U.S. patent application number 11/105177 was filed with the patent office on 2005-12-29 for structural panel and method of fabrication.
Invention is credited to Heath, Mark David.
Application Number | 20050284088 11/105177 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36228196 |
Filed Date | 2005-12-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050284088 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Heath, Mark David |
December 29, 2005 |
Structural panel and method of fabrication
Abstract
A process for manufacturing a structural panel includes
determining structural loads to be placed upon the structural
panel. The structural panel is manufactured from at least two
generally parallel and spaced-apart thin-shell cementitious skins
that are joined by a truss. The thickness of each cementitious skin
is selected to meet the structural loads to be placed thereon and
each skin is shaped to center reinforcement in the skin.
Inventors: |
Heath, Mark David; (Newhall,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KELLY LOWRY & KELLEY, LLP
6320 CANOGA AVENUE
SUITE 1650
WOODLAND HILLS
CA
91367
US
|
Family ID: |
36228196 |
Appl. No.: |
11/105177 |
Filed: |
April 12, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11105177 |
Apr 12, 2005 |
|
|
|
10823082 |
Apr 12, 2004 |
|
|
|
11105177 |
Apr 12, 2005 |
|
|
|
10823082 |
Apr 12, 2004 |
|
|
|
10823082 |
Apr 12, 2004 |
|
|
|
09539818 |
Mar 31, 2000 |
|
|
|
6718712 |
|
|
|
|
60621195 |
Oct 22, 2004 |
|
|
|
60127224 |
Mar 31, 1999 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/741.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B 2002/8688 20130101;
E04B 2002/867 20130101; E04B 2/845 20130101; E04B 2/847 20130101;
E04C 2/044 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
052/741.1 |
International
Class: |
E04B 001/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process for manufacturing a structural panel, comprising the
steps of: determining structural loads to be placed upon the
structural panel; and manufacturing the structural panel of at
least two generally parallel and spaced-apart thin-shell
cementitious skins joined by a truss.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining step includes the
steps of collecting load data, and selecting physical
characteristics of the panels.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining step includes the
steps of determining longitudinal, shear and bending loads upon the
structural panel.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the step of sizing the components of the structural panel to meet
the loads to be placed thereon.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the step of varying the components of the structural panel.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the steps of: aligning a plurality of fillers with a plurality of
trusses in an alternating sequence; pressing the aligned trusses
and fillers to form a panel core; overlying commercially available
wire mesh over opposing side surfaces of the panel core; and
attaching the wire mesh to the trusses by attaching commercially
available metal ties to connection points of the wire mesh and
trusses to hold the panel core together.
7. The method of claim 6, including the step of providing masonry
reinforcement trusses having two substantially parallel rods
interconnected by a wire bent around the rods in a zigzag
configuration having approximately 30.degree. bends.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the fillers are comprised of
solid foamed material filler, stabilized organic material fillers,
wattles containing filler material, a bio-mass or cloth.
9. The method of claim 6, including the step of combining a
plurality of structural panels to form a structure.
10. The method of claim 6, including the step of imbedding a
commercially available lathing member within the structural
panel.
11. The method of claim 6, including the step of applying a durable
coating to the panel core and attached wire mesh.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the durable coating comprises
the cementitious skins.
13. The method of claim 11, including the step of removing the
fillers after applying the durable coating.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the applying step includes the
step of varying of thickness of the durable coating.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the durable coating on one side
of the structural panel is thicker than the durable coating on an
opposite side thereof.
16. The method of claim 6, wherein bailing wire is tied to the
connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the panel
core together.
17. The method of claim 6, wherein upholstery clamps are clamped to
the connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the
panel core together.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining step includes
the step of selecting thickness of each cementitious skin to meet
the structural loads to be placed thereon.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the step of shaping each cementitious skin to center reinforcement
in the skin.
20. A process for manufacturing a structural panel, comprising the
steps of: determining structural loads to be placed upon the
structural panel; manufacturing the structural panel of at least
two generally parallel and spaced-apart thin-shell cementitious
skins joined by a truss; selecting thickness of each cementitious
skin to meet the structural loads to be placed thereon; and shaping
each cementitious skin to center reinforcement in the skin.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the determining step includes
the steps of collecting load data, and selecting physical
characteristics of the panels.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the determining step includes
the steps of determining longitudinal, shear and bending loads upon
the structural panel.
23. The method of claim 20, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the step of sizing the components of the structural panel to meet
the loads to be placed thereon.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the step of varying the components of the structural panel.
25. The method of claim 20, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the steps of: aligning a plurality of fillers with a plurality of
trusses in an alternating sequence; pressing the aligned trusses
and fillers to form a panel core; overlying commercially available
wire mesh over opposing side surfaces of the panel core; and
attaching the wire mesh to the trusses by attaching commercially
available metal ties to connection points of the wire mesh and
trusses to hold the panel core together.
26. The method of claim 25, including the step of providing masonry
reinforcement trusses having two substantially parallel rods
interconnected by a wire bent around the rods in a zigzag
configuration having approximately 30.degree. bends.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein the fillers are comprised of
solid foamed material filler, stabilized organic material fillers,
wattles containing filler material, a bio-mass or cloth.
28. The method of claim 25, including the step of combining a
plurality of structural panels to form a structure.
29. The method of claim 25, including the step of imbedding a
commercially available lathing member within the structural
panel.
30. The method of claim 25, including the step of applying a
durable coating to the panel core and attached wire mesh.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the durable coating comprises
the cementitious skins.
32. The method of claim 30, including the step of removing the
fillers after applying the durable coating.
33. The method of claim 30, wherein the applying step includes the
step of varying of thickness of the durable coating.
34. The method of claim 30, wherein the durable coating on one side
of the structural panel is thicker than the durable coating on an
opposite side thereof.
35. The method of claim 25, wherein bailing wire is tied to the
connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the panel
core together.
36. The method of claim 25, wherein upholstery clamps are clamped
to the connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the
panel core together.
37. A process for manufacturing a structural panel, comprising the
steps of: determining structural loads, including longitudinal,
shear and bending loads, to be placed upon the structural panel;
manufacturing the structural panel of at least two generally
parallel and spaced-apart thin-shell cementitious skins joined by a
truss; aligning a plurality of fillers with a plurality of trusses
in an alternating sequence; pressing the aligned trusses and
fillers to form a panel core; overlying commercially available wire
mesh over opposing side surfaces of the panel core; and attaching
the wire mesh to the trusses by attaching commercially available
metal ties to connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to
hold the panel core together; and selecting thickness of each
cementitious skin to meet the structural loads to be placed
thereon.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the determining step includes
the steps of collecting load data, and selecting physical
characteristics of the panels.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the manufacturing step includes
the steps of sizing the components of the structural panel to meet
the loads to be placed thereon, and varying the components of the
structural panel.
40. The method of claim 37, including the step of providing masonry
reinforcement trusses having two substantially parallel rods
interconnected by a wire bent around the rods in a zigzag
configuration having approximately 30.degree. bends.
41. The method of claim 37, wherein the fillers are comprised of
solid foamed material filler, stabilized organic material fillers,
wattles containing filler material, a bio-mass or cloth.
42. The method of claim 37, including the step of combining a
plurality of structural panels to form a structure.
43. The method of claim 37, including the step of imbedding a
commercially available lathing member within the structural
panel.
44. The method of claim 37, including the step of applying the
cementitious skins to the panel core and attached wire mesh.
45. The method of claim 44, including the step of removing the
fillers after applying the cementitious skins.
46. The method of claim 44, wherein the applying step includes the
step of varying of thickness of the cementitious skins.
47. The method of claim 44, wherein the cementitious skin on one
side of the structural panel is thicker than the cementitious skin
on an opposite side thereof.
48. The method of claim 37, wherein bailing wire is tied to the
connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the panel
core together.
49. The method of claim 37, wherein upholstery clamps are clamped
to the connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the
panel core together.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority from provisional patent
application Ser. No. 60/621,195, filed Oct. 22, 2004, and claims
priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/823,082, filed Apr. 12, 2004, which claimed priority as a
continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,718,712, issued Apr. 13,
2004, which claimed priority from provisional application Ser. No.
60/127,224, filed Mar. 31, 1999.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to construction
materials. More particularly, the invention concerns structural
panels and methods for their manufacture which employ fillers,
together with a reinforcing structure comprised of commercially
available components, which when assembled and faced with a durable
covering provides a building component.
[0003] Prefabricated structural building panels are utilized in the
construction of structures such as houses and commercial,
industrial and institutional buildings. They are also utilized in
the construction of non-building structures such as retaining
walls, fences, and cisterns. The pre-manufacturing of the panels
allows for lower costs and faster construction than available with
conventional, in-situ piecemeal construction.
[0004] Prefabricated structural concrete insulating panels (SCIPs)
are typically comprised of a filler medium reinforced with metal
lattice structures and surrounded by a metal mesh or cage. A
coating, such as stucco, air blown cementitious mixtures or the
like, is applied to the face surfaces to complete the building
process. While these structural panels have been useful in the
construction industry, they have had the disadvantage of being
costly and sometimes unavailable in rural areas. They also have the
disadvantage of not being able to be custom engineered and
fabricated to meet the load demands of a particular structure and
are only available in a few, structurally limited,
configurations.
[0005] Lightweight plastic materials, including many different
types of foamed synthetic resins and expanded plastic foams such as
urethanes, polystyrenes, and the like, have a number of properties
that are highly desired in building materials for various types of
structures such as walls, roofs and the like, and these plastic
materials have been the customary filler material utilized in
structural panels. However, such materials are manufactured from
petrochemical substances and have potential environmental damage
issues associated with them. There is also the increasing price of
these fillers due to the finite quantity of petroleum resources and
their depletion. Additionally, there is the difficulty in obtaining
plastic foams in developing countries and remote locations as well
as the high cost of shipping to these locations due to plastic foam
volume to weight ratio.
[0006] Companies which provide structural panels produce their own
specialized metal lattice or truss structures and metal meshes
having various wire gauges and wire bends which deviate from
industry standards. For example, industry standard masonry
reinforcement trusses use a zigzag configuration having
approximately thirty degree (30.degree.) bends or a ladder truss
with straight web members rather than zigzag members. At least one
company produces lattice structures having forty-five degree
(45.degree.) bends for use in their structural panels, a
configuration that is more structurally sound but which also
increases the cost of the structural panel due to production
economics. Typically, such structural panels are limited to only
one thickness option. The wire gauges of the wire mesh are often
altered at key structural points to reinforce the structural panel.
While structurally superior, these designs result in increased
expense passed to the end consumer. The design of the structural
panel may also be complicated which further increases production
costs. For example, the structural panel of U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,248
(incorporated by reference herein) utilizes preformed plastic
foamed filler elements that create chambers when brought together
for the later insertion of wires, pipes, etc., used within the
building. In rural areas and foreign countries many of these
specialized materials are not available and must be shipped,
further increasing expense or prohibiting the area from using
pre-fabricated structural panels altogether.
[0007] Previous methods of fabricating panels with a wire truss
structure and a wire face mesh have been made utilizing machines
and techniques which resulted in panels being limited in the
dimensions of the components employed. This effectively stopped a
panel from being an engineered panel in that the fabrication
methods and machines were so inflexible in their nature and
function that the nature of the machine determined the outcome of
the panel. If a different panel was desired, a new machine was
needed to make the new panel type or, at least, extensive, time
consuming, and costly modifications or re-fabrication of the
machine, was required.
[0008] The manufacture of all Structural Concrete Insulating Panels
(SCIP) to date has involved significant capital investment due to
the complexity of the machinery required, or, in the case of
low-cost methods, it has been very limited in breadth of capacity
in terms of sizes of panels able to be produced. In addition, most
methods of production have required high levels of technical skill
to operate as well as utility (electrical and water) and other
support not readily available in developing nations. Also, all
other systems have a linear manufacturing path which results in the
entire operation being shut down if any part of it fails.
[0009] Various types of presses are generally described in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,226,067 and 5,487,248. These presses are typically a
combination of manual and pneumatic operation, manually loaded, and
then, pneumatically applied pressure to compress the panel stack.
They have been mounted on factory floors as well as on
transportable platforms, such as tow-able trailers.
[0010] A significant drawback to this design is the linear product
flow. The panel stack is typically stacked at one end of the
apparatus and the stack passes forward to the compression area of
the apparatus. In the compression area the work of attaching the
face mesh is performed. This serves to connect the interdigitally
arranged trusses to one another, trapping the core filler members
between them, and maintaining the panel in a compressed condition.
Once this face mesh is attached, the panel may move forward,
leaving the apparatus, and freeing the apparatus for the next
panel.
[0011] While the panel is in the compression area the apparatus is
essentially idle and the work of stacking the next panel must await
completion of the attachment work and for the panel to vacate the
apparatus, freeing space for the next panel and another stack to be
prepared.
[0012] These machines typically produced a maximum panel size of
twenty feet long and four feet wide. The length of the machines
compression segment dictated the length of the panel and the width
was a normal construction unit as well as a practical height limit
for pre-stacking the trusses and core material.
[0013] Longer panel lengths are of great value in taller walls and
longer span floors and roofs in order to avoid the costly,
cumbersome and time-consuming splicing of shorter panels, otherwise
required. While longer apparatus' could be fabricated, allowing for
longer panels, this compounds the problem of other work halting
while the panel is in the compression section of the apparatus.
This results from there being much more surface to affix the face
mesh to, thereby lengthening the time that other, shorter duration
tasks would be idle.
[0014] While these idleness problems might be overcome through task
realignment of the crew, a more significant problem is that all
previous machines were limited in their capacity to accept a wide
variety of panel thicknesses. These early apparatus' also had as
inability to change the position of the core relative to the face
of the panel. These problems result from the nature of the
apparatus'. From the means used to hold the stack of foam and truss
in correct alignment during compression and the means for
attachment of the face mesh while under compression.
[0015] These two problems are significant because the ability to
employ deeper trusses allows for greater panel strength and greater
spans. The ability to align the core material in an eccentric
configuration, rather than always centric, relative to the panel
face is important in floor and roof applications as well as in
eccentrically loaded walls, such as retaining walls. When used as a
floor or roof, the panels are performing an engineering function
akin to a continuous beam. Consequently, the upper surface is in
compression while the lower surface is in tension. This routinely
results in the need for the upper concrete skin to be thicker than
the lower skin. Because the best performance of the thin shell
concrete skin is achieved with the reinforcement centered in the
concrete, it is of great structural value to be able to move the
core material to an eccentric configuration, relative to the panel
face so that the reinforcement in both the thicker upper concrete
skin and the thinner lower concrete skin are both in the center of
their respective thin shell skins.
[0016] The linear nature of the apparatus also limits the maximum
number of persons that can productively work the apparatus, thereby
resulting in a fixed maximum output. Both the linear work flow and
the limited thickness flexibility result in the means of increasing
product output being the addition of entire machines. This is a
relatively high-cost solution.
[0017] The nature of the apparatus' in the gauge and depth of the
wires in the trusses and the gauge and density of the wires in the
face mesh also limited previous panel manufacturers. This is a
significant problem and demonstrates a need that, if the load on
the structure increases, increasing the gauge or depth of the truss
and/or increasing the gauge and density of the mesh allows for a
panel to be produced that can resist this increased load.
[0018] No previous SCIP manufacturer has undertaken an engineering
approach to the design of an SCIP. This is principally because
their output was limited in variation. Rather than take an
engineering approach, the manufacturer was better served,
practically and financially, by taking a tested product approach.
