U.S. patent application number 10/600307 was filed with the patent office on 2006-01-12 for apparatus and method for detecting radiation or radiation shielding in containers.
Invention is credited to John I. Alioto, Matthew T. Alioto, Kenneth L. Greer.
Application Number | 20060007006 10/600307 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33161920 |
Filed Date | 2006-01-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20060007006 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Alioto; John I. ; et
al. |
January 12, 2006 |
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETECTING RADIATION OR RADIATION SHIELDING
IN CONTAINERS
Abstract
A computer program, database and method for the detection of
fissile or radioactive material or radiation shielding material in
a container works with detection devices brought into proximity to
containers so that the presence of fissile or radioactive material,
or shielding materials to conceal the presence of such fissile or
radioactive materials, may be detected. A comparison may then be
made of the output of the detector to a threshold to determine
subsequent action regarding the shipping container. The threshold
may be based on the output of known, dangerous radioactive
materials, known legitimate contents or empty containers.
Inventors: |
Alioto; John I.; (San
Francisco, CA) ; Greer; Kenneth L.; (Los Altos Hills,
CA) ; Alioto; Matthew T.; (Los Angeles, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Anthony T. Cascio, Esq.;Cascio & Zervas
423 Broadway Ave., Ste. 314
Millbrae
CA
94030-1905
US
|
Family ID: |
33161920 |
Appl. No.: |
10/600307 |
Filed: |
June 19, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10356154 |
Jan 31, 2003 |
6768421 |
|
|
10600307 |
Jun 19, 2003 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/600 ;
250/336.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B 31/00 20130101;
G01V 5/0091 20130101; B66C 19/002 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
340/600 ;
250/336.1 |
International
Class: |
G08B 17/12 20060101
G08B017/12; G01J 1/00 20060101 G01J001/00 |
Claims
1.-40. (canceled)
41. A computer readable medium containing executable code
comprising: code that develops a container fingerprint derived from
gamma rays detected about a container; code that compares said
container fingerprint to a predetermined fingerprint corresponding
to a known sample of radioactive or fissile material to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match; and code that indicates, in the
event said container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains said known
radioactive or fissile material.
42. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said code that develops includes: code that reads raw data obtained
from said gamma rays; and code that subtracts predetermined
background data from said raw data to develop said container
fingerprint.
43. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 42 wherein
said raw data and said predetermined background data are raw
digitized data and predetermined digitized background data,
respectively.
44. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 43 wherein
said predetermined digitized background data is a background
fingerprint and said raw digitized data is an unnormalized
container fingerprint.
45. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 43 wherein
said raw digital data and said predetermined digital background
data are each a selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum
data.
46. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said code that compares further compares said container fingerprint
to each of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, each of said
predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a respective one of
known samples of radioactive or fissile material, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
47. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said code that compares further includes code that consults a
database containing a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
48. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said code that compares further includes code that compares, in the
event said container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint
fail to match heuristically, said container fingerprint to a
purported fingerprint identified from being associated with a
standardized commodity ID known from a manifest associated with
said container to determine whether said container fingerprint and
said purported fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said
code that indicates further indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
49. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 48 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
purported fingerprint further compares said container fingerprint
to a composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said code that indicates further indicates that, in the
event said container fingerprint and said composite fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said standardized commodity ID's, said purported
fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported fingerprints
and said standardized commodity ID being one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
50. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 48 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
purported fingerprint further includes code that consults a
database containing a plurality of purported fingerprints, each of
said purported fingerprints being stored in association with a
respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said
purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
51. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said code that compares further compares, in the event said
container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to
match heuristically, said container fingerprint to a background
fingerprint to determine whether said container fingerprint is
substantially lower than said background fingerprint, and wherein
said code that indicates further indicates, in the event said
container fingerprint is substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, that said container contains radiation shielding
material.
52. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 51 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
background fingerprint further includes code that consults a
database containing said background fingerprint.
53. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said code that compares further compares, in the event said
container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to
match heuristically, said container fingerprint to each of a
plurality of purported fingerprints to determine whether said
container fingerprint and at least one of said purported
fingerprints heuristically match, each of said purported
fingerprints being associated with a respective one of a plurality
of standardized commodity ID's, and wherein said code that
indicates further indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said respective one of said standardized commodity
ID's associated with said at least one of said purported
fingerprints.
54. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 53 wherein
said respective one of said standardized commodity ID's that
identifies contents of said container is in variance to any such
standardized commodity ID listed on a manifest associated with said
container.
55. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 53 wherein
said code that indicates further indicates, in the event said
container fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail
to match, that contents of said container is unknown.
56. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 53 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to each of said
plurality of purported fingerprints further includes code that
consults a database containing said plurality of purported
fingerprints, each of said plurality of purported fingerprints
being stored in association with said respective one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
57. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 41 wherein
said gamma rays normally exist about said container in the absence
of absorption of thermal neutrons.
58. A computer readable medium containing executable code
comprising: code that develops a container fingerprint derived from
gamma rays detected about a container; code that compares said
container fingerprint to a purported fingerprint identified from
being associated with a standardized commodity ID known from a
manifest associated with said container to determine whether said
container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically
match; and code that indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
59. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 58 wherein
said code that develops includes: code that reads raw data obtained
from said gamma rays; and code that subtracts predetermined
background data from said raw data to develop said container
fingerprint.
60. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 59 wherein
said raw data and said predetermined background data are raw
digitized data and predetermined digitized background data,
respectively.
61. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 60 wherein
said predetermined digitized background data is a background
fingerprint and said raw digitized data is an unnormalized
container fingerprint.
62. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 60 wherein
said raw digital data and said predetermined digital background
data are each a selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum
data.
63. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 58 wherein
said code that compares further compares said container fingerprint
to a composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said code that indicates further indicates that, in the
event said container fingerprint and said composite fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said standardized commodity ID's, said purported
fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported fingerprints
and said standardized commodity ID being one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
64. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 58 wherein
said code that compares further includes code that consults a
database containing a plurality of purported fingerprints, each of
said purported fingerprints being stored in association with a
respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said
purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
65. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 58 wherein
said code that compares further compares, in the event said
container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, to a background fingerprint to determine whether
said container fingerprint is substantially lower than said
background fingerprint, and wherein said code that indicates
further indicates, in the event said container fingerprint is
substantially lower than said background fingerprint, that said
container contains radiation shielding material.
66. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 65 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
background fingerprint further includes code that consults a
database containing said background fingerprint.
67. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 58 wherein
said code that compares further includes code that compares, in the
event said container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint
fail to match heuristically, said container fingerprint to each of
a plurality of purported fingerprints to determine whether said
container fingerprint and at least one of said purported
fingerprints heuristically match, each of said purported
fingerprints being associated with a respective one of a plurality
of standardized commodity ID's, and wherein said code that
indicates further indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said respective one of said standardized commodity
ID's associated with said at least one of said purported
fingerprints.
68. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 67 wherein
said respective one of said standardized commodity ID's that
identifies contents of said container is in variance to any such
standardized commodity ID listed on a manifest associated with said
container.
69. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 67 wherein
said code that indicates further indicates, in the event said
container fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail
to match, that contents of said container is unknown.
70. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 67 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to each of said
plurality of purported fingerprints further includes code that
consults a database containing said plurality of purported
fingerprints, each of said plurality of purported fingerprints
being stored in association with said respective one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
71. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 58 wherein
said code that compares further compares, in the event said
container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a predetermined
fingerprint of a known sample of radioactive or fissile material to
determine whether said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said code that
indicates further indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains a known radioactive or fissile
material.
72. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 71 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
predetermined fingerprint further compares said container
fingerprint to each of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints,
each of said predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a
respective one of known samples of radioactive or fissile material,
said predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
73. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 71 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
predetermined fingerprint further includes code that consults a
database containing a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
74. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 71 wherein
said gamma rays normally exist about said container in the absence
of absorption of thermal neutrons.
75. A computer readable medium containing executable code
comprising: code that develops a container fingerprint derived from
gamma rays detected about a container; code that compares said
container fingerprint to a background fingerprint to determine
whether said container fingerprint is substantially lower than said
background fingerprint; and code that indicates, in the event said
container fingerprint is substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, that said container contains radiation shielding
material.
76. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 75 wherein
said code that develops includes: code that reads raw data obtained
from said gamma rays; and code that subtracts predetermined
background data from said raw data to develop said container
fingerprint.
77. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 76 wherein
said raw data and said predetermined background data are raw
digitized data and predetermined digitized background data,
respectively.
78. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 77 wherein
said predetermined digitized background data is a background
fingerprint and said raw digitized data is an unnormalized
container fingerprint.
79. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 77 wherein
said raw digital data and said predetermined digital background
data are each a selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum
data.
80. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 75 wherein
said code that compares further includes code that consults a
database containing said background fingerprint.
81. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 75 wherein
said code that compares further compares, in the event said
container fingerprint is not substantially lower than said
background fingerprint, said container fingerprint to each of a
plurality of purported fingerprints to determine whether said
container fingerprint and at least one of said purported
fingerprints heuristically match, each of said purported
fingerprints being associated with a respective one of a plurality
of standardized commodity ID's, and wherein said code that
indicates further indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said respective one of said standardized commodity
ID's associated with said at least one of said purported
fingerprints.
82. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 81 wherein
said respective one of said standardized commodity ID's that
identifies contents of said container is in variance to any such
standardized commodity ID listed on a manifest associated with said
container.
83. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 81 wherein
said code that indicates further indicates, in the event said
container fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail
to match, that contents of said container is unknown.
84. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 81 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to each of said
plurality of purported fingerprints further includes code that
consults a database containing said plurality of purported
fingerprints, each of said plurality of purported fingerprints
being stored in association with said respective one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
85. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 75 wherein
said code that compares further compares, in the event said
container fingerprint is not substantially lower than said
background fingerprint, said container fingerprint to a
predetermined fingerprint of a known sample of radioactive or
fissile material to determine whether said container fingerprint
and said predetermined fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein
said code that indicates further indicates, in the event said
container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains said known
radioactive or fissile material.
86. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 85 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
predetermined fingerprint further compares said container
fingerprint to each of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints,
each of said predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a
respective one of known samples of radioactive or fissile material,
said predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
87. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 85 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
predetermined fingerprint further includes code that consults a
database containing a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
88. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 75 wherein
said code that compares further includes code that compares, in the
event said container fingerprint is not substantially lower than
said background fingerprint, said container fingerprint to a
purported fingerprint identified from being associated with a
standardized commodity ID known from a manifest associated with
said container to determine whether said container fingerprint and
said purported fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said
code that indicates further indicates, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
89. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 88 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
purported fingerprint further compares said container fingerprint
to a composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said code that indicates further indicates that, in the
event said container fingerprint and said composite fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said standardized commodity ID's, said purported
fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported fingerprints
and said standardized commodity ID being one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
90. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 88 wherein
said code that compares said container fingerprint to said
purported fingerprint further includes code that consults a
database containing a plurality of purported fingerprints, each of
said purported fingerprints being stored in association with a
respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said
purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
91. A computer readable medium as set forth in claim 75 wherein
said gamma rays normally exist about said container in the absence
of absorption of thermal neutrons.
92. A method comprising the steps of: developing a container
fingerprint derived from gamma rays detected about a container;
comparing said container fingerprint to a predetermined fingerprint
corresponding to a known sample of radioactive or fissile material
to determine whether said container fingerprint and said
predetermined fingerprint heuristically match; and indicating, in
the event said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match, that said container contains said
known radioactive or fissile material.
93. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said developing step
includes the steps of: reading raw data obtained from said gamma
rays; and subtracting predetermined background data from said raw
data to develop said container fingerprint.
94. A method as set forth in claim 93 wherein said raw data and
said predetermined background data are raw digitized data and
predetermined digitized background data, respectively.
95. A method as set forth in claim 94 wherein said predetermined
digitized background data is a background fingerprint and said raw
digitized data is an unnormalized container fingerprint.
96. A method as set forth in claim 94 wherein said raw digital data
and said predetermined digital background data are each a selected
one of intensity data and energy spectrum data.
97. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing said container fingerprint
to each of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, each of said
predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a respective one of
known samples of radioactive or fissile material, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
98. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of consulting a database containing a
plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said predetermined
fingerprint being one of said plurality of predetermined
fingerprints.
99. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a purported
fingerprint identified from being associated with a standardized
commodity ID known from a manifest associated with said container
to determine whether said container fingerprint and said purported
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said indicating step
further includes the step of indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically
match, that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
100. A method as set forth in claim 99 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said purported fingerprint step further
includes the step of comparing said container fingerprint to a
composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said indicating step further includes the step of
indicating, in the event said container fingerprint and said
composite fingerprint heuristically match, that said container
contains contents identified by said standardized commodity ID's,
said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
101. A method as set forth in claim 99 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said purported fingerprint step further
includes the step of consulting a database containing a plurality
of purported fingerprints, each of said purported fingerprints
being stored in association with a respective one of a plurality of
standardized commodity ID's, said purported fingerprint being one
of said plurality of purported fingerprints and said standardized
commodity ID being one of said plurality of standardized commodity
ID's.
102. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a background
fingerprint to determine whether said container fingerprint is
substantially lower than said background fingerprint, and wherein
said indicating step further includes the step of indicating, in
the event said container fingerprint is substantially lower than
said background fingerprint, that said container contains radiation
shielding material.
103. A method as set forth in claim 102 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said background fingerprint step further
includes the step of consulting a database containing said
background fingerprint.
104. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to each of a plurality of
purported fingerprints to determine whether said container
fingerprint and at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, each of said purported fingerprints being
associated with a respective one of a plurality of standardized
commodity ID's, and wherein said indicating step further includes
the step of indicating, in the event said container fingerprint and
said at least one of said purported fingerprints heuristically
match, that said container contains contents identified by said
respective one of said standardized commodity ID's associated with
said at least one of said purported fingerprints.
105. A method as set forth in claim 104 wherein said respective one
of said standardized commodity ID's that identifies contents of
said container is in variance to any such standardized commodity ID
listed on a manifest associated with said container.
106. A method as set forth in claim 104 wherein said indicating
step further includes the step of indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail
to match, that contents of said container is unknown.
107. A method as set forth in claim 104 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to each of said plurality of purported
fingerprints step further includes the step of consulting a
database containing said plurality of purported fingerprints, each
of said plurality of purported fingerprints being stored in
association with said respective one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
108. A method as set forth in claim 92 wherein said gamma rays
normally exist about said container in the absence of absorption of
thermal neutrons.
109. A method comprising the steps of: developing a container
fingerprint derived from gamma rays detected about a container;
comparing said container fingerprint to a purported fingerprint
identified from being associated with a standardized commodity ID
known from a manifest associated with said container to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint
heuristically match; and indicating, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
110. A method as set forth in claim 109 wherein said developing
step includes the steps of: reading raw data obtained from said
gamma rays; and subtracting predetermined background data from said
raw data to develop said container fingerprint.
111. A method as set forth in claim 110 wherein said raw data and
said predetermined background data are raw digitized data and
predetermined digitized background data, respectively.
112. A method as set forth in claim 111 wherein said predetermined
digitized background data is a background fingerprint and said raw
digitized data is an unnormalized container fingerprint.
113. A method as set forth in claim 111 wherein said raw digital
data and said predetermined digital background data are each a
selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum data.
114. A method as set forth in claim 109 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing said container fingerprint
to a composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said indicating step further includes the step of
indicating that, in the event said container fingerprint and said
composite fingerprint heuristically match, that said container
contains contents identified by said standardized commodity ID's,
said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
115. A method as set forth in claim 109 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of consulting a database containing a
plurality of purported fingerprints, each of said purported
fingerprints being stored in association with a respective one of a
plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said purported
fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported fingerprints
and said standardized commodity ID being one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
116. A method as set forth in claim 109 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, to a background fingerprint to determine whether
said container fingerprint is substantially lower than said
background fingerprint, and wherein said indicating step further
includes the step of indicating, in the event said container
fingerprint is substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, that said container contains radiation shielding
material.
117. A method as set forth in claim 1 16 wherein said comparing
said container fingerprint to said background fingerprint step
further includes the step of consulting a database containing said
background fingerprint.
118. A method as set forth in claim 109 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to each of a plurality of
purported fingerprints to determine whether said container
fingerprint and at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, each of said purported fingerprints being
associated with a respective one of a plurality of standardized
commodity ID's, and wherein said indicating step further includes
the step of indicating, in the event said container fingerprint and
said at least one of said purported fingerprints heuristically
match, that said container contains contents identified by said
respective one of said standardized commodity ID's associated with
said at least one of said purported fingerprints.
119. A method as set forth in claim 118 wherein said respective one
of said standardized commodity ID's that identifies contents of
said container is in variance to any such standardized commodity ID
listed on a manifest associated with said container.
120. A method as set forth in claim 118 wherein said indicating
step further includes the step of indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail
to match, that contents of said container is unknown.
