well as
expression or activity which does not follow the wild type
developmental pattern of expression or the subcellular pattern of
expression. For example, aberrant OAT expression or activity is
intended to include the cases in which a mutation in the OAT gene
causes the OAT gene to be under-expressed or over-expressed and
situations in which such mutations result in a non-functional OAT
protein or a protein which does not function in a wild-type
fashion, e.g., a protein which does not interact with or transport
an OAT substrate or target molecule, or one which interacts with a
non-OAT substrate or target molecule. As used herein, the term
"unwanted" includes an unwanted phenomenon involved in a biological
response such as the improper cellular localization of an OAT
substrate or deregulated cell proliferation. For example, the term
unwanted includes an OAT expression or activity which is
undesirable in a subject.
[0899] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing an OAT
associated disorder, e.g., a disorder associated with a
misregulation in OAT protein activity or nucleic acid expression,
such as a CNS disorder (e.g., a cognitive or neurodegenerative
disorder), a cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
migration disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a musculoskeletal
disorder, an immune disorder, or a hormonal disorder.
Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a
subject having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with
a misregulation in OAT protein activity or nucleic acid expression,
such as a CNS disorder (e.g., a cognitive or neurodegenerative
disorder), a cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
migration disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a musculoskeletal
disorder, an immune disorder, or a hormonal disorder. Thus, the
present invention provides a method for identifying a disease or
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT expression or
activity in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and OAT
protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) is detected,
wherein the presence of OAT protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic
for a subject having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT expression or activity. As
used herein, a "test sample" refers to a biological sample obtained
from a subject of interest. For example, a test sample can be a
biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample, or tissue.
[0900] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT
expression or activity. For example, such methods can be used to
determine whether a subject can be effectively treated with an
agent for a CNS disorder (e.g., a cognitive or neurodegenerative
disorder), a cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
migration disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a musculoskeletal
disorder, an immune disorder, or a hormonal disorder. Thus, the
present invention provides methods for determining whether a
subject can be effectively treated with an agent for a disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT expression or activity in
which a test sample is obtained and OAT protein or nucleic acid
expression or activity is detected (e.g., wherein the abundance of
OAT protein or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic
for a subject that can be administered the agent to treat a
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT expression or
activity).
[0901] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in an OAT gene, thereby determining if a
subject with the altered gene is at risk for a disorder
characterized by misregulation in OAT protein activity or nucleic
acid expression, such as a CNS disorder (e.g., a cognitive or
neurodegenerative disorder), a cellular proliferation, growth,
differentiation, or migration disorder, a cardiovascular disorder,
a musculoskeletal disorder, an immune disorder, or a hormonal
disorder. In preferred embodiments, the methods include detecting,
in a sample of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a
genetic alteration characterized by at least one of an alteration
affecting the integrity of a gene encoding an OAT-protein, or the
mis-expression of the OAT gene. For example, such genetic
alterations can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at
least one of 1) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from an OAT
gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to an OAT gene; 3)
a substitution of one or more nucleotides of an OAT gene, 4) a
chromosomal rearrangement of an OAT gene; 5) an alteration in the
level of a messenger RNA transcript of an OAT gene, 6) aberrant
modification of an OAT gene, such as of the methylation pattern of
the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing
pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of an OAT gene, 8) a non-wild
type level of an OAT-protein, 9) allelic loss of an OAT gene, and
10) inappropriate post-translational modification of an
OAT-protein. As described herein, there are a large number of
assays known in the art which can be used for detecting alterations
in an OAT gene. A preferred biological sample is a tissue or serum
sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.
[0902] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-1
expression or activity. As used herein, the term "aberrant"
includes an HST-1 expression or activity which deviates from the
wild type HST-1 expression or activity. Aberrant expression or
activity includes increased or decreased expression or activity, as
well as expression or activity which does not follow the wild type
developmental pattern of expression or the subcellular pattern of
expression. For example, aberrant HST-1 expression, or activity is
intended to include the cases in which a mutation in the HST-1 gene
causes the HST-1 gene to be under-expressed or over-expressed and
situations in which such mutations result in a non-functional HST-1
polypeptide or a polypeptide which does not function in a wild-type
fashion, e.g., a polypeptide which does not interact with an HST-1
substrate, e.g., a sugar transporter subunit or ligand, or one
which interacts with a non-HST-1 substrate, e.g. a non-sugar
transporter subunit or ligand. As used herein, the term "unwanted"
includes an unwanted phenomenon involved in a biological response,
such as cellular proliferation. For example, the term unwanted
includes an HST-1 expression or activity which is undesirable in a
subject.
[0903] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in HST-1 polypeptide activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a sugar transporter disorder.
Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a
subject having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with
a misregulation in HST-1 polypeptide activity or nucleic acid
expression, such as a sugar transporter disorder. Thus, the present
invention provides a method for identifying a disease or disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-1 expression or activity
in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and HST-1
polypeptide or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) is
detected, wherein the presence of HST-1 polypeptide or nucleic acid
is diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-1
expression or activity. As used herein, a "test sample" refers to a
biological sample obtained from a subject of interest. For example,
a test sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample,
or tissue.
[0904] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-1
expression or activity. For example, such methods can be used to
determine whether a subject can be effectively treated with an
agent for a sugar transporter disorder. Thus, the present invention
provides methods for determining whether a subject can be
effectively treated with an agent for a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted HST-1 expression or activity in which a test
sample is obtained and HST-1 polypeptide or nucleic acid expression
or activity is detected (e.g., wherein the abundance of HST-1
polypeptide or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic
for a subject that can be administered the agent to treat a
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-1 expression or
activity).
[0905] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in an HST-1 gene, thereby determining if a
subject with the altered gene is at risk for a disorder
characterized by misregulation in HST-1 polypeptide activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a sugar transporter disorder, a
sugar homeostasis disorder, or a disorder of cellular growth,
differentiation, or migration. In preferred embodiments, the
methods include detecting, in a sample of cells from the subject,
the presence or absence of a genetic alteration characterized by at
least one of an alteration affecting the integrity of a gene
encoding an HST-1-polypeptide, or the mis-expression of the HST-1
gene. For example, such genetic alterations can be detected by
ascertaining the existence of at least one of 1) a deletion of one
or more nucleotides from an HST-1 gene; 2) an addition of one or
more nucleotides to an HST-1 gene; 3) a substitution of one or more
nucleotides of an HST-1 gene, 4) a chromosomal rearrangement of an
HST-1 gene; 5) an alteration in the level of a messenger RNA
transcript of an HST-1 gene, 6) aberrant modification of an HST-1
gene, such as of the methylation pattern of the genomic DNA, 7) the
presence of a non-wild type splicing pattern of a messenger RNA
transcript of an HST-1 gene, 8) a non-wild type level of an
HST-1-polypeptide, 9) allelic loss of an HST-1 gene, and 10)
inappropriate post-translational modification of an
HST-1-polypeptide. As described herein, there are a large number of
assays known in the art which can be used for detecting alterations
in an HST-1 gene. A preferred biological sample is a tissue or
serum sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.
[0906] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TP-2
expression or activity. As used herein, the term "aberrant"
includes a TP-2 expression or activity which deviates from the wild
type TP-2 expression or activity. Aberrant expression or activity
includes increased or decreased expression or activity, as well as
expression or activity which does not follow the wild type
developmental pattern of expression or the subcellular pattern of
expression. For example, aberrant TP-2 expression or activity is
intended to include the cases in which a mutation in the TP-2 gene
causes the TP-2 gene to be under-expressed or over-expressed and
situations in which such mutations result in a non-functional TP-2
polypeptide or a polypeptide which does not function in a wild-type
fashion, e.g., a polypeptide which does not interact with a TP-2
substrate, e.g., a transporter subunit or ligand, or one which
interacts with a non-TP-2 substrate, e.g. a non-transporter subunit
or ligand. As used herein, the term "unwanted" includes an unwanted
phenomenon involved in a biological response, such as cellular
proliferation. For example, the term unwanted includes a TP-2
expression or activity which is undesirable in a subject.
[0907] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in TP-2 polypeptide activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a transporter-associated disorder.
Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a
subject having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with
a misregulation in TP-2 polypeptide activity or nucleic acid
expression, such as a transporter-associated disorder. Thus, the
present invention provides a method for identifying a disease or
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TP-2 expression or
activity in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and TP-2
polypeptide or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) is
detected, wherein the presence of TP-2 polypeptide or nucleic acid
is diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TP-2
expression or activity. As used herein, a "test sample" refers to a
biological sample obtained from a subject of interest. For example,
a test sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample,
or tissue.
[0908] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TP-2
expression or activity. For example, such methods can be used to
determine whether a subject can be effectively treated with an
agent for a transporter-associated disorder. Thus, the present
invention provides methods for determining whether a subject can be
effectively treated with an agent for a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted TP-2 expression or activity in which a test
sample is obtained and TP-2 polypeptide or nucleic acid expression
or activity is detected (e.g., wherein the abundance of TP-2
polypeptide or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic
for a subject that can be administered the agent to treat a
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TP-2 expression or
activity).
[0909] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in a TP-2 gene, thereby determining if a
subject with the altered gene is at risk for a disorder
characterized by misregulation in TP-2 polypeptide activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a transporter-associated disorder.
In preferred embodiments, the methods include detecting, in a
sample of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a
genetic alteration characterized by at least one of an alteration
affecting the integrity of a gene encoding a TP-2 -polypeptide, or
the mis-expression of the TP-2 gene. For example, such genetic
alterations can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at
least one of 1) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from a TP-2
gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to a TP-2 gene; 3)
a substitution of one or more nucleotides of a TP-2 gene, 4) a
chromosomal rearrangement of a TP-2 gene; 5) an alteration in the
level of a messenger RNA transcript of a TP-2 gene, 6) aberrant
modification of a TP-2 gene, such as of the methylation pattern of
the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing
pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of a TP-2 gene, 8) a non-wild
type level of a TP-2-polypeptide, 9) allelic loss of a TP-2 gene,
and 10) inappropriate post-translational modification of a
TP-2-polypeptide. As described herein, there are a large number of
assays known in the art which can be used for detecting alterations
in a TP-2 gene. A preferred biological sample is a tissue or serum
sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.
[0910] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1
expression or activity (e.g., a cardiovascular disorder). As used
herein, the term "aberrant" includes a PLTR-1 expression or
activity which deviates from the wild type PLTR-1 expression or
activity. Aberrant expression or activity includes increased or
decreased expression or activity, as well as expression or activity
which does not follow the wild type developmental pattern of
expression or the subcellular pattern of expression. For example,
aberrant PLTR-1 expression or activity is intended to include the
cases in which a mutation in the PLTR-1 gene causes the PLTR-1 gene
to be under-expressed or over-expressed and situations in which
such mutations result in a non-functional PLTR-1 protein or a
protein which does not function in a wild-type fashion, e.g., a
protein which does not interact with or transport a PLTR-1
substrate, or one which interacts with or transports a non-PLTR-1
substrate. As used herein, the term "unwanted" includes an unwanted
phenomenon involved in a biological response such as deregulated
cell proliferation. For example, the term unwanted includes a
PLTR-1 expression or activity which is undesirable in a
subject.
[0911] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in PLTR-1 protein activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a cardiovascular disorder or a
cell growth, proliferation and/or differentiation disorder.
Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a
subject having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with
a misregulation in PLTR-1 protein activity or nucleic acid
expression, such as a cardiovascular disorder or a cell growth,
proliferation and/or differentiation disorder. Thus, the present
invention provides a method for identifying a disease or disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1 expression or activity
in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and PLTR-1
protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) is detected,
wherein the presence of PLTR-1 protein or nucleic acid is
diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of developing a disease
or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1 expression
or activity. As used herein, a "test sample" refers to a biological
sample obtained from a subject of interest. For example, a test
sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample, or
tissue.
[0912] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1
expression or activity (e.g., a cardiovascular disorder). For
example, such methods can be used to determine whether a subject
can be effectively treated with an agent for a cardiovascular
disorder, a drug or toxin sensitivity disorder, or a cell
proliferation and/or differentiation disorder. Thus, the present
invention provides methods for determining whether a subject can be
effectively treated with an agent for a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1 expression or activity in which a test
sample is obtained and PLTR-1 protein or nucleic acid expression or
activity is detected (e.g., wherein the abundance of PLTR-1 protein
or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic for a subject
that can be administered the agent to treat a disorder associated
with aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1 expression or activity).
[0913] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in a PLTR-1 gene, thereby determining if a
subject with the altered gene is at risk for a disorder
characterized by misregulation in PLTR-1 protein activity or
nucleic acid expression, such as a cardiovascular disorder or a
cell growth, proliferation and/or differentiation disorder. In
preferred embodiments, the methods include detecting, in a sample
of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a genetic
alteration characterized by at least one of an alteration affecting
the integrity of a gene encoding a PLTR-1-protein, or the
mis-expression of the PLTR-1 gene. For example, such genetic
alterations can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at
least one of 1) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from a PLTR-1
gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to a PLTR-1 gene;
3) a substitution of one or more nucleotides of a PLTR-1 gene, 4) a
chromosomal rearrangement of a PLTR-1 gene; 5) an alteration in the
level of a messenger RNA transcript of a PLTR-1 gene, 6) aberrant
modification of a PLTR-1 gene, such as of the methylation pattern
of the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing
pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of a PLTR-1 gene, 8) a
non-wild type level of a PLTR-1-protein, 9) allelic loss of a
PLTR-1 gene, and 10) inappropriate post-translational modification
of a PLTR-1-protein. As described herein, there are a large number
of assays known in the art which can be used for detecting
alterations in a PLTR-1 gene. A preferred biological sample is a
tissue or serum sample isolated by conventional means from a
subject.
[0914] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 expression or activity. As used herein, the term
"aberrant" includes a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression or activity
which deviates from the wild type TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression or
activity. Aberrant expression or activity includes increased or
decreased expression or activity, as well as expression or activity
which does not follow the wild type developmental pattern of
expression or the subcellular pattern of expression. For example,
aberrant TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression or activity is intended to
include the cases in which a mutation in the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
gene causes the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene to be under-expressed or
over-expressed and situations in which such mutations result in a
non-functional TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or a polypeptide
which does not function in a wild-type fashion, e.g., a polypeptide
which does not interact with a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate, e.g.,
a transporter subunit or ligand, or one which interacts with a
non-TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate, e.g. a non-transporter subunit or
ligand. As used herein, the term "unwanted" includes an unwanted
phenomenon involved in a biological response, such as cellular
proliferation. For example, the term unwanted includes a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 expression or activity which is undesirable in a
subject.
[0915] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide
activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a
transporter-associated disorder. Alternatively, the prognostic
assays can be utilized to identify a subject having or at risk for
developing a disorder associated with a misregulation in TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 polypeptide activity or nucleic acid expression, such
as a transporter-associated disorder. Thus, the present invention
provides a method for identifying a disease or disorder associated
with aberrant or unwanted TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression or activity
in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) is
detected, wherein the presence of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide or
nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of
developing a disease or disorder associated with aberrant or
unwanted TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression or activity. As used herein,
a "test sample" refers to a biological sample obtained from a
subject of interest. For example, a test sample can be a biological
fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample, or tissue.
[0916] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 expression or activity. For example, such methods can
be used to determine whether a subject can be effectively treated
with an agent for a transporter-associated disorder. Thus, the
present invention provides methods for determining whether a
subject can be effectively treated with an agent for a disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression
or activity in which a test sample is obtained and TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 polypeptide or nucleic acid expression or activity is
detected (e.g., wherein the abundance of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic
for a subject that can be administered the agent to treat a
disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
expression or activity).
[0917] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene, thereby
determining if a subject with the altered gene is at risk for a
disorder characterized by misregulation in TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a
transporter-associated disorder. In preferred embodiments, the
methods include detecting, in a sample of cells from the subject,
the presence or absence of a genetic alteration characterized by at
least one of an alteration affecting the integrity of a gene
encoding a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-polypeptide, or the mis-expression of
the TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene. For example, such genetic alterations
can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at least one of 1)
a deletion of one or more nucleotides from a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene; 3) a substitution of one or more nucleotides of a TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 gene, 4) a chromosomal rearrangement of a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene; 5) an alteration in the level of a messenger RNA
transcript of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene, 6) aberrant modification
of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene, such as of the methylation pattern of
the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing
pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene,
8) a non-wild type level of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-polypeptide, 9)
allelic loss of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene, and 10) inappropriate
post-translational modification of a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3-polypeptide. As described herein, there are a large number of
assays known in the art which can be used for detecting alterations
in a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene. A preferred biological sample is a
tissue or serum sample isolated by conventional means from a
subject.
[0918] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 expression or activity. As used herein, the
term "aberrant" includes a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 expression or
activity which deviates from the wild type 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 expression or activity. Aberrant expression or activity
includes increased or decreased expression or activity, as well as
expression or activity which does not follow the wild type
developmental pattern of expression or the subcellular pattern of
expression. For example, aberrant 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
expression or activity is intended to include the cases in which a
mutation in the 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene causes the 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 gene to be under-expressed or over-expressed
and situations in which such mutations result in a non-functional
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or a polypeptide which does
not function in a wild-type fashion, e.g., a protein which does not
interact with or transport a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 substrate,
or one which interacts with or transports a non-67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 substrate. As used herein, the term "unwanted"
includes an unwanted phenomenon involved in a biological response
such as deregulated cell proliferation. For example, the term
unwanted includes a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 expression or
activity which is undesirable in a subject.
[0919] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
polypeptide activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a as a
cell growth, proliferation and/or differentiation disorder, e.g.,
cancer, including, but not limited to colon cancer or lung cancer.
Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a
subject having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with
a misregulation in 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide activity
or nucleic acid expression, such as a cell growth, proliferation
and/or differentiation disorder. Thus, the present invention
provides a method for identifying a disease or disorder associated
with aberrant or unwanted 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 expression or
activity in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA
or genomic DNA) is detected, wherein the presence of 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 polypeptide or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a
subject having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
expression or activity. As used herein, a "test sample" refers to a
biological sample obtained from a subject of interest. For example,
a test sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample,
or tissue, e.g., a colon tumor sample or a lung tumor sample.
[0920] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 expression or activity. For example, such
methods can be used to determine whether a subject can be
effectively treated with an agent for a transporter-associated
disorder. Thus, the present invention provides methods for
determining whether a subject can be effectively treated with an
agent for a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 expression or activity in which a test sample
is obtained and 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or nucleic
acid expression or activity is detected (e.g., wherein the
abundance of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide or nucleic acid
expression or activity is diagnostic for a subject that can be
administered the agent to treat a disorder associated with aberrant
or unwanted 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 expression or activity).
[0921] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, thereby
determining if a subject with the altered gene is at risk for a
disorder characterized by misregulation in 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a
cell growth, proliferation and/or differentiation disorder. In
preferred embodiments, the methods include detecting, in a sample
of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a genetic
alteration characterized by at least one of an alteration affecting
the integrity of a gene encoding a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092-polypeptide, or the mis-expression of the 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 gene. For example, such genetic alterations can be
detected by ascertaining the existence of at least one of 1) a
deletion of one or more nucleotides from a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 gene; 3) a substitution of one or more
nucleotides of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, 4) a chromosomal
rearrangement of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene; 5) an
alteration in the level of a messenger RNA transcript of a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 gene, 6) aberrant modification of a 67118,
67067, and/or 62092 gene, such as of the methylation pattern of the
genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing pattern of
a messenger RNA transcript of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, 8)
a non-wild type level of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092-polypeptide,
9) allelic loss of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, and 10)
inappropriate post-translational modification of a 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092-polypeptide. As described herein, there are a large
number of assays known in the art which can be used for detecting
alterations in a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene. A preferred
biological sample is a tissue or serum sample isolated by
conventional means from a subject.
[0922] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HAAT
expression or activity. As used herein, the term "aberrant"
includes a HAAT expression or activity which deviates from the wild
type HAAT expression or activity. Aberrant expression or activity
includes increased or decreased expression or activity, as well as
expression or activity which does not follow the wild type
developmental pattern of expression or the subcellular pattern of
expression. For example, aberrant HAAT expression or activity is
intended to include the cases in which a mutation in the HAAT gene
causes the HAAT gene to be under-expressed or over-expressed and
situations in which such mutations result in a non-functional HAAT
protein or a protein which does not function in a wild-type
fashion, e.g., a protein which does not interact with or transport
a HAAT substrate, or one which interacts with or transports a
non-HAAT substrate.
[0923] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in HAAT protein activity or nucleic
acid expression, such as tumorigenesis and/or nerve transmission.
Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a
subject having or at risk for developing a disorder associated with
a misregulation in HAAT protein activity or nucleic acid
expression, such as a tumorigenesis and/or nerve transmission
disorder. Thus, the present invention provides a method for
identifying a disease or disorder associated with aberrant or
unwanted HAAT expression or activity in which a test sample is
obtained from a subject and HAAT protein or nucleic acid (e.g.,
mRNA or genomic DNA) is detected, wherein the presence of HAAT
protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject having or at
risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with aberrant
or unwanted HAAT expression or activity. As used herein, a "test
sample" refers to a biological sample obtained from a subject of
interest. For example, a test sample can be a biological fluid
(e.g., serum), cell sample, or tissue.
[0924] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HAAT
expression or activity. For example, such methods can be used to
determine whether a subject can be effectively treated with an
agent for a drug or toxin sensitivity disorder or a tumorigenesis
and/or nerve transmission disorder. Thus, the present invention
provides methods for determining whether a subject can be
effectively treated with an agent for a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted HAAT expression or activity in which a test
sample is obtained and HAAT protein or nucleic acid expression or
activity is detected (e.g., wherein the abundance of HAAT protein
or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic for a subject
that can be administered the agent to treat a disorder associated
with aberrant or unwanted HAAT expression or activity).
[0925] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in a HAAT gene, thereby determining if a
subject with the altered gene is at risk for a disorder
characterized by misregulation in HAAT protein activity or nucleic
acid expression, such as a tumorigenesis and/or nerve transmission
disorder. In preferred embodiments, the methods include detecting,
in a sample of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a
genetic alteration characterized by at least one of an alteration
affecting the integrity of a gene encoding a HAAT-protein, or the
mis-expression of the HAAT gene. For example, such genetic
alterations can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at
least one of 1) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from a HAAT
gene; 2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to a HAAT gene; 3)
a substitution of one or more nucleotides of a HAAT gene, 4) a
chromosomal rearrangement of a HAAT gene; 5) an alteration in the
level of a messenger RNA transcript of a HAAT gene, 6) aberrant
modification of a HAAT gene, such as of the methylation pattern of
the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing
pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of a HAAT gene, 8) a non-wild
type level of a HAAT-protein, 9) allelic loss of a HAAT gene, and
10) inappropriate post-translational modification of a
HAAT-protein. As described herein, there are a large number of
assays known in the art which can be used for detecting alterations
in a HAAT gene. A preferred biological sample is a tissue or serum
sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.