This approach entails the testing of the product and generating a
graph or table showing the structural capability of the product.
Since prior SCIP products are very few in number from any
particular manufacturer, about five different configurations, the
testing so very few products is relatively inexpensive. Since each
different configuration was very fixed, having a table or graph for
the structural capacity of each of the few configurations was
adequate.
[0019] A last issue is that because such machines have been in the
public domain for so long there is no opportunity for patent
protection and the resultant business benefits that flow from such
protection.
[0020] Accordingly, there is a need for a structural panel that is
designed is to overcome the above limitations. There is a further
need for SCIP panels that can be manufactured by developing nations
as well as inner-city business development. There is an additional
need to provide a composite structural concrete panel that avoids
or minimizes the above-mentioned problems. There is a further need
for a means for manufacturing SCIP panels that is low cost,
requires little or no technical skills or experience and minimal
utilities. There is a need for a process of constructing panels
that avoids the cost of producing a new machine or remodeling an
existing machine for each design of panel. There is an additional
need for a process of constructing panels that employs a machine
dimensionally adjustable for different panel designs. There is a
further need for engineering theories, mathematics and processes
that allow an engineer to design structures built with panels of
such a breadth of configurations.
[0021] The current invention also relates to concrete construction
in general. Concrete is one of the most widely available building
materials in the world. It is widely used because of it's
attributes of significant durability, strength, fire resistance,
and resistance to such things as mold, mildew, and destruction by
pests and vermin. However, concrete is typically made from a
mixture of Portland cement and aggregate. Portland cement is a
commodity that is relatively expensive. It is costly to produce,
transport, store and has steadily risen in price over time.
Concrete construction also typically requires the use of
reinforcing steel to enhance the performance of the concrete.
Unreinforced concrete has excellent compressive strength but
comparatively poor tensile strength. The placement of reinforcing
steel within the concrete mass greatly improvs the structural
performance of concrete. However, reinforcing steel is a commodity
that is relatively expensive. Reinforcing steel is costly to
produce and it has steadily risen in price over time. Reinforcing
steel is also very heavy and as a result costly and dangerous to
install. Reinforced concrete has, as it's single largest drawback,
it's own mass. It is very heavy, typically weighing over 150 pounds
per cubic foot. In fact, it is so heavy that a significant
percentage of the total reinforcing steel required in concrete
structures is there to overcome the loads imposed by the mass of
the concrete itself, commonly known as the dead load.
[0022] Lastly there is a very high cost in forming concrete.
Concrete is typically placed in a wet, viscous state, inside of
formwork. The formwork must be installed accurately because it will
determine the final shape and appearance of the concrete. The
formwork must also be very strong to withstand the load of the
reinforcing steel, the wet concrete and the live load of the
workers installing the steel and concrete. This formwork is also
temporary. Once the plastic concrete and dried and cured and
achieved the designed strength to hold it's own weight and the
other loads imposed on it, the formwork is disassembled and
removed. The result is that the formwork is very costly. It is
routine that the cost of formwork is more than the cost of the
concrete and reinforcing steel, combined. Hence, this temporary
structure is the most costly element of a concrete structure.
[0023] All of the above combine to result in a construction process
that is slow and costly. A typical sequence of reinforced concrete
construction is a) lay out and install the formwork, b) lay out and
install the reinforcing steel, c) place the concrete, d) wait for
the concrete to cure and reach it's designed strength (28 days is
the standard to reach design strength), e) remove the formwork. All
of the work in concrete construction requires skilled craftsmen.
The formwork is critical, the placement of the reinforcing steel is
critical, and the proper handling and finishing of the wet, plastic
concrete is critical.
[0024] There is a need for processes, engineering, methods and
products combining to reduce or eliminate the disadvantages of
reinforced concrete construction while retaining the great
advantages of reinforced concrete construction. The present
invention fulfills these needs and provides other related
advantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0025] The present invention relates to pre-fabricated structural
panels which utilize commercially available materials, and a
cost-efficient and simple method of construction. Accordingly, the
main objective of this invention is a novel and improved structural
panel which can be constructed in a wide variety of thicknesses,
widths and lengths without dependence on limited source and costly
materials.
[0026] A process for manufacturing a structural panel includes
determining structural loads to be placed upon the structural
panel. The structural panel is manufactured from at least two
generally parallel and spaced-apart thin-shell cementitious skins
that are joined by a truss.
[0027] The load data is collected and the physical characteristics
of the panels are selected. The collected load data includes
longitudinal, shear and bending loads upon the structural panel.
The thickness of each cementitious skin is selected to meet the
structural loads to be placed thereon.
[0028] The components of the structural panel are sized to meet the
loads to be placed thereon. The components of the structural panel
are varied to meet the loads.
[0029] During manufacture of the structural panel, a plurality of
fillers are aligned with a plurality of trusses in an alternating
sequence. The aligned trusses and fillers are pressed to form a
panel core. Commercially available wire mesh is overlayed over
opposing side surfaces of the panel core and the wire mesh is
attached to the trusses by attaching commercially available metal
ties to connection points of the wire mesh and trusses to hold the
panel core together.
[0030] Masonry reinforcement trusses are provided that have two
substantially parallel rods interconnected by a wire bent around
the rods in a zigzag configuration having approximately 30.degree.
bends.
[0031] The fillers are comprised of solid foamed material filler,
stabilized organic material fillers, wattles containing filler
material, a bio-mass or cloth.
[0032] A commercially available lathing member is embedded within
the structural panel.
[0033] A durable coating is applied to the panel core and attached
wire mesh. The durable coating comprises the cementitious skins.
The fillers can be removed after applying the durable coating.
[0034] During application of the durable coating, the thickness of
the durable coating can be varied. In this regard, the durable
coating on one side of a structural panel is thicker than the
durable coating on an opposite side thereof.
[0035] Bailing wire is tied to the connection points of the wire
mesh and trusses to hold the panel core together. Upholstery clamps
are clamped to the connection points of the wire mesh and trusses
to hold the panel core together.
[0036] A plurality of the structural panels can be combined to form
a structure.
[0037] Other features and advantages of the present invention will
become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by
way of example, the principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0038] The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention. In such
drawings:
[0039] FIG. 1 is an elevation view of a commercially available
truss used in accordance with the present invention;
[0040] FIG. 2 is an elevation view of another commercially
available truss used in accordance with the present invention;
[0041] FIG. 3 is an elevation view of a panel core having
alternating trusses and fillers;
[0042] FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating the positioning of a
wire mesh adjacent to opposing side surfaces of the panel core of
FIG. 2 after compressing the panel core;
[0043] FIG. 5 is a partly fragmented perspective view of a
fabricated structural panel embodying the present invention and
having a durable coating applied thereto;
[0044] FIG. 6 is a partly fragment perspective view of a lathing
member such as the one embedded in the panel of FIG. 5;
[0045] FIG. 7 is a partly fragmented perspective view of another
fabricated structural panel embodying the present invention and
illustrating the relation of lattice structure, core filler
elements, wire mesh, C-ring connectors, durable coating, voids in
the core and the shaping of core material at truss contact lines to
create thicker concrete and resultant increased structural
capacity;
[0046] FIG. 8 is an elevation cross-sectional view of the panel of
FIG. 8;
[0047] FIG. 9 is a top plan cross-sectional view of the panel of
FIG. 7;
[0048] FIG. 10 is a partly fragmented perspective view of an
additional fabricated structural panel embodying the present
invention that uses wattles as filler members;
[0049] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a wattle that serves as a
filler member in the panel of FIG. 10;
[0050] FIG. 12 is a partly fragmented perspective view of another
fabricated structural panel embodying the present invention that
uses a vanishing or removable core;
[0051] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a
mechanical press machine and a cart that can be quickly and easily
adjusted to allow the fabrication of panels as specified by
engineering requirements;
[0052] FIG. 14 is an enlarged perspective view of the cart of FIG.
13 showing the side arms laterally adjusted, moved apart from each
other;
[0053] FIG. 15 is an elevation view of the cart of FIG. 13;
[0054] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the lower portion of
the cart of FIG. 13;
[0055] FIG. 17 is a partial orthogonal view of the lower portion of
the cart of FIG. 13;
[0056] FIG. 18 is another partial orthogonal view of the lower
portion of the cart of FIG. 13;
[0057] FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a
pneumatic/hydraulic press machine and a cart that can be quickly
and easily adjusted to allow the fabrication of panels as specified
by engineering requirements, shown with the pressing bar in a
lowered position;
[0058] FIG. 20 is another perspective view of the press machine of
FIG. 19, shown with the pressing bar in a raised/pressing
position;
[0059] FIGS. 21 through 23 are flow charts of a process of
designing, fabricating and erecting a structural panel;
[0060] FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-section of a panel embodying a
composite shell structure of the present invention that shows the
physical dimensions used in calculations such as thickness of the
shell, pitch of the truss, and depth of the truss;
[0061] FIG. 25 is a Force-Moment (P-M) curve;
[0062] FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate cross-sections of a non-slender
wall panel of the present invention with the tensile and
compressive forces shown acting on the panels;
[0063] FIGS. 28 and 29 are, respectively, side elevation and
cross-sectional elevation views of a panel embodying the present
invention showing broad and narrow buckling of the shell;
[0064] FIGS. 30 and 31 are graphs illustrating the results of
applications of various formulae and the effect of variations in
depth and gauge of trusses and thicknesses of the shells in terms
of buckling capacity;
[0065] FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate gravity loading on a non-slender
wall formed by a panel of the present invention as seen in,
respectively, a Force-Moment (P-M) curve and a panel embodying the
present invention with tensile and compressive forces applied to
the panel;
[0066] FIGS. 34 and 35 illustrate gravity loading on a slender wall
formed by a panel of the present invention as seen in,
respectively, a Force-Moment (P-M) curve and a panel embodying the
present invention with tensile and compressive forces applied to
the panel,
[0067] FIG. 36 shows a warren truss of a type used in panels
embodying the present invention;
[0068] FIGS. 37 and 38 illustrate, respectively, a truss
combination of a type used in panels embodying the present
invention and out-of-plane loading on a panel using that truss
combination;
[0069] FIG. 39 illustrates another truss combination of a type used
in panels embodying the present invention;
[0070] FIG. 40 illustrates in-plane loading on a squat wall;
[0071] FIG. 41 illustrates in-plane loading on a tall wall;
[0072] FIG. 42 illustrates a machine used for bending metal mesh
for panels embodying the present invention;
[0073] FIGS. 43-50 are various views of a brace stick embodying the
present invention;
[0074] FIG. 51 illustrates the brace stick of FIGS. 43-50 holding a
panel embodying the present invention at an angle;
[0075] FIG. 52 illustrates an enlarged view of the brace stick of
FIG. 51 engaging the wire mesh of the panel;
[0076] FIG. 53 illustrates the brace stick of FIG. 51 holding up a
panel embodying the present invention in a generally vertical
position;
[0077] FIGS. 54-62 are various views of a corner alignment pole
embodying the present invention;
[0078] FIG. 63 is a perspective view of the corner alignment pole
of FIGS. 54-62;
[0079] FIG. 64 is a perspective view of the brace stick of FIGS.
43-50 engaging the corner alignment pole of FIGS. 54-62;
[0080] FIG. 65 is an enlarged perspective view of the brace stick
engaging the corner alignment pole in FIG. 64;
[0081] FIG. 66 is a perspective view of a number of brace sticks
engaging corner alignment poles with a guide wire strung between
the corner alignment poles; and
[0082] FIG. 67 is a perspective view of a number of brace sticks
engaging a corner alignment pole at the intersection of two panels
embodying the present invention with a guide wire being used to
align the panels.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0083] In accordance with the present invention, an exemplary
commercially available truss 70 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The truss
70 generally comprises a wire 72 having a series of bends 74 around
a pair of mutually spaced apart side rods 76. The rods 76 are laid
in parallel fashion along the bends 74 of wire 72 and welded or
otherwise attached to the wire 72 to provide a generally planar
configuration. The trusses 70 are constructed and sold in varying
widths which can be utilized for the creation of different
thicknesses of structural panels. Such trusses 70 include commonly
available masonry reinforcement trusses and space frame trusses,
although other commercially available trusses may be used.
[0084] As is common in the industry, center wire 72 is bent in a
zigzag configuration to provide strength to the truss 70. The angle
of the bends 74 may be varied depending on structural loading
imposed on the panel, for example masonry reinforcement trusses
traditionally have approximately either 30.degree. or 60.degree.
wire bends as shown in the drawings to form triangles within the
trusses 70. Of course, other commercially available trusses may
have different angles within the bent wire. The gauge of the side
rods 76 and the bent wire 72 may be varied to resist varying loads.
For example, a ten gauge wire may be used for heavier load
applications and a twelve gauge wire for lighter load applications.
The side rods 76 and the bent wire 72 may be smooth wire or
deformed. The use of deformed wire creates greater mechanical
adhesion between the wires 72 and a cementitious coating as will be
further described.
[0085] Another exemplary commercially available truss 78 is
illustrated in FIG. 2. The truss 78 generally comprises a wire 80
that is linearly disposed between a pair of mutually spaced apart
side rods 82. The rods 82 are laid in parallel fashion and welded
or otherwise attached to the wire 80 to provide a generally planar
configuration. The trusses 80 are constructed and sold in varying
widths which can be utilized for the creation of different
thicknesses of structural panels. Such trusses 80 include commonly
available masonry reinforcement trusses and space frame trusses,
although other commercially available trusses may be used. The
gauge of the side rods 82 and the wire 80 may be varied to resist
varying loads, as outlined above. The side rods 82 and the wire 80
may be smooth wire or deformed. Other commercial trusses may be
combinations of trusses 70, 78 that include bent wire 72 and linear
wire 80.
[0086] As shown in FIGS. 3 through 6, a structural panel 90 of this
invention has a panel core 92 that includes a plurality of
elongated filler members 94 in face-to-face contact at surfaces 96
and 98 with the trusses 70 interdigitated with the filler members
94. The plurality of elongated filler members 94 lay in a mutually
contiguous arrangement. Between opposed surfaces 96 and 98 of the
filler members 94 are alternatingly placed trusses 70 of the type
shown in FIG. 1 and aligned with the filler members 94. Each
elongated filler member 94 has opposite side surfaces 100 extending
generally normal to the opposed surfaces 96 and 98 as shown in FIG.
3. A rectilinear cross-section is the norm but not necessary.
Trapezoidal shapes would allow for the construction of curvilinear
panels.
[0087] The filler members 94 can be of a solid foamed type, such as
solid plastic foamed material or glass foamed material. The
elongated filler members 94 may also be made from a variety of
organic materials comprising agricultural waste or biomass such as
straw or wood chips hammer milled or otherwise broken and added to
a stabilizer such as cement. The primary requirement is that the
finished organic filler elements have sufficient physical strength
to be useful over the period of time of manufacture and erection of
the panels and resist the stresses of the application of the
cementitious covering. The stabilizer should prevent the
environment, insects, rodents and the like, from eating away or
degrading the organic material. The foamed material or stabilized
organic material is made into the required shape and dimensions to
form a panel core sub-assembly. The organic material filler member
94 can be blown into plastic bags or combined with a polymer and
poured, extruded or otherwise formed into free standing members as
is known in the art.