121. A method as set forth in claim 118 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to each of said plurality of purported
fingerprints step further includes the step of consulting a
database containing said plurality of purported fingerprints, each
of said plurality of purported fingerprints being stored in
association with said respective one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
122. A method as set forth in claim 109 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a predetermined
fingerprint of a known sample of radioactive or fissile material to
determine whether said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said indicating step
further includes the step of indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains a known
radioactive or fissile material.
123. A method as set forth in claim 122 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said predetermined fingerprint step
further includes the step of comparing said container fingerprint
to each of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, each of said
predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a respective one of
known samples of radioactive or fissile material, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
124. A method as set forth in claim 122 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said predetermined fingerprint step
further includes the step of consulting a database containing a
plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said predetermined
fingerprint being one of said plurality of predetermined
fingerprints.
125. A method as set forth in claim 122 wherein said gamma rays
normally exist about said container in the absence of absorption of
thermal neutrons.
126. A method comprising the steps of: developing a container
fingerprint derived from gamma rays detected about a container;
comparing said container fingerprint to a background fingerprint to
determine whether said container fingerprint is substantially lower
than said background fingerprint; and indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint is substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, that said container contains radiation shielding
material.
127. A method as set forth in claim 126 wherein said developing
step includes the steps of: reading raw data obtained from said
gamma rays; and subtracting predetermined background data from said
raw data to develop said container fingerprint.
128. A method as set forth in claim 127 wherein said raw data and
said predetermined background data are raw digitized data and
predetermined digitized background data, respectively.
129. A method as set forth in claim 128 wherein said predetermined
digitized background data is a background fingerprint and said raw
digitized data is an unnormalized container fingerprint.
130. A method as set forth in claim 128 wherein said raw digital
data and said predetermined digital background data are each a
selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum data.
131. A method as set forth in claim 126 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of consulting a database containing said
background fingerprint.
132. A method as set forth in claim 126 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint is not substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, said container fingerprint to each of a plurality of
purported fingerprints to determine whether said container
fingerprint and at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, each of said purported fingerprints being
associated with a respective one of a plurality of standardized
commodity ID's, and wherein said indicating step further includes
the step of indicating, in the event said container fingerprint and
said at least one of said purported fingerprints heuristically
match, that said container contains contents identified by said
respective one of said standardized commodity ID's associated with
said at least one of said purported fingerprints.
133. A method as set forth in claim 132 wherein said respective one
of said standardized commodity ID's that identifies contents of
said container is in variance to any such standardized commodity ID
listed on a manifest associated with said container.
134. A method as set forth in claim 132 wherein said indicating
step further includes the step of indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail
to match, that contents of said container is unknown.
135. A method as set forth in claim 132 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to each of said plurality of purported
fingerprints step further includes the step of consulting a
database containing said plurality of purported fingerprints, each
of said plurality of purported fingerprints being stored in
association with said respective one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
136. A method as set forth in claim 126 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint is not substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, said container fingerprint to a predetermined
fingerprint of a known sample of radioactive or fissile material to
determine whether said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said indicating step
further includes the step of indicating, in the event said
container fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains said known
radioactive or fissile material.
137. A method as set forth in claim 136 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said predetermined fingerprint step
further includes the step of comparing said container fingerprint
to each of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, each of said
predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a respective one of
known samples of radioactive or fissile material, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
138. A method as set forth in claim 136 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said predetermined fingerprint step
further includes the step of consulting a database containing a
plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said predetermined
fingerprint being one of said plurality of predetermined
fingerprints.
139. A method as set forth in claim 126 wherein said comparing step
further includes the step of comparing, in the event said container
fingerprint is not substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, said container fingerprint to a purported fingerprint
identified from being associated with a standardized commodity. ID
known from a manifest associated with said container to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint
heuristically match, and wherein said indicating step further
includes the step of indicating, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
140. A method as set forth in claim 139 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said purported fingerprint step further
includes the step of comparing said container fingerprint to a
composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said indicating step further includes the step of
indicating, in the event said container fingerprint and said
composite fingerprint heuristically match, that said container
contains contents identified by said standardized commodity ID's,
said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
141. A method as set forth in claim 139 wherein said comparing said
container fingerprint to said purported fingerprint further
includes the step of consulting a database containing a plurality
of purported fingerprints, each of said purported fingerprints
being stored in association with a respective one of a plurality of
standardized commodity ID's, said purported fingerprint being one
of said plurality of purported fingerprints and said standardized
commodity ID being one of said plurality of standardized commodity
ID's.
142. A method as set forth in claim 126 wherein said gamma rays
normally exist about said container in the absence of absorption of
thermal neutrons.
143. An apparatus comprising: a container fingerprint derived from
gamma rays detected about a container; and a computer operative to
compare said container fingerprint to a predetermined fingerprint
corresponding to a known sample of radioactive or fissile material
to determine whether said container fingerprint and said
predetermined fingerprint heuristically match; and further
operative to indicate, in the event said container fingerprint and
said predetermined fingerprint heuristically match, that said
container contains said known radioactive or fissile material.
144. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 wherein said computer
is further operative to read raw data obtained from detecting said
gamma rays, and further operative to subtract predetermined
background data from said raw data to develop said container
fingerprint.
145. An apparatus as set forth in claim 144 wherein said raw data
and said predetermined background data are raw digitized data and
predetermined digitized background data, respectively.
146. An apparatus as set forth in claim 145 wherein said
predetermined digitized background data is a background fingerprint
and said raw digitized data is an unnormalized container
fingerprint.
147. An apparatus as set forth in claim 145 wherein said raw
digital data and said predetermined digital background data are
each a selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum data.
148. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare said container fingerprint to each
of a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, each of said
predetermined fingerprints corresponding to a respective one of
known samples of radioactive or fissile material, said
predetermined fingerprint being one of said plurality of
predetermined fingerprints.
149. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 further comprising a
database containing a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said
computer when operative to compare said container fingerprint to
said predetermined fingerprint being further operative to consult
said database, said predetermined fingerprint being one of said
plurality of predetermined fingerprints.
150. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a purported
fingerprint identified from being associated with a standardized
commodity ID known from a manifest associated with said container
to determine whether said container fingerprint and said purported
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said computer is
further operative to indicate, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains contents identified by said
standardized commodity ID.
151. An apparatus as set forth in claim 150 wherein said computer
when operative to compare said container fingerprint to said
purported fingerprint is further operative to compare said
container fingerprint to a composite purported fingerprint derived
from a plurality of selected purported fingerprints identified from
being associated with a respective one of a plurality of
standardized commodity ID's known from said manifest to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said composite fingerprint
heuristically match, and wherein said computer is further operative
to indicate that, in the event said container fingerprint and said
composite fingerprint heuristically match, that said container
contains contents identified by said standardized commodity ID's,
said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
152. An apparatus as set forth in claim 150 further comprising a
database containing a plurality of purported fingerprints, each of
said purported fingerprints being stored in association with a
respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said
computer when operative to compare said container fingerprint to
said purported fingerprint is further operative to consult said
database, said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of
purported fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one
of said plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
153. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a background
fingerprint to determine whether said container fingerprint is
substantially lower than said background fingerprint, and wherein
said computer is further operative to indicate, in the event said
container fingerprint is substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, that said container contains radiation shielding
material.
154. An apparatus as set forth in claim 153 further comprising a
database containing said background fingerprint, said computer when
operative to compare said container fingerprint to said background
fingerprint being further operative to consult said database.
155. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to each of a plurality of
purported fingerprints to determine whether said container
fingerprint and at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, each of said purported fingerprints being
associated with a respective one of a plurality of standardized
commodity ID's, and wherein said computer is further operative to
indicate, in the event said container fingerprint and said at least
one of said purported fingerprints heuristically match, that said
container contains contents identified by said respective one of
said standardized commodity ID's associated with said at least one
of said purported fingerprints.
156. An apparatus as set forth in claim 155 wherein said respective
one of said standardized commodity ID's that identifies contents of
said container is in variance to any such standardized commodity ID
listed on a manifest associated with said container.
157. An apparatus as set forth in claim 155 wherein said computer
is further operative to indicate, in the event said container
fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail to match,
that contents of said container is unknown.
158. An apparatus as set forth in claim 155 further comprising a
database containing said plurality of purported fingerprints, each
of said plurality of purported fingerprints being stored in
association with said respective one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's, wherein said computer when operative
to compare said container fingerprint to each of said plurality of
purported fingerprints being further operative to consult said
database.
159. An apparatus as set forth in claim 143 wherein said gamma rays
normally exist about said container in the absence of absorption of
thermal neutrons.