[0926] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be
utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-4
and/or HST-5 expression or activity. As used herein, the term
"aberrant" includes an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 expression or activity
which deviates from the wild type HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or
activity. Aberrant expression or activity includes increased or
decreased expression or activity, as well as expression or activity
which does not follow the wild type developmental pattern of
expression or the subcellular pattern of expression. For example,
aberrant HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity is intended to
include the cases in which a mutation in the HST-4 and/or the HST-5
gene causes the HST-4 and/or the HST-5 gene to be under-expressed
or over-expressed and situations in which such mutations result in
a non-functional HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or polypeptides
which do not function in a wild-type fashion, e.g., polypeptides
which do not interact with an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 substrate,
e.g., a sugar transporter subunit or ligand, or one which interacts
with a non-HST-4 and/or a non-HST-5 substrate, e.g. a non-sugar
transporter subunit or ligand. As used herein, the term "unwanted"
includes an unwanted phenomenon involved in a biological response,
such as cellular proliferation. For example, the term unwanted
includes an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 expression or activity which is
undesirable in a subject.
[0927] The assays described herein, such as the preceding
diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a sugar transporter
disorder. Alternatively, the prognostic assays can be utilized to
identify a subject having or at risk for developing a disorder
associated with a misregulation in HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a sugar transporter
disorder. Thus, the present invention provides a method for
identifying a disease or disorder associated with aberrant or
unwanted HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity in which a test
sample is obtained from a subject and HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptides or nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA) are
detected, wherein the presence of HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides
or nucleic acids are diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of
developing a disease or disorder associated with aberrant or
unwanted HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity. As used herein,
a "test sample" refers to a biological sample obtained from a
subject of interest. For example, a test sample can be a biological
fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample, or tissue.
[0928] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be
used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent
(e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide,
nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a
disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-4
and/or HST-5 expression or activity. For example, such methods can
be used to determine whether a subject can be effectively treated
with an agent for a sugar transporter disorder. Thus, the present
invention provides methods for determining whether a subject can be
effectively treated with an agent for a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity in
which a test sample is obtained and HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide
or nucleic acid expression or activity is detected (e.g., wherein
the abundance of HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptide or nucleic acid
expression or activity is diagnostic for a subject that can be
administered the agent to treat a disorder associated with aberrant
or unwanted HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity).
[0929] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect
genetic alterations in an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene, thereby
determining if a subject with the altered gene is at risk for a
disorder characterized by misregulation in HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a sugar
transporter disorder, a sugar homeostasis disorder, or a disorder
of cellular growth, differentiation, or migration. In preferred
embodiments, the methods include detecting, in a sample of cells
from the subject, the presence or absence of a genetic alteration
characterized by at least one of an alteration affecting the
integrity of a gene encoding an HST-4-polypeptide and/or an
HST-5-polypeptide, or the mis-expression of the HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 gene. For example, such genetic alterations can be detected
by ascertaining the existence of at least one of 1) a deletion of
one or more nucleotides from an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene; 2) an
addition of one or more nucleotides to an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
gene; 3) a substitution of one or more nucleotides of an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 gene, 4) a chromosomal rearrangement of an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 gene; 5) an alteration in the level of a messenger
RNA transcript of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene, 6) aberrant
modification of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene, such as of the
methylation pattern of the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a
non-wild type splicing pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene, 8) a non-wild type level of an
HST-4-polypeptide and/or an HST-5-polypeptide, 9) allelic loss of
an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene, and 10) inappropriate
post-translational modification of an HST-4-polypeptide and/or an
HST-5-polypeptide. As described herein, there are a large number of
assays known in the art which can be used for detecting alterations
in an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 gene. A preferred biological sample is
a tissue or serum sample isolated by conventional means from a
subject.
[0930] In certain embodiments, detection of the alteration involves
the use of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202), such as anchor
PCR or RACE PCR, or, alternatively, in a ligation chain reaction
(LCR) (see, e.g., Landegran et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080;
and Nakazawa et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:360-364),
the latter of which can be particularly useful for detecting point
mutations in the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4-gene and/or the HST-5-gene (see
Abravaya et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23:675-682). This method
can include the steps of collecting a sample of cells from a
subject, isolating nucleic acid (e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from
the cells of the sample, contacting the nucleic acid sample with
one or more primers which specifically hybridize to an MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or an HST-5 gene under conditions such that hybridization and
amplification of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4-gene and/or the HST-5-gene (if
present) occurs, and detecting the presence or absence of an
amplification product, or detecting the size of the amplification
product and comparing the length to a control sample. It is
anticipated that PCR and/or LCR may be desirable to use as a
preliminary amplification step in conjunction with any of the
techniques used for detecting mutations described herein.
[0931] Alternative amplification methods include: self sustained
sequence replication (Guatelli, J. C. et al., (1990) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874-1878), transcriptional amplification system
(Kwoh, D. Y. et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
86:1173-1177), Q-Beta Replicase (Lizardi, P. M. et al. (1988)
Bio-Technology 6:1197), or any other nucleic acid amplification
method, followed by the detection of the amplified molecules using
techniques well known to those of skill in the art. These detection
schemes are especially useful for the detection of nucleic acid
molecules if such molecules are present in very low numbers.
[0932] In an alternative embodiment, mutations in an MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or an HST-5 gene from a sample cell can be identified by
alterations in restriction enzyme cleavage patterns. For example,
sample and control DNA is isolated, amplified (optionally),
digested with one or more restriction endonucleases, and fragment
length sizes are determined by gel electrophoresis and compared.
Differences in fragment length sizes between sample and control DNA
indicates mutations in the sample DNA. Moreover, the use of
sequence specific ribozymes (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
5,498,531) can be used to score for the presence of specific
mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site.
[0933] In other embodiments, genetic mutations in MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 can be identified by hybridizing a sample and control
nucleic acids, e.g., DNA or RNA, to high density arrays containing
hundreds or thousands of oligonucleotides probes (Cronin, M. T. et
al. (1996) Human Mutation 7: 244-255; Kozal, M. J. et al. (1996)
Nature Medicine 2: 753-759). For example, genetic mutations in
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 can be identified in two dimensional
arrays containing light-generated DNA probes as described in
Cronin, M. T. et al. supra. Briefly, a first hybridization array of
probes can be used to scan through long stretches of DNA in a
sample and control to identify base changes between the sequences
by making linear arrays of sequential overlapping probes. This step
allows the identification of point mutations. This step is followed
by a second hybridization array that allows the characterization of
specific mutations by using smaller, specialized probe arrays
complementary to all variants or mutations detected. Each mutation
array is composed of parallel probe sets, one complementary to the
wild-type gene and the other complementary to the mutant gene.
[0934] In yet another embodiment, any of a variety of sequencing
reactions known in the art can be used to directly sequence the
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 gene and detect mutations by comparing
the sequence of the sample MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 with the
corresponding wild-type (control) sequence. Examples of sequencing
reactions include those based on techniques developed by Maxam and
Gilbert ((1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560) or Sanger
((1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463). It is also
contemplated that any of a variety of automated sequencing
procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays
((1995) Biotechniques 19:448), including sequencing by mass
spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO
94/16101; Cohen et al. (1996) Adv. Chromatogr. 36:127-162; and
Griffin et al. (1993) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 38:147-159).
[0935] Other methods for detecting mutations in the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 gene include methods in which protection from
cleavage agents is used to detect mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or
RNA/DNA heteroduplexes (Myers et al. (1985) Science 230:1242). In
general, the art technique of "mismatch cleavage" starts by
providing heteroduplexes of formed by hybridizing (labeled) RNA or
DNA containing the wild-type HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence with
potentially mutant RNA or DNA obtained from a tissue sample. The
double-stranded duplexes are treated with an agent which cleaves
single-stranded regions of the duplex such as which will exist due
to basepair mismatches between the control and sample strands. For
instance, RNA/DNA duplexes can be treated with RNase and DNA/DNA
hybrids treated with S1 nuclease to enzymatically digesting the
mismatched regions. In other embodiments, either DNA/DNA or RNA/DNA
duplexes can be treated with hydroxylamine or osmium tetroxide and
with piperidine in order to digest mismatched regions. After
digestion of the mismatched regions, the resulting material is then
separated by size on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to determine
the site of mutation. See, for example, Cotton et al. (1988) Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4397; Saleeba et al. (1992) Methods
Enzymol. 217:286-295. In a preferred embodiment, the control DNA or
RNA can be labeled for detection.
[0936] In still another embodiment, the mismatch cleavage reaction
employs one or more proteins that recognize mismatched base pairs
in double-stranded DNA (so called "DNA mismatch repair" enzymes) in
defined systems for detecting and mapping point mutations in MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 cDNAs obtained from samples of cells. For
example, the mutY enzyme of E. coli cleaves A at G/A mismatches and
the thymidine DNA glycosylase from HeLa cells cleaves T at G/T
mismatches (Hsu et al. (1994) Carcinogenesis 15:1657-1662).
According to an exemplary embodiment, a probe based on an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 sequence, e.g., a wild-type MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 sequence, is hybridized to a cDNA or other DNA product from a
test cell(s). The duplex is treated with a DNA mismatch repair
enzyme, and the cleavage products, if any, can be detected from
electrophoresis protocols or the like. See, for example, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,459,039.
[0937] In other embodiments, alterations in electrophoretic
mobility will be used to identify mutations in MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 genes. For example, single strand conformation polymorphism
(SSCP) may be used to detect differences in electrophoretic
mobility between mutant and wild type nucleic acids (Orita et al.
(1989) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA: 86:2766, see also Cotton (1993)
Mutat. Res. 285:125-144; and Hayashi (1992) Genet. Anal. Tech.
Appl. 9:73-79). Single-stranded DNA fragments of sample and control
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acids will be denatured and
allowed to renature. The secondary structure of single-stranded
nucleic acids varies according to sequence, the resulting
alteration in electrophoretic mobility enables the detection of
even a single base change. The DNA fragments may be labeled or
detected with labeled probes. The sensitivity of the assay may be
enhanced by using RNA (rather than DNA), in which the secondary
structure is more sensitive to a change in sequence. In a preferred
embodiment, the subject method utilizes heteroduplex analysis to
separate double stranded heteroduplex molecules on the basis of
changes in electrophoretic mobility (Keen et al. (1991) Trends
Genet 7:5).
[0938] In yet another embodiment the movement of mutant or
wild-type fragments in polyacrylamide gels containing a gradient of
denaturant is assayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(DGGE) (Myers et al. (1985) Nature 313:495). When DGGE is used as
the method of analysis, DNA will be modified to insure that it does
not completely denature, for example by adding a GC clamp of
approximately 40 bp of high-melting GC-rich DNA by PCR. In a
further embodiment, a temperature gradient is used in place of a
denaturing gradient to identify differences in the mobility of
control and sample DNA (Rosenbaum and Reissner (1987) Biophys Chem
265:12753).
[0939] Examples of other techniques for detecting point mutations
include, but are not limited to, selective oligonucleotide
hybridization, selective amplification, or selective primer
extension. For example, oligonucleotide primers may be prepared in
which the known mutation is placed centrally and then hybridized to
target DNA under conditions which permit hybridization only if a
perfect match is found (Saiki et al. (1986) Nature 324:163); Saiki
et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6230). Such allele
specific oligonucleotides are hybridized to PCR amplified target
DNA or a number of different mutations when the oligonucleotides
are attached to the hybridizing membrane and hybridized with
labeled target DNA.
[0940] Alternatively, allele specific amplification technology
which depends on selective PCR amplification may be used in
conjunction with the instant invention. Oligonucleotides used as
primers for specific amplification may carry the mutation of
interest in the center of the molecule (so that amplification
depends on differential hybridization) (Gibbs et al. (1989) Nucleic
Acids Res. 17:2437-2448) or at the extreme 3' end of one primer
where, under appropriate conditions, mismatch can prevent, or
reduce polymerase extension (Prossner (1993) Tibtech 11:238). In
addition it may be desirable to introduce a novel restriction site
in the region of the mutation to create cleavage-based detection
(Gasparini et al. (1992) Mol. Cell Probes 6:1). It is anticipated
that in certain embodiments amplification may also be performed
using Taq ligase for amplification (Barany (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci USA 88:189). In such cases, ligation will occur only if there
is a perfect match at the 3' end of the 5' sequence making it
possible to detect the presence of a known mutation at a specific
site by looking for the presence or absence of amplification.
[0941] The methods described herein may be performed, for example,
by utilizing pre-packaged diagnostic kits comprising at least one
probe nucleic acid or antibody reagent described herein, which may
be conveniently used, e.g., in clinical settings to diagnose
patients exhibiting symptoms or family history of a disease or
illness involving an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene.
[0942] Furthermore, any cell type or tissue in which MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 is expressed may be utilized in the prognostic assays
described herein.
5. Monitoring of Effects During Clinical Trials
[0943] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of an MTP-1 protein (e.g., the maintenance
of cellular homeostasis) can be applied not only in basic drug
screening, but also in clinical trials. For example, the
effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as
described herein to increase MTP-1 gene expression, protein levels,
or upregulate MTP-1 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials
of subjects exhibiting decreased MTP-1 gene expression, protein
levels, or downregulated MTP-1 activity. Alternatively, the
effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay to
decrease MTP-1 gene expression, protein levels, or downregulate
MTP-1 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects
exhibiting increased MTP-1 gene expression, protein levels, or
upregulated MTP-1 activity. In such clinical trials, the expression
or activity of an MTP-1 gene, and preferably, other genes that have
been implicated in, for example, an MTP-1-associated disorder can
be used as a "read out" or markers of the phenotype of a particular
cell.
[0944] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
MTP-1, that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent
(e.g., compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates MTP-1
activity (e.g., identified in a screening assay as described
herein) can be identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on
MTP-1-associated disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by
deregulated hematopoiesis and/or inflammation and/or lipid
metabolism), for example, in a clinical trial, cells can be
isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels of expression
of MTP-1 and other genes implicated in the MTP-1-associated
disorder, respectively. The levels of gene expression (e.g., a gene
expression pattern) can be quantified by northern blot analysis or
RT-PCR, as described herein, or alternatively by measuring the
amount of protein produced, by one of the methods as described
herein, or by measuring the levels of activity of MTP-1 or other
genes. In this way, the gene expression pattern can serve as a
marker, indicative of the physiological response of the cells to
the agent. Accordingly, this response state may be determined
before, and at various points during treatment of the individual
with the agent.
[0945] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of an OAT protein (e.g., the modulation of
gene expression, and or cell growth and differentiation mechanisms)
can be applied not only in basic drug screening, but also in
clinical trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent
determined by a screening assay as described herein to increase OAT
gene expression, protein levels, or upregulate OAT activity, can be
monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased OAT
gene expression, protein levels, or downregulated OAT activity.
Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a
screening assay to decrease OAT gene expression, protein levels, or
downregulate OAT activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of
subjects exhibiting increased OAT gene expression, protein levels,
or upregulated OAT activity. In such clinical trials, the
expression or activity of an OAT gene, and preferably, other genes
that have been implicated in, for example, an OAT-associated
disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers of the phenotype of
a particular cell.
[0946] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
OAT, that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent (e.g.,
compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates OAT activity
(e.g., identified in a screening assay as described herein) can be
identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on OAT-associated
disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by deregulated organic
anion transport, gene expression, and/or cell growth and
differentiation mechanisms), for example, in a clinical trial,
cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels
of expression of OAT and other genes implicated in the
OAT-associated disorder, respectively. The levels of gene
expression (e.g., a gene expression pattern) can be quantified by
northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or
alternatively by measuring the amount of protein produced, by one
of the methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels of
activity of OAT or other genes. In this way, the gene expression
pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the physiological
response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this response
state may be determined before, and at various points during
treatment of the individual with the agent.
[0947] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of an HST-1 polypeptide (e.g., the
modulation of sugar transport) can be applied not only in basic
drug screening, but also in clinical trials. For example, the
effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as
described herein to increase HST-1 gene expression, polypeptide
levels, or upregulate HST-l activity, can be monitored in clinical
trials of subjects exhibiting decreased HST-1 gene expression,
polypeptide levels, or downregulated HST-1 activity. Alternatively,
the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay to
decrease HST-1 gene expression, polypeptide levels, or downregulate
HST-1 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects
exhibiting increased HST-1 gene expression, polypeptide levels, or
upregulated HST-1 activity. In such clinical trials, the expression
or activity of an HST-1 gene, and preferably, other genes that have
been implicated in, for example, an HST-1-associated disorder can
be used as a "read out" or markers of the phenotype of a particular
cell.
[0948] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
HST-1, that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent
(e.g., compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates HST-1
activity (e.g., identified in a screening assay as described
herein) can be identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on
HST-1-associated disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by
deregulated signaling or sugar transport), for example, in a
clinical trial, cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed
for the levels of expression of HST-1 and other genes implicated in
the HST-1-associated disorder, respectively. The levels of gene
expression (e.g., a gene expression pattern) can be quantified by
northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or
alternatively by measuring the amount of polypeptide produced, by
one of the methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels
of activity of HST-1 or other genes. In this way, the gene
expression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the
physiological response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this
response state may be determined before, and at various points
during treatment of the individual with the agent.
[0949] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of a TP-2 polypeptide (e.g., the modulation
of transport of biological molecules across membranes) can be
applied not only in basic drug screening, but also in clinical
trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a
screening assay as described herein to increase TP-2 gene
expression, polypeptide levels, or upregulate TP-2 activity, can be
monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased TP-2
gene expression, polypeptide levels, or downregulated TP-2
activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined
by a screening assay to decrease TP-2 gene expression, polypeptide
levels, or downregulate TP-2 activity, can be monitored in clinical
trials of subjects exhibiting increased TP-2 gene expression,
polypeptide levels, or upregulated TP-2 activity. In such clinical
trials, the expression or activity of a TP-2 gene, and preferably,
other genes that have been implicated in, for example, a
TP-2-associated disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers of
the phenotype of a particular cell.
[0950] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
TP-2, that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent (e.g.,
compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates TP-2 activity
(e.g., identified in a screening assay as described herein) can be
identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on
transporter-associated disorders, for example, in a clinical trial,
cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels
of expression of TP-2 and other genes implicated in the
transporter-associated disorder, respectively. The levels of gene
expression (e.g., a gene expression pattern) can be quantified by
northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or
alternatively by measuring the amount of polypeptide produced, by
one of the methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels
of activity of TP-2 or other genes. In this way, the gene
expression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the
physiological response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this
response state may be determined before, and at various points
during treatment of the individual with the agent.
[0951] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of a PLTR-1 protein (e.g., the modulation of
gene expression, cellular signaling, PLTR-1 activity, phospholipid
transporter activity, and/or cell growth, proliferation,
differentiation, absorption, and/or secretion mechanisms) can be
applied not only in basic drug screening, but also in clinical
trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a
screening assay as described herein to increase PLTR-1 gene
expression, protein levels, or upregulate PLTR-1 activity, can be
monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased
PLTR-1 gene expression, protein levels, or downregulated PLTR-1
activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined
by a screening assay to decrease PLTR-1 gene expression, protein
levels, or downregulate PLTR-1 activity, can be monitored in
clinical trials of subjects exhibiting increased PLTR-1 gene
expression, protein levels, or upregulated PLTR-1 activity. In such
clinical trials, the expression or activity of a PLTR-1 gene, and
preferably, other genes that have been implicated in, for example,
a PLTR-1-associated disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers
of the phenotype of a particular cell.
[0952] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
PLTR-1, that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent
(e.g., compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates PLTR-1
activity (e.g., identified in a screening assay as described
herein) can be identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on
PLTR-1-associated disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by
deregulated gene expression, cellular signaling, PLTR-1 activity,
phospholipid transporter activity, and/or cell growth,
proliferation, differentiation, absorption, and/or secretion
mechanisms), for example, in a clinical trial, cells can be
isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels of expression
of PLTR-1 and other genes implicated in the PLTR-1-associated
disorder, respectively. The levels of gene expression (e.g., a gene
expression pattern) can be quantified by northern blot analysis or
RT-PCR, as described herein, or alternatively by measuring the
amount of protein produced, by one of the methods as described
herein, or by measuring the levels of activity of PLTR-1 or other
genes. In this way, the gene expression pattern can serve as a
marker, indicative of the physiological response of the cells to
the agent. Accordingly, this response state may be determined
before, and at various points during treatment of the individual
with the agent.
[0953] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide (e.g.,
the modulation of transport of biological molecules across
membranes) can be applied not only in basic drug screening, but
also in clinical trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent
determined by a screening assay as described herein to increase
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene expression, polypeptide levels, or
upregulate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity, can be monitored in
clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
gene expression, polypeptide levels, or downregulated TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent
determined by a screening assay to decrease TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene
expression, polypeptide levels, or downregulate TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects
exhibiting increased TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 gene expression,
polypeptide levels, or upregulated TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity. In
such clinical trials, the expression or activity of a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 gene, and preferably, other genes that have been implicated
in, for example, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3-associated disorder can be
used as a "read out" or markers of the phenotype of a particular
cell.
[0954] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3, that are modulated in cells by treatment with
an agent (e.g., compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity (e.g., identified in a screening assay
as described herein) can be identified. Thus, to study the effect
of agents on transporter-associated disorders, for example, in a
clinical trial, cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed
for the levels of expression of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 and other genes
implicated in the transporter-associated disorder, respectively.
The levels of gene expression (e.g., a gene expression pattern) can
be quantified by northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described
herein, or alternatively by measuring the amount of polypeptide
produced, by one of the methods as described herein, or by
measuring the levels of activity of TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 or other
genes. In this way, the gene expression pattern can serve as a
marker, indicative of the physiological response of the cells to
the agent. Accordingly, this response state may be determined
before, and at various points during treatment of the individual
with the agent.
[0955] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide
(e.g., the modulation of gene expression, cellular signaling,
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 activity, phospholipid transporter
activity, and/or cell growth, proliferation, differentiation,
absorption, and/or secretion mechanisms) can be applied not only in
basic drug screening, but also in clinical trials. For example, the
effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as
described herein to increase 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene
expression, polypeptide levels, or upregulate 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects
exhibiting decreased 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene expression,
polypeptide levels, or downregulated 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined
by a screening assay to decrease 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene
expression, polypeptide levels, or downregulate 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of
subjects exhibiting increased 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene
expression, polypeptide levels, or upregulated 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 activity. In such clinical trials, the expression or activity
of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene, and preferably, other genes
that have been implicated in, for example, a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092-associated disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers of
the phenotype of a particular cell.