[0088] The use of an organic filler material in the form of biomass
or agricultural waste instead of the plastic filler material of
prior art allows for the panels to be made more readily in areas
where plastic filler materials are not readily available or cost
prohibitive. Wood chip concrete is a common material which could be
employed as the filler material; however other organic materials
which could be formed in the requisite shape would serve to
accomplish the desired panel configuration. Examples include corn
stocks, bamboo, kenaf, rice hulls, rice straw, orchard thinnings,
grain straw, shredded paper, scrub brush, or any organic fibrous
material (i.e., biomass or agricultural waste) which could be
formed into the needed shape. The organic filler material can be
formed to size or can be formed in panels or blocks of larger sizes
for efficiency of manufacture and then cut to size. In addition to
utilizing cement as a binder for the organic material, the use of
plastic additives such as recycled PET bottles, the use of recycled
tires, the use of asphalts, adhesives or binders generated by the
plants under imposed conditions such as steam and pressure, can all
be utilized to form the organic material into shapes which can be
employed in the fabrication of the structural panels 10.
[0089] As shown in FIG. 4, lateral compressive pressure is applied
to the layered filler members 94 and trusses 70 by a suitable press
102. Thus, the trusses 70 are sandwiched between the opposed
surfaces 96 and 98 of each filler member 94 to form a solid core
92. Preferably, the resultant structure is a plurality of filler
members 94 stacked together wherein the opposed surfaces 96 and 98
are held tightly together with the layers of trusses 70 imbedded in
surfaces 96 and 98. However, only sufficient pressure to allow for
the application of wire mesh 104 is required. Where less pressure
is applied such that the completed panel is not rigid of itself, a
straightening rod (not shown) may be temporarily applied in the
field, so that sufficient rigidity is available for the application
of a cementitious coating 106. Having a less rigid core panel 92
can also present some application advantages where curvilinear
structures are desired. While the norm is for the press 102 to be a
mechanical apparatus, it may be sufficient to have the press be
nothing more than hand pressure. The press does not need to be
bi-directional. There may be sufficient compression achieved with
pressure generated from one side 108 of the stacked members against
a fixed surface on the opposite side 110 of the stack.
[0090] The wire mesh 104, formed of lateral wires 112 and
longitudinal wires 114, is laid against the side surfaces of the
pressed core of trusses 70 and filler members 94 and attached to
the rods 76 with commercially available metal ties 116, such as
upholstery C-clamps, concrete reinforcement wires, or bailing wire
cut to an appropriate length. The ties 116 are attached by hand,
pliers or other appropriate tools. Alternatively, the wire mesh 104
can be spot-welded to the trusses 70. The wire mesh 104 is
preferably applied to both sides of the trusses 70 so that the
resulting structural panel 90 contains filler members 94
interdigitated with trusses 70, with overlays of wire mesh 104 on
both sides. The wire mesh 104 can be comprised of a wire netting,
such as chicken wire as is commonly used in plastering
applications, as well as the pre-manufactured wire netting
assemblies such as k-lath. Other commercially available wire meshes
104 may also be used as suits the demands of the structure to be
built. These commercially available wire meshes 104 are typically
of a single gauge of wire in both the latitudinal 112 and
longitudinal 114 directions. In some cases, however, the
latitudinal wire 112 will be of one gauge while the longitudinal
wire 114 will be of a different gauge.
[0091] Commercially available anchoring plugs or lathing members
118 such as metal sheets or furring channels may be added to the
structural panel 90, typically within the wire mesh 104, to act as
a secure anchor for later attachment of drywall, gypsum board or
the like.
[0092] As shown in FIGS. 7-9, another structural panel 120
embodying the present invention includes a panel core 122 having a
plurality of elongated filler members 124 in face-to-face contact
at surfaces 126 and 128 with trusses 70 interdigitated with the
filler members 124. The plurality of elongated filler members 124
lay in a mutually contiguous arrangement. Between opposed surfaces
126 and 128 of the filler members 124 are alternatingly placed
trusses 70 of the type shown in FIG. 1 and aligned with the filler
members 124. Each elongated filler member 124 has opposite side
surfaces 130 extending generally normal to the opposed surfaces 126
and 128. A rectilinear cross-section is the norm but not necessary.
Trapezoidal shapes would allow for the construction of curvilinear
panels.
[0093] The filler members 124 can be of a solid foamed type, such
as solid plastic foamed material or glass foamed material. The
elongated filler members 124 may also be made from a variety of
organic materials comprising agricultural waste or biomass such as
straw or wood chips hammer milled or otherwise broken and added to
a stabilizer such as cement. The primary requirement is that the
finished organic filler elements have sufficient physical strength
to be useful over the period of time of manufacture and erection of
the panels and resist the stresses of the application of a
cementitious covering or coating 132. The stabilizer should prevent
the environment, insects, rodents and the like, from eating away or
degrading the organic material. Naturally stable materials such as
rice straw are also suitable. The foamed material or stabilized
organic material is made into the required shape and dimensions to
form a panel core sub-assembly. The organic material filler member
124 can be blown into plastic bags or combined with a polymer and
poured, extruded or otherwise formed into free standing members as
is known in the art.
[0094] The filler members 124 include utility chases or voids 134
in the core 122. The voids 134 allow electrical wiring and plumbing
piping to be routed through the panels 120.
[0095] The material of the core 122 is shaped at truss contact
lines 136 (i.e., where the trusses 70 contact the surfaces 126 and
128 of the filler members 124) to create thicker cementitious
covering 132 (e.g., concrete) and resultant increased structural
capacity. For example, from the top or bottom, the panel 120
includes an octagonal cross-section such that a structural
T-section or notch 138 is created on either side of the panel 120
where the filler members 124 meet at the truss contact lines 136;
allowing for a greater amount of the cementitious covering 132 to
fill the area of the notch 138 and increase the structural capacity
of the panel 120. For example, the corners 140 of the filler
members 124 are cut at forty five degree angles such that a ninety
degree angle is formed in the notch 138 on both sides 130 of the
filler members 124 when two adjoining filler members 124 are
pressed together to form the notches 138 on either side 130 of the
panel 120.
[0096] Wire mesh 104, formed of lateral wires 112 and longitudinal
wires 114, is laid against the side surfaces of the pressed core of
trusses 70 and filler members 124 and attached to the rods 76 with
commercially available metal ties 116, such as upholstery C-clamps,
concrete reinforcement wires, or bailing wire cut to an appropriate
length. The ties 116 are attached by hand, pliers or other
appropriate tools. The wire mesh 104 is preferably applied to both
sides of the trusses 70 so that the resulting structural panel 120
contains filler members 124 interdigitated with trusses 70, with
overlays of wire mesh 104 on both sides.
[0097] As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, another structural panel 150
embodying the present invention includes a panel core 152 having a
plurality of elongated filler members 154 in the form of wattles.
Each wattle 154 is formed by a tubular plastic mesh bag 156 that is
closed on one end 158 and open on an opposite end 160. The open end
160 is then filled with a variety of materials including, without
limitation, cloth, plastic bags, agricultural waste or biomass
(e.g., straw or wood chips hammer milled or otherwise broken) and
added to a stabilizer such as cement. The primary requirement is
that the filler elements have sufficient physical strength to be
useful over the period of time of manufacture and erection of the
panels and resist the stresses of the application of a cementitious
covering 162. The stabilizer should prevent the environment,
insects, rodents and the like, from eating away or degrading the
organic material. Naturally stable materials such as rice straw are
also suitable. The bag 156 is generally hard packed as the bag 156
is filled. Once the bag 156 is filled, the end 160 is closed.
Utility chases or voids (not shown), such as those described above,
may be formed in the wattles that form the core 152. The filler
members 154, generally cylindrical in shape, are side-to-side
contact at surfaces 164 and 166 with trusses 70 interdigitated with
the filler members 154. The plurality of elongated filler members
154 lay in a mutually contiguous arrangement. Between opposed
surfaces 164 and 166 of the wattles 154 are alternatingly placed
trusses 70 of the type shown in FIG. 1 and aligned with the wattles
154.
[0098] The generally cylindrical shape of the wattles at truss
contact lines 168 (i.e., where the trusses 70 contact the surfaces
164 and 166 of the filler members 44) to create thicker
cementitious covering 162 (e.g., concrete) and resultant increased
structural capacity. For example, from the top or bottom, the panel
150 includes a circular cross-section such that a structural
T-section or notch 170 is created on either side of the panel 150
where the wattles 154 meet at the truss contact lines 168; allowing
for a greater amount of the cementitious covering 162 to fill the
area of the notch 170 and increase the structural capacity of the
panel 150.
[0099] A wire mesh 104, formed of lateral wires 112 and
longitudinal wires 114, is laid against the side surfaces of the
pressed core of trusses 70 and filler members 154 and attached to
the rods 76 with commercially available metal ties 116, such as
upholstery C-clamps, concrete reinforcement wires, or bailing wire
cut to an appropriate length. The ties 116 are attached by hand,
pliers or other appropriate tools. The wire mesh 104 is preferably
applied to both sides of the trusses 70 so that the resulting
structural panel 150 contains wattles 154 interdigitated with
trusses 70, with overlays of wire mesh 104 on both sides.
[0100] As shown in FIG. 12, another structural panel 180 embodying
the present invention includes a vanishing or removable panel core
182. The core 182 is vanishing or removable in that filler members
(not shown) forming the core 182 are extracted from the panel 180
once the panel 180 is complete. In other words, a core 182 that
would "vanish" and leave the entire core of the panel 180
substantially open and available for other uses such as ventilation
ducts, etc., would be of significant utility. A plurality of
elongated filler members, similar to the filler members 94, 124,
154 described above, may be placed in face-to-face contact at
surfaces (not shown, similar to surfaces 96, 98 or 126, 128
described above) with trusses 70 interdigitated with the filler
members. The plurality of elongated filler members lay in a
mutually contiguous arrangement. Between the opposed surfaces of
the filler members are alternatingly placed trusses 70 of the type
shown in FIG. 1 and aligned with the filler members. Each elongated
filler member has opposite side surfaces (not shown) extending
generally normal to the opposed surfaces. A rectilinear
cross-section is the norm but not necessary. Trapezoidal shapes
would allow for the construction of curvilinear panels.
[0101] The filler members 44 can be of [put in material of
vanishing core] a solid foamed type, such as solid plastic foamed
material or glass foamed material. The elongated filler members 44
may also be made from a variety of organic materials comprising
agricultural waste or biomass 250 such as straw or wood chips
hammer milled or otherwise broken and added to a stabilizer such as
cement. The primary requirement is that the finished organic filler
elements have sufficient physical strength to be useful over the
period of time of manufacture and erection of the panels and resist
the stresses of the application of a cementitious covering 52. The
stabilizer should prevent the environment, insects, rodents and the
like, from eating away or degrading the organic material. Naturally
stable materials such as rice straw are also suitable. The foamed
material or stabilized organic material is made into the required
shape and dimensions to form a panel core sub-assembly. The organic
material filler member 44 can be blown into plastic bags 252 or
combined with a polymer and poured, extruded or otherwise formed
into free standing members as is known in the art.
[0102] The filler members 44 include utility chases or voids 54 in
the core 42. The voids 54 allow electrical wiring and plumbing
piping to be routed through the panels 40. In the alternative, the
panel 40 may be produced without the filler members 44.
[0103] The material of the core 182 is shaped at truss contact
locations (i.e., where the trusses 70 contact the surfaces of the
filler members) to create thicker cementitious covering or coating
184 (e.g., concrete) and resultant increased structural capacity.
For example, from the top or bottom, the panel 180 includes an
octagonal cross-section such that a structural T-section or notch
(not shown) is created on either side of the panel 180 where the
filler members meet at the truss contact locations; allowing for a
greater amount of the cementitious covering 184 to fill the area of
the notch and increase the structural capacity of the panel 180.
For example, the corners (not shown) of the filler members are cut
at forty five degree angles such that a ninety degree angle is
formed in the notch on both sides of the filler members when two
adjoining filler members are pressed together to form the notches
on either side of the panel 180.
[0104] A wire mesh 104, formed of lateral wires 112 and
longitudinal wires 114, is laid against the side surfaces of the
pressed core 182 of trusses 70 and filler members and attached to
the rods 76 with commercially available metal ties 116, such as
upholstery C-clamps, concrete reinforcement wires, or bailing wire
cut to an appropriate length. The ties 116 are attached by hand,
pliers or other appropriate tools. The wire mesh 104 is preferably
applied to both sides of the trusses 70 so that the resulting
structural panel 180 contains filler members interdigitated with
trusses 70, with overlays of wire mesh 104 on both sides.
[0105] Once the cementitious covering 184 has dried and the panel
180 formed, the filler members of the core 182 are removed. These
filler members use a material that remains in place only
temporarily until the cementitious coverings or skins 184 have been
applied to the panel 180 This could be accomplished in several
ways, including: melting cores; air-filled bags; and
re-usable/removable bags.
[0106] A melting core could be formed from certain materials that
are readily "melted" away by the application of a catalyst. For
example, certain soy-based foams can be melted by the application
of water and certain plastic foams can be melted by the application
of both heat and certain chemicals, such as acetone. In another
example, frozen materials including, without limitation, frozen
water, could be used.
[0107] Air-filled or gas-filled bags could be used. Once the panel
180 was complete, the bags could be deflated or otherwise evacuated
and removed from the panel 180. Even bags filled with solids which
could readily be evacuated could be used. For example, sand or ice
could fill a bag during construction of the panel 180 and the sand
or ice evacuated once the panel 180 was complete. Likewise, plastic
is readily formed into bag shapes that can hold air, sand or the
like and resist the forces encountered in fabricating the panels.
Bags of cloth, made of both natural and synthetic materials, can be
formed to hold air, sand or the like and resist the forces
encountered in fabricating the panels. Other materials,
accomplishing the function of holding air, sand or other gas, could
readily be employed to accomplish the same purpose.
[0108] Another possibility is the use of bags which could be
deflated or otherwise evacuated and either removed and re-used or
left in place.
[0109] In use, the structural panels 90, 120, 150, 180 of the
present invention are arranged horizontally or vertically,
depending on the structural loads being imposed. The structural
panel 90, 120, 150, 180 can be employed in the construction of
structures by itself or it may be integrated with other building
materials. Some examples would be: (1) employ the structural panel
90, 120, 150, 180 in the construction of roofs on masonry or adobe
walls; (2) the construction of in-fill walls in steel or concrete
post-and-beam framed structures; (3) the construction of floors in
the aforementioned construction types; (4) retaining walls; (5)
fences; and (6) hardscape features such as tables and benches. By
selecting trusses 70, 78 of differing wire 72, 80 or rod 76, 82
gauges, or by changing the gauge of the wires 112 and/or 114 in the
wire mesh 104, the strength of the structural panel 90, 120, 150,
180 can be varied. Additionally, multiples of trusses 70, 78 or
multiple layers of wire mesh 104 may be used to vary the strength
of the structural panel 90, 120, 150, 180.
[0110] After the completed structural panel 90, 120, 150, 180 is
erected to form the desired structure or building, it is then
covered with the durable cementitious coating 106, 132, 162, 184
resulting in a hard, durable and substantially planar finished
surface. The norm is for this coating 106, 132, 162, 184 to be a
sand-cement plaster mix but this coating 106, 132, 162, 184 could
be any of the air-placed cementitious materials (shotcrete,
gunnite, etc.) or could be an adobe material. Additionally, modern
coating materials such as hybrid concretes, glass fiber reinforced
concrete, cement-plastic, or foamed concrete materials could all be
employed to meet specialized or customized needs. It is also
possible to pre-cast the coatings 106, 132, 162, 184 on the
structural panels 90, 120, 150, 180 and then erect the pre-coated
structural panels. The structural panels 90, 120, 150, 180 can also
be used to create an insulating and reinforcing core in
form-and-pour concrete or form-and-pour earthen systems.