160. An apparatus comprising: a container fingerprint derived from
gamma rays detected about a container; a computer operative to
compare said container fingerprint to a purported fingerprint
identified from being associated with a standardized commodity ID
known from a manifest associated with said container to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint
heuristically match, and further operative to indicate, in the
event said container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said standardized commodity ID.
161. An apparatus as set forth in claim 160 wherein said computer
is further operative to read raw data obtained from said gamma rays
and further operative to subtract predetermined background data
from said raw data to develop said container fingerprint.
162. An apparatus as set forth in claim 161 wherein said raw data
and said predetermined background data are raw digitized data and
predetermined digitized background data, respectively.
163. An apparatus as set forth in claim 162 wherein said
predetermined digitized background data is a background fingerprint
and said raw digitized data is an unnormalized container
fingerprint.
164. An apparatus as set forth in claim 162 wherein said raw
digital data and said predetermined digital background data are
each a selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum data.
165. An apparatus as set forth in claim 160 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare said container fingerprint to a
composite purported fingerprint derived from a plurality of
selected purported fingerprints identified from being associated
with a respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's
known from said manifest to determine whether said container
fingerprint and said composite fingerprint heuristically match, and
wherein said computer is further operative to indicate, in the
event said container fingerprint and said composite fingerprint
heuristically match, that said container contains contents
identified by said standardized commodity ID's, said purported
fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported fingerprints
and said standardized commodity ID being one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's.
166. An apparatus as set forth in claim 160 further comprising a
database containing a plurality of purported fingerprints, each of
said purported fingerprints being stored in association with a
respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said
computer when operative to compare said container fingerprint to
said purported fingerprint is further operative to consult said
database, said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of
purported fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one
of said plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
167. An apparatus as set forth in claim 160 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, to a background fingerprint to determine whether
said container fingerprint is substantially lower than said
background fingerprint, and wherein said computer is further
operative to indicate, in the event said container fingerprint is
substantially lower than said background fingerprint, that said
container contains radiation shielding material.
168. An apparatus as set forth in claim 167 further comprising a
database containing said background fingerprint, said computer when
operative to compare said container fingerprint to said background
fingerprint being further operative to consult said database.
169. An apparatus as set forth in claim 160 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to each of a plurality of
purported fingerprints to determine whether said container
fingerprint and at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, each of said purported fingerprints being
associated with a respective one of a plurality of standardized
commodity ID's, and wherein said computer is further operative to
indicate, in the event said container fingerprint and said at least
one of said purported fingerprints heuristically match, that said
container contains contents identified by said respective one of
said standardized commodity ID's associated with said at least one
of said purported fingerprints.
170. An apparatus as set forth in claim 169 wherein said respective
one of said standardized commodity ID's that identifies contents of
said container is in variance to any such standardized commodity ID
listed on a manifest associated with said container.
171. An apparatus as set forth in claim 169 wherein said computer
is further operative to indicate, in the event said container
fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail to match,
that contents of said container is unknown.
172. An apparatus as set forth in claim 169 further comprising a
database containing said plurality of purported fingerprints, each
of said plurality of purported fingerprints being stored in
association with said respective one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's, wherein said computer when operative
to compare said container fingerprint to each of said plurality of
purported fingerprints being further operative to consult said
database.
173. An apparatus as set forth in claim 160 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint and said purported fingerprint fail to match
heuristically, said container fingerprint to a predetermined
fingerprint of a known sample of radioactive or fissile material to
determine whether said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said computer is
further operative to indicate, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains a known radioactive or fissile
material.
174. An apparatus as set forth in claim 173 wherein said computer
when operative to compare said container fingerprint to said
predetermined fingerprint is further operative to compare said
container fingerprint to each of a plurality of predetermined
fingerprints, each of said predetermined fingerprints corresponding
to a respective one of known samples of radioactive or fissile
material, said predetermined fingerprint being one of said
plurality of predetermined fingerprints.
175. An apparatus as set forth in claim 173 further comprising a
database containing a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said
computer when operative to compare said container fingerprint to
said predetermined fingerprint being further operative to consult
said database, said predetermined fingerprint being one of said
plurality of predetermined fingerprints.
176. An apparatus as set forth in claim 173 wherein said gamma rays
normally exist about said container in the absence of absorption of
thermal neutrons.
177. An apparatus comprising: a container fingerprint derived from
gamma rays detected about a container; a computer operative to
compare said container fingerprint to a background fingerprint to
determine whether said container fingerprint is substantially lower
than said background fingerprint, and further operative to
indicate, in the event said container fingerprint is substantially
lower than said background fingerprint, that said container
contains radiation shielding material.
178. An apparatus as set forth in claim 177 wherein said computer
is operative to read raw data obtained from said gamma rays. and
further operative to subtract predetermined background data from
said raw data to develop said container fingerprint.
179. An apparatus as set forth in claim 178 wherein said raw data
and said predetermined background data are raw digitized data and
predetermined digitized background data, respectively.
180. An apparatus as set forth in claim 179 wherein said
predetermined digitized background data is a background fingerprint
and said raw digitized data is an unnormalized container
fingerprint.
181. An apparatus as set forth in claim 179 wherein said raw
digital data and said predetermined digital background data are
each a selected one of intensity data and energy spectrum data.
182. An apparatus as set forth in claim 177 further comprising a
database containing said background fingerprint, said computer when
operative to compare said container fingerprint to said background
fingerprint being further operative to consult said database.
183. An apparatus as set forth in claim 177 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint is not substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, said container fingerprint to each of a plurality of
purported fingerprints to determine whether said container
fingerprint and at least one of said purported fingerprints
heuristically match, each of said purported fingerprints being
associated with a respective one of a plurality of standardized
commodity ID's, and wherein said computer is further operative to
indicate, in the event said container fingerprint and said at least
one of said purported fingerprints heuristically match, that said
container contains contents identified by said respective one of
said standardized commodity ID's associated with said at least one
of said purported fingerprints.
184. An apparatus as set forth in claim 183 wherein said respective
one of said standardized commodity ID's that identifies contents of
said container is in variance to any such standardized commodity ID
listed on a manifest associated with said container.
185. An apparatus as set forth in claim 183 wherein said computer
is further operative to indicate, in the event said container
fingerprint and each of said purported fingerprints fail to match,
that contents of said container is unknown.
186. An apparatus as set forth in claim 183 further comprising a
database containing said plurality of purported fingerprints, each
of said plurality of purported fingerprints being stored in
association with said respective one of said plurality of
standardized commodity ID's, wherein said computer when operative
to compare said container fingerprint to each of said plurality of
purported fingerprints being further operative to consult said
database.
187. An apparatus as set forth in claim 177 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint is not substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, said container fingerprint to a predetermined
fingerprint of a known sample of radioactive or fissile material to
determine whether said container fingerprint and said predetermined
fingerprint heuristically match, and wherein said computer is
further operative to indicate, in the event said container
fingerprint and said predetermined fingerprint heuristically match,
that said container contains said known radioactive or fissile
material.
188. An apparatus as set forth in claim 187 wherein said computer
when operative to compare said container fingerprint to said
predetermined fingerprint is further operative to compare said
container fingerprint to each of a plurality of predetermined
fingerprints, each of said predetermined fingerprints corresponding
to a respective one of known samples of radioactive or fissile
material, said predetermined fingerprint being one of said
plurality of predetermined fingerprints.
189. An apparatus as set forth in claim 187 further comprising a
database containing a plurality of predetermined fingerprints, said
computer when operative to compare said container fingerprint to
said predetermined fingerprint being further operative to consult
said database, said predetermined fingerprint being one of said
plurality of predetermined fingerprints.
190. An apparatus as set forth in claim 177 wherein said computer
is further operative to compare, in the event said container
fingerprint is not substantially lower than said background
fingerprint, said container fingerprint to a purported fingerprint
identified from being associated with a standardized commodity ID
known from a manifest associated with said container to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said purported fingerprint
heuristically match, and wherein said computer is further operative
to indicate, in the event said container fingerprint and said
purported fingerprint heuristically match, that said container
contains contents identified by said standardized commodity ID.
191. An apparatus as set forth in claim 190 wherein said computer
when operative to compare said container fingerprint to said
purported fingerprint is further operative to compare said
container fingerprint to a composite purported fingerprint derived
from a plurality of selected purported fingerprints identified from
being associated with a respective one of a plurality of
standardized commodity ID's known from said manifest to determine
whether said container fingerprint and said composite fingerprint
heuristically match, and wherein said computer is further operative
to indicate, in the event said container fingerprint and said
composite fingerprint heuristically match, that said container
contains contents identified by said standardized commodity ID's,
said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of purported
fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one of said
plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
192. An apparatus as set forth in claim 190 further comprising a
database containing a plurality of purported fingerprints, each of
said purported fingerprints being stored in association with a
respective one of a plurality of standardized commodity ID's, said
computer when operative to compare said container fingerprint to
said purported fingerprint is further operative to consult said
database, said purported fingerprint being one of said plurality of
purported fingerprints and said standardized commodity ID being one
of said plurality of standardized commodity ID's.