[0956] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
67118, 67067, and/or 62092, that are modulated in cells by
treatment with an agent (e.g., compound, drug or small molecule)
which modulates 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 activity (e.g.,
identified in a screening assay as described herein) can be
identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on 67118, 67067, or
62092-associated disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by
deregulated gene expression, cellular signaling, 67118 or 67067
activity, phospholipid transporter activity, and/or cell growth,
proliferation, differentiation, absorption, and/or secretion
mechanisms or disorders characterized by 62092 activity, nucleotide
binding activity, and/or apoptosis mechanisms), for example, in a
clinical trial, cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed
for the levels of expression of 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 and
other genes implicated in the 67118, 67067, or 62092-associated
disorder, respectively. The levels of gene expression (e.g., a gene
expression pattern) can be quantified by northern blot analysis or
RT-PCR, as described herein, or alternatively by measuring the
amount of polypeptide produced, by one of the methods as described
herein, or by measuring the levels of activity of 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 or other genes. In this way, the gene expression
pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the physiological
response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this response
state may be determined before, and at various points during
treatment of the individual with the agent.
[0957] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of a HAAT protein (e.g., the modulation of
protein synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular
activation, regulation of cell growth, production of metabolic
energy, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism,
and/or biosynthesis of urea) can be applied not only in basic drug
screening, but also in clinical trials. For example, the
effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as
described herein to increase HAAT gene expression, protein levels,
or upregulate HAAT activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of
subjects exhibiting decreased HAAT gene expression, protein levels,
or downregulated HAAT activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of
an agent determined by a screening assay to decrease HAAT gene
expression, protein levels, or downregulate HAAT activity, can be
monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting increased HAAT
gene expression, protein levels, or upregulated HAAT activity. In
such clinical trials, the expression or activity of a HAAT gene,
and preferably, other genes that have been implicated in, for
example, a HAAT-associated disorder can be used as a "read out" or
markers of the phenotype of a particular cell.
[0958] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
HAAT, that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent (e.g.,
compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates HAAT activity
(e.g., identified in a screening assay as described herein) can be
identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on HAAT-associated
disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by deregulated protein
synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular
activation, regulation of cell growth, production of metabolic
energy, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism,
and/or biosynthesis of urea), for example, in a clinical trial,
cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels
of expression of HAAT and other genes implicated in the
HAAT-associated disorder, respectively. The levels of gene
expression (e.g., a gene expression pattern) can be quantified by
northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or
alternatively by measuring the amount of protein produced, by one
of the methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels of
activity of HAAT or other genes. In this way, the gene expression
pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the physiological
response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this response
state may be determined before, and at various points during
treatment of the individual with the agent.
[0959] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the
expression or activity of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide
(e.g., the modulation of sugar transport) can be applied not only
in basic drug screening, but also in clinical trials. For example,
the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as
described herein to increase HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene expression,
polypeptide levels, or upregulate HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity, can
be monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased
HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene expression, polypeptide levels, or
downregulated HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity. Alternatively, the
effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay to
decrease HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene expression, polypeptide levels, or
downregulate HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity, can be monitored in
clinical trials of subjects exhibiting increased HST-4 and/or HST-5
gene expression, polypeptide levels, or upregulated HST-4 and/or
HST-5 activity. In such clinical trials, the expression or activity
of an HST-4 and/or HST-5 gene, and preferably, other genes that
have been implicated in, for example, an HST-4- and/or an
HST-5-associated disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers of
the phenotype of a particular cell.
[0960] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including
HST-4 and/or HST-5, that are modulated in cells by treatment with
an agent (e.g., compound, drug or small molecule) which modulates
HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity (e.g., identified in a screening assay
as described herein) can be identified. Thus, to study the effect
of agents on HST-4- and/or HST-5-associated disorders (e.g.,
disorders characterized by deregulated signaling or sugar
transport), for example, in a clinical trial, cells can be isolated
and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels of expression of HST-4
and/or HST-5 and other genes implicated in the HST-4- and/or the
HST-5-associated disorder, respectively. The levels of gene
expression (e.g., a gene expression pattern) can be quantified by
northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or
alternatively by measuring the amount of polypeptide produced, by
one of the methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels
of activity of HST-4 and/or HST-5 or other genes. In this way, the
gene expression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the
physiological response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this
response state may be determined before, and at various points
during treatment of the individual with the agent.
[0961] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a
method for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of a subject
with an agent (e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic,
protein, peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug
candidate identified by the screening assays described herein)
including the steps of (i) obtaining a pre-administration sample
from a subject prior to administration of the agent; (ii) detecting
the level of expression of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
polypeptide, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the preadministration sample;
(iii) obtaining one or more post-administration samples from the
subject; (iv) detecting the level of expression or activity of the
HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the
post-administration samples; (v) comparing the level of expression
or activity of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide,
mRNA, or genomic DNA in the pre-administration sample with the
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 polypeptide, mRNA, or genomic DNA in
the post administration sample or samples; and (vi) altering the
administration of the agent to the subject accordingly. For
example, increased administration of the agent may be desirable to
increase the expression or activity of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
to higher levels than detected, i.e., to increase the effectiveness
of the agent. Alternatively, decreased administration of the agent
may be desirable to decrease expression or activity of MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 to lower levels than detected, i.e. to decrease the
effectiveness of the agent. According to such an embodiment, MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity may be used as an
indicator of the effectiveness of an agent, even in the absence of
an observable phenotypic response.
E. Methods of Treatment:
[0962] The present invention provides for both prophylactic and
therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or
susceptible to) a disorder or having a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted MTP-1 expression or activity, e.g., a
transporter-associated disorder such as a hematopoietic disorder,
an immunological disorder, a lipid metabolism-related disorder, a
CNS disorder; a cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or
migration disorder; a, musculoskeletal disorder; a cardiovascular
disorder; an immune disorder; or a hormonal disorder. The present
invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of
treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a disorder or
having an OAT-associated disorder, e.g., a disorder associated with
aberrant or unwanted OAT expression or activity. The present
invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of
treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a disorder or
having a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-1
expression or activity, e.g. a sugar transporter disorder. The
present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic
methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a
disorder or having a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted
TP-2 expression or activity, e.g. a transporter-associated
disorder. The present invention provides for both prophylactic and
therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or
susceptible to) a disorder or having a PLTR-1-associated disorder,
e.g., a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1
expression or activity (e.g., a cardiovascular disorder). The
present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic
methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a
disorder or having a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 expression or activity, e.g. a
transporter-associated disorder. The present invention provides for
both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at
risk of (or susceptible to) a disorder or having a disorder
associated with aberrant or unwanted 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
expression or activity, e.g. a phospholipid transporter-associated
disorder. The present invention provides for both prophylactic and
therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or
susceptible to) a disorder or having a HAAT-associated disorder,
e.g., a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted HAAT
expression or activity. The present invention provides for both
prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk
of (or susceptible to) a disorder or having a disorder associated
with aberrant or unwanted HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or
activity, e.g. a sugar transporter disorder. "Treatment", as used
herein, is defined as the application or administration of a
therapeutic agent to a patient, or application or administration of
a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell from a patient,
who has a disease or disorder, a symptom of disease or disorder or
a predisposition toward a disease or disorder, or is at risk of (or
susceptible to) a disease or disorder, with the purpose to cure,
heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or
affect the disease or disorder, the symptoms of disease or
disorder, the risk of (or susceptibility to) the disease or
disorder or the predisposition toward a disease or disorder. A
therapeutic agent includes, but is not limited to, small molecules,
peptides, polypeptides, antibodies, ribozymes and antisense
oligonucleotides.
[0963] With regards to both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of
treatment, such treatments may be specifically tailored or
modified, based on knowledge obtained from the field of
pharmacogenomics. "Pharmacogenomics", as used herein, refers to the
application of genomics technologies such as gene sequencing,
statistical genetics, and gene expression analysis to drugs in
clinical development and on the market. More specifically, the term
refers the study of how a patient's genes determine his or her
response to a drug (e.g., a patient's "drug response phenotype", or
"drug response genotype"). Thus, another aspect of the invention
provides methods for tailoring an individual's prophylactic or
therapeutic treatment with either the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the
HST-5 molecules of the present invention or MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 modulators according to that individual's drug response
genotype. Pharmacogenomics allows a clinician or physician to
target prophylactic or therapeutic treatments to patients who will
most benefit from the treatment and to avoid treatment of patients
who will experience toxic drug-related side effects.
1. Prophylactic Methods
[0964] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for
preventing in a subject, a disease or condition associated with an
aberrant or unwanted MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or
activity, by administering to the subject an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 or an agent which modulates MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
expression or at least one MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity.
Subjects at risk for a disease which is caused or contributed to by
aberrant or unwanted MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or
activity can be identified by, for example, any or a combination of
diagnostic or prognostic assays as described herein. Administration
of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of
symptoms characteristic of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
aberrancy, such that a disease or disorder is prevented or,
alternatively, delayed in its progression. Depending on the type of
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,-TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 aberrancy, for example, MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 agonist or MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 antagonist agent can
be used for treating the subject. The appropriate agent can be
determined based on screening assays described herein.
2. Therapeutic Methods
[0965] Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods of
modulating MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression or activity for
therapeutic purposes. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, the
modulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell
capable of expressing MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 with an agent
that modulates one or more of the activities of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 polypeptide activity associated with the cell, such that
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity in the cell is modulated. An
agent that modulates MTP-1 protein activity can be an agent as
described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a
naturally-occurring substrate molecule of an MTP-1 protein (e.g.,
cytotoxic substances, ions, peptides, metabolites), an MTP-1
antibody, an MTP-1 agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of an
MTP-1 agonist or antagonist, or other small molecule. An agent that
modulates OAT protein activity can be an agent as described herein,
such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring target
molecule of an OAT protein (e.g., an OAT substrate), an OAT
antibody, an OAT agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of an OAT
agonist or antagonist, or other small molecule. An agent that
modulates HST-1 polypeptide activity can be an agent as described
herein, such as a nucleic acid or a polypeptide, a
naturally-occurring target molecule of an HST-1 polypeptide (e.g.,
an HST-1 substrate), an HST-1 antibody, an HST-1 agonist or
antagonist, a peptidomimetic of an HST-1 agonist or antagonist, or
other small molecule. An agent that modulates TP-2 polypeptide
activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic
acid or a polypeptide, a naturally-occurring target molecule of a
TP-2 polypeptide (e.g., a TP-2 substrate), a TP-2 antibody, a TP-2
agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of a TP-2 agonist or
antagonist, or other small molecule. An agent that modulates PLTR-1
protein activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a
nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring target molecule of
a PLTR-1 protein (e.g., a PLTR-1 substrate), a PLTR-1 antibody, a
PLTR-1 agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of a PLTR-1 agonist
or antagonist, or other small molecule. An agent that modulates
TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 polypeptide activity can be an agent as
described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a polypeptide, a
naturally-occurring target molecule of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
polypeptide (e.g., a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 substrate), a TFM-2 and/or
TFM-3 antibody, a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 agonist or antagonist, a
peptidomimetic of a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 agonist or antagonist, or
other small molecule. An agent that modulates 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 polypeptide activity can be an agent as described herein,
such as a nucleic acid or a polypeptide, a naturally-occurring
target molecule of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 polypeptide (e.g.,
a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 substrate), a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 antibody, a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 agonist or antagonist,
a peptidomimetic of a 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 agonist or
antagonist, or other small molecule. An agent that modulates HAAT
protein activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a
nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring target molecule of
a HAAT protein (e.g., a HAAT substrate), a HAAT antibody, a HAAT
agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of a HAAT agonist or
antagonist, or other small molecule. An agent that modulates HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptide activity can be an agent as described
herein, such as a nucleic acid or a polypeptide, a
naturally-occurring target molecule of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide (e.g., an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 substrate), an HST-4
and/or an HST-5 antibody, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 agonist or
antagonist, a peptidomimetic of an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 agonist or
antagonist, or other small molecule. In one embodiment, the agent
stimulates one or more MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activities.
Examples of such stimulatory agents include active MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules encoding
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 that have been introduced into the cell.
In another embodiment, the agent inhibits one or more MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 activities. Examples of such inhibitory agents include
antisense MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 nucleic acid molecules,
anti-HST-4 and/or -HST-5 antibodies, and MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
inhibitors. These modulatory methods can be performed in vitro
(e.g., by culturing the cell with the agent) or, alternatively, in
vivo (e.g., by administering the agent to a subject). As such, the
present invention provides methods of treating an individual
afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by aberrant or
unwanted expression or activity of an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an
HST-5 polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, the
method involves administering an agent (e.g., an agent identified
by a screening assay described herein), or combination of agents
that modulates (e.g., upregulates or downregulates) MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 expression or activity. In another embodiment, the
method involves administering an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or an HST-5
polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule as therapy to compensate for
reduced, aberrant, or unwanted MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1,-TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
expression or activity.
[0966] Stimulation of MTP-1 activity is desirable in situations in
which MTP-1 is abnormally downregulated and/or in which increased
MTP-1 activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Likewise,
inhibition of MTP-1 activity is desirable in situations in which
MTP-1 is abnormally upregulated and/or in which decreased MTP-1
activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.
(i) Methods for Inhibiting Target Gene MTP-1 Expression, Synthesis,
or Activity
[0967] As discussed above, genes involved in hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related diseases or disorders
may cause such disorders via an increased level of gene activity.
In some cases, such up-regulation may have a causative or
exacerbating effect on the disease state. A variety of techniques
may be used to inhibit the expression, synthesis, or activity of
such genes and/or proteins.
[0968] For example, compounds such as those identified through
assays described above, which exhibit inhibitory activity, may be
used in accordance with the invention to ameliorate hematopoietic
and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or
disorder symptoms. Such molecules may include, but are not limited
to, small organic molecules, peptides, antibodies, and the
like.
[0969] For example, compounds can be administered that compete with
endogenous ligand for the MTP-1 protein. The resulting reduction in
the amount of ligand-bound MTP-1 protein will modulate endothelial
cell physiology. Compounds that can be particularly useful for this
purpose include, for example, soluble proteins or peptides, such as
peptides comprising one or more of the extra-membrane domains, or
portions and/or analogs thereof, of the MTP-1 protein, including,
for example, soluble fusion proteins such as Ig-tailed fusion
proteins. (For a discussion of the production of Ig-tailed fusion
proteins, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,964).
Alternatively, compounds, such as ligand analogs or antibodies,
that bind to the MTP-1 active site, but do not activate the
protein, can be effective in inhibiting MTP-1 protein activity.
[0970] Further, antisense and ribozyme molecules, as described
herein, which inhibit expression of the MTP-1 gene may also be used
in accordance with the invention to inhibit aberrant MTP-1 gene
activity. Still further, triple helix molecules may be utilized in
inhibiting aberrant MTP-1 gene activity.
[0971] Antibodies that are both specific for the MTP-1 protein and
interfere with its activity may also be used to modulate or inhibit
MTP-1 protein function. Such antibodies may be generated using
standard techniques described herein, against the MTP-1 protein
itself or against peptides corresponding to portions of the
protein. Such antibodies include but are not limited to polyclonal,
monoclonal, Fab fragments, single chain antibodies, or chimeric
antibodies.
[0972] In instances where the target gene protein is intracellular
and whole antibodies are used, internalizing antibodies may be
preferred. Lipofectin liposomes may be used to deliver the antibody
or a fragment of the Fab region which binds to the target epitope
into cells. Where fragments of the antibody are used, the smallest
inhibitory
[0973] fragment which binds to the target protein's binding domain
is preferred. For example, peptides having an amino acid sequence
corresponding to the domain of the variable region of the antibody
that binds to the target gene protein may be used. Such peptides
may be synthesized chemically or produced via recombinant DNA
technology using
[0974] methods well known in the art (described in, for example,
Creighton (1983), supra; and Sambrook et al. (1989) supra). Single
chain neutralizing antibodies which bind to intracellular target
gene epitopes may also be administered. Such single chain
antibodies may be administered, for example, by expressing
nucleotide sequences encoding single-chain antibodies within the
target cell population by utilizing, for example, techniques such
as those described in Marasco et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 90:7889-7893).
[0975] Any of the administration techniques described below which
are appropriate for peptide administration may be utilized to
effectively administer inhibitory target gene antibodies to their
site of action.
(ii) Methods for Restoring or Enhancing Target Gene MTP-1
Activity
[0976] Genes that cause hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or
lipid metabolism-related diseases or disorders may be
underexpressed within cellular growth or proliferative situations.
Alternatively, the activity of the protein products of such genes
may be decreased, leading to the development of hematopoietic
and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or
disorder symptoms. Such down-regulation of gene expression or
decrease of protein activity might have a causative or exacerbating
effect on the disease state.
[0977] In some cases, genes that are up-regulated in the disease
state might be exerting a protective effect. A variety of
techniques may be used to increase the expression, synthesis, or
activity of genes and/or proteins that exert a protective effect in
response to hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder conditions.
[0978] Described in this section are methods whereby the level
MTP-1 activity may be, increased to levels wherein hematopoietic
and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or
disorder symptoms are ameliorated. The level of MTP-1 activity may
be increased, for example, by either increasing the level of MTP-1
gene expression or by increasing the level of active MTP-1 protein
which is present.
[0979] For example, a MTP-1 protein, at a level sufficient to
ameliorate hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms may be administered
to a patient exhibiting such symptoms. Any of the techniques
discussed below may be used for such administration. One of skill
in the art will readily be able to ascertain the concentration of
effective, non-toxic doses of the MTP-1 protein, utilizing
techniques such as those described above.
[0980] Additionally, RNA sequences encoding a MTP-1 protein may be
directly administered to a patient exhibiting hematopoietic and/or
immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related disease or disorder
symptoms, at a concentration sufficient to produce a level of MTP-1
protein such that hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid
metabolism-related disease or disorder symptoms are ameliorated.
Any of the techniques discussed below, which achieve intracellular
administration of compounds, such as, for example, liposome
administration, may be used for the administration of such RNA
molecules. The RNA molecules may be produced, for example, by
recombinant techniques such as those described herein.
[0981] Further, subjects may be treated by gene replacement
therapy. One or more copies of a MTP-1 gene, or a portion thereof,
that directs the production of a normal MTP-1 protein with MTP-1
function, may be inserted into cells using vectors which include,
but are not limited to adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and
retrovirus vectors, in addition to other particles that introduce
DNA into cells, such as liposomes. Additionally, techniques such as
those described above may be used for the introduction of MTP-1
gene sequences into human cells.
[0982] Cells, preferably, autologous cells, containing MTP-1
expressing gene sequences may then be introduced or reintroduced
into the subject at positions which allow for the amelioration of
hematopoietic and/or immunological and/or lipid metabolism-related
disease or disorder symptoms. Such cell replacement techniques may
be preferred, for example, when the gene product is a secreted,
extracellular gene product.
[0983] Stimulation of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity is desirable
in situations in which OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 is abnormally
downregulated and/or in which increased OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Likewise,
inhibition of OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity is desirable in situations
in which OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 is abnormally upregulated and/or in
which decreased OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity is likely to have a
beneficial effect.
3. Pharmacogenomics
[0984] The MTP-1 molecules of the present invention, as well as
agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect
on MTP-1 activity (e.g., MTP-1 gene expression) as identified by a
screening assay described herein can be administered to individuals
to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) MTP-1-associated
disorders (e.g., proliferative disorders, CNS disorders, cardiac
disorders, metabolic disorders, or muscular disorders) associated
with aberrant or unwanted MTP-1 activity. In conjunction with such
treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship
between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to
a foreign compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in
metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or
therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood
concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a
physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained in
relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to
administer an MTP-1 molecule or MTP-1 modulator as well as
tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with
an MTP-1 molecule or MTP-1 modulator.
[0985] The OAT molecules of the present invention, as well as
agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect
on OAT activity (e.g., OAT gene expression) as identified by a
screening assay described herein can be administered to individuals
to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) OAT-associated
disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by aberrant organic anion
transport, and/or gene expression, CNS, cardiac, musculoskeletal,
metabolic, cell proliferation and/or differentiation disorders)
associated with aberrant or unwanted OAT activity. In conjunction
with such treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the
relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's
response to a foreign compound or drug) may be considered.
Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe
toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between
dose and blood concentration of the pharmacologically active drug.
Thus, a physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge
obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining
whether to administer an OAT molecule or OAT modulator as well as
tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with
an OAT molecule or OAT modulator.
[0986] The HST-1 molecules of the present invention, as well as
agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect
on HST-1 activity (e.g., HST-1 gene expression) as identified by a
screening assay described herein can be administered to individuals
to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) HST-1-associated
disorders (e.g., proliferative disorders) associated with aberrant
or unwanted HST-1 activity. In conjunction with such treatment,
pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship between an
individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign
compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in metabolism of
therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by
altering the relation between dose and blood concentration of the
pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may
consider applying knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics
studies in determining whether to administer an HST-1 molecule or
HST-1 modulator as well as tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic
regimen of treatment with an HST-1 molecule or HST-1 modulator.
[0987] The TP-2 molecules of the present invention, as well as
agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect
on TP-2 activity (e.g., TP-2 gene expression) as identified by a
screening assay described herein can be administered to individuals
to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically)
transporter-associated disorders (e.g., proliferative disorders)
associated with aberrant or unwanted TP-2 activity. In conjunction
with such treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the
relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's
response to a foreign compound or drug) may be considered.
Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe
toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between
dose and blood concentration of the pharmacologically active drug.
Thus, a physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge
obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining
whether to administer a TP-2 molecule or TP-2 modulator as well as
tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with a
TP-2 molecule or TP-2 modulator.
[0988] The PLTR-1 molecules of the present invention, as well as
agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect
on PLTR-1 activity (e.g., PLTR-1 gene expression) as identified by
a screening assay described herein can be administered to
individuals to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically)
PLTR-1-associated disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by
aberrant gene expression, PLTR-1 activity, phospholipid transporter
activity, cellular signaling, and/or cell growth, proliferation,
differentiation, absorption, and/or secretion) associated with
aberrant or unwanted PLTR-1 activity. In conjunction with such
treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship
between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to
a foreign compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in
metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or
therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood
concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a
physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained in
relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to
administer a PLTR-1 molecule or PLTR-1 modulator as well as
tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with a
PLTR-1 molecule or PLTR-1 modulator.