[0111] The components of the structural panel 90, 120, 150, 180 are
widely available, even in rural areas or foreign countries, which
dramatically reduces the costs associated with the pre-fabricated
structural panels. Particularly in third world countries, organic
materials as described above which would otherwise be disposed of
can be used in the construction of buildings and other structures.
In addition to being able to create the panel 90, 120, 150, 180, it
is desirable to provide flexibility in the process, tools,
equipment and machines used to create the panel 90, 120, 150, 180.
Flexibility is desirable in terms of truss design, mesh design,
erection/installation, variation in the composition of the
cementitious skins 106, 132, 162, 184 and the addition to the panel
of miscellaneous components to enhance the application of the
panel.
[0112] For example, one factor in the panel design that a user may
desire to accommodate is the design of the truss which may involve
a range of truss depths, weights or gauges of the trusses and a
range of dimensions in the center to center spacing of the trusses.
Another factor desirable design flexibility is a range of filler
sizes and materials, a range of weights or shapes of the filler
elements, and a range of dimensions in the centering or alignment
of the filler elements within the core space of the panel. Still
another factor is a range of mesh density dimensions (i.e., the
center to center spacing of the longitudinal and/or transversal
wires in the mesh) as well as a range of weights, or gauges, of the
mesh and a multiplicity of layers of mesh on one, or both, faces of
the panel.
[0113] The user may also need to accommodate a variety of
erection/installation methods where the breadth of such erection
and installation includes use as air-placed, cast-in-place,
pre-cast, tilt-up, and hand applied cementitious skins. Another
desirable accommodation is the available breadth of compositions of
cementitious skins where such compositions include a variety of
aggregates, fiber reinforcement, and a variety of add mixtures to
alter the performance of the cementitious skins. Naturally, the
user may need to add miscellaneous components to the panel to
enhance the application of the panel, such as anchoring plugs or
lathing members to facilitate attachment of surface treatment sheet
goods.
[0114] FIGS. 13-18 illustrate a wheeled cart 190 and a press 102,
in the form of a mechanical press 200, where the cart 190 can be
quickly and easily adjusted to allow for the fabrication of panels
90, 120, 150, 180 of varying designs, specifications and
components.
[0115] The carts 190 are generally manufactured from common light
steel shapes (angles, tubes, etc.) and are typically ten feet long
but can be linked together to create a twenty foot cart for
pressing longer panels 90, 120, 150, 180. Any number of carts 190
may be employed which allows for staging of the panel stacks for
faster throughput.
[0116] The cart 190 includes at least two pairs of laterally
adjustable side arms 192 between which a plurality of filler
members 94, 124, 154 with a plurality of trusses 70 are aligned in
an alternating, interdigitating, sequence to form a stack to be
pressed to form a panel core 92, 122, 152, 182. Each side arm 192
includes a vertical member 194 and an angled bracing member 196 to
brace the vertical member 194 that are connected to an inverted
U-shaped base member 198. Each base member 198 slidingly engages a
rail bar 202 shaped to receive the base member 198, the rail being
disposed on a base 204 of the cart 190. Each pair of side arms 192
spaced apart from each other shares a common rail bar 202. The side
arms 192 slide along the rail 202 and the relative distance between
the side arms 192 can be adjusted. Each side arm 192 can be
adjusted and locked in position using a keeper pin 206 inserted
through one of the apertures 208 located on the base member 198
when the aperture 208 is aligned with one of a plurality of
apertures 209 located along the length of the bar 202. The side
arms 192 also include adjustable fingers 218 in the form of
threaded shafts designed to screw in and out of apertures 220
located along the length of the vertical member 194 of the arm 192.
Because each side arm 192 can be individually moved inwardly
towards and outwardly away from the center of the cart 190, the
change in truss depth and resultant thickness of the panels 90,
120, 150, 180 can be accommodated. Arrows 222 indicate the
directions the side arm 192 is adjustable in. The adjustable
fingers 218 of the side arms 192 allow the placement of the filler
members 94, 124, 154 to be adjustable.
[0117] This apparatus is essentially made up of two parts: 1) the
press 200 and, 2) the cart 190. The press 200 is a simple, manually
operated lever-type device, which uses its own weight in the
compression pressing arm 212 plus the body weight of the operator,
if needed, to compress a panel stack in the cart 190 formed by
filler members 94, 124, 154 and trusses 70, 78.
[0118] A first truss 70, 78 is placed along the top of the base 204
of the cart 190 between the side arms 192. The relative distance
between the side arms 192 can be adjusted to accommodate a filler
member 94, 124, 154 that is then placed down on top of the first
truss 70, 78 and a second truss 70, 78 is placed on top of the
filler member 94, 124, 154. A second filler member 94, 124, 154 can
then be placed on top of the second truss 70, 78 and the stacking
continued until a desired number of trusses 70, 78 and fillers 94,
124, 154 form a stack of a desired height, and ultimately, a panel
90, 120, 150, 180 of a desired length after the stack is pressed.
The adjustable side arms 192 allow for various widths of panels 90,
120, 150, 180 to be manufactured and the registration changed to
allow for the adjusting the position of the filler member 94, 124,
154 (e.g., foam, bio-mass, wattle) in the cart 190 so that the
panel core 92, 122, 152, 182 is centered or eccentric (e.g.,
off-centered), as required since each side arm 192 can be
individually adjusted in incremental lengths (due to the number and
spacing of apertures 208 on the base member 198 and the apertures
on the rail 202) towards or away from the center of the cart
190.
[0119] Once the stack is the desired height, the cart(s) 190 are
placed in the press 200 where manual force is employed to compress
the stack so as to bring the stack into final height dimension.
This results in the core material 94, 124, 154 being compressed and
the trusses 70, 78 being pressed into the core material 94, 124,
154. The press 200 includes two vertical poles 210 bolted to the
ground, a U-shaped pressing arm 212 pivotally connected to the
poles 210, and a pressing bar 214 connected to the pressing arm
212. When the stack is aligned with the press 200, a free-standing
elongated plate (not shown) is placed on top of the stack to
distribute the force of the pressing bar 214 when the pressing bar
214 is brought down on top of the stack by the pressing arm 212
being moved downwards towards the stack. A plurality of apertures
216 located along the vertical poles 210 allows the height of the
pressing arm 212 and pressing bar 214 to be adjusted. The elongated
plate is locked into place at the correct final dimension of the
pressed stack. Once the elongated plate is locked in place, the
cart 190 may be removed from the press 200.
[0120] Two ten foot long presses 200 may be arranged side by side
in order to allow for each press 200 to be operated independently
in pressing panels 10, 40 up to ten feet in length, as well as
being operated in concert to press panels 90, 120, 150, 180 over
ten feet in length.
[0121] The side arms 192 are removable so as to allow free access
to the trusses 70, 78 during the panel fabrication process. The
same cart 190 can be used to produce panels 90, 120, 150, 180 of
various designs, specifications and components and thereby allowing
the panels to be an "engineered" product as opposed to being
produced on a machine that can only make identical panels.
[0122] In order to make cores 92, 122 with voids 134, the foam
filler 94, 124, is cut in a manner that when the two pieces are
pulled apart, "split", and off-set by one-half of a cut, the two
pieces now form the voids 134. The adjustable fingers 218 apply
pressure to hold the two pieces of foam filler 94, 124 to be held
in contact with each other while the panel 90, 120 is being pressed
and the face mesh 104 is applied. The fingers 218 also allow the
core 92, 122 to be centric or eccentric, thereby accommodating the
need for different thicknesses of cementitious skins 106, 132 on
the two faces of the panels 90, 120. Were it not for the fingers
218, the core pieces 94, 124 would move away from each other during
pressing. Additionally, the adjustable nature of the fingers 218
allows the core 92, 122 to be moved to accommodate dissimilar
thicknesses of cementitious skins 106, 132. In the alternative,
lathing members 118 could be used instead of the fingers 218 as
lathing members with legs of varying lengths would provide the same
function of aligning the foam filler 94, 124 in relation to the
truss cords.
[0123] The press 200 described above is an advance over prior
presses. The press 200 is an entirely manually operated press. This
allows for two additional advantages over prior presses in that: 1)
it reduces the cost of the machine which reduced the cost-of-entry
threshold (this is of significant importance to inner-city
redevelopment work and to developing nation work); 2) it increases
the number of persons that can be productively employed (this is of
value in developing nations and in inner-city redevelopment where
an overabundance of low-skilled or un-skilled workers is
prevalent).
[0124] While this press machine 200 can be mounted on a towable
trailer type of platform, it can also work on a floor-type
condition. This is because the flow can be non-linear and the
typical width of a towable trailer will reduce the effectiveness of
the non-linear movement.
[0125] As outlined above, in the pressing process, the trusses 70,
78 and core materials 94, 124, 154 are stacked in an alternating,
interdigitating manner, starting and ending the stacking process
with a truss 70, 78. The stack is built in the cart 190, typically
with the front arms 192 removed for improved access, and with the
back arms 192 of the cart holding the back layer of face mesh 104.
The face mesh 104 is hung on the fingers 218 of the back arms 192
first and then the trusses 70, 78 and core materials 94, 124, 154
are stacked against the face mesh 104. Once the desired height of
the stack is achieved, the front arms 192 and face mesh 104 are put
in place.
[0126] With the cart 190 now loaded with the trusses 70, 78 and
core material 94, 124, 154, stacked in an interdigitating manner,
with a truss 70, 78 on the bottom and top of the stack, and with
the two sheets of face mesh 104 in place, hanging on the fingers
218 of the cart arms 192 and between the cart arms 192 and the
stack, the cart 190 is now ready to be placed in the press 200. In
the press 200, the stack will be compressed to bury the trusses 70,
78 slightly into the core materials 94, 124, 154. The purpose here
is to put the faces of the core material 94, 124, 154 into general
contact with each other. This allows for the cementitious skin 106,
132, 162, 184 to be kept only at the face surfaces of the panel 90,
120, 150, 180, when applied, rather than flowing through the panel
at each truss 70, 78, as would happen if the panel 70, 78 were left
in the loose-stacked configuration, prior to compression.
[0127] The compression of the stack also allows for the natural
elasticity of the core material 94, 124, 154 to press back against
each truss 70, 78 and thereby result in a lightly tensioned and
more manageable panel 90, 120, 150, 180. If the face mesh 104 were
affixed to the trusses 70, 78 in the loose-stack condition, the
panel 90, 120, 150, 180 would be overly flexible, unwieldy, and
would also risk allowing the core material 94, 124, 154 to fall out
during handling.
[0128] The cart 190 also has the compression bar 214 which fits on
the top of the stack and can be held in place with keeper pins (not
shown), either at the ends or across the cart arms 192. This
compression bar 214 allows the cart 190 to be removed from the
press 200 while keeping the stack in compression, thereby
permitting the attachment of the face mesh 104 to be done outside
of the press 200, freeing up the press 200 for another cart 190 to
be pressed.
[0129] This creates the non-linear work flow and allows for
multiple carts 190 to be employed. Carts 190 can be in one area,
being filled with stacks of trusses, 70, 78, core materials 94,
124, 154, and sheets of face mesh 104. When ready with their
stacks, the carts 190 are moved into the press 200 to have the
stack compressed and the cart compression bar 214 pinned in place.
With the compression bar 214 in place, the cart 190 can be removed
from the press 200 and located to another area. In this area, the
face mesh 104 can be affixed to the trusses 70, 78, leaving the
press 200 free to compress other carts 190 with their respective
stacks. Once the face mesh 104 is attached to the trusses 70, 78,
the panel 90, 120, 150, 180 can be removed from the cart 190, and
the cart 190 returned to the stacking area, ready for the cycle to
be repeated.
[0130] This use of a cart 190 in a non-linear flow allows for
multiple carts 190 to be employed. The use of multiple carts 190
has several benefits: a) work output can be increased by adding
more carts 190 rather than an entire apparatus, b) the tasks
requiring the longest time, stacking and attaching face mesh 104,
can be performed without involving the press 200 or without
interfering with other task or even more of the same tasks, being
done simultaneously, c) task specialization can be developed, with
workers specializing in stacking, pressing, face mesh attachment,
etc., or team work flow may be followed, with a worker team
stacking the cart 190, taking the cart 190 to the press 200 and
compressing the stack, then the same team taking the cart 190 out
of the press 200 and attaching the face mesh 104 and producing the
completed panel 90, 120, 150, 180. These benefits result in cost
savings and better utilization of labor.
[0131] Because the carts 190 can be hooked together, the standard
10' cart length can readily be used to create combinations of
extended carts 190 in order to produce longer panels. Multiple
presses 200 can also be aligned so that such extended carts 190 can
be pressed at once. It is also possible for such extended carts 190
to be pressed in stages with a single press 200 by advancing the
extended cart 190 through the press 200.
[0132] The width of the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 is now a maximum
of six feet. This is due to the general heights limits of a worker
to reach the top of the stack and to the instability of the carts
190 as the carts 190 are loaded higher, and the height of the press
arm 212 is increased, to accommodate the carts 190 and stacks.
However, the increased width, over the previous four feet, is a
great advantage in at least two areas of field application of the
panels: 1) improved productivity due to the increased surface area
of each panel 90, 120, 150, 180 and 2) decreased costs associated
with joints in the field. All field joints must be covered with a
piece of the same material as the face mesh 103, to avoid cracking
in the cementitious skin 106, 132, 162, 184.
[0133] When used in constructing walls of a building, having panels
six feet wide reduces the number of joints in the field, thereby
improving field productivity and reducing joint mesh costs. When
used to construct fences, because the standard height for a fence
is six feet, the ability to produce six foot panels eliminates all
longitudinal joints in the fence, thereby greatly improving
productivity in the field and decreasing joint mesh costs.
[0134] The adjustable arms 192 and fingers 218 on the carts 190
offer the opportunity to produce panels 90, 120, 150, 180 of a wide
variety of widths in a single apparatus and to locate the core
material 94, 124, 154 in eccentric positions, relative to the face
of the panel 90, 120, 150, 180.
[0135] The adjustable carts 190 now allow panels 90, 120, 150, 180
to be produced ranging in thickness from two inches to twelve
inches or greater. This allows for the structural advantages of a
deeper truss to be more readily available than previous
machines.
[0136] Because carts 190 can be added, almost without limitation,
productivity can be increased, again almost without limitation,
simply by assigning more carts 190 and a worker or two. This is of
great advantage since the tasks are unchanged and the cost of
adding carts 190 is very small compared to adding an entire new
manufacturing apparatus. This makes expansion lower cost and much
lower risk. The risk is lower because the capital investment is
lower and the learning curve is short. In the event of reduced
demand or increased demand crews can be readily increased or
decreased and little capital is idled or invested.
[0137] An additional embodiment of the invention, briefly discussed
above, includes a method and apparatus that may be used in many
locations where it is desirable that a pressing apparatus 230 be
done hydraulically or pneumatically.