193. An apparatus as set forth in claim 177 wherein said gamma rays
normally exist about said container in the absence of absorption of
thermal neutrons.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION DATA
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of the
commonly owned, co-pending application for patent having at least
one inventor in common herewith and entitled "Container Crane
Radiation Detection Systems and Methods," Ser. No. 10/356,154,
filed Jan. 31, 2003, the specification of which is incorporated
herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention is directed to a method for the
detection of fissile or radioactive material or radiation shielding
material. More particularly, it is directed to a method to detect
the presence of radioactive or radiation shielding materials in a
shipping container where the contents of the container are listed
on a manifest, packing slip or other list of contents.
[0004] 2. Background of the Art
[0005] On Sep. 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by a
terrorist network named al Qaeda. The al Qaeda terrorists hijacked
four commercial airliners to launch a massive attack. The
terrorists flew a hijacked airliner into each of the two towers of
the World Trade Center in New York City and one into the Pentagon
in Washington, D.C., the military headquarters of our country. The
efforts of courageous airline passengers and crew foiled the
attempt to fly the fourth hijacked airliner into an additional
target, most likely in the Washington, D.C. area, by causing it to
crash into the Pennsylvania countryside. In all, over 3,000 people
were killed on American soil on the morning of Sep. 11, 2001.
[0006] The September 11 attacks were a wake-up call for America.
Americans suddenly realized that our free and open society was
vulnerable to terrorist attack in many ways. Everywhere, Americans
saw vulnerabilities, especially to "weapons of mass destruction"
such as nuclear weapons. One type of nuclear weapon is a device,
such as a bomb or warhead, whose great explosive power derives from
the release of nuclear energy.
[0007] Another type of nuclear weapons includes the so-called
"dirty bomb." A dirty bomb is a conventional explosive device
packed with radioactive material to spread radioactive
contamination that causes sickness in human beings. Radiation
sickness is illness induced by exposure to ionizing radiation,
ranging in severity from nausea, vomiting, headache, and diarrhea
to loss of hair and teeth, reduction in red and white blood cell
counts, extensive hemorrhaging, sterility and death.
[0008] Vulnerability of harm to the populace caused by terrorists
from nuclear weapons requires that such weapons be delivered to and
detonated in the target area. However, a terrorist relies on
stealth in which to deliver a weapon and not conventional military
means of delivery. For example, a terrorist may be able to
stealthily deliver a nuclear weapon onto American soil by secreting
it in one of the tens of thousands of shipping containers that are
brought into the United States every day.
[0009] One of the purposes of this invention, when used together
with radiation detection and radiation shielding detection devices,
is to prevent the transportation of nuclear weapons by stealth in
shipping containers into and out of ports anywhere in the world, in
general, and into and out of ports in the United States, in
particular. A further purpose of this invention, when used together
with radiation detection and radiation shielding detection devices,
is to prevent nuclear weapons from being imported into the United
States by stealth in shipping containers that are (1) loaded in
foreign ports; (2) transported to the United States by ships,
including huge ocean-going containerships that carry upwards of
4,000 twenty-foot-equivalent units ("TEUs") shipping containers;
and, (3) unloaded in, or brought into close proximity to, ports or
population centers in the United States. Using this invention
together with radiation detection and radiation shielding detection
devices, the threat from terrorists attacking the United States or
any other nation with nuclear weapons brought into proximity to
population centers by stealth in a shipping container can be
mitigated.
[0010] a. Detection Systems
[0011] It is known in the art of nuclear weapon detection
technology that uranium based nuclear weapons emit detectable gamma
rays. Given the periodic table symbol "U," uranium is a heavy
silvery-white metallic element, radioactive and toxic, easily
oxidized, and having 14 known isotopes of which U 238 is the most
abundant in nature. The element occurs in several minerals,
including uraninite and carnotite, from which it is extracted and
processed for use. It has an atomic number 92; atomic weight
238.03; melting point 1,132.degree. C.; boiling point 3,818.degree.
C.; specific gravity 18.95; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Uranium is
enriched in a process whereby the amount of one or more radioactive
isotopes in the material is increased.
[0012] It is also known in the art of nuclear weapon detection
technology that plutonium based nuclear weapons emit detectable
gamma rays. Given the periodic table symbol "Pu," plutonium is a
naturally radioactive, silvery, metallic transuranic element,
occurring in uranium ores and produced artificially by neutron
bombardment of uranium. Its longest-lived isotope is Pu 244 with a
half-life of 76 million years. It is a radiological poison,
specifically absorbed by bone marrow, and is used, especially the
highly fissionable isotope Pu 239, as a reactor fuel and in nuclear
weapons. It has an atomic number 94; melting point 640.degree. C.;
boiling point 3,235.degree. C.; specific gravity 19.84; valence 3,
4, 5, 6.
[0013] Since the 1911 work of Hans Geiger, it has been know that
devices can detect the presence of ionizing radiation. Named the
Geiger-Muller counter, an improved version of the device detects
alpha particles, electrons and ionizing electromagnetic photons.
Modernly, plastic scintillation is used to detect gamma radiation.
For example, Canberra Industries, Inc. of Meriden, Conn.
(www.canberra.com) manufactures and markets monitors that use
scintillation detectors designed for the radiological control of
pedestrian vehicles, trucks and rail cars. For another example,
Amptek, Inc. of Bedford, Mass. (www.amptek.com) manufactures and
markets a "Gamma-8000" scintillation detector that utilizes sodium
iodide crystal detection and digitalization to detect and
spectrographically analyze gamma radiation. There are other devices
commercially available that can be used to detect radiation,
including those that use both scintillating and non-scintillating
materials (solid state detectors such as mercuric iodide or cadmium
telluride). In this description and the appended claims, all of
these devices are generically referred to as "fissile or
radioactive material detection device(s)."
[0014] It is known in the art of nuclear weapon detection
technology that the presence of uranium or plutonium based nuclear
weapons can be concealed by covering the weapon with radiation
shielding material such as lead. Given the periodic table symbol
"Pb," lead is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white, dense
metallic element, extracted chiefly from galena and used in
containers and pipes for corrosives, solder and type metal,
bullets, radiation shielding, paints, and antiknock compounds. It
has an atomic number 82; atomic weight 207.2; melting point
327.5.degree. C.; boiling point 1,744.degree. C.; specific gravity
11.35; valence 2, 4. A nuclear weapon could be placed in a shipping
container and then covered with a layer of radiation shielding
material, typically lead of one to two inches or more in thickness.
In this way, the fissile or radioactive material detection device
or devices may not be capable of identifying the presence of the
nuclear weapon. Thus, radiation shielding material can be used to
deliver and detonate a nuclear weapon on American soil by bringing
the weapon into the country by stealth in a shipping container.
[0015] Other shielding materials are also known in the art. For
example, high density concrete is typically used to contain
radioactive emission in structures. The thickness of high density
concrete to shield a nuclear weapon placed in a shipping container
could be in the same order of magnitude as the thickness of lead
required in the above example. All of these shielding materials
will attenuate or entirely block gamma radiation such that the
presence of fissile or radioactive material cannot be detected.
[0016] There are two major limitations on the use by terrorists of
radiation shielding material to shield the radiation emanating from
a nuclear device hidden in a shipping container: (1) an x-ray or
other similar detection system can detect the presence of an amount
of radiation shielding material necessary to shield the radiation
emanating from the nuclear device; and, (2) the maximum amount of
weight of the shipping container permitted by various state and
federal regulations in the United States in order that the
container be truly intermodal (the so-called "over-the-road" weight
limitation). In either event, as more fully discussed below, the
presence of the concealed weapon has been indirectly made known
through the presence of the shielding material, thereby thwarting
the terrorist attack.
[0017] First, x-ray or other similar detection inspection systems
of shipping containers to attempt to discern the presence of
radiation shielding material are well known in the art. For
example, some of these inspection systems typically produce a
transmission image by the measurement of the intensity distribution
of the x-rays that transverse the shipping container. X-ray or
other such detection systems rely on a source that emits x-rays,
gamma rays or other radiation. These are sometimes referred to as
"active" systems in the sense that they generate radiation to be
passed through an object to be scanned, and then measure the
intensity, location or other attribute of the radiation exiting
such object. Thus, radiation shielding material used to cover a
nuclear weapon can be detected by the use of such x-ray or other
active detection systems, since such material would be absorptive
of the radiation.