[0989] The TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 molecules of the present invention,
as well as agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or
inhibitory effect on TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity (e.g., TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 gene expression) as identified by a screening assay
described herein can be administered to individuals to treat
(prophylactically or therapeutically) transporter-associated
disorders (e.g., proliferative disorders) associated with aberrant
or unwanted TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 activity. In conjunction with such
treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship
between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to
a foreign compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in
metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or
therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood
concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a
physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained in
relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to
administer a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 molecule or TFM-2 and/or TFM-3
modulator as well as tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic
regimen of treatment with a TFM-2 and/or TFM-3 molecule or TFM-2
and/or TFM-3 modulator.
[0990] The 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 molecules of the present
invention, as well as agents, or modulators which have a
stimulatory or inhibitory effect on 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
activity (e.g., 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 gene expression) as
identified by a screening assay described herein can be
administered to individuals to treat (prophylactically or
therapeutically) 67118, 67067, or 62092-associated disorders (e.g.,
disorders characterized by aberrant gene expression, 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 activity, phospholipid transporter activity, cellular
signaling, and/or cell growth, proliferation, differentiation,
absorption, and/or secretion disorders or disorders characterized
by 62092 activity, nucleotide binding activity, and/or apoptosis
mechanisms) associated with aberrant or unwanted 67118, 67067,
and/or 62092 activity. In conjunction with such treatment,
pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship between an
individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign
compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in metabolism of
therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by
altering the relation between dose and blood concentration of the
pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may
consider applying knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics
studies in determining whether to administer a 67118, 67067, and/or
62092 molecule or 67118, 67067, and/or 62092 modulator as well as
tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with a
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 molecule or 67118, 67067, and/or 62092
modulator.
[0991] The HAAT molecules of the present invention, as well as
agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect
on HAAT activity (e.g., HAAT gene expression) as identified by a
screening assay described herein can be administered to individuals
to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) HAAT-associated
disorders (e.g., disorders characterized by aberrant protein
synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cellular
activation, regulation of cell growth, production of metabolic
energy, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, nitrogen metabolism,
and/or biosynthesis of urea) associated with aberrant or unwanted
HAAT activity. In conjunction with such treatment, pharmacogenomics
(i.e., the study of the relationship between an individual's
genotype and that individual's response to a foreign compound or
drug) may be considered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics
can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the
relation between dose and blood concentration of the
pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may
consider applying knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics
studies in determining whether to administer a HAAT molecule or
HAAT modulator as well as tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic
regimen of treatment with a HAAT molecule or HAAT modulator.
[0992] The HST-4 and/or HST-5 molecules of the present invention,
as well as agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or
inhibitory effect on HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity (e.g., HST-4
and/or HST-5 gene expression) as identified by a screening assay
described herein can be administered to individuals to treat
(prophylactically or therapeutically) HST-4- and/or
HST-5-associated disorders (e.g., proliferative disorders)
associated with aberrant or unwanted HST-4 and/or HST-5 activity.
In conjunction with such treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the
study of the relationship between an individual's genotype and that
individual's response to a foreign compound or drug) may be
considered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to
severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation
between dose and blood concentration of the pharmacologically
active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may consider applying
knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics studies in
determining whether to administer an HST-4 molecule and/or an HST-5
molecule or an HST-4 modulator and/or an HST-5 modulator as well as
tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with
an HST-4 molecule and/or an HST-5 molecule or an HST-4 modulator
and/or an HST-5 modulator.
[0993] Pharmacogenomics deals with clinically significant
hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug
disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, for
example, Eichelbaum, M. et al. (1996) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol.
Physiol. 23(10-11): 983-985 and Linder, M. W. et al. (1997) Clin.
Chem. 43(2):254-266. In general, two types of pharmacogenetic
conditions can be differentiated. Genetic conditions transmitted as
a single factor altering the way drugs act on the body (altered
drug action) or genetic conditions transmitted as single factors
altering the way the body acts on drugs (altered drug metabolism).
These pharmacogenetic conditions can occur either as rare genetic
defects or as naturally-occurring polymorphisms. For example,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is a common
inherited enzymopathy in which the main clinical complication is
haemolysis after ingestion of oxidant drugs (anti-malarials,
sulfonamides, analgesics, nitrofurans) and consumption of fava
beans.
[0994] One pharmacogenomics approach to identifying genes that
predict drug response, known as "a genome-wide association", relies
primarily on a high-resolution map of the human genome consisting
of already known gene-related markers (e.g., a "bi-allelic" gene
marker map which consists of 60,000-100,000 polymorphic or variable
sites on the human genome, each of which has two variants.) Such a
high-resolution genetic map can be compared to a map of the genome
of each of a statistically significant number of patients taking
part in a Phase II/III drug trial to identify markers associated
with a particular observed drug response or side effect.
Alternatively, such a high resolution map can be generated from a
combination of some ten-million known single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome. As used herein, a "SNP"
is a common alteration that occurs in a single nucleotide base in a
stretch of DNA. For example, a SNP may occur once per every 1000
bases of DNA. A SNP may be involved in a disease process, however,
the vast majority may not be disease-associated. Given a genetic
map based on the occurrence of such SNPs, individuals can be
grouped into genetic categories depending on a particular pattern
of SNPs in their individual genome. In such a manner, treatment
regimens can be tailored to groups of genetically similar
individuals, taking into account traits that may be common among
such genetically similar individuals.
[0995] Alternatively, a method termed the "candidate gene
approach", can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug
response. According to this method, if a gene that encodes a drugs
target is known (e.g., an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a
PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide of the present invention), all
common variants of that gene can be fairly easily identified in the
population and it can be determined if having one version of the
gene versus another is associated with a particular drug
response.
[0996] As an illustrative embodiment, the activity of drug
metabolizing enzymes is a major determinant of both the intensity
and duration of drug action. The discovery of genetic polymorphisms
of drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT 2)
and cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19) has provided an
explanation as to why some patients do not obtain the expected drug
effects or show exaggerated drug response and serious toxicity
after taking the standard and safe dose of a drug. These
polymorphisms are expressed in two phenotypes in the population,
the extensive metabolizer (EM) and poor metabolizer (PM). The
prevalence of PM is different among different populations. For
example, the gene coding for CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic and
several mutations have been identified in PM, which all lead to the
absence of functional CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and
CYP2C19 quite frequently experience exaggerated drug response and
side effects when they receive standard doses. If a metabolite is
the active therapeutic moiety, PM show no therapeutic response, as
demonstrated for the analgesic effect of codeine mediated by its
CYP2D6-formed metabolite morphine. The other extreme are the so
called ultra-rapid metabolizers who do not respond to standard
doses. Recently, the molecular basis of ultra-rapid metabolism has
been identified to be due to CYP2D6 gene amplification.
[0997] Alternatively, a method termed the "gene expression
profiling", can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug
response. For example, the gene expression of an animal dosed with
a drug (e.g., an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a
TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4
molecule and/or an HST-5 molecule or an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a
TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a
HAAT, an HST-4 modulator and/or an HST-5 modulator of the present
invention) can give an indication whether gene pathways related to
toxicity have been turned on.
[0998] Information generated from more than one of the above
pharmacogenomics approaches can be used to determine appropriate
dosage and treatment regimens for prophylactic or therapeutic
treatment an individual. This knowledge, when applied to dosing or
drug selection, can avoid adverse reactions or therapeutic failure
and thus enhance therapeutic or prophylactic efficiency when
treating a subject with an MTP-1, an OAT, n HST-1, a TP-2, a
PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an
HST-4 and/or an HST-5 molecule or an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a
TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a
HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 modulator, such as a modulator
identified by one of the exemplary screening assays described
herein.
4. Use of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118,67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5 Molecules as Surrogate
Markers
[0999] The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5 molecules of the invention are
also useful as markers of disorders or disease states, as markers
for precursors of disease states, as markers for predisposition of
disease states, as markers of drug activity, or as markers of the
pharmacogenomic profile of a subject. Using the methods described
herein, the presence, absence and/or quantity of the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or the HST-5 molecules of the invention may be detected, and
may be correlated with one or more biological states in vivo. For
example, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 molecules of the
invention may serve as surrogate markers for one or more disorders
or disease states or for conditions leading up to disease states.
As used herein, a "surrogate marker" is an objective biochemical
marker which correlates with the absence or presence of a disease
or disorder, or with the progression of a disease or disorder
(e.g., with the presence or absence of a tumor). The presence or
quantity of such markers is independent of the disease. Therefore,
these markers may serve to indicate whether a particular course of
treatment is effective in lessening a disease state or disorder.
Surrogate markers are of particular use when the presence or extent
of a disease state or disorder is difficult to assess through
standard methodologies (e.g., early stage tumors), or when an
assessment of disease progression is desired before a potentially
dangerous clinical endpoint is reached (e.g., an assessment of
cardiovascular disease may be made using cholesterol levels as a
surrogate marker, and an analysis of HIV infection may be made
using HIV RNA levels as a surrogate marker, well in advance of the
undesirable clinical outcomes of myocardial infarction or
fully-developed AIDS). Examples of the use of surrogate markers in
the art include: Koomen et al. (2000) J. Mass. Spectrom. 35:
258-264; and James (1994) AIDS Treatment News Archive 209.
[1000] The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 molecules of the
invention are also useful as pharmacodynamic markers. As used
herein, a "pharmacodynamic marker" is an objective biochemical
marker which correlates specifically with drug effects. The
presence or quantity of a pharmacodynamic marker is not related to
the disease state or disorder for which the drug is being
administered; therefore, the presence or quantity of the marker is
indicative of the presence or activity of the drug in a subject.
For example, a pharmacodynamic marker may be indicative of the
concentration of the drug in a biological tissue, in that the
marker is either expressed or transcribed or not expressed or
transcribed in that tissue in relationship to the level of the
drug. In this fashion, the distribution or uptake of the drug may
be monitored by the pharmacodynamic marker. Similarly, the presence
or quantity of the pharmacodynamic marker may be related to the
presence or quantity of the metabolic product of a drug, such that
the presence or quantity of the marker is indicative of the
relative breakdown rate of the drug in vivo. Pharmacodynamic
markers are of particular use in increasing the sensitivity of
detection of drug effects, particularly when the drug is
administered in low doses. Since even a small amount of a drug may
be sufficient to activate multiple rounds of marker (e.g., an
MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a
67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 marker)
transcription or expression, the amplified marker may be in a
quantity which is more readily detectable than the drug itself.
Also, the marker may be more easily detected due to the nature of
the marker itself; for example, using the methods described herein,
anti-MTP-1, anti-OAT, anti-HST-1, anti-TP-2, anti-PLTR-1,
anti-TFM-2, anti-TFM-3, anti-67118, anti-67067, anti-62092,
anti-HAAT, anti-HST-4 and/or anti-HST-5 antibodies may be employed
in an immune-based detection system for an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1,
a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a
HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5 polypeptide marker, or MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4- and/or HST-5-specific radiolabeled probes may be used to
detect an MTP-1, an OAT, an HST-1, a TP-2, a PLTR-1, a TFM-2, a
TFM-3, a 67118, a 67067, a 62092, a HAAT, an HST-4 and/or an HST-5
mRNA marker. Furthermore, the use of a pharmacodynamic marker may
offer mechanism-based prediction of risk due to drug treatment
beyond the range of possible direct observations. Examples of the
use of pharmacodynamic markers in the art include: Matsuda et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,862; Hattis et al. (1991) Env. Health Perspect.
90: 229-238; Schentag (1999) Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 56 Suppl.
3: S21-S24; and Nicolau (1999) Am, J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 56 Suppl.
3: S16-S20.
[1001] The MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or the HST-5 molecules of the
invention are also useful as pharmacogenomic markers. As used
herein, a "pharmacogenomic marker" is an objective biochemical
marker which correlates with a specific clinical drug response or
susceptibility in a subject (see, e.g., McLeod et al. (1999) Eur.
J. Cancer 35(12): 1650-1652). The presence or quantity of the
pharmacogenomic marker is related to the predicted response of the
subject to a specific drug or class of drugs prior to
administration of the drug. By assessing the presence or quantity
of one or more pharmacogenomic markers in a subject, a drug therapy
which is most appropriate for the subject, or which is predicted to
have a greater degree of success, may be selected. For example,
based on the presence or quantity of RNA, or polypeptide (e.g.,
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 polypeptides or RNAs) for specific tumor
markers in a subject, a drug or course of treatment may be selected
that is optimized for the treatment of the specific tumor likely to
be present in the subject. Similarly, the presence or absence of a
specific sequence mutation in MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 DNA may
correlate MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 drug response. The use of
pharmacogenomic markers therefore permits the application of the
most appropriate treatment for each subject without having to
administer the therapy.
F. Electronic Apparatus-Readable Media and Arrays
[1002] Electronic apparatus readable media comprising MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 sequence information is also provided. As used herein,
"MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence information" refers to any
nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence information particular to the
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 molecules of the present invention,
including but not limited to full-length nucleotide and/or amino
acid sequences, partial nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences,
polymorphic sequences including single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs), epitope sequences, and the like. Moreover, information
"related to" said MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence information
includes detection of the presence or absence of a sequence (e.g.,
detection of expression of a sequence, fragment, polymorphism,
etc.), determination of the level of a sequence (e.g., detection of
a level of expression, for example, a quantitative detection),
detection of a reactivity to a sequence (e.g., detection of protein
expression and/or levels, for example, using a sequence-specific
antibody), and the like. As used herein, "electronic apparatus
readable media" refers to any suitable medium for storing, holding
or containing data or information that can be read and accessed
directly by an electronic apparatus. Such media can include, but
are not limited to: magnetic storage media, such as floppy discs,
hard disc storage medium, and magnetic tape; optical storage media
such as compact disc; electronic storage media such as RAM, ROM,
EPROM, EEPROM and the like; general hard disks and hybrids of these
categories such as magnetic/optical storage media. The medium is
adapted or configured for having recorded thereon a sequence of the
present invention.
[1003] As used herein, the term "electronic apparatus" is intended
to include any suitable computing or processing apparatus or other
device configured or adapted for storing data or information.
Examples of electronic apparatus suitable for use with the present
invention include stand-alone computing apparatus; networks,
including a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN)
Internet, Intranet, and Extranet; electronic appliances such as a
personal digital assistants (PDAs), cellular phone, pager and the
like; and local and distributed processing systems.
[1004] As used herein, "recorded" refers to a process for storing
or encoding information on the electronic apparatus readable
medium. Those skilled in the art can readily adopt any of the
presently known methods for recording information on known media to
generate manufactures comprising the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
sequence information.
[1005] A variety of software programs and formats can be used to
store the sequence information on the electronic apparatus readable
medium. For example, the sequence information can be represented in
a word processing text file, formatted in commercially-available
software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, or represented in
the form of an ASCII file, stored in a database application, such
as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like, as well as in other forms. Any
number of dataprocessor structuring formats (e.g., text file or
database) may be employed in order to obtain or create a medium
having recorded thereon the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence
information.
[1006] By providing MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence information
in readable form, one can routinely access the sequence information
for a variety of purposes. For example, one skilled in the art can
use the sequence information in readable form to compare a target
sequence or target structural motif with the sequence information
stored within the data storage means. Search means are used to
identify fragments or regions of the sequences of the invention
which match a particular target sequence or target motif.
[1007] The present invention therefore provides a medium for
holding instructions for performing a method for determining
whether a subject has a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated
disease or disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or metabolic disorder) or
a pre-disposition to a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated
disease or disorder, wherein the method comprises the steps of
determining MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence information
associated with the subject and based on the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 sequence information, determining whether the subject has a
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or disorder (e.g., a
blood sugar or metabolic disorder) or a pre-disposition to a MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or disorder and/or
recommending a particular treatment for the disease, disorder or
pre-disease condition.
[1008] The present invention further provides in an electronic
system and/or in a network, a method for determining whether a
subject has a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or
disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or metabolic disorder) or a
pre-disposition to a disease associated with a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5 wherein the method comprises the steps of determining MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence information associated with the
subject, and based on the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence
information, determining whether the subject has a MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5-associated disease or disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or
metabolic disorder) or a pre-disposition to a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-associated disease or disorder, and/or recommending a
particular treatment for the disease, disorder or pre-disease
condition. The method may further comprise the step of receiving
phenotypic information associated with the subject and/or acquiring
from a network phenotypic information associated with the
subject.
[1009] The present invention also provides in a network, a method
for determining whether a subject has a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-associated disease or disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or
metabolic disorder) or a pre-disposition to a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-associated disease or disorder associated with MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5, said method comprising the steps of receiving MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence information from the subject and/or
information related thereto, receiving phenotypic information
associated with the subject, acquiring information from the network
corresponding to MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 and/or a MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or corresponding to a HST-5-associated disease or disorder
(e.g., a blood sugar or metabolic disorder), and based on one or
more of the phenotypic information, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
information (e.g., sequence information and/or information related
thereto), and the acquired information, determining whether the
subject has a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or
disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or metabolic disorder) or a
pre-disposition to a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or
disorder. The method may further comprise the step of recommending
a particular treatment for the disease, disorder or pre-disease
condition.
[1010] The present invention also provides a business method for
determining whether a subject has a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-associated disease or disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or
metabolic disorder) or a pre-disposition to a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1,
TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-associated disease or disorder, said method comprising the
steps of receiving information related to MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5
(e.g., sequence information and/or information related thereto),
receiving phenotypic information associated with the subject,
acquiring information from the network related to MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5 and/or related to a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1,
TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5-associated disease or disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or
metabolic disorder), and based on one or more of the phenotypic
information, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 information, and the
acquired information, determining whether the subject has a MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or disorder (e.g., a blood
sugar or metabolic disorder) or a pre-disposition to a MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4
and/or HST-5-associated disease or disorder. The method may further
comprise the step of recommending a particular treatment for the
disease, disorder or pre-disease condition.
[1011] The invention also includes an array comprising a MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 sequence of the present invention. The array can
be used to assay expression of one or more genes in the array. In
one embodiment, the array can be used to assay gene expression in a
tissue to ascertain tissue specificity of genes in the array. In
this manner, up to about 7600 genes can be simultaneously assayed
for expression, one of which can be MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or
HST-5. This allows a profile to be developed showing a battery of
genes specifically expressed in one or more tissues.
[1012] In addition to such qualitative determination, the invention
allows the quantitation of gene expression. Thus, not only tissue
specificity, but also the level of expression of a battery of genes
in the tissue is ascertainable. Thus, genes can be grouped on the
basis of their tissue expression per se and level of expression in
that tissue. This is useful, for example, in ascertaining the
relationship of gene expression between or among tissues. Thus, one
tissue can be perturbed and the effect on gene expression in a
second tissue can be determined. In this context, the effect of one
cell type on another cell type in response to a biological stimulus
can be determined. Such a determination is useful, for example, to
know the effect of cell-cell interaction at the level of gene
expression. If an agent is administered therapeutically to treat
one cell type but has an undesirable effect on another cell type,
the invention provides an assay to determine the molecular basis of
the undesirable effect and thus provides the opportunity to
co-administer a counteracting agent or otherwise treat the
undesired effect. Similarly, even within a single cell type,
undesirable biological effects can be determined at the molecular
level. Thus, the effects of an agent on expression of other than
the target gene can be ascertained and counteracted.
[1013] In another embodiment, the array can be used to monitor the
time course of expression of one or more genes in the array. This
can occur in various biological contexts, as disclosed herein, for
example development of a MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated
disease or disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or metabolic disorder),
progression of MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or
disorder (e.g., a blood sugar or metabolic disorder), and
processes, such a cellular transformation associated with the
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5-associated disease or disorder.
[1014] The array is also useful for ascertaining the effect of the
expression of a gene on the expression of other genes in the same
cell or in different cells (e.g., ascertaining the effect of MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5 expression on the expression of other genes).
This provides, for example, for a selection of alternate molecular
targets for therapeutic intervention if the ultimate or downstream
target cannot be regulated.
[1015] The array is also useful for ascertaining differential
expression patterns of one or more genes in normal and abnormal
cells. This provides a battery of genes (e.g., including MTP-1,
OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4 and/or HST-5) that could serve as a molecular target for
diagnosis or therapeutic intervention.
[1016] The contents of the Sequence Listing are submitted herewith
on compact disc in a Word file named "sequence listing.doc" and are
incorporated herein by this reference. The compact disc was created
on Jan. 21, 2005, and sequence listing.doc has 620 kilobytes.
[1017] This invention is further illustrated by the following
examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of
all references, patents and published patent applications cited
throughout this application, as well as the Figures and the
Sequence Listing, are incorporated herein by reference.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Identification and Characterization of Human MTP-1 cDNA
[1018] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human MTP-1 (clone Fbh38594) is described.
Isolation of the MTP-1 cDNA
[1019] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of a human genes encoding a novel protein, referred to herein as
MTP-1. The entire sequence of human clones Fbh38594, was determined
and found to contain an open reading frame termed human "MTP-1".
The MTP-1 protein sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 comprises about
2144 amino acids. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID
NO:1, is set forth as SEQ ID NO:3.
Analysis of the Human MTP-1 Molecule
[1020] An analysis of the possible cellular localization of the
MTP-1 protein based on its amino acid sequence was performed using
the methods and algorithms described in Nakai and Kanehisa (1992)
Genomics 14:897-911, and at http://psort.nibb.ac.jp. The results of
the analysis show that human MTP-1 (SEQ ID NO:2) may be localized
to the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles of the secretory system, and
the nucleus.
[1021] A search of the amino acid sequence of MTP-1 was performed
against the Memsat database (FIG. 1). This search resulted in the
identification of twelve transmembrane domains in the amino acid
sequence of human MTP-1 (SEQ ID NO:2) at about residues 23-40,
548-564, 588-612, 624-646, 653-675, 1006-1023, 1236-1258,
1534-1556, 1587-1603, 1645-1667, 1732-1749, 1931-1947.
[1022] A search of the amino acid sequence of MTP-1 was also
performed against the HMM database. This search resulted in the
identification of two "ABC transporter domains" in the amino acid
sequence of MTP-1 (SEQ ID NO:2) at about residues 832-1012 and
about 1818-1999 (scores: 206.0 and 144.2, respectively). Further
domain motifs were identified by using the amino acid sequence of
MTP-1 (SEQ ID NO:2) to search through the ProDom database
(http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). Numerous matches
against protein domains described as ATP-binding transporters, ABC
transporters, ABCR transporters, ABC-C transporters and the like
were identified.
[1023] A search was also performed against the Prosite database,
and resulted in the identification of two "ATP/GTP binding site
motifs (P-loop)" at residues 839-846, and 1825-1832 (Prosite
accession number PS00017). This search also revealed an "ABC
transporter family signature motif" at residues 938-952 (Prosite
accession number PS00211).
[1024] BLASTN analysis using the nucleotide sequence of human MTP-1
resulted in the identification of a partial cDNA having significant
identity to nucleotides 2852-2987 of SEQ ID NO:1. This partial cDNA
is described as belonging to the ATP binding cassette (ABC)
transporter protein family, etiologically involved in cholesterol
driven atherogenic processes and inflammatory diseases like
psoriasis, lupus erythematosus and others.