[0138] This press apparatus 230, similar to the press 200 described
above, addresses this need by making the pressing function
integrated into a cart 232, similar to the cart 190 described
above, by the addition of a pneumatically or hydraulically operated
pressing member 234 at the bottom of each cart 232 that is moved by
a plurality of a pneumatically or hydraulically operated ram
cylinders 236 (pneumatic/hydraulic lines not shown for clarity).
This press bar 232 moves up, from the bottom of the stack, and
compresses the stack against the compression bar 238 of the cart
232.
[0139] In this configuration the carts 232 do not need to be
wheel-mounted because the carts 232 do not need to move into and
out of the press 230. The carts 232 can now be floor-mounted 258.
Multiple carts 232 can still be used and the carts 232 can be
aligned so that longer panels 90, 120, 150, 180 can be produced
through the use of two or more carts 232. The flow can still be
non-linear because each cart 232 can be accessed and operated
independently.
[0140] With these carts 2323 floor-mounted and with a moveable
personnel platform available, these carts 232 are now designed to
produce panels eight feet wide. The floor mounting overcomes the
instability of having such a tall stack on a moveable cart 190,
being moved into and out of the press 230 used with the immovable
cart 232. The moveable personnel platform overcomes the difficulty
of stacking trusses 70, 78 and core material 94, 124, 154 to eight
foot heights as well as attaching the face mesh 104 to eight foot
heights. The moveable personnel platforms are very simple and low
cost and effectively address both of these problems.
[0141] Outside of the above described changes, this press apparatus
230 performs in a similar manner to the press 200 described above.
The trusses 70, 78 and core material 94, 124, 154 are stacked in
the cart 232 with the face mesh 104, the stack is compressed and
the face mesh 104 is attached to the trusses 70, 78, resulting is a
completed panel 90, 120, 150, 180. The advantages include relative
low cost of entry threshold, readily increased output by adding
relative low-cost carts, crew flexibility, etc.
[0142] Significant improvement in work output is achieved by
producing eight foot panels. The panel produced by this embodiment
is twice as wide as prior panels. This means that more work product
is produced is the same number of production cycles, both in the
making of the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 and in the installation of
them in the field.
[0143] An improved panel production process addresses two problems
not addressed by the previous apparatus': a) the desire to maximize
field erection time and have the maximum practical size of panels,
approximately twelve feet.times.forty eight feet (this size is
about the largest size which can be practically handled due to
transportation size limitations on most highways); and b) the
desire to have the trusses 70, 78 oriented in either direction of
the panel 90, 120, 150, 180, longitudinally or transversally (this
allows for walls and floors/roofs to be built in large, twelve
feet.times.forty eight feet, pieces while orienting the trusses 70,
78 in the direction appropriate to the structural loading on the
panels 90, 120, 150, 180).
[0144] The press apparatus 200, 230 described above allows panels
of eight feet by forty eight feet to be produced with four press
apparatus' 200, 230 aligned. However, the trusses may only be
aligned in the longitudinal direction, the forty eight feet
direction. This is good for long span floors and roofs or for tall
walls such as for industrial type buildings. However, there is a
need for the production of walls of up to twelve foot heights but
in long sections, such as the entire length of a house wall, in a
single panel. This would allow for significant improvements in
field productivity and allow for the benefits of these SCIP panels
to be made available at the speed of pre-manufactured modular
housing.
[0145] The press apparatus would allow for several panels of a
twelve feet.times.eight feet size to be fabricated and several of
these panels could then be pre-assembled into larger sections, this
would be done with joints. The truss orientation would be the
desired transversal direction, and the jointing, done in the plant,
decreases costs over the time and materials to performing the
jointing in the field.
[0146] In use, the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 of the present
invention may be combined with a new approach to the design,
fabrication and erection of panels that form structures. All
conventional structural panels produced to date have been produced
and then tested to determine structural performance. The results of
this testing has been verified via third party observation and the
results are published. The most common of these procedures is known
in the industry as ICBO testing and Engineering Reports. While this
procedure is valuable for what it does, it presents significant
problems for the wide distribution and use of the panels. The
testing performed and the published results are for a particular
configuration of the panels. This has not been a significant issue
for prior art panels, because the apparatus' employed to
manufacture the panels were quite inflexible in their function; to
make a thicker panel or a panel with a different truss spacing or
face wire configuration would typically require a new apparatus
built, designed for the specific new configuration of panel.
[0147] The panel fabrication apparatus of the present invention are
very different from those of the prior art. These apparatus' can
produce panels in a wide variety of thicknesses, typically two
inches thick to twelve inches or more. Furthermore, these
apparatus' allow for the weight (gauge) of the truss to be varied,
the spacing of the truss to be varied, and the core material to
vary in both composition and shape, and for the face mesh to vary
in weight (gauge) and wire spacing. With just eighty-one variations
of components, one thousand fifty six different structural
configurations of the panels can be produced. If a new apparatus
was needed for each it is readily seen that this would be both
costly and impractical. If separate testing of each configuration
were needed, this too would be cost and practicality
prohibitive.
[0148] Hence, a new approach to engineering is needed where an
engineer determines the loads to be resisted and then applies a set
of engineering principles to design a structure to resist the loads
in question.
[0149] While conventional engineering addresses most of the
engineering issues arising in the use of the panels they are
typically not addresses as a whole. For example, engineering
typically addresses thick members (three inches or greater) and
addresses them as "beams", or horizontal members, and "columns", or
vertical members. While the panels are used as both horizontal and
vertical members, the panels are not thick by conventional
definition since the cementitious skins of the present invention
are routinely one inch to two inches thick. Conventional
engineering addresses this as "thin shell" cementitious or concrete
structures, but does not typically recognize them used as flat
horizontal structures, typically only as arched shapes, and does
not recognize them as vertical structures.
[0150] Conventional engineering addresses composite structures made
of a combination of steel and concrete, the most common of which is
a folded-plate steel sheet with concrete cast on top of it and used
as a floor or roof structure. Conventional engineering also
addresses trusses and wire trusses but does not address creating a
composite structure made of two thin-shell concrete skins joined
into a composite structure via a wire truss. Conventional
engineering addresses the use of light-gauge wire reinforcing to
create reinforced concrete structures, and typically refers to it
as Ferro-cement construction. This type of construction is widely
used in the world and is most commonly seen in constructing water
reservoirs by using concrete reinforced with a light gauge wire
mesh, "chicken wire". Conventional engineering also addresses the
use of medium-gauge wire mesh with shotcrete, or air-placed
concrete. However, conventional engineering does not address the
use of light gauge wire mesh with shotcrete to construct reinforced
concrete structures. Lastly, conventional engineering addresses
sandwich panels, a panel with two structural skins and, typically,
an insulating core. These are typically panels made by bonding the
skins to the core with some type of adhesive.
[0151] In order to produce such a breadth of panel configurations,
and because of the cost prohibitive nature of testing every
permutation, an engineering approach of the present invention melds
conventional engineering theories, principles and practices
addressing reinforced concrete, thin-shell concrete, Ferro-cement,
wire mesh reinforced shotcrete, wire trusses, composite structures,
and sandwich panels in order to derive new theories, principles and
practices that are applied to the panels of the present
invention.
[0152] FIGS. 21-23 are flow charts of a structural panel process
300. The process is usually broken down into three portions: design
302, production 304, and erection 306. The first part of the design
portion is analyzing the structure to be built (e.g., building,
wall, cistern, etc.) 308. The next part is determining 310 the
expected structural loads that will be placed upon the structure
using standard engineering methods, practices and theories. Once
the structural loads are determined, the sizes, weights, strengths,
spacing and composition of various panel components can be
determined 312 and a panel incorporating those components can be
designed to resist the expected structural loads 314. The design
can be accomplished through traditional hand calculation and/or
employing computer assisted methods. The specification of the
components 316 allows engineering (i.e., field erection) drawings
to be created 318 and the production portion 304 of the process 300
to start.
[0153] The start of the production portion 304 involves ordering
the components (e.g., trusses, mesh, foam or bio-mass core, etc.)
320 and the number of panels 322 that need to be produced to build
the structure. For example, a particular truss may be selected from
a group of trusses more or less equally suitable for the intended
design but with wide variations in the gauges of wires employed
and/or the depth, or dimensions, of the fabricated truss. The wire
trusses generally have two substantially parallel rods
interconnected by a wire bent in a zigzag configuration, as
described above, but the wire may be configured (i.e., the
dimensions and gauges of the truss wires varied) as needed by the
structural load requirements of the panel. In another example, the
spacing and gauge of the mesh wire, as well as the number of layers
of mesh on one or both faces of the panel, can be varied as needed
by the expected structural load.
[0154] In an additional example, the fillers 94, 124, 154 may be
comprised of foamed plastic, biomass or other suitable material,
such as foamed glass, lightweight concrete, foamed concrete, and
other composite materials. The fillers 94, 124, 154 can be solid or
have hollows or voids such as to facilitate passing electrical
conductors, pipes, etc., through the core of the panel.
Additionally, the fillers 94, 124, 154 may be routed, melted, or
otherwise shaped to form voids that facilitate passing electrical
conductors, pipes, etc., through the core of the panel. The fillers
94, 125, 154 can be shaped to accommodate the structural load
requirements (e.g., angling the corners of the fillers; thereby
increasing the depth of the cementitious skin 106, 132, 162, 184 at
the immediate area surrounding the trusses where the fillers are
adjacent so as to provide additional functionality such as
additional resistance to loads placed upon the panels).
[0155] In addition to variation in the size and shape of fillers
94, 125, 154, the fillers 94, 125, 154 can be positioned within the
panel core 92, 122, 152, 182 (centered, off-center with respect to
the center of the panel core) as needed by the structural loads
placed upon the panel 90, 120, 150, 180.
[0156] The components may be commercially available or specially
ordered which requires machines to manufacture the components be
set up 324, the components produced 326, and then delivered to the
panel fabrication location 328. Once the components are at the
panel fabrication location, the panel fabrication machines are set
up 330 and the panels produced 332.
[0157] In one example, panels 90, 120, 150, 180 can be produced in
a three stage process. Hand-pushed carts 190 can be used as the
common vehicle through all three stages and assembly tools can be
pneumatic or manual "C" ring guns used to attach "upholstery clips"
to the metal components of the panels 90, 120, 150, 180.
[0158] The cart 190 is sufficiently adjustable to accommodate the
dimensions of the wide variation of components utilized in the
fabrication of the panels. The ability of the various portions of
the cart 190 to be modified/adjusted to allows the same cart 190 to
produce differently engineered panels, thereby avoiding the cost of
producing a new machine or remodeling an existing machine for each
design of panel.
[0159] For example, the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 are assembled from
pre-manufactured components of:
[0160] 1) Filler members 94, 124, 154 including, without
limitation, EPS foam blocks cut the size required for the panels
90, 120, 150, 180 or bio-mass tubes of the size required. Typically
the foam blocks are six inches wide to accommodate the truss
spacing at six inches on center which is the typical
configuration;
[0161] 2) Welded-wire warren trusses 70, 78 of the depth required.
The typical configuration is three inches for interior, non-loaded
bearing walls and five inches for exterior, load bearing walls and
for short-span floors and roofs. Longer spans and heavier loads are
accommodated with deeper trusses 1;
[0162] 3) Welded wire face mesh 104 in the required wire gauge and
spacing. The typical configuration is two inches by two inches,
twelve gauge mesh for wall panels and one inch by one inch, sixteen
gauge mesh for floor and roof panels. The tighter spacing on floors
and roofs helps in holding the concrete skin during application in
the field.
[0163] During the first stage, the panel components are stacked in
the carts 190, ready for pressing in the second stage. As stated
above, the carts 190 are typically ten feet long but can be linked
together to create a twenty foot cart for pressing longer panels
90, 120, 150, 180. Any number of carts 190 may be employed which
allows for staging of the panel stacks for faster throughput.
[0164] The carts 190 have adjustable side arms 192 which allow for
various widths of panels 90, 120, 150, 180 to be manufactured and
the registration changed to allow for the cores 92, 122, 152, 182
to be centered or eccentric (e.g., off-centered), as required.
[0165] During the second stage, the carts 190 are placed in the
press where either manual force 200 or pneumatic or hydraulic
pressure 230 devices are employed to compress the stacks in the
carts 190 so as to bring the stack into final height dimension. The
result is the core material 94, 124, 154 being compressed and the
trusses 70, 78 being pressed into the core material 94, 124, 154.
While in the press 200, 230, the top plate of the cart 190 is
locked into place at the correct final dimension. Once the top
plate is locked in place, the cart 190 may be removed from the
press 200, 230 and moved to the third stage.
[0166] The press 200, 230 is made up of two ten foot long presses,
arranged side by side. This allows for each press 200, 230 to be
operated independently in pressing panels 90, 120, 150, 180 up to
ten feet in length, as well as being operated in concert to press
panels 90, 120, 150, 180 over ten feet in length.
[0167] During the third stage, the welded-wire face mesh 104 is
applied and affixed with "C" rings 116. One or more layers of mesh
104 are overlaid on the opposing faces of the panel 90, 120, 150,
180 and attached to the trusses 70, 78, to hold the panel core
together after the pressure placed on the panel 90, 120, 150, 180
by the press 200, 230 is released.
[0168] When the carts 190 arrive at the third stage, the side arms
192 are removed allowing free access to the truss cords. The mesh
104 is placed against the truss cords and affixed to them with the
"C" rings 116. Once the "C rings have been installed, the top plate
can be released and the panel 90, 120, 150, 180 removed from the
cart 190. The pressure of the core material pressing against the
trusses 70, 78 and the face mesh 104 affixed to the truss cords
results in a taut and easily handled panel 90, 120, 150, 180.
[0169] The empty cart 190 with its side arms 192 and top plate are
returned to the first stage to repeat the cycle. The same cart 190
can be used to produce panels of various designs, specifications
and components. To this end, the physical structure of the cart 190
itself is adjusted to accommodate a panel design different from the
previous panel design; allowing changes in panel design to occur as
part of normal operation of the cart and not requiring the cart to
be remodeled or the fabrication of a new cart to accommodate the
new panel design.
[0170] This cart 190 would be suitable for fabrication of panels in
both fixed locations, as on a factory floor, as well as on a
transportable surface, such as a trailer bed. Such a cart 190 could
be readily installed on-site for temporary, project-specific,
fabrication of panels.
[0171] Once the desired number of panels are produced, the panels
are delivered to the panel erection location 334 where the third
portion (i.e., the panel erection portion) 306 of the process 300
occurs.
[0172] During the panel erection portion 306, the panels are laid
out 336 and erected 338 in the designed configuration. Once in
position, the panels are prepared to receive a cementitious skin or
coating 340. A variety of methods are used in the application of
the cementitious skins 106, 132, 162, 184 including, without
limitation, air-placed, cast-in-place, pre-cast, tilt-up, and hand
applied techniques. The cementitious coating 106, 132, 162, 184 can
vary in thickness and strength and composition as needed by the
structural load requirements.
[0173] Allied or companion materials (e.g., electrical
wiring/cabling, plumbing, etc.) are then installed 342 in the
panels and the cementitious skin is applied 344 to the panels 90,
120, 150, 180. Once the cementitious skin is applied, the
cementitious skins are finished with decorative surface treatments
(e.g., paint, textures, etc.) 346 that are applied to the panels
90, 120, 150, 180 using a variety of processes and methods
including, without limitation, form-finished, as-placed,
trowel-finished, textured, painted, and all other generally
available techniques for finishing concrete, decorative concrete
and plaster.