[0018] However, the use of active detection systems to detect
radiation shielding suffers from serious drawbacks. Active
detection systems (1) produce harmful radiation and thus are not
suitable for the work environment; (2) can damage certain types of
cargo carried in containers such as photographic film; (3) require
a separation space between the radiation source and the detector
into which space the inspected container must be placed; and, (4)
are difficult to accommodate on the hoist attachment of the
container crane.
[0019] The present invention permits the effective use of a passive
system of detection. It is used together with radiation detection
devices that merely record the presence of gamma rays. The system
is passive in the sense that it only relies on the spontaneous
radiation emitted by fissile or radioactive material, a radiation
detector, a computer, a list of the contents said to be in the
container (the "manifest") and software product. In this
description and the appended claims, all of these systems and
devices, active and passive, will be referred to as "radiation
shielding detection device(s)."
[0020] b. Shipping Container Systems Or Containerization
[0021] Since the late 1960's, the use of shipping containers for
ocean-going transportation or containerization has been prevalent.
The shipping container has significant advantages over the old,
so-called "break bulk" system of lashing and shoring of cargo in
the cargo holds of "tween deck" vessels or any other type of break
bulk system, e.g., LASH barges. Containerization makes intermodal
transportation a reality. Once cargo is loaded into a container at
its origin (usually by its manufacturer or seller),
containerization makes possible the transportation of the container
by truck, rail and ship, over land and sea, to its destination
without disturbing its contents. Containerization creates greater
speed of transportation while, at the same time, less expensive
handling, damage and theft.
[0022] As with all ocean going freight systems, in
containerization, the port or ports of loading and unloading
(embarkation and disembarkation) constitute major bottlenecks. At
the load port, the full container is taken into the container yard.
There, the container's identification (the "Container ID") is
recorded for many purposes, including tracking and location
purposes. The Container ID can be alphanumeric, numeric, a bar code
or other identification designation. At or before this time, the
contents in the container are recorded for inclusion on a list or
manifest. The manifest lists each container and the contents of
each container with specificity (the "ship's manifest").
Transportation companies often create databases that contain the
manifest information associated with each container (a "manifest
database"). Among other things, the manifest database contains a
commodity identification designed to represent the contents in each
container (the "Commodity ID"). Commodity IDs have been
standardized by the U.S. International Trade Commission (the
"standardized Commodity ID") and are sometimes referred to as
"harmonized tariff code numbers" or "HTC numbers." (See, Harmonized
Tariff Schedule at
http://dataweb.usitc.gov/SCRIPTS/tariff/toc.html).
[0023] At the load port, the full container is stored, usually in
an open yard, to await loading aboard the containership. During
this period of storage, the full container can be inspected.
However, inspection in the container yard requires that an
additional step or function take place, namely, additional handling
by additional personnel.
[0024] Similarly, at the load port, the partially loaded container
is taken into the container yard. There, the Container ID is
recorded for many purposes, including tracking and location
purposes. Prior to storage in the container yard, the cargo in the
partially loaded container may be consolidated with other cargo
either in the same container or in another container. At or before
this time, the container and its contents are listed on the
manifest and in the manifest database. Thereafter, the container is
stored in the container yard to await loading aboard the
containership. During this period of storage, the container can be
inspected. However, once again, inspection in the container yard
requires that an additional step or function take place, namely,
additional handling by additional personnel.
[0025] Tens of thousands of containers are loaded and unloaded in
the ports of the world every day. However, only a very small
percentage of these containers is inspected. For example, anecdotal
evidence suggests that of the some 21,000 containers unloaded in
the ports of the United States every day, less than 3% are
inspected. This situation represents a major vulnerability to
terrorism and other unlawful conduct due to the possibility of
concealment of nuclear weapons. Accordingly, a need exists in the
art to mitigate the possibility of an attack on the United States,
or any other nation or population, with nuclear weapons brought
into proximity to population centers by stealth in a shipping
container.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0026] According to the broadest aspects of the present invention,
radiation or fissile material or radiation shielding material may
be detected in shipping containers by reading digitized gamma ray
data passively derived from gamma ray emissions from the container,
analyzing the data to determine if the digitized gamma ray data is
(a) commensurate with a predetermined gamma ray fingerprint or (b)
anomalous to an expected gamma ray fingerprint, and signaling that
the container contains radiation or fissile material or radiation
shielding material in the event the data is commensurate with the
predetermined fingerprint or anomalous to the expected
fingerprint.
[0027] In other embodiments of the present invention, gamma ray
data is gathered and digitized into (1) the intensity of the source
of the gamma rays; and/or, (2) the energy of each gamma ray. This
gathered and digitized gamma ray data will hereinafter be referred
to as a "fingerprint." A fingerprint can be represented as a
spectrogram or spectrograph. Weapon fingerprints are fingerprints
taken from test containers with fissile or radioactive materials in
them (the "weapon fingerprints"). Manifest fingerprints are
fingerprints taken from test containers with legitimate contents in
them such as those contents listed on the manifest (the "manifest
fingerprints"). Background fingerprints are fingerprints taken from
empty test containers. Two types of background fingerprints are
used in the present invention: (1) the original background
fingerprint; and, (2) the inspection day background fingerprint.
The original background fingerprint is the fingerprint taken at the
time the weapon and manifest databases are created. The inspection
day background fingerprint is the fingerprint created on the day
that a container is inspected according the present invention as
more fully set forth below.
[0028] A feature in one particular embodiment of the present
invention is that databases of fingerprints are constructed. The
databases constructed for use in the present invention are: (1) the
weapon fingerprint database; (2) the manifest fingerprint database;
and, (3) the inspection day background fingerprint database. In
addition, the use of the present invention contemplates access to a
manifest database maintained by the company that transports the
container and its contents. This manifest database is presently
required to be supplied to the U.S. Customs at least 24 hours
before containers are loaded on ships bound for the United States.
The U.S. Customs requires that the manifest database list each
container by Container ID and the contents thereof by standardized
Commodity ID or HTC number.
[0029] Using the computer program, databases and methods of the
present invention, the fingerprint of a given container (the
"suspect container") and its associated Container ID are used to
analyze the contents by up to four tests: (1) the weapon test; (2)
the manifest test; (3) the background radiation test; and, (4) the
equivalence radiation test.
[0030] 1. The Weapon Test:
[0031] The weapon fingerprint database is consulted for a heuristic
match by comparing the fingerprint of the suspect container with
the weapon fingerprints in the weapon fingerprint database. If
fingerprint of the suspect container heuristically matches a
fingerprint in the weapon fingerprint database, then the suspect
container likely contains an unshielded nuclear weapon and a status
to that effect is returned. If the fingerprint of the suspect
container does not heuristically match any fingerprint in the
weapon fingerprint database, then the manifest test is
performed.
[0032] 2. The Manifest Test:
[0033] The manifest database lists containers by Container ID. It
also lists the contents of each such container, each such content
being represented by the standardized Commodity ID. The manifest
fingerprint database contains fingerprints of legitimate container
contents, each such content being identified by the same
standardized Commodity ID used by the manifest database. Using the
Container ID, the manifest database is queried to determine the
standardized Commodity ID of the contents said to be in the suspect
container. Using the resulting standardized Commodity ID, the
manifest fingerprint database is queried to determine the
fingerprint of the contents said to be in the suspect container
(the "purported fingerprint").
[0034] The manifest fingerprint database is consulted to compare
the fingerprint of the suspect container with the purported
fingerprint in the manifest fingerprint database. If the
fingerprint of the suspect container heuristically matches the
purported fingerprint, then the suspect container likely has the
contents said to be in it by the manifest and a status to that
effect is returned. If the fingerprint of the suspect container
does not heuristically match the purported fingerprint, then the
background radiation test is performed.
[0035] 3. The Background Radiation Test:
[0036] The inspection day background fingerprint database is
consulted to compare the fingerprint of the suspect container with
the inspection day background fingerprint in the inspection day
background fingerprint database. If the fingerprint of the suspect
container is substantially lower than the inspection day background
fingerprint, then the suspect container likely contains radiation
shielding material that could possibly shield a nuclear weapon and
a status to that effect is returned. If the fingerprint of the
suspect container is not substantially lower than the inspection
day background fingerprint, then the equivalence radiation test is
performed.