[1025] In combination with the other examples described herein,
these data suggest that MTP-1 is a novel ABC transporter molecule,
involved in lipid metabolism and/or inflammation and/or
hematopoiesis.
Example 2
Expression of Recombinant MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5 Polypeptides in
Bacterial Cells
[1026] In this example, In this example, human MTP-1, human OAT,
human HST-1, human TP-2, human PLTR-1, human TFM-2, human TFM-3,
human 67118, human 67067, human 62092, human HAAT, human HST-4
and/or human HST-5 is expressed as a recombinant
glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion polypeptide in E. coli and
the fusion polypeptide is isolated and characterized. Specifically,
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4 and/or HST-5 is fused to GST and this fusion
polypeptide is expressed in E. coli, e.g., strain PEB199.
Expression of the GST- MTP-1, GST-OAT, GST-HST-1, GST-TP-2,
GST-PLTR-1, GST-TFM-2, GST-TFM-3, GST-67118, GST-67067, GST-62092,
GST-HAAT, GST-HST-4, or GST-HST-5 fusion protein in PEB199 is
induced with IPTG. The recombinant fusion polypeptide is purified
from crude bacterial lysates of the induced PEB199 strain by
affinity chromatography on glutathione beads. Using polyacrylamide
gel electrophoretic analysis of the polypeptide purified from the
bacterial lysates, the molecular weight of the resultant fusion
polypeptide is determined.
Example 3
Expression of Recombinant MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4 and HST-5 Protein in Cos
Cells
[1027] To express the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5 gene in COS
cells, the pcDNA/Amp vector by Invitrogen Corporation (San Diego,
Calif.) is used. This vector contains an SV40 origin of
replication, an ampicillin resistance gene, an E. coli replication
origin, a CMV promoter followed by a polylinker region, and an SV40
intron and polyadenylation site. A DNA fragment encoding the entire
MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092,
HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5 protein and an HA tag (Wilson et al. (1984)
Cell 37:767) or a FLAG tag fused in-frame to its 3' end of the
fragment is cloned into the polylinker region of the vector,
thereby placing the expression of the recombinant protein under the
control of the CMV promoter.
[1028] To construct the plasmid, the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5
DNA sequence is amplified by PCR using two primers. The 5' primer
contains the restriction site of interest followed by approximately
twenty nucleotides of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2,
TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5 coding sequence
starting from the initiation codon; the 3' end sequence contains
complementary sequences to the other restriction site of interest,
a translation stop codon, the HA tag or FLAG tag and the last 20
nucleotides of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3,
67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5 coding sequence. The PCR
amplified fragment and the pCDNA/Amp vector are digested with the
appropriate restriction enzymes and the vector is dephosphorylated
using the CIAP enzyme (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.).
Preferably the two restriction sites chosen are different so that
the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067,
62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5 gene is inserted in the correct
orientation. The ligation mixture is transformed into E. coli cells
(strains HB101, DH5.alpha., SURE, available from Stratagene Cloning
Systems, La Jolla, Calif., can be used), the transformed culture is
plated on ampicillin media plates, and resistant colonies are
selected. Plasmid DNA is isolated from transformants and examined
by restriction analysis for the presence of the correct
fragment.
[1029] COS cells are subsequently transfected with the MTP-1, OAT,
HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT,
HST-4, or HST-5-pcDNA/Amp plasmid DNA using the calcium phosphate
or calcium chloride co-precipitation methods, DEAE-dextran-mediated
transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Other suitable
methods for transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, J.,
Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. The expression of
the MTP-1 polypeptide is detected by radiolabeling
(.sup.35S-methionine or .sup.35S-cysteine available from NEN,
Boston, Mass., can be used) and immunoprecipitation (Harlow, E. and
Lane, D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988) using an HA
specific monoclonal antibody. Briefly, the cells are labeled for 8
hours with .sup.35S-methionine (or .sup.35S-cysteine). The culture
media are then collected and the cells are lysed using detergents
(RIPA buffer, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% DOC, 50 mM
Tris, pH 7.5). Both the cell lysate and the culture media are
precipitated with an HA-specific monoclonal antibody. Precipitated
polypeptides are then analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
[1030] Alternatively, DNA containing the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5
coding sequence is cloned directly into the polylinker of the
pCDNA/Amp vector using the appropriate restriction sites. The
resulting plasmid is transfected into COS cells in the manner
described above, and the expression of the MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2,
PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118, 67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5
polypeptide is detected by radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation
using an MTP-1, OAT, HST-1, TP-2, PLTR-1, TFM-2, TFM-3, 67118,
67067, 62092, HAAT, HST-4, or HST-5 specific monoclonal
antibody.
Example 4
Tissue Distribution of MTP-1 mRNA
[1031] In this example, endogenous gene expression was determined
using the Perkin-Elmer/AsI 7700 Sequence Detection System which
employs TaqMan technology. Briefly, TaqMan technology relies on
standard RT-PCR with the addition of a third gene-specific
oligonucleotide (referred to as a probe) which has a fluorescent
dye coupled to its 5' end (typically 6-FAM) and a quenching dye at
the 3' end (typically TAMRA). When the fluorescently tagged
oligonucleotide is intact, the fluorescent signal from the 5' dye
is quenched. As PCR proceeds, the 5' to 3' nucleolytic activity of
taq polymerase digests the labeled primer, producing a free
nucleotide labeled with 6-FAM, which is now detected as a
fluorescent signal. The PCR cycle where fluorescence is first
released and detected is directly proportional to the starting
amount of the gene of interest in the test sample, thus providing a
way of quantitating the initial template concentration. Samples can
be internally controlled by the addition of a second set of
primers/probe specific for a housekeeping gene such as GAPDH which
has been labeled with a different fluor on the 5' end (typically
JOE).
[1032] To determine the level of MTP-1 in various tissues a
primer/probe set was designed using Primer Express software and
primary cDNA sequence information. Total RNA was prepared from a
series of tissues using an RNeasy kit from Qiagen First strand cDNA
was prepared from one .mu.g total RNA using an oligo dT primer and
Superscript II reverse transcriptase (GIBCO-BRL). cDNA obtained
from approximately 50 ng total RNA was used per TaqMan reaction. An
array of human tissues were tested. The results of one such
analysis are depicted in FIGS. 2A-C. Expression was greatest in
brain, vein, adipose, skin, fetal liver, tonsil, and lymph node.
Expression was also noted in liver, colon, skeletal muscle, kidney,
lung, thyroid, bone marrow, testis, placenta, fetal heart, spleen,
and thymus.
[1033] In addition, a second array of human tissues was tested
according to the above-described Taqman procedure, the array
including additional samples of the erythroid and hematopoietic
lineage. Notably, in addition to increased expression in tonsil and
lymph node tissue, significant expression was also observed in bone
marrow mononuclear cells, megakaryocytes and neutrophils, with
quite dramatic expression being detected in erythroid cells.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE I Tissue Type Mean .beta. 2 Mean
.differential..differential. Ct Expression Artery normal 34.5 23.43
9.08 1.8478 Aorta diseased 33.95 23.5 8.46 2.8398 Vein normal 37.27
21.48 13.8 0 Coronary SMC 34.41 22.07 10.36 0.7635 HUVEC 30.69
22.52 6.18 13.7922 Hemangioma 33.1 21.05 10.07 0.9335 Heart normal
33.34 22.2 9.14 1.7664 Heart CHF 33.51 22.09 9.43 1.4548 Kidney
30.5 21.41 7.11 7.2641 Skeletal Muscle 31.26 23.18 6.09 14.68
Adipose normal 34.95 21.89 11.07 0.4652 Pancreas 32.16 23.35 6.83
8.82 primary osteoblasts 30.86 21.93 6.93 8.1725 Osteoclasts 32.65
18.93 11.72 0.2964 Skin normal 33.91 23.2 8.72 2.3633 Spinal cord
normal 33.01 22.13 8.89 2.1006 Brain Cortex normal 30.45 23.5 4.96
32.1286 Brain Hypothalamus normal 33.28 23.63 7.66 4.9444 Nerve
35.15 23.34 9.82 0 DRG (Dorsal Root Ganglion) 30.59 22.94 5.66
19.8461 Breast normal 33.94 22.18 9.77 1.1493 Breast tumor 32.81
21.99 8.83 2.1974 Ovary normal 34.65 21.23 11.43 0.3624 Ovary Tumor
30.8 19.73 9.09 1.8414 Prostate Normal 32.9 20.93 9.98 0.9868
Prostate Tumor 32.58 21.3 9.29 1.5919 Salivary glands 32.64 20.8
9.85 1.0836 Colon normal 34.74 19.81 12.95 0.1268 Colon Tumor 31.76
22.48 7.29 6.3899 Lung normal 31.25 19.34 9.91 1.0358 Lung tumor
29.82 21.58 6.25 13.0935 Lung 32.22 19.77 10.47 0.7075 Colon 32.47
18.8 11.69 0.3037 Liver normal 36.3 21.14 13.17 0 Liver fibrosis
33.8 21.87 9.94 1.0216 Spleen normal 30.26 19.77 8.5 2.7621 Tonsil
normal 28.23 19.76 6.48 11.2028 Lymph node normal 29.54 21.32 6.24
13.2763 Small intestine normal 35.99 21.38 12.63 0 Macrophages
33.92 18.14 13.8 0.0701 Synovium 34.2 20.9 11.32 0.3925 BM-MNC
28.88 20.05 6.84 8.6986 Activated PBMC 32.9 19.48 11.43 0.3624
Neutrophils 28.03 19.42 6.62 10.1667 Megakaryocytes 27.09 20.12
4.97 31.7962 Erythroid 25.68 21.81 1.88 271.6837 positive control
30.11 21.34 6.77 9.1628
[1034] To further investigate the high expression in hematopoietic
tissue, MTP-1 expression levels were measured in various
hematopoietic cells by quantitative PCR using the Taqman.TM.
procedure as described above. The relative levels of MTP-1
expression in various hematopoietic and non-hemapoietic cells is
depicted in Table II. TABLE-US-00004 TABLE II Expression on MTP-1
in various types of hematopoietic cells. Fam Mean Relative 38594
Vic Mean Beta2 Expression Lung MPI 131 29 19 18 Kidney MPI 58 28 21
255 Brain MPI 167 33 24 34 Heart PIT 273 34 20 2 Colon MPI 60 32 21
10 NHLF CTN 49 hr 30 19 9 NHLF TGF 10 ng 30 19 12 hepG2 CTN 29 20
67 Tonsil MPI 37 26 19 204 Lymph nodes NDR 79 26 19 225 spleen MPI
380 23 17 287 Fetal liver MPI 133 30 21 65 pooled liver 31 20 16
Liv Fib NDR 190 36 25 16 Liv Fib NDR 191 30 20 37 Liv Fib NDR 194
35 25 38 Liv Fib NDR 113 31 19 7 Th1 48 hr M4 30 17 3 Th1 48 hr M5
30 17 3 Th2 48 hr M5 30 17 3 Grans 27 20 218 CD19 28 18 18 CD14 30
17 2 PBMC mock 25 16 63 PBMC PHA 27 16 8 PBMC IL 10 28 17 8 NHBE
mock 32 20 8 NHBE IL13-1 32 21 10 BM-MNC 32 21 10 mPB CD34+ 27 20
351 ABM CD34+ 29 19 18 Erythroid 30 20 22 Megs 31 18 4 Neutrophil
30 19 14 mBM CD11b+ 33 18 1 mBM CD15+ 32 18 2 mBM CD11b- 30 18 4
BM/GPA 28 20 91 BM CD71 27 18 60 HepG2 A 29 22 202 HepG2 2.12-a 28
22 412 NTC 40 40
[1035] Notably, MTP-1 expression was increased in non-hemapoietic
cells such as HepG2, brain, liver and kidney. Interesting,
expression was most increased in hematopoietic cells such as
CD34-positive murine peripheral blood cells. Expression was also
significantly increased in other hemapoietic cells such as
glycophorin A-positive bone marrow cells ("BM-GPA"), CD71-positive
bone marrow cells (BM-CD71"), mock-treated peripheral blood
mononuclear cells, granulocytes, tonsils, lymph nodes and spleen.
These data indicate that MTP-1 is a novel ABC-transporter molecule
that is preferentially expressed in various hemapoietic cells.
Example 5
Identification and Characterization of Human Oat cDNA
[1036] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the genes encoding human OAT4 (clone Fbh57312) and human OAT5
(clone Fbh53659) is described.
Isolation of the Human OAT cDNA
[1037] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of genes encoding novel members of the organic anion transporter
family. The entire sequence of human clone Fbh57312 was determined
and found to contain an open reading frame termed human "OAT4". The
entire sequence of human clone Fbh53659 was determined and found to
contain an open reading frame termed human "OAT5".
[1038] The nucleotide sequence encoding the human OAT4 is shown is
set forth as SEQ ID NO:4. The protein encoded by this nucleic acid
comprises about 550 amino acids and has the amino acid sequence set
forth as SEQ ID NO:5. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ
ID NO:4 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:6.
[1039] The nucleotide sequence encoding the human OAT5 is set forth
as SEQ ID NO:7. The protein encoded by this nucleic acid comprises
about 724 amino acids and has the amino acid sequence set forth as
SEQ ID NO:8. The coding region (open reading frame) is set forth as
SEQ ID NO:9.
Analysis of the Human OAT Molecules
[1040] The amino acid sequences of human OAT4 and OAT5 were
analyzed using the program PSORT (available online) to predict the
localization of the proteins within the cell. This program assesses
the presence of different targeting and localization amino acid
sequences within the query sequence. The results of the analyses
show that human OAT4 may be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum,
the nucleus, or the mitochondria. The results of the analyses
further show that human OAT 5 may be localized to the endoplasmic
reticulum, vacuoles, secretory vesicles, or the mitochondria.
[1041] Additionally, searches of the amino acid sequences of human
OAT4 and OAT5 were performed against the Memsat database. These
searches resulted in the identification of 12 transmembrane domains
in the amino acid sequence of human OAT4 at residues 1-31, 148-165,
172-195, 202-219, 228-252, 260-276, 347-365, 375-399, 406-422,
431-451, 466-484, and 495-512 of SEQ ID NO:5 (FIG. 4). These
searches further resulted in the identification of 12 transmembrane
domains in the amino acid sequence of human OAT5 at residues
106-130, 143-166, 174-191, 230-254, 265-284, 314-335, 382-405,
419-443, 456-473, 579-603, 613-636, and 667-690 of SEQ ID NO:8
(FIG. 5).
[1042] Searches of the amino acid sequences of human OAT4 and OAT5
were also performed against the HMM database. These searches
resulted in the identification of a "sugar (and other) transporter
domain" at about residues 103-527 (score=34.7) of SEQ ID NO:5 .
These searches further resulted in the identification of a "sugar
(and other) transporter domain" at about residues 141-555 of SEQ ID
NO:8.
[1043] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human OAT were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification of two ATP/GTP-binding site motif A
(P-loop) domains in the amino acid sequence of human OAT5 at about
residues 343-350 and 360-367 of SEQ ID NO:8. These searches also
resulted in the identification of a number of potential
N-glycosylation sites, protein kinase C phosphorylation sites,
casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, N-myristoylation sites,
amidation sites, and leucine zipper patterns in the amino acid
sequence of human OAT4. These searches further resulted in the
identification in the amino acid sequence of human OAT5 of a
potential cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation
site and an number of potential N-glycosylation sites, protein
kinase C phosphorylation sites, casein kinase II phosphorylation
sites, and N-myristoylation sites.
Tissue Distribution of OAT mRNA
[1044] This example describes the tissue distribution of human OAT
mRNA, as may be determined using in situ hybridization analysis.
For in situ analysis, various tissues, e.g., tissues obtained from
brain, are first frozen on dry ice. Ten-micrometer-thick sections
of the tissues are postfixed with 4% formaldehyde in DEPC-treated
1.times. phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature for 10
minutes before being rinsed twice in DEPC 1.times.
phosphate-buffered saline and once in 0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl (pH
8.0). Following incubation in 0.25% acetic anhydride-0.1 M
triethanolamine-HCl for 10 minutes, sections are rinsed in DEPC
2.times.SSC (1.times.SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium
citrate). Tissue is then dehydrated through a series of ethanol
washes, incubated in 100% chloroform for 5 minutes, and then rinsed
in 100% ethanol for 1 minute and 95% ethanol for 1 minute and
allowed to air dry.
[1045] Hybridizations are performed with .sup.35S-radiolabeled
(5.times.10.sup.7 cpm/ml) cRNA probes. Probes are incubated in the
presence of a solution containing 600 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5),
1 mM EDTA, 0.01% sheared salmon sperm DNA, 0.01% yeast tRNA, 0.05%
yeast total RNA type X1, 1.times. Denhardt's solution, 50%
formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.1% sodium thiosulfate for 18 hours at
55.degree. C.
[1046] After hybridization, slides are washed with 2.times.SSC.
Sections are then sequentially incubated at 37.degree. C. in TNE (a
solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 500 mM NaCl, and 1 mM
EDTA), for 10 minutes, in TNE with 10 .mu.g of RNase A per ml for
30 minutes, and finally in TNE for 10 minutes. Slides are then
rinsed with 2.times.SSC at room temperature, washed with
2.times.SSC at 50.degree. C. for 1 hour, washed with 0.2.times.SSC
at 55.degree. C. for 1 hour, and 0.2.times.SSC at 60.degree. C. for
1 hour. Sections are then dehydrated rapidly through serial
ethanol-0.3 M sodium acetate concentrations before being air dried
and exposed to Kodak Biomax MR scientific imaging film for 24 hours
and subsequently dipped in NB-2 photoemulsion and exposed at
4.degree. C. for 7 days before being developed and counter
stained.
Analysis of Human OAT Expression Using the Taqman Procedure
[1047] The Taqman.TM. procedure is a quantitative, real-time
PCR-based approach to detecting mRNA. The RT-PCR reaction exploits
the 5' nuclease activity of AmpliTaq Gold.TM. DNA Polymerase to
cleave a TaqMan.TM. probe during PCR. Briefly, cDNA was generated
from the samples of interest and served as the starting material
for PCR amplification. In addition to the 5' and 3' gene-specific
primers, a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe (complementary to
the region being amplified) was included in the reaction (i.e., the
Taqman.TM. probe). The TaqMan.TM. probe included an oligonucleotide
with a fluorescent reporter dye covalently linked to the 5' end of
the probe (such as FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein), TET
(6-carboxy-4,7,2',7'-tetrachlorofluorescein), JOE
(6-carboxy-4,5-dichloro-2,7-dimethoxyfluorescein), or VIC) and a
quencher dye (TAMRA (6-carboxy-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylrhodamine) at
the 3' end of the probe.
[1048] During the PCR reaction, cleavage of the probe separated the
reporter dye and the quencher dye, resulting in increased
fluorescence of the reporter. Accumulation of PCR products was
detected directly by monitoring the increase in fluorescence of the
reporter dye. When the probe was intact, the proximity of the
reporter dye to the quencher dye resulted in suppression of the
reporter fluorescence. During PCR, if the target of interest was
present, the probe specifically annealed between the forward and
reverse primer sites. The 5'-3' nucleolytic activity of the
AmpliTaq.TM. Gold DNA Polymerase cleaved the probe between the
reporter and the quencher only if the probe hybridized to the
target. The probe fragments were then displaced from the target,
and polymerization of the strand continued. The 3' end of the probe
was blocked to prevent extension of the probe during PCR. This
process occurred in every cycle and did not interfere with the
exponential accumulation of product. RNA was prepared using the
trizol method and treated with DNase to remove contaminating
genomic DNA. cDNA was synthesized using standard techniques. Mock
cDNA synthesis in the absence of reverse transcriptase resulted in
samples with no detectable PCR amplification of the control GAPDH
or .beta.-actin gene confirming efficient removal of genomic DNA
contamination.
[1049] Taqman analysis showed that human OAT5 was highly expressed
in the kidney, primary osteoblasts, brain cortex, lung, liver, bone
marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC), and neutrophils (see FIG.
6).
Example 6
Identification and Characterization of Human HST-1 cDNA
[1050] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human HST-1 (clone 57250) is described.
Isolation of the Human HST-1 cDNA
[1051] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of a human gene encoding a novel polypeptide, referred to herein as
human HST-1. The entire sequence of the human clone 57250 was
determined and found to contain an open reading frame termed human
"HST-1." The nucleotide sequence of the human HST-1 gene is set
forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:12. The amino acid
sequence of the human HST-1 expression product is set forth in the
Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:13. The HST-1 polypeptide comprises
572 amino acids. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID
NO:12 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:14.
Analysis of the Human HST-1 Molecules
[1052] The human HST-1 amino acid sequence was aligned with the
amino acid sequence of the potent brain type organic ion
transporter from Homo sapiens (Accession No. AB040056) using the
CLUSTAL W (1.74) multiple sequence alignment program. The results
of the alignment are set forth in FIG. 9.
[1053] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a sugar transporter family domain in the amino
acid sequence of human HST-1 at about residues 117-536 of SEQ ID
NO:13, a potential UL25 domain in the amino acid sequence of human
HST-1 at about residues 577-597 of SEQ ID NO:13 (score=3.0), and a
potential sodium: galactoside symporter family domain in the amino
acid sequence of human HST-1 at about residues 287-541 of SEQ ID
NO:13.
[1054] The amino acid sequence of human HST-1 was analyzed using
the program PSORT (see the PSORT website) to predict the
localization of the proteins within the cell. This program assesses
the presence of different targeting and localization amino acid
sequences within the query sequence. The results of this analysis
indicated that human HST-1 may be localized to the endoplasmic
reticulum, nucleus, secretory vesicles or mitochondria.
[1055] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human HST-1 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
HST-1 of a potential N-glycosylation site, a number of potential
protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, a number of potential
casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, a number of potential
N-myristoylation sites, a number of potential amidation sites, a
potential prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site,
and a number of potential leucine zipper motifs.
[1056] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:13 was also performed (FIG. 8), predicting twelve transmembrane
domains in the amino acid sequence of human HST-1 (SEQ ID NO:13) at
about residues 20-36, 150-167, 174-196, 204-220, 231-255, 263-282,
355-372, 387-405, 413-431, 438-462, 469-485, and 505-521.
[1057] Further domain motifs were identified by using the amino
acid sequence of HST-1 (SEQ ID NO:13) to search through the ProDom
database. Numerous matches against protein domains described as
"transporter organic cation MBOCT potent brain type", "transporter
organic cation anion transmembrane glycoprotein monoamine", "DNA
packaging" and the like were identified.
Example 7
Tissue Distribution of Human HST-1 mRNA Using Taqman.TM.