[0174] The process is completed 348 when the structure (e.g., wall,
building, etc.) is complete.
[0175] As outlined above, once the structural loads are determined,
the sizes, weights, strengths, spacing and composition of various
panel components can be engineered 312.
[0176] As seen in FIG. 23, an engineering process 312 is employed
which allows an engineer to analyze the loads on a structure and
design a reinforced concrete structure to resist those loads that
uses an insulated reinforcing cage. This allows the engineer
greater flexibility in the design process that allows the engineer
to affordably add concrete thickness and do so in unequal
proportions (e.g. the top skin of a floor panels can be designed
with a thicker skin to resist the compressive load on the floor
while the underside skin can be much thinner) to provide protective
cover for the mesh and truss steel on the underside, and allow the
truss and mesh steel to handle the tensile loads. The engineer is
also able to take into account the insulation properties of the
panels without having to go through a separate design procedure and
likely a separate building element to accomplish the insulation
needs of the structure.
[0177] In the area of reinforced concrete engineering, conventional
reinforced concrete is distinguished from concrete shells by two
principal characteristics: a) the thickness of the concrete member,
and b) the thickness, or diameter, of the reinforcing steel.
[0178] Conventional reinforced concrete is not thinner than three
inches thick, ranging in thickness from three inches to members
that are several feet thick. The typical minimum reinforcing steel
diameter is one half inch, (known as #4 in the industry referring
to the number of one eighths of an inch in diameter) and increasing
in thickness up to two and one quarter inch diameter (#18).
[0179] In contrast, shells are thin members, starting at a minimum
of one inch thick and ranging up to a few, say three to six, inches
thick. Similarly, the reinforcing steel is typically quite thin,
beginning with light gauge (e.g., 22 gauge) welded or woven wire
meshes, ranging up to heavy gauge (e.g., 6 gauge) welded wire mesh
and light rods (#2 and #3).
[0180] Conventional reinforced concrete members are commonly seen
in construction, in the form of walls, floors, columns and beams.
Shells are far less common in construction. The most common use of
shells in construction is in large-span domes, such as sports
arenas and stadiums and smaller span domes, such as salt storage
domes. Shells are typically curved or folded. Even the definition
in the Standard of the art, defines shells as "Three-dimensional
spatial structures made up of one or more curved or folded plates
whose thicknesses are small compared to their other dimensions.
Thin shells are characterized by their three-dimensional
load-carrying behavior, which is determined by their form, by the
manner in which they are supported, and by the nature of the
applied load". The idea of a flat plane, self-supporting, structure
is novel. The present invention utilizes trusses to join two shells
thereby allowing the two shells to act as a composite and thereby
permit the structure to be a simple flat plan.
[0181] All shells to date are a single wythe, or layer, of
concrete. This is the natural result of the nature of the shells
behavior and the method of constructing it. In constructing a shell
structure the formwork is erected, the reinforcing steel in laid
out per the engineering of the structure, the concrete is poured,
and when it is dried and has reached its' minimum required
strength, the formwork is removed, leaving the completed shell
structure in place. The completed shell is a complete, functioning
structure. It does not need beams and columns to support it. It
would be a complete waste of time and money to build another shell
on top of the first one. It is a complete structure, by itself.
[0182] In the present invention, engineering and fabrication
processes and technologies have been developed for constructing two
shells that act together as one unit, a composite of two shells.
This is of tremendous importance for concrete construction because
of the engineering and physics of conventionally cast concrete. The
forces or loads imposed on a concrete member, either beam or
column, end up moving to the outer edges of the member, with little
or no load in the center of the member. In traditional engineering
terms this center is known as a "quiet zone" of the member, an area
where there is little or no load or force. This is the reason that
in conventional reinforced concrete the reinforcing steel is placed
toward the edges of the members and there is no reinforcing in the
center of the member. In contrast, it is of value to observe that
in shells the reinforcing is in the center of the member.
[0183] Although the forces and, as a result, the reinforcing steel,
is in the edges or perimeter of the conventional concrete member,
the center is still filled with solid, although un-reinforced,
concrete. This is because of two reasons: a) the nature of the
process of constructing the concrete member, and b) the need to
transfer the forces from one side of the member to the other.
Conventional concrete structures are constructed by erecting a
formwork, placing the reinforcing steel and filling the formwork
with plastic concrete. This results in the center of the member
being filled with concrete. This results in a significant problem;
the concrete in the center of the member is very heavy and adds
"dead weight" to the member.
[0184] If a user were to place the rebar and pour a layer of
concrete, then, place a void-causing structure (e.g., a layer of
plastic foam) on the first layer of concrete, followed by filling
the balance of the formwork with concrete, while the dead weight
would be eliminated, a second problem would be created. The upper
layer of concrete would be isolated from the lower layer of
concrete and the forces on the member must move through the center
of the member to the outer edges where they collect. While the
center is quiet as far as the collection of forces is concerned,
the outer layers must be somehow connected in order to "share"
their loads. Otherwise, there are two structures, not one.
[0185] The present invention solves both of these problems in that
it creates the dead-weight-mitigating void in the center of the
member and also allows the two resulting layers, or shells, to act
as one, or as a composite, via the trusses that pass through the
core, joining the two skins into a composite shell structure.
[0186] However, to design such a structure a process for
engineering the trusses and the shells, both the shell reinforcing
as well as the shell concrete, is needed. Such a process is
described below in both a word description as well as the language
of mathematics to describe the process. This process is essential
for practical use of the process and methodology of constructing
composite shell structures. For without the engineering process to
permit design of a composite shell structure the ability to
construct a composite shell structure is very limited, in its
practicability. Without being able to analyze the loads on a
structure and then design and engineer a composite shell structure
to resist such loads, no one would have the confidence to employ
composite shell structures, except in only the lightest of load
conditions, where experienced judgment could readily and
intuitively determine that the composite shell structure could
obviously resist the light loads anticipated.
[0187] The engineering process 312 begins by going through a
normal, conventional, process of analyzing the loads on the
structure and collecting both dead data loads and live data loads
350; a process well-known and daily-practiced in the art. From
there we can commence designing the composite shell structure (CSS)
to resist these loads after determining the lead and love loads for
the structure 352.
[0188] The first step is to determine the Gravity Loading of the
structure 354 and design the composite shell structure (CSS) to
resist these loads 356 in terms of several factors such as
cementitious skin thickness, strength and reinforcement to resist
gravity loads. Thinking of the vertical load imposed on a vertical
wall can readily imagine this loading; the force of gravity pulling
down on whatever is bearing on the wall, plus the weight of the
wall, itself. This is a conventional process with three exceptions:
a) the load is shared in two skins, rather than one thick member,
b) broad and narrow buckling must be address, and c) eccentric
loading on the shells must be examined.
[0189] To engage in a discussion on engineering of CSS it is well
to define some terms. FIG. 24 shows a CSS with mathematical
designations for some of the aspects being used: "t" for the
thickness of the shell, "b" for the pitch of the truss, and "d" for
the depth of the truss. FIG. 25 illustrates a P-M (Force-Moment)
interaction curve and conventional engineering language symbols
applied to a CSS.
[0190] Two shells are designed are first using existing,
well-known, and daily-practiced engineering processes. The only
change is to divide the load by half since two members (i.e., the
two shells) will share the load. Each shell will carry half of the
load. This differs from the conventional single member, for this
example, a solid concrete wall.
[0191] Next, broad and narrow local buckling are examined and the
CSS is engineered to resist this local buckling force by designing
the correct use of trusses. This occurs in the present invention
because the shell is unsupported by the trusses in the zone 400 of
FIG. 28 and could buckle either broadly 402 or narrowly 404 in this
area. The present invention allows for the designer to examine
trusses of differing depths, a variety of gauges, and a breadth of
on-center spacing.
[0192] The following mathematical formula have been developed,
written in conventional and known Engineering Mathematics Language
to describe the process of the engineering of this local bucking
effect in CSS. 1 k s = 1 2 k d + s 3 Ebt 3
[0193] Lastly, eccentric loading of the skins is examined and the
two shells engineered to resist an eccentric load if it exists. If
the CSS is eccentrically loaded one skin will experience a tensile
force (Ft), while the other will experience a compressive force
(Fc). 2 F t = tf y F c = min ( 2 Et 3 12 b 2 + k s b 2 , ( 1 - ) (
0.85 f c t ) + tf y )
[0194] The following mathematical formulae have been developed,
written in conventional and known Engineering Mathematics Language
to describe the process of the engineering of these two forces in
CSS.
[0195] The graphs depicted in FIGS. 30 and 31 show the results of
the application of the formulae and the effect of variations in
depth and gauge of trusses and thickness of the shells in terms of
shell buckling capacity.
[0196] The P-M (Force/Moment) interaction curve is a known and
commonly used tool in design of concrete structures. It allows a
designer to quickly determine if the design is safe by plotting
design results and seeing if the results fall within the bounds of
the P-M curve. By applying the above formulae, a PM interaction
curve for gravity loading of a non-slender walled CSS is derived,
as shown in FIGS. 32 and 33.
[0197] As seen in FIGS. 34 and 35, in slender walls (i.e., walls
that are tall), there is an issue of global buckling, known as
Euler buckling. This is the standard buckling issue faced in
conventional design of slender concrete columns and walls,
contrasted with the previously treated local buckling which is
unique to CSS. This global buckling effect is shown
diagrammatically in FIG. 35 and illustrated in a P-M interaction
curve for this effect, as seen in FIG. 34.
[0198] The following mathematical formulae have been developed,
written in conventional and known Engineering Mathematics Language
to describe the process of the engineering of this global buckling
effect and allowing a designer to test his proposed solution
against the P-M interaction curve. 3 P crg = EI eff h 2 M c = ns P
u e ns = 1 1 - P u P crg > 1.0
[0199] Lateral loads (shear) are determined 358. Skin thickness is
checked for resistance to the lateral loads (shear) and the skins
are resized as necessary 360.
[0200] Out-of-Plane loads are determined for skins acting in a
composite nature 362. Out-of-Plane Force is the force perpendicular
to the face of the CSS or out of the plane of the CSS. An easily
identified example is a floor, where the plane of the floor is
horizontal yet as someone walks on the floor, that person imposes a
vertical load on the floor, or a load in a direction out of the
horizontal plane of the floor. Similar examples are roofs,
retaining walls with soils pressing against them and walls with
winds pressing on them. Each of these structures in these examples
is receiving loads in a direction out of the plane, or
perpendicular to the plane, of the structure. The trusses
principally resist this loading.
[0201] All prior art of panels were extremely limited in their
capacity to address this loading. All prior art panels have only
been able to use a single truss, with few variations, to address
this loading. The current invention allows for the use of single or
multiple trusses, immediately contiguous to each other, as well as
trusses of different structural configurations. All prior art has
employed trusses more or less in the configuration of a "warren
truss" design (e.g., truss 70 of FIG. 1). However, it is of great
value to a designer to be able to employ a variety of truss designs
to meet the loading on the CSS. A commonly available and known form
of truss is the "ladder truss" (e.g., truss 78 of FIG. 2). This
form of truss has some advantages, the foremost being that because
the web member (stud) is perpendicular to the cords members and is
relatively short, it can better handle certain out-of-place loads.
Conversely, it very poorly handles the loads discussed above. No
prior art has been able to use the two truss designs to compliment
each other. This is a significant improvement in the current
invention. Therefore, it is important to size the truss for
out-of-plane shear to allow skins to act in a composite nature
under lateral (shear) loading 364.
[0202] FIGS. 36-39 illustrate possible combinations of truss
designs, based on warren and ladder trusses (e.g., trusses 70, 78).
While other truss designs could also be well employed, these are
the currently most widely available and common. With the present
invention, the designer can now examine the use of single trusses
or the use of a combination of trusses, and a variety of
configurations, to resist the expected loads.
[0203] The out-of plane force can produce a shear failure in the
member. The following mathematical formulae have been developed,
written in conventional and known Engineering Mathematics Language
to describe the process of engineering of this shear effect and
allowing a designer determine which possible combination of truss
designs best suits the purpose. Common to all of these combinations
is: (Vn) Nominal Shear, (Vc) Shear of the Concrete, (Vs) Shear of
the Steel, (Db) Diameter of the web or stud of the truss, (l)
length of the truss combination, and (s) on-center spacing of the
truss combination. Where the ladder truss is used, (Ps) is the
force on the stud, "the rungs" on the ladder truss.
[0204] For the truss 70 of FIG. 36, a simple warren truss, the
following mathematical formulae have been developed, written in
conventional and known Engineering Mathematics Language to describe
the process of the engineering of this shear effect in CSS. 4 V n +
V c + V s V c = 0 V s = 3 dlE s D b 4 4 s ( b 2 + 4 d 2 ) 3 2
[0205] For the truss combination of FIGS. 37 and 38, a warren truss
(FIG. 1) in conjunction with a ladder truss (FIG. 2), the following
mathematical formulae have been developed, written in conventional
and known Engineering Mathematics Language to describe the process
of the engineering of this shear effect in CSS. For the truss of
FIG. 37, included in the formulae is a check for buckling in either
web since there are two trusses of different configurations. In the
formula for (Pstud), the second component of the formula checks for
early failure of the shell. The designer needs to ensure that the
shell will not fail before the truss does or the truss will not
have filled its role in the CSS. 5 V n + V c + V s V c = 0 V s = l
s min ( P stud , D b 2 4 f y sin ) P stud = min ( 3 E s D s 4 16 (
b 2 + 4 d 2 ) , tb f c ' , bt 2 2 s f c ' )
[0206] For the truss combination of FIG. 39, two warren trusses
(FIG. 1), with the apices of their webs opposite each other, in
conjunction with a ladder truss (FIG. 2), the following
mathematical formulae have been developed, written in conventional
and known Engineering Mathematics Language to describe the process
of the engineering of this shear effect in CSS.
[0207] Next, the design and engineering process for Deflection
(i.e., bending loads) are addressed. Bending loads must be
determined 366 and so shear deflection, flexural deflection and
total deflection (the sum of the first two) need to be examined.
The building code imposes limits on deflection that a designer must
conform to. The designer must also consider the use of the
structure and determine if the designed-for deflection is
acceptable. Unlike conventional reinforced concrete design
processes, where only flexural deflection is considered, the design
process for CSS includes in the design process and examination of
shear deflection. Because of the nature of CSS both flexural
deflection and shear deflection must be considered to determine
which controls. The following mathematical formulae have been
developed, written in conventional and known Engineering
Mathematics Language to describe the process of the engineering of
these deflections effects in CSS. 6 Shear = 2 [ [ k = 1 N half span
[ 0.5 f diag k ( D 2 + b L 2 D ) E s A diag ] ] + [ k = 1 N half
span [ 0.5 f stud k D E s A stud ] ] ] Flexure = 5 384 p u b L L t
4 EI eff
[0208] Truss size is checked for resistance to the bending loads
and the truss is resized as necessary 368.
[0209] An examination of In-Plane Loading must be included in the
design process. Currently, In-Plane Loading is done employing
conventional design and engineering processes. The only change is
to divide the load by the number 2 since two members, the two
shells, will share it. Each shell will carry half of the load. This
differs from the conventional single member, for example, a solid
concrete wall. The diagrams in FIGS. 40 and 41 describe this
conventionally performed analysis. FIG. 40 illustrates squat walls
(shear controlled) where H/L>3.0. FIG. 41 illustrates tall walls
(flexure controlled) where H/L<1.5 (may need boundary elements).