[0037] 4. The Equivalence Radiation Test:
[0038] If the fingerprint of the suspect container does not
heuristically match the purported fingerprint and is not
substantially lower than the inspection day background fingerprint;
then, the equivalence radiation test is performed. Using the
fingerprint of the suspect container, the entire manifest
fingerprint database is consulted. If the fingerprint of the
suspect container heuristically matches any fingerprint in the
manifest fingerprint database, then the suspect container likely
contains legitimate contents that are different than those listed
on the manifest and a status to that effect is returned. If the
fingerprint of the suspect container does not heuristically match
any fingerprint in the manifest fingerprint database, then the
contents of the suspect container are unknown and a status to that
effect is returned.
[0039] The following procedures can be used to create these
fingerprint databases:
[0040] (1) Original Background Fingerprint: An original background
fingerprint is created. The original background fingerprint is
created by using radioactive or fissile material detection devices
to gather data from the contents of a test container with nothing
in it. In the preferred embodiment, this data from the contents of
a test container with nothing in it is then digitized into both the
intensity of the source of gamma rays and the energy of each gamma
ray detected. Alternatively, this data maybe digitized into either
the intensity of the source of gamma rays or the energy of each
gamma ray detected. The resulting digitized data constitutes the
"original background fingerprint."
[0041] (2) Weapon Fingerprint Database. A weapon fingerprint
database is created. The weapon fingerprint database is created by
using radioactive or fissile material detection devices to gather
data from the contents of a series of test containers. Each such
test container contains a sample of a known, dangerous radioactive
material such as U 238 or Pu 244. These contents may also include
combinations of known, dangerous radioactive or fissile materials.
In the preferred embodiment, this data from the contents of a
series of test containers with known, dangerous radioactive
material in them is then digitized into both the intensity of the
source of gamma rays and the energy of each gamma ray detected.
Alternatively, this data may be digitized into either the intensity
of the source of gamma rays or the energy of each gamma ray
detected. The resulting digitized data from each such test
container constitutes an un-normalized weapon fingerprint (the
"un-normalized weapon fingerprint"). Each of the un-normalized
weapon fingerprints is then normalized by subtracting the original
background fingerprint from it. The result is a database that
contains the weapon fingerprint of each known, dangerous
radioactive or fissile material. There may be other ways to create
the weapon fingerprint database. The intensity of the source and
the energy of each gamma ray emitted by a given radioactive or
fissile material may be readily available from public sources such
as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
[0042] (3) Manifest Fingerprint Database. A manifest fingerprint
database is created. The manifest fingerprint database is created
by using radioactive or fissile material detection devices to
gather data from the contents of a series of test containers. The
so-called "test" containers will necessarily be those that are
actually in commerce though the data may be gathered under other
circumstances. Each such test container contains known, legitimate
contents such as those listed on the ship's manifest or other list
of contents. The various types of legitimate contents are those
permitted to be carried in a container by shipping authorities such
as, for example, contents listed on the U.S. International Trade
Commission's Harmonized Tariff Schedule.
(http://dataweb.usitc.gov/SCRIPTS/tariff/toc.html). In the
preferred embodiment, this data from the contents of a series of
test containers with known, legitimate contents in them is then
digitized into both the intensity of the source of gamma rays and
the energy of each gamma ray detected. Alternatively, this data may
be digitized into either the intensity of the source of gamma rays
or the energy of each gamma ray detected. The resulting digitized
data from each test container constitutes an un-normalized manifest
fingerprint (the "un-normalized manifest fingerprint"). Each of the
un-normalized manifest fingerprints is then normalized by
subtracting the original background fingerprint from it. The result
is a database that contains the manifest fingerprint of each known,
legitimate container content, such content being identified by the
same standardized Commodity ID used to represent that content in
the manifest database.
[0043] It should be noted that the various types of legitimate
contents sometimes will (1) not emit any gamma rays and the
resulting digitized data will only be background radiation; and/or,
(2) only attenuate (decrease the intensity/energy of gamma rays as
they pass through matter) the background radiation and the
resulting digitized data will be less than background radiation.
The manifest fingerprint of each known, legitimate container
content may thus be a negative value or simply measured by its
difference from the original background fingerprint. It should also
be noted that there is a formula for the attenuation of gamma rays
in matter. The formula will permit anticipation of the manifest
fingerprint where the following information is known: (1) the
thickness and consistency of the of the container wall; (2) the
thickness and consistency of the container contents; and, (3) the
intensity and energy of the gamma radiation being attenuated. The
thickness and consistency of a shipping container is standardized.
The ship's manifest should contain information as to the thickness
and consistency of the cargo content of the shipping container. And
the intensity of the radiation being attenuated is known because
the inspection day background fingerprint is used in the present
invention as set forth immediately below.
[0044] (4) Inspection Day Background Fingerprint Database: An
inspection day background fingerprint database is created. An
inspection day background fingerprint is created by using
radioactive or fissile material detection devices to gather data
from an empty container on the day suspect containers will be
inspected. In the preferred embodiment, this data from an empty
container gathered on the day suspect containers will be inspected
is then digitized into both the intensity of the source of gamma
rays and the energy of each gamma ray detected. Alternatively, this
data may be digitized into either the intensity of the source of
gamma rays or the energy of each gamma ray detected. Preferably,
the inspection day background fingerprint should be recorded when
the hoist attachment of the container crane is at its highest
elevation from the top wharfage. In this way, a more accurate
inspection day background fingerprint is achieved. The resulting
digitized data constitutes the inspection day background
fingerprint which is then stored in the inspection day background
fingerprint database.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0045] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a shipping container engaged
by a hoist attachment of a container crane;
[0046] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a shipping container engaged
by a hoist attachment of a container crane with three radiation or
fissile material detection devices placed in three housings located
between the spreader bars of the hoist attachment.
[0047] FIG. 3 is a diagram of the fissile or radioactive material
detection device, radiation shielding detection device and computer
located in housing on the container crane, preferably on the hoist
attachment.
[0048] FIG. 4 is a diagram of the input, components and output of
the present invention;
[0049] FIG. 5 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
original background fingerprint of the present invention;
[0050] FIG. 6 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
weapon-fingerprint database of the present invention;
[0051] FIG. 7 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
manifest fingerprint database of the present invention;
[0052] FIG. 8 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
inspection day background fingerprint database of the present
invention;
[0053] FIG. 9 is a flow chart which illustrates one embodiment of
the computer program, database structures and methods of the
present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0054] FIG. 1 shows a hoist attachment 1 when it is attached to the
container 2.
[0055] FIG. 2 is another perspective of the hoist attachment 1 when
it is attached to the container 2. From this perspective, the
housings 3, 4 and 5 for the fissile or radioactive material
detection devices 6, radiation shielding detection devices 7 and
computers or PCs 8 can be seen. It should be understood that the
fissile or radioactive material detection device 6 and radiation
shielding detection device 7 can be the same device working in
concert with the computer or PC 8 and the computer program,
database structures and methods of the present invention to detect
both fissile or radioactive material and radiation shielding
material.
[0056] FIG. 3 is a diagram of the contents of one of the housings
3, 4 or 5 located on the hoist attachment 1 showing a fissile or
radioactive material detection device 6, radiation shielding
detection device 7 and computer or PC 8. The fissile or radioactive
material detection device 6 and radiation shielding detection
device 7 may be housed in one or more housings located on the
container crane 2, preferably on the hoist attachment 1. The
computer or PC 8 need not be housed on the container crane. It
should be understood that the fissile or radioactive material
detection device 6 and radiation shielding detection device 7 can
be the same device working in concert with the computer or PC 8 and
the computer program, database structures and methods of the
present invention to detect both fissile or radioactive material
and radiation shielding material.
[0057] FIG. 4 is a diagram of the components used in the computer
program, database structures and methods of the present invention.
There are six sources of data: (1) the radiation detection device 6
or 7; (2) the Container ID 10; (3) the weapon fingerprint database
12; (4) the manifest database 13; (5) the manifest fingerprint
database 14 which contains both the Container ID 10 and the
standardized Commodity ID 21; and, (6) the inspection day
background fingerprint database 15. It should be understood that
the inspection day background fingerprint database 15 may contain
one or more inspection day background fingerprints. These six
sources of data are accessed by the computer 8 running the computer
program of the present invention 11. The computer program 11 has
access to the six sources of data. The output of the computer 8 is
the return of statuses: (1) "likely contains an unshielded nuclear
weapon" 16; (2) "likely has the contents said to be in it by the
manifest" 17; (3) "likely contains radiation shielding material
that could possibly shield a nuclear weapon"18; (4) "likely
contains legitimate contents that are different than those listed
on the manifest" 19; and, (5) "contents unknown" 20.