Analysis
[1058] This example describes the tissue distribution of human
HST-1 mRNA in a variety of cells and tissues, as determined using
the TaqMan.TM. procedure. The Taqman.TM. procedure is a
quantitative, reverse transcription PCR-based approach for
detecting mRNA. The RT-PCR reaction exploits the 5' nuclease
activity of AmpliTaq Gold.TM. DNA Polymerase to cleave a TaqMan.TM.
probe during PCR. Briefly, cDNA was generated from the samples of
interest, e.g., various human tissue samples, and used as the
starting material for PCR amplification. In addition to the 5' and
3' gene-specific primers, a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe
(complementary to the region being amplified) was included in the
reaction (i.e., the Taqman.TM. probe). The TaqMan.TM. probe
includes the oligonucleotide with a fluorescent reporter dye
covalently linked to the 5' end of the probe (such as FAM
(6-carboxyfluorescein), TET
(6-carboxy-4,7,2',7'-tetrachlorofluorescein), JOE
(6-carboxy-4,5-dichloro-2,7-dimethoxyfluorescein), or VIC) and a
quencher dye (TAMRA (6-carboxy-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylrhodamine) at
the 3' end of the probe.
[1059] During the PCR reaction, cleavage of the probe separates the
reporter dye and the quencher dye, resulting in increased
fluorescence of the reporter. Accumulation of PCR products is
detected directly by monitoring the increase in fluorescence of the
reporter dye. When the probe is intact, the proximity of the
reporter dye to the quencher dye results in suppression of the
reporter fluorescence. During PCR, if the target of interest is
present, the probe specifically anneals between the forward and
reverse primer sites. The 5'-3' nucleolytic activity of the
AmpliTaq.TM. Gold DNA Polymerase cleaves the probe between the
reporter and the quencher only if the probe hybridizes to the
target. The probe fragments are then displaced from the target, and
polymerization of the strand continues. The 3' end of the probe is
blocked to prevent extension of the probe during PCR. This process
occurs in every cycle and does not interfere with the exponential
accumulation of product. RNA was prepared using the trizol method
and treated with DNase to remove contaminating genomic DNA. cDNA
was synthesized using standard techniques. Mock cDNA synthesis in
the absence of reverse transcriptase resulted in samples with no
detectable PCR amplification of the control gene confirms efficient
removal of genomic DNA contamination.
[1060] As indicated in FIG. 10, strong expression of HST-1 was
detected in human coronary smooth muscle cells and neutrophils, as
well as in normal human pancreatic tissue and human lung tissue
derived from normal, tumor, and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease samples. In addition, HST-1 expression was detected at
moderate levels in normal ovary and lymph node tissues, breast
tumor tissue, prostate tumor tissue, and in bone marrow mononuclear
cells.
Example 8
Identification and Characterization of Human TP-2 cDNA
[1061] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human TP-2 (clone 63760) is described.
Isolation of the Human TP-2 cDNA
[1062] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of a human gene encoding a novel polypeptide, referred to herein as
human TP-2. The entire sequence of the human clone 63760 was
determined and found to contain an open reading frame termed human
"TP-2." The nucleotide sequence of the human TP-2 gene is set forth
in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:15. The amino acid sequence of
the human TP-2 expression product is set forth in the Sequence
Listing as SEQ ID NO:16. The TP-2 polypeptide comprises 474 amino
acids. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID NO:15 is
set forth as SEQ ID NO:17.
Analysis of the Human TP-2 Molecules
[1063] The human TP-2 amino acid sequence was aligned with the
amino acid sequence of the tetracycline-6-hydroxylase/oxygenase
homolog gene from Salmonella typhi (SEQ ID NO:18) using the CLUSTAL
W (1.74) multiple sequence alignment program. The results of the
alignment are set forth in FIG. 13.
[1064] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a potential sugar transporter domain in the amino
acid sequence of human TP-2 at about residues 37-454 of SEQ ID
NO:16 (score=-101.1), a potential LacY proton/sugar symporter
domain in the amino acid sequence of human TP-2 at about residues
39-383 of SEQ ID NO:16 (score=-336.7), a potential glutamine
amidotransferases class-II domain in the amino acid sequence of
human TP-2 at about residues 165-170 of SEQ ID NO:16 (score=1.2),
and a potential MCT domain in the amino acid sequence of human TP-2
at about residues 33-458 of SEQ ID NO:16 (score=-167.8).
[1065] The amino acid sequence of human TP-2 was analyzed using the
program PSORT (http://www.psort.nibb.ac.jp) to predict the
localization of the proteins within the cell. This program assesses
the presence of different targeting and localization amino acid
sequences within the query sequence. The results of this analysis
show that human TP-2 may be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum,
secretory vesicles, or mitochondria.
[1066] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human TP-2 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
TP-2 of two potential glycosaminoglycan attachment sites at about
residues 176-179 and 464-467 of SEQ ID NO:16, two potential cAMP-
and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites at about
residues 108-111 and 460-463 of SEQ ID NO:16, a number of potential
protein kinase C phosphorylation sites at about residues 228-230,
253-255, and 260-262 of SEQ ID NO:16, a number of potential casein
kinase II phosphorylation sites at about residues 28-31, 191-194,
247-250, and 463-466 of SEQ ID NO:16, a number of potential
N-myristoylation sites at about residues 38-43, 75-80, 82-87,
127-132, 187-192, 332-337, 403-408, 409-414, 415-420, and 445-450
of SEQ ID NO:16, one potential amidation site at about residues
106-109 of SEQ ID NO:16, and a potential prokaryotic membrane
lipoprotein lipid attachment site at about residues 99-114 of SEQ
ID NO:16.
[1067] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:16 was also performed (FIG. 12), predicting eleven potential
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human TR-2 (SEQ
ID NO:16) at about residues 45-69, 80-102, 112-136, 167-190,
197-218, 288-310, 323-343, 352-368, 375-391, 409-433, and 422-458.
However, a structural, hydrophobicity, and antigenicity analysis
(FIG. 11) resulted in the identification of twelve transmembrane
domains. Accordingly, the TP-2 protein of SEQ ID NO:16 is predicted
to have at least 12 transmembrane domains, which are identified in
FIGS. 11 and 12 as transmembrane (TM) domains 1 through 12. TM1 is
at about residues 45-69, TM2 is at about residues 80-102, TM3 is at
about residues 112-126, TM4 is at about residues 133-156, TM5 is at
about residues 167-190, TM6 is at about residues 197-218, TM7 is at
about residues 288-310, TM8 is at about residues 323-343, TM9 is at
about residues 352-368, TM10 is at about residues 375-391, TM11 is
at about residues 409-433, and TM12 is at about residues
442-458.
[1068] A search of the amino acid sequence of human TP-2 was also
performed against the ProDom database. These searches resulted in
the identification of a "kinase activity integral membrane domain"
at about amino acid residues 36-235, a "transport integral
membrane" at about amino acid residues 41-190, a "YFKF transporter
MFS transmembrane domain" at about amino acid residues 45-229, a
"multidrug transmembrane domain" at about amino acid residues
130-250, a "transporter-like polyspecific organic subtransferable
suppressing membrane tumor domain" at about amino acid residues
133-214, a "transport membrane domain" at about amino acid residues
163-244, a "NORA domain" at about amino acid residues 190-462, and
a "family C2-domain" at about amino acid residues 399-466 in the
amino acid protein sequence of TP-2 (SEQ ID NO:16).
Example 9
Identification and Characterization of Human PLTR-1 cDNA
[1069] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human PLTR-1 (clone 49938) is described.
Isolation of the Human PLTR-1 cDNA
[1070] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of genes encoding novel members of the phospholipid transporter
family. The entire sequence of human clone Fbh49938 was determined
and found to contain an open reading frame termed human
"PLTR-1".
[1071] The nucleotide sequence encoding the human PLTR-1 is set
forth as SEQ ID NO:19. The protein encoded by this nucleic acid
comprises about 1190 amino acids and has the amino acid sequence is
set forth as SEQ ID NO:20. The coding region (open reading frame)
of SEQ ID NO:19 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:21.
Analysis of the Human PLTR-1 Molecules
[1072] The amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 was analyzed for the
presence of sequence motifs specific for P-type ATPases (as defined
in Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497 and Fagan, M. J.
and Saier, M. H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57). These analyses
resulted in the identification of a P-type ATPase sequence 1 motif
in the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at residues 164-172 of
SEQ ID NO:20. These analyses also resulted in the identification of
a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif in the amino acid sequence of
human PLTR-1 at residues 389-398 of SEQ ID NO:20. These analyses
further resulted in the identification of a P-type ATPase sequence
3 motif in the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at residues
812-822 of SEQ ID NO:20.
[1073] The amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 was also analyzed
for the presence of phospholipid transporter specific amino acid
residues (as defined in Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science
272:1495-1497). These analyses resulted in the identification of
phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues in the amino
acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at about residues 164, 165, 168, 390,
812, 821, and 822 of SEQ ID NO:20 (FIGS. 14A-B).
[1074] The amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 was also analyzed
for the presence of large extramembrane domains. An N-terminal
large extramembrane domain was identified in the amino acid
sequence of human PLTR-1 at residues 95-275 of SEQ ID NO:20. A
C-terminal large extramembrane domain was identified in the amino
acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at residues 345-879 of SEQ ID
NO:20.
[1075] The amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 was further analyzed
using the program PSORT (available online; see Nakai, K. and
Kanehisa, M. (1992) Genomics 14:897-911) to predict the
localization of the proteins within the cell. This program assesses
the presence of different targeting and localization amino acid
sequences within the query sequence. The results of the analyses
show that human PLTR-1 is most likely localized to the endoplasmic
reticulum or to vesicles of the secretory system.
[1076] Analysis of the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 was
performed using MEMSAT. This analysis resulted in the
identification of 10 possible transmembrane domains in the amino
acid sequence of human PLTR-1 at about residues 55-71, 78-94,
276-298, 320-344, 880-897, 904-924, 954-977, 993-1011, 1022-1038,
and 1066-1084 of SEQ ID NO:20 (see FIGS. 14A-B and 15).
[1077] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification of an "E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation
site" at about residues 498-504 of SEQ ID NO:20 (see FIGS. 14A-B).
These searches also resulted in the identification in the amino
acid sequence of human PLTR-1 of a potential N-glycosylation site
(at about amino acid residues 579-582) and a number of potential
cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites (at
about residues 265-268, 367-370, 542-545, and 1171-1174), protein
kinase C phosphorylation sites (at about residues 36-38, 259-261,
391-393, 514-516, 687-689, 723-725, 739-741, 1098-1100, 1124-1126,
1143-1145, 1158-1160, and 1168-1170), casein kinase II
phosphorylation sites (at about residues 153-156, 267-270, 370-373,
378-381, 413-416, 452-455, 493-496, 519-522, 573-576, 580-583,
624-627, 631-634, 646-649, 705-708, 732-735, 744-747, 832-835,
899-902, 980-983, 1132-1135, and 1164-1167), tyrosine
phosphorylation sites (at about residues 17-23, 482-489, and
601-608), and N-myristoylation sites (at about residues 288-293,
497-502, 524-529, 655-660, 728-733, 828-833, 961-966, 984-989,
1010-1015, 1055-1060, and 1123-1128) in the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO:20.
[1078] A search of the amino acid sequence of human PLTR-1 was also
performed against the ProDom database (available online through the
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France; see Corpet,
F. et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28:267-269). This search
resulted in the identification of homology between the PLTR-1
protein and phospholipid transporting ATPases (ProDom Accession
Numbers PD004932, PD004982, PD030421, PD004657, PD304524, and
PD116286).
Tissue Distribution of PLTR-1 mRNA Using in Situ Analysis
[1079] This example describes the tissue distribution of human
PLTR-1 mRNA, as may be determined using in situ hybridization
analysis. For in situ analysis, various tissues, e.g., tissues
obtained from brain or vessels, are first frozen on dry ice.
Ten-micrometer-thick sections of the tissues are postfixed with 4%
formaldehyde in DEPC-treated 1.times. phosphate-buffered saline at
room temperature for 10 minutes before being rinsed twice in DEPC
1.times. phosphate-buffered saline and once in 0.1 M
triethanolamine-HCl (pH 8.0). Following incubation in 0.25% acetic
anhydride-0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl for 10 minutes, sections are
rinsed in DEPC 2.times.SSC (1.times.SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M
sodium citrate). Tissue is then dehydrated through a series of
ethanol washes, incubated in 100% chloroform for 5 minutes, and
then rinsed in 100% ethanol for 1 minute and 95% ethanol for 1
minute and allowed to air dry.
[1080] Hybridizations are performed with .sup.35S-radiolabeled
(5.times.10.sup.7 cpm/ml) cRNA probes. Probes are incubated in the
presence of a solution containing 600 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5),
1 mM EDTA, 0.01% sheared salmon sperm DNA, 0.01% yeast tRNA, 0.05%
yeast total RNA type X1, 1.times. Denhardt's solution, 50%
formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.1% sodium thiosulfate for 18 hours at
55.degree. C.
[1081] After hybridization, slides are washed with 2.times.SSC.
Sections are then sequentially incubated at 37.degree. C. in TNE (a
solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 500 mM NaCl, and 1 mM
EDTA), for 10 minutes, in TNE with 10 .mu.g of RNase A per ml for
30 minutes, and finally in TNE for 10 minutes. Slides are then
rinsed with 2.times.SSC at room temperature, washed with
2.times.SSC at 50.degree. C. for 1 hour, washed with 0.2.times.SSC
at 55.degree. C. for 1 hour, and 0.2.times.SSC at 60.degree. C. for
1 hour. Sections are then dehydrated rapidly through serial
ethanol-0.3 M sodium acetate concentrations before being air dried
and exposed to Kodak Biomax MR scientific imaging film for 24 hours
and subsequently dipped in NB-2 photoemulsion and exposed at
4.degree. C. for 7 days before being developed and counter
stained.
Example 10
Analysis of Human PLTR-1 Expression
[1082] This example describes the expression of human PLTR-1 mRNA
in various human vessels, as determined using the TaqMan.TM.
procedure.
[1083] The Taqman.TM. procedure is a quantitative, real-time
PCR-based approach to detecting mRNA. The RT-PCR reaction exploits
the 5' nuclease activity of AmpliTaq Gold.TM. DNA Polymerase to
cleave a TaqMan.TM. probe during PCR. Briefly, cDNA was generated
from the samples of interest and served as the starting material
for PCR amplification. In addition to the 5' and 3' gene-specific
primers, a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe (complementary to
the region being amplified) was included in the reaction (i.e., the
Taqman.TM. probe). The TaqMan.TM. probe included an oligonucleotide
with a fluorescent reporter dye covalently linked to the 5' end of
the probe (such as FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein), TET
(6-carboxy-4,7,2',7'-tetrachlorofluorescein), JOE
(6-carboxy-4,5-dichloro-2,7-dimethoxyfluorescein), or VIC) and a
quencher dye (TAMRA (6-carboxy-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylrhodamine) at
the 3' end of the probe.
[1084] During the PCR reaction, cleavage of the probe separated the
reporter dye and the quencher dye, resulting in increased
fluorescence of the reporter. Accumulation of PCR products was
detected directly by monitoring the increase in fluorescence of the
reporter dye. When the probe was intact, the proximity of the
reporter dye to the quencher dye resulted in suppression of the
reporter fluorescence. During PCR, if the target of interest was
present, the probe specifically annealed between the forward and
reverse primer sites. The 5'-3' nucleolytic activity of the
AmpliTaq.TM. Gold DNA Polymerase cleaved the probe between the
reporter and the quencher only if the probe hybridized to the
target. The probe fragments were then displaced from the target,
and polymerization of the strand continued. The 3' end of the probe
was blocked to prevent extension of the probe during PCR. This
process occurred in every cycle and did not interfere with the
exponential accumulation of product. RNA was prepared using the
trizol method and treated with DNase to remove contaminating
genomic DNA. cDNA was synthesized using standard techniques. Mock
cDNA synthesis in the absence of reverse transcriptase resulted in
samples with no detectable PCR amplification of the control GAPDH
or .beta.-actin gene confirming efficient removal of genomic DNA
contamination.
[1085] The expression of human PLTR-1 was examined in various human
vessels using Taqman analysis. The results, set forth below in
Table III, indicate that human PLTR-1 is highly expressed in aortic
smooth muscle cells (SMCs), coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs),
normal artery, interior mammary artery, diseased iliac artery,
diseased tibial artery, diseased aorta, and normal saphenous vein.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE III Tissue Type Mean .beta. 2 Mean
.differential..differential. Ct Expression 1. Human umbilicial vein
23.27 19.37 3.9 67.2184 endothelial cells (HUVECs) - Static 2.
HUVECs - Laminar 23.23 19.41 3.82 70.8052 shear stress (LSS) 3.
Aortic smooth muscle 24.77 19.75 5.01 30.9268 cells (SMCs) 4.
Coronary SMCs 25.84 20.27 5.57 21.0505 5. Human adipose tissue
30.41 18.8 11.61 0.3199 6. Normal human carotid artery 24.55 18.56
5.99 15.7337 7. Normal human artery 26.4 19.64 6.75 9.2585 8.
Normal human artery 28.46 19.44 9.02 1.9262 9. Normal human artery
34.9 22.47 12.43 0.1818 10. Internal mammary artery 29.98 23.05
6.93 8.1725 11. Internal mammary artery 27.82 23.09 4.72 37.8123
12. Internal mammary artery 29.67 22.57 7.11 7.2641 13. Internal
mammary artery 27.91 22.26 5.64 19.9841 14. Internal mammary artery
26.76 21.31 5.45 22.8763 15. Internal mammary artery 27.21 21.15
6.07 14.9366 16. Internal mammary artery 33.2 24.45 8.76 2.3146 17.
Diseased human iliac artery 26.38 20.27 6.11 14.5282 18. Diseased
human tibial artery 23.11 18.15 4.96 32.0174 19. Diseased human
aorta 27 20.84 6.16 14.0333 20. Diseased aorta 28.11 22.31 5.81
17.8244 21. Diseased aorta 27.75 21.95 5.8 17.9484 22. Diseased
aorta 28.28 21.52 6.75 9.2585 23. Normal human saphenous 28.83 21.2
7.63 5.0658 vein 24. Normal human saphenous 23.88 17.48 6.39
11.9239 vein 25. Normal human saphenous 22.54 16.92 5.62 20.3335
vein 26. Normal human vein 28.08 19.19 8.89 2.1079 27. Normal human
saphenous 28.11 20.05 8.07 3.7212 vein 28. Normal human vein 26.58
19.2 7.38 6.0243 29. Normal human vein 30.28 21.31 8.97 1.9942
[1086] Taqman analysis was further used to examine the expression
of human PLTR-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs),
human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), and human microvascular
endothelial cells (HMVECs) treated with mevastatin for varying
amounts of time and at varying amounts. The results are set forth
below in Table IV. Mevastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug that
functions by inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase. As shown below, human
PLTR-1 is upregulated by mevastatin treatment, PLTR-1 activity may
be useful in screening assays for therapeutic modulators (e.g.,
positive modulators). TABLE-US-00006 TABLE IV Cells/Treatment Mean
.beta. 2 Mean .differential..differential. Ct Expression HUVEC
Vehicle 25.32 19.65 5.67 19.709 HUVEC Mev 24.11 18.98 5.13 28.6564
HAEC Vehicle 25.06 19.34 5.72 18.9062 HAEC MEV 26.02 20.98 5.03
30.6069 HMVEC/Vehicle/24 hr 26.36 18.12 8.24 3.2962 HMVEC/Mev/24
hr/1X 25.82 18.11 7.71 4.7925 HMVEC/MEV/24 HR/2.5X 25.25 18.03 7.22
6.6843 HMVEC/MEV/48 HR/1X 26.16 18.61 7.56 5.2992 HMVEC/MEV/48
HR/2.5X 25.19 18.28 6.91 8.3154 HUVEC/Vehicle/24 hr 25.2 17.56 7.63
5.0308 HUVEC/Mev/24 hr/1X 24.07 18.12 5.95 16.176 HUVEC/MEV/24
HR/2.5X 24.91 18.88 6.04 15.1977 HUVEC/MEV/48 HR/1X 26.69 20.66
6.03 15.3566 HUVEC/MEV/48 HR/2.5X 30.02 22.24 7.78 4.5655
Example 11
Identification and Characterization of Human TFM-2 and TFM-3
cDNAs
[1087] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human TFM-2 (clone 32146) and human TFM-3 (clone
57259) is described.
Isolation of the Human TFM-2 and TFM-3 cDNAs
[1088] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of two human genes encoding novel polypeptides, referred to herein
as human TFM-2 and TFM-3. The entire sequence of the human clone
32146 was determined and found to contain an open reading frame
termed human "TFM-2." The nucleotide sequence of the human TFM-2
gene is set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:27. The
amino acid sequence of the human TFM-2 expression product is set
forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:28. The TFM-2
polypeptide comprises 392 amino acids. The coding region (open
reading frame) of SEQ ID NO:27 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:29.
[1089] The entire sequence of the human clone 57259 was determined
and found to contain an open reading frame termed human "TFM-3."
The nucleotide sequence of the human TFM-3 gene is set forth in the
Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:30. The amino acid sequence of the
human TFM-3 expression product is set forth in the Sequence Listing
as SEQ ID NO:31. The TFM-3 polypeptide comprises 405 amino acids.
The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID NO:30 is set forth
as SEQ ID NO:32.
Analysis of the Human TFM-2 and TFM-3 Molecules
[1090] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a potential monocarboxylate transporter domain in
the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2 at about residues 1-332 of
SEQ ID NO:28 (score=35.5), a potential LacY proton/sugar symporter
domain in the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2 at about residues
42-322 of SEQ ID NO:28 (score=-341.8), a potential polysaccharide
biosynthesis domain in the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2 at
about residues 77-353 of SEQ ID NO:28 (score=-96.2), and a
potential domain of unknown function, DUF20, in the amino acid
sequence of human TFM-2 at about residues 26-326 of SEQ ID NO:28
(score=-133.4).
[1091] The amino acid sequence of human TFM-2 was analyzed using
the program PSORT (Nakai, K. and Horton, P. (1999) Trends. Biochem.
Sci. 24(1) 34-35) to predict the localization of the proteins
within the cell. This program assesses the presence of different
targeting and localization amino acid sequences within the query
sequence. The results of this analysis show that human TFM-2 may be
localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria or
nucleus.