The following mathematical formulae have been developed, written in
conventional and known Engineering Mathematics Language to describe
the process of the engineering of these loadings to allow for the
unique arrangement of the components in a CSS. For this process, Vn
is the nominal shear strength, Vs is the steel contribution and Vc
is the concrete contribution (in two formulas below), depending on
shear or flexure being the controlling element. 7 V c = 2 f c ' bd
V s = A v f y d s V n = V c + V s V c = 2 ( 1 + N u 2000 A g ) f c
' bd
[0210] Panels can now be engineered by preparing a schedule of
panels showing truss sizes, mesh sizes, and skin thicknesses
370.
[0211] Based on the foregoing, the present invention provides a
significant improvement in the panel erection process that allows
panels to be assembled in such a manner that panels of up to twelve
feet by forty eight feet, or the maximum size transportable over
the highways can be transported out to the construction site and
entire structures (e.g., buildings, walls, etc.) erected in single
pieces. This is accomplished either by making the panels in a
single piece through the use of multiple presses at once, or by
making several panels and then connecting them together, in the
plant. The result is a significant reduction in field erection
labor and time.
[0212] With the use of high fly ash content mix and small dry-mix
shotcrete equipment, plastering skills are employed that eliminate
the scratch coat process in applying the cementitious skins and
apply full thickness skins in a single pass. For example, in a two
pass process, a one half inch thick "scratch" coat is applied with
a three day wait for the coat to dry. A second one half inch
"brown" coat is applied with another wait of seven days for the
second coat to dry. This dried "brown" coat can then receive the
finish coat. The two pass process can be reduced to the single pass
process.
[0213] With the use of dry-mix gunnite in smaller equipment, called
"refractory guns", which were originally designed to be used in the
highly confined space of a boiler or smoke stack interior,
decorative concrete techniques are able to be used that were
previously unavailable. The use of this type of equipment on panels
allows for the combination of plastering and decorative concrete
finishing techniques to be applied to the panels. This same result
can be accomplished by employing smaller wet-mix equipment.
[0214] The new engineering processes and applied theories allows
for columns and beams to be built into the panels by replacing the
core material in the process described above with reinforcing bars
in the void created. The shotcrete process then creates
shot-in-place columns and beams that can work integrally with the
structural behavior of the panels. This is a significant
improvement of employing the panels as only in-fill panels where a
post-and-beam system of construction is employed.
[0215] From the above-described engineering process and combined
practices, theories, along with the manuals and tables, described,
flows the ability to generate software which will allow for the
application of these engineering advances to projects with the
benefits of computer support and assistance. Software takes the
manual methods and written supporting documents and provides a tool
to rapidly apply this innovative engineering material to projects
through the use of computers.
[0216] The use of computers in architectural design is very common,
even the standard in the industry. However, there are no standard
or recognized symbols that represent SCIPs in general for use with
neither the software, nor implementations of SCIPs of the present
invention in particular. While architectural software is common,
the details used are often generated by manufacturers for use with
such software to facilitate the representation of the manufacturers
product in drawings produced with architectural software. A set of
details, in a digital format, have been developed that are
compatible with the most common architectural software products,
and address the use of SCIPs in general, and SCIPs of the present
invention, in particular.
[0217] Conventional SCIP panels have a solid core material. This
creates a problem for embedding electrical conduits and conductors
and mechanical/plumbing pipes in the panels. The most common
methods for overcoming this is creating separate utility chases,
surface mounting or furring over utilities, or melting the core
(typically plastic) with a torch or chemicals (acetone, for
example). Each of these solutions creates extra work steps and
extra costs.
[0218] As outlined above, foam can be cut into curvilinear shapes
to form voids 134. This provides inherent strength improvement in
the outer edge of the curve, the surface closest to the face of the
panel. This is important because the longer, relatively thin
sections, results in a section of foam that is highly subject to
breakage in handling, fabrication, erection, and in application of
the concrete skins. Conversely, the curvilinear shape allows for
enjoyment of a much shorter section of the thinnest foam, the
inherent strength of a curve shape vs. flat shape, and still
maintaining the advantages of a chase through which to pass
utilities (wires and pipes) and the cost savings of having the
voids be the result of offsetting, or staggering, the cut shape
which is cut from a section of solid foam can be thinner than would
otherwise have been used to fill the same core space.
[0219] One of the inherent weaknesses in the conventional SCIP
panel product is the relative long length of the truss web wires
compared to their diameter. This results in the tendency for the
web wires to buckle under load. Cutting the foam in shapes
described above show a method of allowing the cementitious skin to
further penetrate the panel core at the truss and thereby provide
additional support to the truss web wire. This results in an
effective shortening of the total length of the truss web wire
length and thereby increasing the load supported before
unacceptable buckling occurs.
[0220] A common problem with the conventional panels is the need to
place structural concrete on a "blind" or inaccessible face of the
panels. Examples are swimming pools, retaining walls, or walls
constructed close to other structures. In each case, one side of
the panel is so close to another structure or to the earth, that
there is not enough space to work between the panel and the
structure or earth to apply the concrete skin.
[0221] Two solutions that have been commonly used are 1)
pre-casting or pre-applying the concrete on one side of the panels
and then putting the panels in place and finally, finishing the
remaining face, and 2) utilizing the earth or existing structure as
a form and pouring a highly viscous concrete mix into the void
between the panel core and the earth/existing structure. Both
solutions have inherent problems. With the pre-casting solution,
the weight of the panels and the sealing of joint on the blind face
is a problem. With the viscous mix there is an issue of soil
contamination as the mix is poured against soil and there is the
problem of bonding to the existing structure when it is used as the
form.
[0222] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a
fabric material is used to create a formwork. This solves all of
the above problems of weight, joints, contamination and bonding.
The fabric could be of any material, natural or man-made or
recycled materials that would be strong enough to resist the liquid
head pressure and the impact load of the poured concrete. The
fabric would also need to be of a tight enough weave to retain the
concrete while in its' fluid state.
[0223] With the use of a fabric form, as with any form, the form
must allow for the concrete to flow across the face of the
structure and fill the voids, leaving a solid surface and solid
wythe of concrete and allow the concrete to fill in around and
solidly against the reinforcement and leave sufficient coverage on
the reinforcement to meet the specifications. To accomplish this, a
spacer is used that will attach to the truss and mesh of the panels
and to the fabric.
[0224] A continuous spacer could be stitching, a strip of fabric,
plastic or metal, or other material that would hold the fabric form
at a desired distance from the reinforcement members to provide the
needed coverage and be strong enough to withstand the pressure of
the falling concrete and the liquid pressure of the fresh concrete.
The spacer needs to also have voids, holes, or interruptions that
allow the concrete to flow through the spacer so that each spacer
does not result in creating a cold joint.
[0225] Similar to the above continuous spacer, spot or button
spacers need to meet all of the same spacing and strength
requirements but by their very nature, being discontinuous pieces,
inherently allow the concrete to flow past them.
[0226] Cast-in-place concrete structures are widely used and have
some advantages over shotcrete structures. For example, in very
repetitive work the reuse of the forms allows for significant
savings of time and cost. The use of form liners also permits
architectural finishes otherwise difficult or more expensive to
obtain. Pre-casting concrete, whether cast on site such as in a
tilt-up structure or cast in a plant and transported to the site
and installed have cost and time saving opportunities associated
with them as well.
[0227] Both cast-in-place and pre-cast concrete have three aspects
of disadvantage where our panelized reinforcement can change these
aspects to add to their other advantages: a) the placement of the
reinforcing is slow and costly, b) the finished structure is
un-insulated, and c) the completed structure carries more concrete
volume and weight than is structurally necessary.
[0228] By employing panelized reinforcement of the present
invention, the reinforcement is placed in large panels, rather than
one piece at a time, thereby saving time and money. The core of
panels of the present invention creates an insulation in the
concrete structure and an isolated thermal flywheel, resulting in
even better thermal performance. The core also allows for less
concrete to be used at the center of the member, where the
structural loads are lowest. This results in less weight and less
concrete cost.
[0229] In order for the panelized reinforcement to be used, a
method for holding the panel at the correct distance from the forms
is needed so that the concrete can flow by and result in the
required coverage over the reinforcement. Such a devise could be of
any material that would resist the chemical nature of the concrete
and have a small enough profile or edge at the face of the concrete
that it does not detract from the appearance of the concrete.
Plastic is commonly used as a reinforcement spacer and could
readily be molded into a shape to work with a panelized
reinforcement.
[0230] Spacers can be in the form of continuous strips that could
be affixed to the panels and the panels with the spacers in place
would then be place in the formwork. A typical sequence would be to
set one side of the formwork, then set the panelized reinforcement
in place, and, last, put the second face of the formwork in place.
The spacers could also be in the form of strips that could be slid
into place between the panelized reinforcement and the formwork.
The formwork and both faces are erected. The panelized
reinforcement is then placed between the two form faces. Lastly,
the strip spacers are slid in place and hold the panelized
reinforcement in proper alignment between the forms. The spacers
may be attached to the panels and the entire assembly of panel with
spacers slid into the forms.
[0231] Employing spacers that are not continuous does not allow
them to be slid into place but does offers the advantage of having
less interference with the flow of concrete as it is being cast and
opportunities for locating the spacer to better accommodate the
final finished surface. This could be especially valuable with a
form liner finish as the spacers could be located in areas of the
least visual impact.
[0232] Various tools and equipment may be used during the
fabrication of structures 500 formed from panels of the present
invention. The tools and equipment can include a mixture of
hand-operated and automated. For example, metal ties 116, in the
form of "C" rings, that are manually positioned may be replaced by
a wire tying machines to substitute for "C" rings 116. The wire
tying tool is used to take a spool of wire and quickly wrap the
wire around reinforcing rods of the truss to hold the rods in
place. This tool is used to reduce the mouth size to be used on the
wire reinforcement instead of on the larger diameter rods.
[0233] Break machines used to bend sheet metal are widely use in
the fabrication of sheet metal products. However, these machines
are designed for flat sheets of metal, of a homogenous thickness. A
break machine 502 of the present invention, as seen in FIG. 42, has
been modified by widening the opening 504 next to a bending/cutting
blade 506 to accommodate the irregular thickness of a welded-wire
mesh 104. This is an important improvement to facilitate shapes of
mesh fabric to cover the corner joints created by the intersection
of two panels.
[0234] A machine (not shown) may be employed that facilitates the
stuffing of wattles (i.e., tube-shaped bags) with various
materials, as described above. The overall process is somewhat like
stuffing sausages. The bags can be made of a wide variety of
materials suitable to hold the stuffing material and resist the
fabrication pressure and the concrete skin application and
environment. The stuffing material can also vary widely, as
described above.
[0235] In general, shotcrete work is performed in open environments
on large structures and in thick applications (eight inches or
thicker). In the instant application, the less common close
quarters shotcrete equipment and tools, typically used inside
boilers and smoke stacks, are applied in a manner that allows thin
(one inch to five inches) cementitious skins to be applied in
building applications.
[0236] Various tools are used during construction of a structure
500 formed from panels 90, 120, 150, 180 of the present invention.
As seen in FIGS. 43-53, a brace stick 510 is used for bracing a
panel 90, 120, 150, 180 that is being erected to form part of the
structure 500. The nature of both the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 and
construction necessitates a means of aligning and truing the panels
90, 120, 150, 180. In order to achieve good results the panels 90,
120, 150, 180 typically need to be put in a plumb and true
alignment and held in that position while the cementitious skin
106, 132, 162, 184 is applied and dries. The common method of
bracing and truing the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 has been to use
wood framing lumber combined with stakes, nails and wire. However,
this is cumbersome, not easily changed, and its one-time use of
materials is wasteful and out of harmony with the panels'
nature.
[0237] The brace or brace stick 510 has been developed which
resolves all of the above problems and provides additional
benefits, as described below. The brace stick 510 includes a hinged
bottom plate 512 (FIGS. 49-50) with a hole 514 to receive a common
round construction stake for anchoring the brace 510 at the bottom
of the brace 510. A hand screw locking mechanism 516 (FIGS. 47-48)
in the middle of the brace 510 allows the length of the brace 510
to be adjusted and easily re-adjusted in terms of lengthening or
shortening the brace 510. Turning the hand screw 516 in one
direction telescopically moves each section 518, 520 of the brace
510 apart from each other while turning the hand screw 516 in the
opposite direction telescopically moves each section 518, 520 of
the brace 510 closer together. As seen in FIGS. 51 and 52, a claw
522 is positioned at the top (FIGS. 45-46) of the section 520 of
the brace 510 and is designed to grab the truss 70, 78 and face
mesh 104 of the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 allowing for the panels
90, 120, 150, 180 to be aligned and plumbed. The brace stick 510 is
fabricated from steel tubing 518 and steel rod 520 and are, as a
result, re-useable and very durable.
[0238] The panels 90, 120, 150, 180 must be braced and aligned when
used a floors and roofs. This alignment and bracing is commonly
performed with wood framing lumber, wire and nails. This presents
the same problems described above with the brace sticks 510.
[0239] A brace beam (not shown) has been developed that works in
conjunction with the brace sticks 510 to provide adjustable and
re-useable braces for roofs and floors. The beam has rods welded to
it that fit into open tops (not shown) of the brace sticks 510.
This allows for the beams to be easily lifted to the ceiling line
without the use of scaffolding.
[0240] Setting the corners of a structure 500 is so vital that
there are even ceremonies to commemorate it. Masons have
traditionally employed "corner poles" to assist in laying masonry
units true to line and frame construction typically begins at a
corner where a corner is set, aligned, plumbed and braced, to serve
as a guide for the remainder of the structure to follow. In keeping
with this traditional, time tested method of employing devises and
methods for establishing true corners for a structure, a corner
alignment pole 530, as seen in FIGS. 54-62, has been designed that
meets the unique needs of the panelized method of construction, as
outlined above.
[0241] As seen in FIGS. 66 and 67, the structure 500 is aligned
using the brace sticks 510 and corner poles 530. Each corner pole
530 has a bottom plate 532 set on a "U-joint" type device 534
(FIGS. 58-59) allowing the bottom of the pole 530 to accommodate
the irregularities of the ground on a construction site. Base
plates 532 of the corner poles 530 have holes 536 (FIGS. 55, 58,
59) at the corners to receive commonly available steel stakes for
anchoring. The claws 522 of the above described brace sticks 510
fit into holes 538 located on tabs 540 (FIGS. 55, 60) on the corner
poles 530 allowing the corner poles 530 to be aligned vertically
(FIGS. 63-65). Hand-screw adjustable collars 542 have holes 544
that are designed to receive the same common round construction
stakes. Turning the hand screw of the collar 542 in one direction
loosens the grip of the collar 542 about a pole section 546 of the
corner pole 530 while turning the hand screw in the opposite
direction tightens the grip of the collar 542 about the pole
section 546. These stakes have nail holes in them which allow guide
wires 550 to be tied to the stakes. The tension screws of the
collars 542 allow the guide wires 550 to be raised or lowered,
moved in and out and then locked in place with the tension that is
applied when the screw of the collar 542 is extended.
[0242] In plastering work and in shotcrete work, achieving a true,
flat surface is highly desirable and at the same time, highly
difficult to accomplish. To facilitate this goal, screeds (not
shown) have been developed and used. This is a straight rod or
guide that is used to guide the plasterer and his rodding tool to
cut the plaster or shotcrete to straight and flat lines. In
shotcrete, the standard is to use fine wires, pulled taught, and to
cut the shotcrete to the wires. Because of the nature of the
panels, with the structure of trusses and mesh, we have an
opportunity to create screeds that are specifically designed to
work with the panels.