[0058] FIG. 4a is detail of the manifest database which contains
both the Container ID 10 and the standardized Commodity ID 21. FIG.
4b is detail of the manifest fingerprint database which contains
both the Container ID 10 and the standardized Commodity ID 21.
[0059] FIG. 5 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
original background fingerprint of the computer program, database
structures and methods of the present invention. At step 22, the
radiation detection device 6 or 7 takes the fingerprint of an empty
test container. At step 23, the data from the radiation detection
device 6 or 7 is then digitized into both the intensity of the
source of gamma rays and the energy of each gamma ray detected.
Alternatively, this data may be digitized into either the intensity
of the source of gamma rays or the energy of each gamma ray
detected. At step 24, this digitized data is then stored as the
original background fingerprint.
[0060] FIG. 6 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
weapon fingerprint database 12 of the computer program, database
structures and methods of the present invention. At step 25, the
radiation detection device 6 or 7 takes the fingerprint of series
of test containers with known, dangerous radioactive materials in
them. At step 26, the data from the radiation detection device 6 or
7 for each such known, dangerous radioactive material is then
digitized into both the intensity of the source of gamma rays and
the energy of each gamma ray detected. Alternatively, this data may
be digitized into either the intensity of the source of gamma rays
or the energy of each gamma ray detected. At step 27, the original
background fingerprint (FIG. 5) is subtracted from this digitized
data. At step 28, the resulting data for each such test container
with known, dangerous radioactive material in it is stored in the
weapon fingerprint database 12.
[0061] FIG. 7 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
manifest fingerprint database 14 of the computer program, database
structures and methods of the present invention. At step 29, the
radiation detection device 6 or 7 takes the fingerprint of test
containers with known, legitimate contents in them. At step 30, the
data from the radiation detection device 6 or 7 for each such
known, legitimate content is then digitized into both the intensity
of the source of gamma rays and the energy of each gamma ray
detected. Alternatively, this data may be digitized into either the
intensity of the source of gamma rays or the energy of each gamma
ray detected. At step 31, the original background fingerprint (FIG.
5) is subtracted from this digitized data. At step 32, the
resulting data for each such test container with known, legitimate
content in it and its associated standardized Commodity ID are
stored in the manifest fingerprint database 14.
[0062] FIG. 8 is a flow chart which illustrates the creation of the
inspection day background fingerprint database 15 of the computer
program, database structures and methods of the present invention.
At step 33, at the beginning of each day of use, the radiation
detection device 6 or 7 takes the fingerprint of an empty test
container. At step 34, the data from the radiation detection device
6 or 7 is then digitized into both the intensity of the source of
gamma rays and the energy of each gamma ray detected.
Alternatively, this data may be digitized into either the intensity
of the source of gamma rays or the energy of each gamma ray
detected. At step 35, this digitized data is then stored in the
inspection day background fingerprint database 15.
[0063] FIG. 9 is a flow chart which illustrates the operation of
the computer program, database structures and methods of the
present invention. At step 36, the radiation detection device 6 or
7 takes the fingerprint of the suspect container 2. At step 37, the
suspect container's fingerprint is normalized by subtracting the
inspection day background fingerprint from it. At step 38, the
weapon fingerprint database 12 is consulted to compare the suspect
container's normalized fingerprint with the fingerprints in the
weapon fingerprint database 12. At step 39, it is determined
whether the suspect container's normalized fingerprint
heuristically matches any of the fingerprints in the weapon
fingerprint database 12. If "Yes," then the suspect container
likely contains an unshielded nuclear weapon and at step 40, status
16 to that effect is returned.
[0064] If "No," then at step 41, the manifest database 13 is
consulted to look up the Container ID 10 and extract the
standardized Commodity ID 21 for the contents said to be in the
suspect container. At step 42, the manifest fingerprint database 14
is consulted to locate the fingerprint associated with this
standardized Commodity ID 21. At step 43, it is determined whether
the suspect container's normalized fingerprint heuristically
matches the fingerprint from the manifest fingerprint database 14
associated with this standardized Commodity ID 21 (the "purported
fingerprint"). If "Yes," then the suspect container likely contains
the contents said to be in it by the manifest and at step 44,
status 17 to that effect is returned.
[0065] If "No," then at step 45, the inspection day background
fingerprint database 15 is consulted to compare the suspect
container's normalized fingerprint with the inspection day
background fingerprint. At step 46, it is determined whether the
suspect container's normalized fingerprint is substantially lower
than the inspection day background fingerprint. If "Yes," then the
suspect container likely contains radiation shielding material that
could possibly shield a nuclear weapon and at step 47, status 18 to
that effect is returned.
[0066] It should be understood that at this point in the operation,
there has been a determination whether the suspect container
contains (1) a nuclear weapon; or, (2) contents as listed on the
manifest; or, (3) radiation shielding material. If none of these
potential contents have been determined to be in the container,
then the process can stop.
[0067] To continue the interrogation of the contents, if the
suspect container's normalized fingerprint is not substantially
lower than the inspection day background fingerprint, then at step
48, the manifest fingerprint database 14 is consulted to compare
the suspect container's normalized fingerprint with each
fingerprint in the manifest fingerprint database 14. At step 49, it
is determined whether the suspect container's normalized
fingerprint heuristically matches any fingerprint in the manifest
fingerprint database 14. If "Yes," then the suspect container
likely contains legitimate contents that are different than those
listed on the manifest and at step 50, status 19 to that effect is
returned. If "No," then the contents of the suspect container are
unknown and at step 51 status 20 to that effect is returned.
[0068] The order in which each step is performed many be varied to
suit the particular purposes or needs of the operator.
[0069] In the ordinary course of business, shipping companies and
their agents will advise container shippers of the maximum
radiation and radiation shielding material levels permitted to be
in a container beyond which it will be automatically be inspected
before loading. Vice versa, in the ordinary course of business,
legitimate shippers will advise the shipping company or agent that
their particular container shipment will exceed these levels and
need pre-loading inspection.
[0070] There has been described hereinabove a novel method for
detecting radiation or radiation shielding material in containers.
Those skilled in the art may now make numerous uses of, and
departures from, the hereinabove described embodiments without
departing from the inventive principles disclosed herein.
Accordingly, the present invention is to be defined solely by the
lawfully permissible scope of the appended Claims.
DEFINITION OF CERTAIN WORDS, TERMS OR PHRASES USED
[0071] "Container." As used in this written description,
"container" means any kind of a receptacle, such as a box, carton,
can, or jar, in which material is held or carried. A "shipping
container" is a container that has been standardized for efficient
land and ocean-going shipping and handling. In FIG. 1 and 2, a
"shipping container" 2 is shown. "Container" includes, but is not
limited to, truck trailers, railcars, airfreight containers,
luggage and the like.
[0072] "Legitimate content." As used in this written description,
"legitimate content" means the contents of a container that may be
lawfully transported.
[0073] "To digitize." As used in this written description, "to
digitize" means to transform analog data into digital form.
[0074] "Digitized gamma ray data." As used in this written
description, digitized gamma ray data means any measurement or
record of gamma rays emitted by matter which has been
digitized.
[0075] "Energy of each gamma ray." As used in this written
description, "energy of each gamma ray" means the energy of the
deposit of radiation as the gamma ray stops or is absorbed by
matter, in general, and by matter that detects gamma radiation, in
particular. For example, as gamma rays pass through a sodium iodide
(NaI) detector, their energy is absorbed by the NaI. This energy is
"re-radiated" in the visual spectrum which a photomultiplier
detects and turns into an electrical signal. For a solid state
detector like Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), the gamma ray energy is
absorbed by CdTe and then released directly as an electric signal.
The electrical signal strength is directly proportional to the
energy of the gamma ray.
[0076] "To heuristically match." As used in this written
description, "to heuristically match" means to compare patterns of
digitized data, determine their similarity with a high degree of
certainty while not requiring an exact match. A "heuristic match"
is the result of heuristically matching.
[0077] "Intensity of the source of the gamma ray." As used in this
written description, "intensity of the source of the gamma ray(s)"
means the number of gamma ray photons emitted by a particular
radioactive material per units of time;
[0078] "Spectrogram." As used in this written description,
"spectrogram" means a graphic or photographic representation of a
spectrum. As used in this written description, "spectrograph" and
"spectrogram" are synonymous.
[0079] "Spectrographically analyze." As used in this written
description, "spectrographically analyze" means to analyze data
represented as a spectrogram.
[0080] "Substantially lower than the inspection day background
fingerprint." As used in this written description, "substantially
lower than the inspection day background fingerprint" means lower
to the extent that one could reasonably conclude that the detection
device is gathering shielded background radiation data.
* * * * *
References