[1092] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
TFM-2 of a potential glycosaminoglycan attachment site (e.g., at
residues 216-219 of SEQ ID NO:28), a number of potential cAMP- and
cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites (e.g., at
residues 151-154, 385-388 of SEQ ID NO:28), a number of potential
protein kinase C phosphorylation sites (e.g., at residues 110-112,
127-129, 134-136, 149-151, 351-353, 361-363 of SEQ ID NO:28), a
number of potential casein kinase II phosphorylation sites (e.g.,
at residues 40-43, 134-137, 361-364 of SEQ ID NO:28), a number of
potential N-myristoylation sites (e.g., at residues 17-22, 25-30,
32-37, 50-55, 56-61, 77-82, 106-111, 141-146, 176-181, 213-218,
260-265, 270-275, 340-345 of SEQ ID NO:28), a potential membrane
lipoprotein lipid attachment site (e.g., at residues 45-55 of SEQ
ID NO:28), and a potential leucine zipper site (e.g., at residues
241-262 of SEQ ID NO:28).
[1093] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:28 was also performed (FIG. 17), predicting ten potential
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2
(SEQ ID NO:28) at about residues 22-42, 49-69, 76-98, 105-128,
167-186, 207-223, 236-253, 261-285, 296-318, and 327-349.
[1094] A search of the amino acid sequence of human TFM-2 was also
performed against the ProDom database. This search resulted in the
local alignment of the human TFM-2 protein with various transporter
proteins.
[1095] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a potential sugar transporter domain in the amino
acid sequence of human TFM-3 at about residues 1-353 of SEQ ID
NO:31 (score=-160.9).
[1096] The amino acid sequence of human TFM-3 was also analyzed
using the program PSORT The results of this analysis show that
human TFM-3 may be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, secretory vesicles or vacuole.
[1097] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human TFM-3 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
TFM-3 of a potential N-glycosylation site (e.g., at residues
348-351 of SEQ ID NO:31), a number of potential protein kinase C
phosphorylation sites (e.g., at residues 4-6, 85-87, 97-99,
106-108, 129-131, 250-252 of SEQ ID NO:31), a number of potential
casein kinase II phosphorylation sites (e.g., at residues 250-253,
350-353, 373-376, 392-395 of SEQ ID NO:31), a number of potential
N-myristoylation sites (e.g., at residues 15-20, 162-167, 246-251,
263-268, 292-297, 382-387, 396-401 of SEQ ID NO:31), a number of
potential amidation sites (e.g., at residues 30-33,209-212 of SEQ
ID NO:31), and a number of potential prokaryotic membrane
lipoprotein lipid attachment sites (e.g., at residues 189-199,
315-325 of SEQ ID NO:31).
[1098] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:31 was also performed (FIG. 19), predicting nine potential
transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human TFM-3
(SEQ ID NO:31) at about residues 7-23, 34-57, 66-82, 150-168,
188-206, 213-237, 255-279, 288-308, and 321-337.
[1099] A search of the amino acid sequence of human TFM-3 was also
performed against the ProDom database. This search resulted in the
local alignment of the human TFM-3 protein with various transporter
proteins.
Example 12
Identification and Characterization of Human 67118 and 67067
cDNAs
[1100] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human 67118 (clone 67118) and 67067 (clone 67067)
is described.
Isolation of the Human 67118 and 67067 cDNAs
[1101] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of two human genes encoding a novel polypeptides, referred to
herein as human 67118 and 67067. The entire sequence of the human
clone 67118 was determined and found to contain an open reading
frame termed human "67118." The nucleotide sequence of the human
67118 gene is set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:33.
The amino acid sequence of the human 67118 expression product is
set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:34. The 67118
polypeptide comprises 1134 amino acids. The coding region (open
reading frame) of SEQ ID NO:33 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:35.
[1102] The entire sequence of the human clone 67067 was determined
and found to contain an open reading frame termed human "67067."
The nucleotide sequence of the human 67067 gene is set forth in and
in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:36. The amino acid sequence of
the human 67067 expression product is set forth in the Sequence
Listing as SEQ ID NO:37. The 67067 polypeptide comprises 1588 amino
acids. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID NO:36 is
set forth as SEQ ID NO:38.
Analysis of the Human 67118 and 67067 Molecules
[1103] The amino acid sequences of human 67118 and human 67067 were
analyzed for the presence of sequence motifs specific for P-type
ATPases (as defined in Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science 272:1495-1497
and Fagan, M. J. and Saier, M. H. (1994) J. Mol. Evol. 38:57).
These analyses resulted in the identification of a P-type ATPase
sequence I motif in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 at
residues 179-187 of SEQ ID NO:34 and in the amino acid sequence of
human 67067 at residues 175-183 of SEQ ID NO:37. These analyses
also resulted in the identification of a P-type ATPase sequence 2
motif in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 at residues 411-420
of SEQ ID NO:34. These analyses also resulted in the identification
of a P-type ATPase sequence 2 motif in the amino acid sequence of
human 67067 at residues 431-440 of SEQ ID NO:37. These analyses
further resulted in the identification of a P-type ATPase sequence
3 motif in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 at residues
823-833 of SEQ ID NO:34. These analyses further resulted in the
identification of a P-type ATPase sequence 3 motif in the amino
acid sequence of human 67067 at residues 1180-1190 of SEQ ID
NO:37.
[1104] The amino acid sequences of human 67118 and 67067 were also
analyzed for the presence of phospholipid transporter specific
amino acid residues (as defined in Tang, X. et al. (1996) Science
272:1495-1497). These analyses resulted in the identification of
phospholipid transporter specific amino acid residues in the amino
acid sequence of human 67118 at residues 179, 183, 442, 823, 832,
and 833 of SEQ ID NO:34 (FIGS. 21A-B). These analyses resulted in
the identification of phospholipid transporter specific amino acid
residues 175, 176, 179, 432, 1180, 1189, and 1190 in the amino acid
sequence of human 67067 at residues of SEQ ID NO:37 (FIGS.
23A-B).
[1105] The amino acid sequences of human 67118 and human 67067 were
also analyzed for the presence of extramembrane domains. An
N-terminal large extramembrane domain was identified in the amino
acid sequence of human 67118 at residues 111-294 of SEQ ID NO:34. A
C-terminal large extramembrane domain was identified in the amino
acid sequence of human 67118 at residues 369-890 of SEQ ID NO:34.
An N-terminal large extramembrane domain was identified in the
amino acid sequence of human 67067 at residues 105-286 of SEQ ID
NO:37. A C-terminal large extramembrane domain was identified in
the amino acid sequence of human 67067 at residues 389-1238 of SEQ
ID NO:37.
[1106] The amino acid sequence of human 67118 was analyzed using
the program PSORT to predict the localization of the proteins
within the cell. This program assesses the presence of different
targeting and localization amino acid sequences within the query
sequence. The results of this analysis predict that human 67118 may
be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
[1107] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human 67118 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
67118 of a number of potential N-glycosylation sites at about
residues 397-400, 745-748, 921-924, 989-992, and 1001-1004 of SEQ
ID NO:34, a number of potential cAMP-and cGMP-dependent protein
kinase phosphorylation sites at about residues 140-143, 558-561,
and 705-708 of SEQ ID NO:34, a number of potential protein kinase C
phosphorylation sites at about residues 52-54, 143-145, 169-171,
188-190, 255-257, 259-261, 283-285, 335-337, 413-415, 555-557,
714-716, 1017-1019, and 1105-1107 of SEQ ID NO:34, a number of
casein kinase II phosphorylation sites at about residues 203-206,
269-272, 287-290, 333-336, 380-383, 418-421, 451-454, 507-510,
659-662, 722-725, 910-913, 933-936, and 1103-1106 of SEQ ID NO:34,
a number of potential tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites at
about residues 878-885, 1019-1026 of SEQ ID NO:34, a number of
N-myristoylation sites at about residues 208-213, 498-503, 577-582,
762-767, 775-780, 972-977, and 996-1001 of SEQ ID NO:34, an RGD
cell attachment sequence at about residues 171-173 of SEQ ID NO:34,
and an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site at about residues 414-420
of SEQ ID NO:34.
[1108] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:34 was also performed, predicting ten potential transmembrane
domains in the amino acid sequence of human 67118 (SEQ ID NO:34) at
about residues 71-87, 94-110, 295-314, 349-368, 891-907, 915-935,
964-987, 1002-1018, 1033-1057, and 1064-1088.
[1109] A search of the amino acid sequence of human 67118 was also
performed against the ProDom database, resulting in the
identification of several ATPase, hydrolase, and/or transmembrane
domain-containing proteins.
[1110] The amino acid sequence of human 67067 was analyzed using
the program PSORT. The results of this analysis predict that human
67067 may be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
[1111] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human 67067 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
67067 of a number of potential N-glycosylation sites at about
residues 270-273, 340-343, 355-358, 1060-1063, 1318-1321, and
1400-1403 of SEQ ID NO:37, a glycosaminoglycan attachment site at
about residues 820-823 of SEQ ID NO:37, a number of potential cAMP-
and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites at about
residues 447-450, 694-697, 898-901, and 1575-1578 of SEQ ID NO:37,
a number of protein kinase C phosphorylation sites at about
residues 29-31, 45-47, 115-117, 128-130, 247-249, 433-435, 473-475,
521-523, 535-537, 555-557, 564-566, 567-569, 579-581, 733-735,
737-739, 874-876, 895-897, 949-951, 981-983, 1030-1032, 1055-1057,
1475-1477, 1508-1510, 1574-1576, and 1578-1580 of SEQ ID NO:37, a
number of potential casein kinase II phosphorylation sites at about
residues 29-32, 128-131, 195-198, 279-282, 342-345, 438-441,
457-460, 535-538, 541-544, 607-610, 632-635, 648-651, 666-669,
717-720, 743-746, 770-773, 785-788, 797-800, 801-804, 810-813,
824-827, 848-851, 972-975, 1014-1017, 1030-1033, 1179-1182,
1200-1203, 1267-1270, 1325-1328, 1347-1350, 1500-1503, and
1549-1552 of SEQ ID NO:37, a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site
at about residues 1140-1148 of SEQ ID NO:37, a number of potential
N-myristoylation sites at about residues 303-308, 453-458, 714-719,
779-784, 798-803, 805-810, 821-826, 880-885, 1023-1028, 1196-1201,
1355-1360, and 1501-1506 of SEQ ID NO:37, a potential amidation
site at about residues 4-7 of SEQ ID NO:37, an ATP/GTP-binding site
motif (P-loop) at about residues 1122-1129 of SEQ ID NO:37, a
leucine zipper pattern at about residues 990-1011 of SEQ ID NO:37,
and an E1-E2 ATPases phosphorylation site at about residues 434-440
of SEQ ID NO:37.
[1112] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:37 was also performed, predicting eight potential transmembrane
domains in the amino acid sequence of human 67067 (SEQ ID NO:37).
However, a structural, hydrophobicity, and antigenicity analysis
(FIG. 22) resulted in the identification of ten transmembrane
domains. Accordingly, the 67067 protein of SEQ ID NO:37 is
predicted to have at least ten transmembrane domains, at about
residues 65-82, 89-105, 287-304, 366-388, 1239-1259, 1322-1343,
1274-1292, 1351-1368, 1377-1399, 1425-1446.
[1113] A search of the amino acid sequence of human 67067 was also
performed against the ProDom database, resulting in the
identification of several ATPase, hydrolase, and/or transmembrane
domain-containing proteins.
Example 13
Tissue Distribution of 67118 mRNA Using Taqman.TM. Analysis
[1114] This example describes the tissue distribution of human
67118 mRNA in a variety of cells and tissues, as determined using
the TaqMan.TM. procedure. The Taqman.TM. procedure is a
quantitative, reverse transcription PCR-based approach for
detecting mRNA. The RT-PCR reaction exploits the 5' nuclease
activity of AmpliTaq Gold.TM. DNA Polymerase to cleave a TaqMan.TM.
probe during PCR. Briefly, cDNA was generated from the samples of
interest, including, for example, various normal and diseased
vascular and arterial samples, and used as the starting material
for PCR amplification. In addition to the 5' and 3' gene-specific
primers, a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe (complementary to
the region being amplified) was included in the reaction (i.e., the
Taqman.TM. probe). The TaqMan.TM. probe includes the
oligonucleotide with a fluorescent reporter dye covalently linked
to the 5' end of the probe (such as FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein), TET
(6-carboxy-4,7,2',7'-tetrachlorofluorescein), JOE
(6-carboxy-4,5-dichloro-2,7-dimethoxyfluorescein), or VIC) and a
quencher dye (TAMRA (6-carboxy-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylrhodamine) at
the 3' end of the probe.
[1115] During the PCR reaction, cleavage of the probe separates the
reporter dye and the quencher dye, resulting in increased
fluorescence of the reporter. Accumulation of PCR products is
detected directly by monitoring the increase in fluorescence of the
reporter dye. When the probe is intact, the proximity of the
reporter dye to the quencher dye results in suppression of the
reporter fluorescence. During PCR, if the target of interest is
present, the probe specifically anneals between the forward and
reverse primer sites. The 5'-3' nucleolytic activity of the
AmpliTaq.TM. Gold DNA Polymerase cleaves the probe between the
reporter and the quencher only if the probe hybridizes to the
target. The probe fragments are then displaced from the target, and
polymerization of the strand continues. The 3' end of the probe is
blocked to prevent extension of the probe during PCR. This process
occurs in every cycle and does not interfere with the exponential
accumulation of product. RNA was prepared using the trizol method
and treated with DNase to remove contaminating genomic DNA. cDNA
was synthesized using standard techniques. Mock cDNA synthesis in
the absence of reverse transcriptase resulted in samples with no
detectable PCR amplification of the control gene confirms efficient
removal of genomic DNA contamination.
[1116] The expression levels of human 67118 mRNA in various human
cell types and tissues were analyzed using the Taqman procedure. As
shown in Table V, the highest 67118 expression was detected in
static Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC), followed by
Human Aortic Endothelial Cells (HAEC) treated with Mevastatin,
HUVEC treated with Mevastatin, HUVEC Vehicle, HUVEC LSS, coronary
smooth muscle cells, and aortic smooth muscle cells. TABLE-US-00007
TABLE V Tissue Type Mean .beta. 2 Mean .differential..differential.
Ct Expression Aortic SMC 26.02 20.25 5.77 18.3255 Coronary SMC
26.39 20.75 5.64 19.9841 Huvec Static 22.2 18.98 3.22 107.3207
Huvec LSS 24.13 18.61 5.53 21.7175 H/Adipose/MET 9 32.55 18.07
14.48 0.0438 H/Artery/Normal/Carotid/ 33.1 18.61 14.49 0.0435 CLN
595 H/Artery/Normal/Carotid/ 35.92 19.82 16.1 0 CLN 598
H/Artery/normal/NDR 352 31.34 20.75 10.6 0.6465 H/IM
Artery/Normal/AMC 73 39.19 22.92 16.27 0 H/Muscular Artery/Normal/
32.06 24.05 8.02 3.8525 AMC 236/ H/Muscular Artery/Normal/ 35.73
22.98 12.75 0 AMC 247/ H/Muscular Artery/Normal/ 32.99 22.48 10.52
0.6834 AMC 254/ H/Muscular Artery/Normal/ 30.56 21.32 9.23 1.6595
AMC 259/ H/Muscular Artery/Normal/ 31.06 21.65 9.4 1.4751 AMC 261/
H/Muscular Artery/Normal/ 30.89 23.39 7.5 5.5243 AMC 275/
H/Aorta/Diseased/PIT 732 32.84 21.31 11.54 0.337
H/Aorta/Diseased/PIT 710 30.74 22.4 8.35 3.0754
H/Aorta/Diseased/PIT 711 30.75 22.13 8.62 2.5417
H/Aorta/Diseased/PIT 712 29.51 21.91 7.61 5.1365
H/Artery/Diseased/iliac/ 27.44 18.02 9.41 1.4649 NDR 753
H/Artery/Diseased/Tibial/ 33.13 19.41 13.72 0.0744 PIT 679
H/Vein/Normal/SaphenousAMC 30.36 20.02 10.34 0.7715 107
H/Vein/Normal/NDR 239 37.15 20.83 16.32 0 H/Vein/Normal/Saphenous/
31.2 20 11.21 0.4236 NDR 237 H/Vein/Normal/PIT 1010 27.36 20.09
7.27 6.4791 H/Vein/Normal/AMC 191 29.32 21.59 7.73 4.7102
H/Vein/Normal/AMC 130 28.72 20.66 8.06 3.7342 H/Vein/Normal/AMC 188
31.63 24.34 7.28 6.4343 HUVEC Vehicle 25.46 19.84 5.63 20.2631
HUVEC Mev 24.61 19.27 5.34 24.6034 HAEC Vehicle 25.65 20 5.65
19.915 HAEC Mev 26.72 21.76 4.96 32.1286
Example 14
Tissue Distribution of 67067 mRNA Using Taqman.TM. Analysis
[1117] The tissue distribution of human 67067 mRNA in a variety of
cells and tissues was determined using the TaqMan.TM. procedure, as
described above.
[1118] As shown in Table VI, below, 67067 is overexpressed in colon
tumor tissue as compared to normal tumor tissue, indicating a
possible role for 67067 in cellular proliferation disorders, e.g.,
cancer, including, but not limited to colon cancer. Human 67067
mRNA is also highly expressed in normal brain cortex tissue and
normal ovary, for example. TABLE-US-00008 TABLE VI Tissue Type Mean
.beta. 2 Mean .differential..differential. Ct Expression Artery
normal 32.95 22.56 10.4 0.7401 Aorta diseased 34.75 23.2 11.55
0.3335 Vein normal 38.53 21.36 17.18 0 Coronary SMC 38.67 22.54
16.14 0 HUVEC 39.28 22.79 16.49 0 Hemangioma 33.84 21.3 12.54
0.1679 Heart normal 36.09 21.05 15.04 0 Heart CHF 35.33 21.5 13.82
0 Kidney 31.6 21.34 10.26 0.8155 Skeletal Muscle 36.3 23.51 12.79 0
Adipose normal 40 23.07 16.93 0 Pancreas 31.49 23.73 7.76 4.5973
primary osteoblasts 40 21.06 18.95 0 Osteoclasts (diff) 35.04 18.19
16.85 0 Skin normal 34.23 23.73 10.51 0.6858 Spinal cord normal
30.47 22.32 8.14 3.5327 Brain Cortex normal 28.66 23.72 4.95
32.4643 Brain Hypothalamus 30.32 24.07 6.25 13.139 normal Nerve
30.95 22.55 8.4 2.9501 DRG (Dorsal Root 30.07 22.88 7.2 6.8248
Ganglion) Breast normal 37.3 22.5 14.8 0 Breast tumor 36.56 22.38
14.19 0 Ovary normal 27.73 21.25 6.47 11.2807 Ovary Tumor 31.93
20.57 11.36 0.3805 Prostate Normal 37.28 19.95 17.34 0 Prostate
Tumor 33.87 21.14 12.73 0.1472 Salivary glands 32.1 20.75 11.35
0.3831 Colon normal 27.24 20.11 7.13 7.1146 Colon Tumor 26.34 22.9
3.44 91.823 Lung normal 35.78 19.95 15.84 0 Lung tumor 28.48 20.66
7.82 4.4253 Lung COPD 36.01 19.41 16.61 0 Colon IBD 25.16 19.02
6.14 14.18 Liver normal 37.01 21.58 15.43 0 Liver fibrosis 35.28
22.5 12.79 0 Spleen normal 38.06 19.98 18.08 0 Tonsil normal 28.32
18.69 9.63 1.2621 Lymph node normal 34.88 20.49 14.39 0.0467 Small
intestine normal 28.99 21.86 7.13 7.1641 Macrophages 36.06 18.16
17.89 0 Synovium 34.62 21.27 13.35 0.0958 BM-MNC 40 20.75 19.25 0
Activated PBMC 36.87 18.41 18.47 0 Neutrophils 40 19.59 20.41 0
Megakaryocytes 37.98 20 17.98 0 Erythroid 40 23.07 16.93 0 positive
control 29.45 21.89 7.57 5.2809
Example 15
Identification and Characterization of Human 62092 cDNA
[1119] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human 62092 (clone 62092) is described.
Isolation of the Human 62092 cDNA
[1120] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of genes encoding novel members of the histidine triad family. The
entire sequence of human clone Fbh62092 was determined and found to
contain an open reading frame termed human "62092".
[1121] The nucleotide sequence encoding the human 62092 is set
forth as SEQ ID NO:39. The protein encoded by this nucleic acid
comprises about 163 amino acids and has the amino acid sequence set
forth as SEQ ID NO:40. The coding region (open reading frame) of
SEQ ID NO:39 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:41.
Analysis of the Human 62092 Molecules
[1122] The amino acid sequence of human 62092 was analyzed using
the program PSORT to predict the localization of the proteins
within the cell. This program assesses the presence of different
targeting and localization amino acid sequences within the query
sequence. The results of the analyses show that human 62092 is most
likely localized to the mitochondria.
[1123] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human 62092 were also
performed against the HMM database. These searches resulted in the
identification of a "HIT family domain" at about residues 54-155
(score=180.3).
[1124] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human 62092 were
further performed against the Prosite.TM. database. These searches
resulted in the identification of a "HIT family signature motif" at
about residues 136-151 of SEQ ID NO:40. These searches further
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
62092 of a potential protein kinase C phosphorylation site at about
residues 121-123 of SEQ ID NO:40, a potential casein kinase II
phosphorylation site at about residues 101-104 of SEQ ID NO:40, and
a number of N-myristoylation sites at about residues 10-15, 22-27,
33-38, 50-55, and 126-131 of SEQ ID NO:40.
[1125] A search of the amino acid sequence of human 62092 was also
performed against the ProDom database, resulting in the
identification of a "protein HIT-like domain" at amino acid
residues 54-155 of SEQ ID NO:40.
Example 16
Tissue Distribution of 62092 mRNA Using Taqman.TM. Analysis
[1126] The tissue distribution of human 62092 mRNA in a variety of
cells and tissues was determined using the TaqMan.TM. procedure, as
described above.