[0243] Since the panels 90, 120, 150, 180 are made of steel wire
trusses 70, 78 and wire mesh 104, a screed (not shown) made of
ferrous metal and magnets will allow the screeds to be attached to
the metal trusses and mesh. By regulating the spacing of the
magnets the force of attraction can be adjusted to provide
attraction strong enough to securely hold the screed in place, yet
permit ready removal, for re-location and re-use. It is also
important that the dimensions of the magnets and screed be
carefully coordinated to avoid shunting the magnetic field. A small
gap must be maintained between the edge of the magnet and the side
of the screed and the spacing between magnets in the screed needs
to be adjusted for correct attraction.
[0244] Another style of screed is one that has fingers or grooves
to take hold of the trusses and mesh wires of the panels. Two
iterations of this style are where the clip-on aspect is integral
with the screed and the other is where the clip-on aspect is a
detachable piece which is left in the cementitious skin after the
screed is removed.
[0245] The use of a permanent plastic screed offers the advantage
of being installed in the plant as the panel is being fabricated.
This saves the time and labor in the field to install a screed.
[0246] The use of wire as a screed is common in the shotcrete
trade. Our improvement is to have a method of attachment that
allows the wire to be attached to the truss and face wires and hold
the screed wires at specific distances from the face mesh of the
panels. These attachment devises are envisioned in two styles,
removable and left-in-place.
[0247] While rigid screeds are common in the plastering trades,
such screeds are typically rectilinear in cross section. This
results in difficulty in removing the screeds because of the
suction/friction/bondin- g between the cementitious skin material
and the sides of the screed. Thus, screeds in the form of
pipes/tubes are utilized in lieu of rectilinear shapes. The use of
half sections is also employed. Handles on the screeds are
fabricated to facilitate handling and removal. Attachment can be
either wire ties or fabricated clip-type devices.
[0248] The use of composite materials allows for the strengths of
several materials to combine into a single new composite material
in a synergistic manner. The panels are inherently a composite
material, combining the attributes of the wire trusses, the wire
mesh, the insulating/isolating core, and the cementitious skin to
create and insulated concrete structure. However, the use of
composites within the component parts of the panels can bring
additional benefits as follows:
[0249] A. Glass Fibers/Plastic Fibers
[0250] Glass fibers have properties valuable to concrete
construction; they are highly resistant to the chemicals in
concrete, they have great tensile and elastic strength properties.
They are relatively inexpensive and easy to fabricate, package,
transport and employ in concrete construction. The physical
properties of glass fibers allow them to serve well in concrete to
provide additional tensile and flexural strength which will result
in less cracking in concrete and better performance under load.
[0251] Glass fibers are used in the concrete/cementitious skins of
the panels which results in the ability to apply the skins with
improved finished surfaces because of the reduced cracking. The
density of fibers used in the mix can be increased and replace part
or all of the wire mesh face wire. The fiber-rich cementitious
skins could span from truss to truss. Lastly, the welded wire
trusses may be replaced with glass fiber rich cementitious
material.
[0252] B. Metal Fibers
[0253] The above advantages of glass fibers/plastic fibers are also
available with steel fibers. All of the above can be performed with
steel fibers with the advantage that some parties may not be
familiar or comfortable with the performance of glass
fibers/plastic fibers but would find steel fibers an easier step to
take from steel reinforcing bars.
[0254] C. Fly Ash
[0255] Fly ash from coal burning is known to improve the quality of
cementitious end products. It is customarily added in percentages
of 10-20%.
[0256] The addition of 40-50% fly ash finds tremendous benefits in
both shotcrete and plaster applications in terms of improved
workability, improved pumpability, reduced cracking and a more
durable and water resistant surface. Benefits are also derived from
combining the advantages of fly ash with fibers.
[0257] D. Recycled/Reclaimed Materials
[0258] Recycled/reclaimed materials may be used in the skins (where
at least 50% of the skin is a recycled/reclaimed product, including
fly ash, reclaimed aggregate, including crushed concrete, crushed
glass, shredded metal and plastic, etc.), cores (where at least 50%
is a recycled/reclaimed product such as recycled foamed plastic,
shredded paper, shredded cloth, etc), and wires (where at least 50%
of the wire content is recycled such as automobiles shredded and
recycled into wire).
[0259] The cores 92, 122, 152, 182 of the panels are typically
foamed plastic, but does not necessarily need to be limited to this
material. The needed properties of the core are: a) relative light
weight, such that the weight of the core does not make the panel so
heavy as to be unwieldy during erection. However, weight is of
lesser importance with our improved capacity to fabricate larger
panels which justifies the use of a lightweight crane during
erection; b) sufficient rigidity to resist the impact force of the
shotcrete and the pressure of pressing the panel to apply the face
mesh; c) sufficiently insulating so as to isolate the two
cementitious skins from each other to permit the thermal flywheel
performance of the panel to function adequately. Foam for the cores
92, 122, 152, 182 may come in a variety of colors including,
without limitation, pink, green or the like. Virgin foam may be
used to manufacture the cores of the panels of the present
invention as well as high-recycled content foam. Additional
materials are described below:
[0260] A. Bio-Mass Wattles
[0261] A structure or form commonly known as a wattle offers the
above described properties. As outlined above, a wattle is a mass
of material packed into a mesh tube so as to create a continuous,
"sausage-like" structure where the mesh tube is the "skin" of the
"sausage" and the packed material is the "stuffing" of the
"sausage".
[0262] This structure can readily be created by stuffing the mesh
tube with bio-mass such as chopped yard waste, leaves, straw, etc.
The mesh tube can be created of a wide variety of materials as long
as the material can be formed into the desired continuous "tube"
shape and can permit the escape of trapped air resulting from the
"stuffing" process. Examples of such materials could be
geo-textiles, hemp and jute meshes commonly used in horticultural
practices, and adaptive re-use of such things as nylon stockings,
linens, and other cloth.
[0263] B. Wattles of Other Materials
[0264] Besides the above-described use of bio-mass in the wattles,
there exists the opportunity of recycling other materials and
employing them in the fabrication of wattles which could then be
used to fabricate the panels. Some of these materials are:
[0265] 1. Cloth Rags
[0266] While the rags industry typically recycles cloth into rags
for such purposes as cleaning and the like, there are remnants from
both the source and from the making of rags which are unsuitable
for use as rags. These could readily be employed as the stuffing in
a wattle.
[0267] 2. Plastic Bags
[0268] The recycling of plastic shopping sack is increasing in
popularity. The recycling of these and other plastic bags, such as
dry cleaning bags presents an opportunity to recycle these
materials into wattles for use in panels.
[0269] 3. Paper
[0270] The recycling of paper is common. However, there are many
types of paper that do not lend themselves to recycling into paper,
such as "glossy" finished colored paper. These papers, as well as
commonly recycled paper, could readily be shredded and used as
wattle stuffing.
[0271] C. Soy-Based Foam
[0272] Advances in foam technologies and focus on more
environmentally friendly practices, have produced soy-based foam.
Such foams are even more harmonious in their nature with the panels
than are the plastic foams.
[0273] D. Cloth
[0274] The forming of cloth into cores can be accomplished by
mixing the cloth with a variety of binders to create shapes
suitable for use as panel cores.
[0275] E. Paper-Crete
[0276] If shredded paper is mixed with small amounts of cement and
sufficient water and then blended, the resultant mass is fairly
light weight and can be cast in shapes. This allows cores to be
created from this mix of paper, water and cement and provides
another use of paper that is otherwise not recyclable.
[0277] Composite (e.g., graphite, fiberglass, etc.) trusses 70, 78
and mesh 104 may also be used. These composite materials can offer
greater strength, greater resistance to physical and chemical
environments that would quickly destroy steel. A single simple
example is houses built in marine environments. The salt air
quickly attacks steel. This results in a need for greater cost to
increase the concrete cover over the concrete reinforcement steel.
The replacement of steel concrete reinforcement with composite
concrete reinforcement that is highly resistant to salt would
result in cost savings by reducing the protective concrete cover
thickness.
[0278] Because panel fabrication equipment of the present invention
is so simple and transportable, all of the equipment can be shipped
inside a few ocean-going containers. This presents an opportunity
to use the containers at the receiving location to construct a
factory employing the shipping containers. The containers can be
arranged in two parallel rows, set at least twenty feet apart.
Between these two containers, a concrete slab is poured, creating
the factory floor. The two rows of containers create the two long
walls of the factory which are also secure storage areas, at the
same time. The panel fabrication equipment is then set up on the
factory slab and the first panels, the "shake-down" production, are
used to construct the other walls and the roof of the new factory.
The result is the fastest built, lowest cost factory available,
resulting from the adaptive re-use of the shipping containers. An
alternative roof structure could be in the form of a large tent
structure comprised of a fabric material.
[0279] A fast growing product in the marketplace is the insulating
concrete form (ICF). It is a foam block that is stacked in a
similar manner to conventional masonry blocks, and then the block
cells are filled with reinforced concrete. ICF's are typically
designed for use as load-bearing exterior walls. Consequently they
are not made in thin modules for use in interior walls. Also, they
are not used for floors and walls while panels of the present
invention can be used for floors and walls to put insulating
concrete interior partitions as well as floors and roofs on the ICF
exterior walls.
[0280] The method, tools, practices to be able to put all of the
panels and other materials, such a plumbing and electrical fixtures
and parts, as well at needed tools and instructions, in containers
and ship to a site. The panels could be bundled into acceptable
sizes so that they could be shipped "bare". When the
containers/bundles arrive at the site, everything needed to
complete the house is included.
[0281] This method would be especially valuable for application at
remote sites. An example would be worker camp housing at a remote
mine location, say in a developing nation. At such a site, running
to the lumber yard or hardware store is simply not possible. Such a
project can also be severely delayed, or even stopped, by a single
vital tool or part or material, missing. The costs and time in
shipping it in can be disastrous to keeping to a production
schedule. This House-in-a-Box concept would allow for the
advantages of modularization, the shipping of finished units, in
that all of the parts are present, to combine with the cost savings
of shipping the unit in a "collapsed" state.
[0282] The method, tools, systems, and equipment to employ the use
of bio-mass wattles, along with other methods, tools, systems, and
equipment of the present invention, permit houses to be built from
fields of weeds, etc. Very often the first work done on a site is
the "clearing and grubbing" of the vegetation from a building site.
This bio-mass material is usually a disposal expense item. Now,
this bio-mass becomes a valuable building material in the
"grow-a-house" concept. This can especially be valuable at remote
sites and developing nations where naturally occurring vegetation
is plentiful while plastic can be very difficult and costly to
obtain.
[0283] The nature of the panels and fabrication methods of the
present invention allows panels to be fabricated with integral
structures, such a piping/tubing which can be employed to gain
solar heat. This heat can then be utilized for space heating and
domestic water heating, etc.
[0284] The nature of the panels and fabrication methods of the
present invention also allows panels to be fabricated with
Heating/Ventilating/Air Conditioning (HVAC) ducts incorporated in
the panels. This reduces field labor and material costs. One of
these methods is the use of the utility chases in the "standard"
foam core. HVAC air can be blown into the entire panel and exhaust
registers can be located at any desired location, since the entire
panel is filled with conditioned air. Another example is to replace
a section of foam core with a specific purposed duct to carry HVAC
air.
[0285] The cost common foundation material is concrete. It is so
ubiquitous that some may not even be aware of any alternative.
However, locations or conditions that do not readily permit
concrete foundations can often be resolved with the use of helical
screws, placed in the earth and attached to the structure. This is
a common method of construction in cross-county utility towers.
Because the panels can span comparatively wide spaces, these earth
screws can be employed as foundations in a building.
[0286] Various components made be made of materials that include,
without limitation, the following:
[0287] A. Welded Wire Trusses
[0288] Warren trusses fabricated from cold-drawn ASTM A 82 wire.
Galvanizing to be either mill galvanizing (0.10 oz. psf), typical
for interior conditions, or, hot dipped (1.5 oz. psf), for exterior
conditions. Wire may be specified to be Stainless Steel conforming
to ASTM A580, Type 304, where superior corrosion resistance is
required. Wire gauge to be selected from manufacturer's standard.
Depths of trusses (out-to-out dimension of longitudinal cord wires)
to be selected from 2" to 18", in one inch increments. Wire to have
maximum available recycled content. Recycled material content
percentages are to be submitted upon request.
[0289] B. Welded Wire Face Mesh
[0290] Face mesh fabricated from bright drawn mild steel conforming
to ASTM A853-93. Standard galvanizing is hot dipped in excess of
ASTM A641-92 Class 3. Wire may also be specified to be Stainless
Steel conforming to ASTM A580, Type 304, where superior corrosion
resistance is required. Face wire mesh can be selected from
manufacturer's standard of one inch by one inch, 16 gauge, two inch
by two inch, 14 or 12.5 gauge. Mesh may be applied in multiple
layers, if required. Other mesh weights are available on special
order. Wire to have maximum available recycled content. Recycled
material content percentages are to be submitted upon request.
[0291] C. Fasteners
[0292] "C"-rings as manufactured by Stanley Spenax, No. 516G100 or
115G110 or equal.
[0293] D. EPS Foam Core
[0294] EPS foam core is to be expanded polystyrene with approximate
density of 1 pound per cubic foot. Use of regrind is to be the
maximum possible in manufacturing process while still maintaining a
board sufficiently sound and stable to permit cutting to required
shapes to facilitate fabrication of SCIPs and application of
cementitious skins.
[0295] E. Welded Wire Joint Mesh
[0296] Joint mesh is to be used to cover all panel joints in widths
to result in minimum lap of 4", or as determined by engineering.
Face mesh fabricated from bright drawn mild steel conforming to
ASTM A853-93. Standard galvanizing is hot dipped in excess of ASTM
A641-92 Class 3. Wire may also be specified to be Stainless Steel
conforming to ASTM A580, Type 304, where superior corrosion
resistance is required. Face wire mesh can be selected from
manufacturer's standard of one inch by one inch, 16 gauge, two inch
by two inch, 14 or 12.5 gauge.
[0297] F. Cementitious Skins
[0298] Cementitious skins will be applied employing project
appropriate methods selected from industry standard methods of hand
applied plaster, gun applied plaster, wet-mix shotcrete or dry-mix
shotcrete. Choice of methods will be determined by both applicators
expertise and final use of the SCIPs.
[0299] Cementitious skins will be applied using a concentrate mix
that includes a minimum 40% concentration of fly ash plus
polypropylene fibers resulting in denser, more crack resistant
skins.
[0300] G. Curing Compound
[0301] Water curing applied by hand spraying or continuous misting
after the cementitious skins have reached their final set, is the
preferred method of curing. Water curing should be continued for a
minimum of 72 hours, depending upon environmental conditions at the
project site. If the use of curing compounds is desired, care
should be exercised to ensure that the curing compound is fully
compatible with the cementitious concentrate and will not interfere
with the finish treatment, color coat, or veneer (tile, stone,
etc.).
[0302] Various finishes may be used including, but not limited to,
Exterior Stucco, Elastomeric Paint, Decorative Concrete, etc.
[0303] The above-described embodiments of the present invention are
illustrative only and not limiting. It will thus be apparent to
those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may
be made without departing from this invention in its broader
aspects.
* * * * *