[1127] As shown in Table VII, below, 62092 is notably overexpressed
in lung tumor tissue as compared to normal lung tissue, indicating
a possible role for 62092 in cellular proliferation disorders,
e.g., cancer, including, but not limited to lung cancer. Human
62092 mRNA is also highly expressed in activated PMBC, erythroid
cells, normal brain cortex and hypothalamus, and normal liver
tissue, for example. TABLE-US-00009 TABLE VII Tissue Type Mean
.beta. 2 Mean .differential..differential. Ct Expression Artery
normal 28.59 22.41 4.2 54.5983 Aorta diseased 30.42 23.1 5.34
24.7745 Vein normal 28.43 20.7 5.74 18.7106 Coronary SMC 28.11
23.03 3.1 117.034 HUVEC 27.15 22.81 2.36 195.4674 Hemangioma 28.3
20.66 5.66 19.8461 Heart normal 27.23 20.69 4.55 42.6888 Heart CHF
26.16 21.15 3.02 123.2791 Kidney 26.25 21.32 2.94 130.3082 Skeletal
Muscle 27.87 23.18 2.7 153.8931 Adipose normal 28.24 22.71 3.54
85.6739 Pancreas 28.21 23.65 2.58 167.2409 primary osteoblasts
30.15 21.09 7.08 7.3911 Osteoclasts (diff) 27.38 18.06 7.34 6.1936
Skin normal 30 23.63 4.39 47.6956 Spinal cord normal 29.34 22.31
5.04 30.2903 Brain Cortex normal 28.2 25.26 0.95 515.8416 Brain
Hypothalamus normal 27.98 23.97 2.02 246.5582 Nerve 29.12 22.73
4.41 47.039 DRG (Dorsal Root Ganglion) 27.6 22.63 2.98 126.3064
Breast normal 28.19 22.42 3.79 72.544 Breast tumor 30.18 22.86 5.33
24.8605 Ovary normal 27.4 21.17 4.24 52.9216 Ovary Tumor 26.63
20.82 3.83 70.3162 Prostate Normal 26.62 19.69 4.95 32.4643
Prostate Tumor 26.46 21.15 3.33 99.4421 Salivary glands 27.92 20.61
5.33 24.8605 Colon normal 26.43 20.09 4.36 48.8669 Colon Tumor
28.53 22.93 3.61 81.8996 Lung normal 27.1 19.63 5.49 22.328 Lung
tumor 24.89 23.47 -0.56 1479.3875 Lung COPD 26.18 19.24 4.96
32.1286 Colon IBD 26.08 18.84 5.25 26.1871 Liver normal 25.48 21.27
2.22 214.6414 Liver fibrosis 27.26 22.46 2.81 142.1021 Spleen
normal 28.93 19.84 7.11 7.2641 Tonsil normal 26.32 18.84 5.5
22.0971 Lymph node normal 28.49 20.27 6.24 13.2304 Small intestine
normal 28.91 21.65 5.28 25.8266 Macrophages 32.22 18.07 12.16
0.2185 Synovium 30.86 21.7 7.18 6.8961 BM-MNC 32.14 20.59 9.56
1.3248 Neutrophils 27.84 19.34 6.52 10.8964 Megakaryocytes 24.32
19.77 2.57 168.4042 Erythroid 26.68 23.36 1.33 397.7682 Activated
PBMC 28.11 26.91 -0.79 1723.0923 positive control 26.71 21.86 2.87
137.2616
Example 17
Tissue Distribution of 67118,67067, and 62092 mRNA Using in situ
Analysis
[1128] This example describes the tissue distribution of human
67118, 67067, and/or 62092 mRNA, as may be determined using in situ
hybridization analysis. For in situ analysis, various tissues are
first frozen on dry ice. Ten-micrometer-thick sections of the
tissues are postfixed with 4% formaldehyde in DEPC-treated 1.times.
phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature for 10 minutes before
being rinsed twice in DEPC 1.times. phosphate-buffered saline and
once in 0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl (pH 8.0). Following incubation in
0.25% acetic anhydride-0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl for 10 minutes,
sections are rinsed in DEPC 2.times.SSC (1.times.SSC is 0.15 M NaCl
plus 0.015 M sodium citrate). Tissue is then dehydrated through a
series of ethanol washes, incubated in 100% chloroform for 5
minutes, and then rinsed in 100% ethanol for 1 minute and 95%
ethanol for 1 minute and allowed to air dry.
[1129] Hybridizations are performed with .sup.35S-radiolabeled
(5.times.10.sup.7 cpm/ml) cRNA probes. Probes are incubated in the
presence of a solution containing 600 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5),
1 mM EDTA, 0.01% sheared salmon sperm DNA, 0.01% yeast tRNA, 0.05%
yeast total RNA type X1, 1.times. Denhardt's solution, 50%
formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.1% sodium thiosulfate for 18 hours at
55.degree. C.
[1130] After hybridization, slides are washed with 2.times.SSC.
Sections are then sequentially incubated at 37.degree. C. in TNE (a
solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 500 mM NaCl, and 1 mM
EDTA), for 10 minutes, in TNE with 10 .mu.g of RNase A per ml for
30 minutes, and finally in TNE for 10 minutes. Slides are then
rinsed with 2.times.SSC at room temperature, washed with
2.times.SSC at 50.degree. C. for 1 hour, washed with 0.2.times.SSC
at 55.degree. C. for 1 hour, and 0.2.times.SSC at 60.degree. C. for
1 hour. Sections are then dehydrated rapidly through serial
ethanol-0.3 M sodium acetate concentrations before being air dried
and exposed to Kodak Biomax MR scientific imaging film for 24 hours
and subsequently dipped in NB-2 photoemulsion and exposed at
4.degree. C. for 7 days before being developed and counter
stained.
Example 18
Detection of 67118,67067, and 62092 Transcripts and Structure by
RT-PCR Analysis
[1131] This example describes a method for determining the
structure and expression level of human 67118, 67067, or 62092, as
may be determined using RT-PCR analysis. For RT-PCR analysis, total
RNA is first isolated from various tissues. Total RNA is
reverse-transcribed using oligodeoxythymidylate primers and the
resulting single-stranded cDNA products used as templates for first
round PCR amplification. First round PCR amplification is performed
using primers designed using the 67118, 67067, or 62092 sequence
set forth as SEQ ID NO:33, 36, ot 39, respectively. Second round
PCR amplification is performed using nested primers derived from
the 67118, 67067, or 62092 sequence (SEQ ID NO:33, 36, or 39,
respectively). Amplification products are electrophoresed in
agarose gels and detected by ethidium bromide staining.
[1132] Quantitation of the signal generated by RT-PCR analysis
gives a measure of the expression level of human 67118, 67067, or
62092.
[1133] The structure of human 67118, 67067, or 62092 can be
determined by excising the RT-PCR product from an agarose gel,
purifying it, and sequencing it to determine if there are missense
or point mutations, or if there is a deletion within the human
67118, 67067, or 62092 gene.
Example 19
Identification and Characterization of Human HAAT cDNA
[1134] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human HAAT (clone Fbh58295FL) is described.
Isolation of the Human HAAT cDNA
[1135] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of genes encoding novel members of the amino acid transporter
family. The entire sequence of human clone Fbh58295FL was
determined and found to contain an open reading frame termed human
"HAAT".
[1136] The nucleotide sequence encoding the human HAAT is set forth
as SEQ ID NO:51. The protein encoded by this nucleic acid comprises
about 485 amino acids and has the amino acid sequence set forth as
SEQ ID NO:52. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID
NO:51 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:53.
Analysis of the Human HAAT Molecules
[1137] The HAAT amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:52) was aligned with
the amino acid sequence of the rat amino acid system A transporter
(ratATA2) using the CLUSTAL W (1.74) multiple sequence alignment
program.
[1138] An analysis of the amino acid sequence of HAAT was performed
using MEMSAT. This analysis resulted in the identification of 10
possible transmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of HAAT
at residues 68-72, 135-156, 190-207, 214-232, 256-274, 287-308,
334-356, 373-390, 397-421, and 435-453 of SEQ ID NO:52 (FIG. 28).
An additional predicted transmembrane domain (i.e., TM1 is also
shown.)
[1139] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:52 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a transmembrane amino acid transporter domain in
the amino acid sequence of HAAT at about residues 64 to 445 of SEQ
ID NO:52 (score=187.2).
[1140] The amino acid sequence of HAAT was further analyzed using
the program PSORT (which can be found on the National Institute for
Basic Biology web site) to predict the localization of the proteins
within the cell. This program assesses the presence of different
targeting and localization amino acid sequences within the query
sequence. The results of the analysis show that HAAT is most likely
localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
[1141] To further identify potential structural and/or functional
properties in a protein of interest, the amino acid sequence of the
protein is searched against a database of annotated protein domains
(e.g., the ProDom database) using the default parameters (available
at http://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). A search of the amino
acid sequence of HAAT (SEQ ID NO:52) was performed against the
ProDom database. This search resulted in the local alignment of the
HAAT protein with various C. Elegans and/or amino acid protein
transporter/permease proteins. Specifically, amino acid residues
288-456, 136-300, and 35-325 of SEQ ID NO:52 have significant
identity to various C. elegans-related proteins. Amino acid
residues 36-346 of SEQ ID NO:52 have significant identity to
various amino acid protein transporter/permease-related
proteins.
[1142] A search of the amino acid sequence of HAAT (SEQ ID NO:52)
was performed against the Prosite database. These searches resulted
in the identification in the amino acid sequence of HAAT of a
number of potential glycosylation sites, e.g., at amino acid
residues 175-178, 221-224, 434-437, and 476-479; a potential cAMP
and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site, e.g., at
amino acid residues 103-106; a number of potential protein kinase C
phosphorylation sites, e.g., at amino acid residues 281-283,
331-333, 360-362, and 460-462; a number of potential casein kinase
II phosphorylation sites, e.g., at amino acid residues 16-19,
134-137, and 452-455; a potential tyrosine kinase phosphorylation
site, e.g., at amino acid residues 185-193; and a number of
potential N-myristoylation sites, e.g., at amino acid residues
52-57, 60-65, 293-298, 339-344, 401-406, and 448-453.
Tissue Distribution of HAAT mRNA
[1143] This example describes the tissue distribution of human HAAT
mRNA, as may be determined using in situ hybridization analysis.
For in situ analysis, various tissues, e.g. tissues obtained from
brain, are first frozen on dry ice. Ten-micrometer-thick sections
of the tissues are postfixed with 4% formaldehyde in DEPC-treated
1.times. phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature for 10
minutes before being rinsed twice in DEPC 1.times.
phosphate-buffered saline and once in 0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl (pH
8.0). Following incubation in 0.25% acetic anhydride-0.1 M
triethanolamine-HCl for 10 minutes, sections are rinsed in DEPC
2.times.SSC (1.times.SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium
citrate). Tissue is then dehydrated through a series of ethanol
washes, incubated in 100% chloroform for 5 minutes, and then rinsed
in 100% ethanol for 1 minute and 95% ethanol for 1 minute and
allowed to air dry.
[1144] Hybridizations are performed with .sup.35S-radiolabeled
(5.times.10.sup.7 cpm/ml) cRNA probes. Probes are incubated in the
presence of a solution containing 600 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5),
1 mM EDTA, 0.01% sheared salmon sperm DNA, 0.01% yeast tRNA, 0.05%
yeast total RNA type X1, 1.times. Denhardt's solution, 50%
formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.1% sodium thiosulfate for 18 hours at
55.degree. C.
[1145] After hybridization, slides are washed with 2.times.SSC.
Sections are then sequentially incubated at 37.degree. C. in TNE (a
solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 500 mM NaCl, and 1 mM
EDTA), for 10 minutes, in TNE with 10 .mu.g of RNase A per ml for
30 minutes, and finally in TNE for 10 minutes. Slides are then
rinsed with 2.times.SSC at room temperature, washed with
2.times.SSC at 50.degree. C. for 1 hour, washed with 0.2.times.SSC
at 55.degree. C. for 1 hour, and 0.2.times.SSC at 60.degree. C. for
1 hour. Sections are then dehydrated rapidly through serial
ethanol-0.3 M sodium acetate concentrations before being air dried
and exposed to Kodak Biomax MR scientific imaging film for 24 hours
and subsequently dipped in NB-2 photoemulsion and exposed at
4.degree. C. for 7 days before being developed and counter
stained.
Example 20
Tissue Expression Analysis of HAAT mRNA Using Taqman Analysis
[1146] This example describes the tissue distribution of HAAT in a
variety of cells and tissues, as determined using the TaqMan.TM.
procedure. The Taqman.TM. procedure is a quantitative, reverse
transcription PCR-based approach for detecting mRNA. The RT-PCR
reaction exploits the 5' nuclease activity of AmpliTaq Gold.TM. DNA
Polymerase to cleave a TaqMan.TM. probe during PCR. Briefy, cDNA
was generated from the samples of interest, including, for example,
various normal and diseased vascular and arterial samples, and used
as the starting material for PCR amplification. In addition to the
5' and 3' gene-specific primers, a gene-specific oligonucleotide
probe (complementary to the region being amplified) was included in
the reaction (i.e., the Taqman.TM. probe). The TaqMan.TM. probe
includes the oligonucleotide with a fluorescent reporter dye
covalently linked to the 5' end of the probe (such as FAM
(6-carboxyfluorescein), TET
(6-carboxy-4,7,2',7'-tetrachlorofluorescein), JOE
(6-carboxy-4,5-dichloro-2,7-dimethoxyfluorescein), or VIC) and a
quencher dye (TAMRA (6-carboxy-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylrhodamine) at
the 3' end of the probe.
[1147] During the PCR reaction, cleavage of the probe separates the
reporter dye and the quencher dye, resulting in increased
fluorescence of the reporter. Accumulation of PCR products is
detected directly by monitoring the increase in fluorescence of the
reporter dye. When the probe is intact, the proximity of the
reporter dye to the quencher dye results in suppression of the
reporter fluorescence. During PCR, if the target of interest is
present, the probe specifically anneals between the forward and
reverse primer sites. The 5'-3' nucleolytic activity of the
AmpliTaq.TM. Gold DNA Polymerase cleaves the probe between the
reporter and the quencher only if the probe hybridizes to the
target. The probe fragments are then displaced from the target, and
polymerization of the strand continues. The 3' end of the probe is
blocked to prevent extension of the probe during PCR. This process
occurs in every cycle and does not interfere with the exponential
accumulation of product. RNA was prepared using the trizol method
and treated with DNase to remove contaminating genomic DNA. cDNA
was synthesized using standard techniques. Mock cDNA synthesis in
the absence of reverse transcriptase resulted in samples with no
detectable PCR amplification of the control gene confirms efficient
removal of genomic DNA contamination.
[1148] The expression levels of HAAT mRNA in various human cell
types and tissues were analyzed using the Taqman procedure. As
shown in Table VIII, the highest HAAT expression was detected in
brain cortex and brain hypothalamus, followed by Human Umbilical
Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC), followed by lung tumor cells.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE VIII Tissue Type Mean .beta. 2 Mean
.differential..differential. Ct Expression Artery normal 32.62
21.77 10.84 0.5456 Aorta diseased 35.84 22.43 13.41 0 Vein normal
34.13 20.47 13.65 0.0775 Coronary SMC 30.76 21.59 9.17 1.736 HUVEC
29.41 21.81 7.6 5.1543 Hemangioma 35.07 20.97 14.1 0 Heart normal
32.7 20.89 11.81 0.2795 Heart CHF 33.63 21.02 12.62 0.1594 Kidney
31.55 20.51 11.04 0.4749 Skeletal Muscle 35.09 22.86 12.22 0
Adipose normal 37.84 22.04 15.81 0 Pancreas 33.67 23.13 10.55
0.6693 primary osteoblasts 32 20.4 11.6 0.3233 Osteoclasts (diff)
33.98 17.84 16.15 0.0138 Skin normal 36.29 22.2 14.1 0 Spinal cord
normal 32.73 21.68 11.05 0.4716 Brain Cortex normal 28.95 23.01
5.95 16.2322 Brain Hypothalamus normal 30 23.47 6.53 10.8212 Nerve
33.59 21.82 11.77 0.2873 DRG (Dorsal Root Ganglion) 31.25 21.5 9.76
1.1573 Breast normal 34.73 21.56 13.18 0.1081 Breast tumor 34.16
21.5 12.66 0.154 Ovary normal 32.03 20.81 11.23 0.4178 Ovary Tumor
36.33 19.5 16.82 0 Prostate Normal 32.02 19.65 12.37 0.1896
Prostate Tumor 33.36 20.43 12.93 0.1281 Salivary glands 36.17 20.1
16.07 0 Colon normal 36.33 19.33 17 0 Colon Tumor 36.05 22.23 13.82
0 Lung normal 34.79 19.38 15.41 0.023 Lung tumor 28.02 20.03 7.99
3.9471 Lung COPD 33.26 18.61 14.65 0.039 Colon IBD 34.37 18.07 16.3
0.0124 Liver normal 33.95 20.64 13.32 0.0981 Liver fibrosis 35.04
21.56 13.48 0 Spleen normal 35.76 19.43 16.34 0 Tonsil normal 32.28
18.5 13.79 0.0708 Lymph node normal 34.31 20.06 14.25 0.0513 Small
intestine normal 35.59 20.93 14.65 0 Macrophages 31.75 17.61 14.14
0.0556 Synovium 37.21 21.02 16.2 0 BM-MNC 32.71 20.16 12.55 0.1673
Activated PBMC 31.84 18.16 13.69 0.0759 Neutrophils 28.14 18.25
9.89 1.0539 Megakaryocytes 32.52 19.1 13.43 0.0909 Erythroid 32.9
21.09 11.81 0.2795 positive control 30.11 20.97 9.15 1.7603
Example 21
Identification and Characterization of Human HST-4 and HST-5
cDNAs
[1149] In this example, the identification and characterization of
the gene encoding human HST-4 (clone 57255FL) and HST-5 (clone
57255alt) is described.
Isolation of the Human HST-4 and HST-5 cDNAs
[1150] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery
of a human gene encoding a novel polypeptide, referred to herein as
human HST-4. The entire sequence of the human clone 57255FL was
determined and found to contain an open reading frame termed human
"HST-4." The nucleotide sequence of the human HST-4 gene is set
forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:54. The amino acid
sequence of the human HST-4 expression product is set forth in the
Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:55. The HST-4 polypeptide comprises
438 amino acids. The coding region (open reading frame) of SEQ ID
NO:54 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:56. The HST-4 protein is predicted
to contain a signal peptide of 43 residues in the amino-terminal
end, which would be cleaved off to result in a mature peptide
comprising amino acid residues 44-438 of SEQ I) NO:55.
[1151] The invention is further based, at least in part, on the
discovery of a human gene encoding a novel polypeptide, referred to
herein as human HST-5. The entire sequence of the human clone
57255alt was determined and found to contain an open reading frame
termed human "HST-5." The nucleotide sequence of the human HST-5
gene is set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:57. The
amino acid sequence of the human HST-5 expression product is set
forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:58. The HST-5
polypeptide comprises 436 amino acids. The coding region (open
reading frame) of SEQ ID NO:57 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:59. The
HST-5 protein is predicted to contain a signal peptide of 43
residues in the amino-terminal end, which would be cleaved off to
result in a mature peptide comprising amino acid residues 44-436 of
SEQ ID NO:58.
[1152] HST-4 and HST-5 are splice variants. Splice variants are
variants which result from alternative splicing of the same
gene.
Analysis of the Human HST-4 and HST-5 Molecules HST-4
[1153] The amino acid sequence of human HST-4 (SEQ ID NO:55) was
analyzed using the program PSORT (www.psort.nibb.ac.jp) to predict
the localization of the proteins within the cell. This program
assesses the presence of different targeting and localization amino
acid sequences within the query sequence. The results of this
analysis show that human HST-4 may be localized to the endoplasmic
reticulum and mitochondria.
[1154] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a sugar transporter family domain in the amino
acid sequence of human HST-4 at about residues 25-418 of SEQ ID
NO:55 (score=-210.9), and a monocarboxylate transporter family
domain in the amino acid sequence of human HST-4 at about residues
23-431 of SEQ ID NO:55 (score=-144.9).
[1155] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human HST-4 were
further performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
HST-4 of a potential N-glycosylation site, a number of potential
protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, a number of potential
casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, a number of potential
N-myristoylation sites, and a potential sugar transport protein
signature 2.
[1156] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:55 was also performed, predicting ten transmembrane domains in
the amino acid sequence of human HST-4 (SEQ ID NO:55) at about
amino acid residues 25-49, 62-80, 92-113, 126-143, 154-178,
186-202, 278-298, 318-337, 372-395, and 402-423. This protein was
also predicted to contain a signal peptide of 43 residues in the
amino-terminal end, which would be cleaved off to result in a
mature peptide comprising amino acid residues 44-438 of SEQ ID
NO:55. A MEMSAT analysis of the presumed mature polypeptide
sequence was also performed, predicting nine transmembrane domains
in the mature amino acid sequence of HST-4 at about amino acid
residues 63-81, 93-114, 127-144, 155-179, 187-203, 279-299,
319-338, 373-396, and 403-424 of SEQ ID NO:55.
[1157] A search of SEQ ID NO:55 was also performed against the
ProDom database. The results of this search identified matches
against protein domains described as "Polyphosphate IPP Inositol
1-Phosphatase", "Related Permease Transport Membrane", "NPT 1(3)
Transport Phosphate Cotransporter Renal Na-Dependent Inorganic
Glycoprotein Transmembrane", "GUDP (2) Transmembrane Transport
Transporter Permease" and the like.
HST-5
[1158] The amino acid sequence of human HST-5 (SEQ ID NO:58) was
analyzed using the program PSORT (www.psort.nibb.ac.jp) to predict
the localization of the proteins within the cell. The results of
this analysis show that human HST-5 may be localized to the
endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi, and
cytoplasm.
[1159] Searches of the amino acid sequence of human HST-5 (SEQ ID
NO:58) were performed against the Prosite database. These searches
resulted in the identification in the amino acid sequence of human
HST-5 of a potential N-glycosylation site, a potential cAMP- and
cGMP-dependent protein kinase C phosphorylation site, a number of
potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, a number of
potential casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, a number of
potential N-myristoylation sites, a prokaryotic membrane
lipoprotein lipid attachment site, and a sugar transport protein
signature 2.
[1160] A search using the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:58 was
performed against the HMM database in PFAM resulting in the
identification of a sugar transporter family domain in the amino
acid sequence of human HST-5 at about residues 23-429 of SEQ ID
NO:58 (score=-139.4), and a monocarboxylate transporter family
domain in the amino acid sequence of human HST-5 at about residues
25-416 of SEQ ID NO:58 (score=-200.0).
[1161] A MEMSAT analysis of the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO:58 was also performed, predicting eleven transmembrane domains
in the amino acid sequence of human HST-5 (SEQ ID NO:58) at about
amino acid residues 30-51, 62-84, 92-111, 126-143, 154-178,
186-202, 240-260, 276-296, 316-335, 370-393, and 400-421. This
protein was also predicted to contain a signal peptide of 43
residues in the amino-terminal end, which would be cleaved off to
result in a mature peptide comprising amino acid residues 44-436 of
SEQ ID NO:58. A MEMSAT analysis of the presumed mature polypeptide
sequence was also performed, predicting ten transmembrane domains
in the mature amino acid sequence of HST-5 at about residues 63-85,
93-112, 127-144, 155-179, 187-203, 241-261, 277-297, 317-336,
371-394 and 401-422 of SEQ ID NO:58.
[1162] A search of SEQ ID NO:58 was also performed against the
ProDom database. The results of this search identified matches
against protein domains described as "Polyphosphate IPP Inositol
1-Phosphatase", "Related Permease Transport Membrane", "NPT 1(3)
Transport Phosphate Cotransporter Renal Na-Dependent Inorganic
Glycoprotein Transmembrane", "GUDP (2) Transmembrane Transport
Transporter Permease" and the like.
Equivalents
[1163] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described
herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims.
* * * * *
References