U.S. patent application number 10/509121 was filed with the patent office on 2005-12-22 for genes encoding acetolactate synthase.
Invention is credited to Fukuda, Atsunori, Kaku, Koichiro, Kawai, Kiyoshi, Nagayama, Kozo, Shimizu, Tsutomu, Tanaka, Yoshiyuki.
Application Number | 20050283855 10/509121 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 28671816 |
Filed Date | 2005-12-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050283855 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kaku, Koichiro ; et
al. |
December 22, 2005 |
Genes encoding acetolactate synthase
Abstract
The present invention provides a gene coding for the following
protein (a) or (b) showing a high level of resistance to PC
herbicides or sulfonylurea herbicides: (a) a protein which consists
of an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8;
(b) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence derived from
the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8 by
substitution, deletion or addition of at least one or more amino
acids, has resistance to a pyrimidinyl carboxy herbicide, and has
acetolactate synthase activity.
Inventors: |
Kaku, Koichiro; (Shizuoka,
JP) ; Shimizu, Tsutomu; (Shizuoka, JP) ;
Kawai, Kiyoshi; (Shizuoka, JP) ; Nagayama, Kozo;
(Shizuoka, JP) ; Fukuda, Atsunori; (Ibaraki,
JP) ; Tanaka, Yoshiyuki; (Ibaraki, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH
PO BOX 747
FALLS CHURCH
VA
22040-0747
US
|
Family ID: |
28671816 |
Appl. No.: |
10/509121 |
Filed: |
September 28, 2004 |
PCT Filed: |
February 21, 2003 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP03/01917 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
800/300 ;
435/320.1; 435/6.15; 530/370; 536/23.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 15/8278 20130101;
C12N 15/8274 20130101; C12N 9/88 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
800/300 ;
536/023.2; 530/370; 435/320.1; 435/006 |
International
Class: |
C12N 015/82; C12N
015/29; A01H 005/00; C07K 014/415 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 29, 2002 |
JP |
2002-95721 |
Claims
1. A gene, which codes for the following protein (a) or (b): (a) a
protein consisting of an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID
NOS: 2, 4, 6, and 8; (b) a protein consisting of an amino acid
sequence derived from the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID
NOS: 2, 4, 6, and 8 by substitution, deletion or addition of at
least one or more amino acids, has resistance to a pyrimidinyl
carboxy herbicide, and has acetolactate synthase activity.
2. An acetolactate synthase protein, which is coded by the gene of
claim 1.
3. A recombinant vector, which has the gene of claim 1.
4. A transformant, which has the recombinant vector of claim 3.
5. A plant, which has the gene of claim 1 and has resistance to a
pyrimidinyl carboxy herbicide.
6. A method for cultivating the plant of claim 5, which comprises
cultivating the plant in the presence of a pyrimidinyl carboxy
herbicide.
7. A method for selecting a transformant cell having the gene of
claim 1, which uses the gene as a selection marker.
8. A method for cultivating a plant having a gene coding for
acetolactate synthase, which comprises cultivating the plant in the
presence of a pyrithiobac sodium herbicide and/or a pyriminobac
herbicide, wherein the acetolactate synthase has an amino acid
sequence in which a serine corresponding to serine at position 627
of a wild-type rice acetolactate synthase is replaced by
isoleucine.
9. A method for selecting a transformant cell having a gene coding
for acetolactate synthase as a selection maker, which comprises
cultivating the cell in the presence of a pyrithiobac sodium
herbicide and/or a pyriminobac herbicide, wherein the acetolactate
synthase has an amino acid sequence in which a serine corresponding
to serine at position 627 of a wild-type rice acetolactate synthase
is replaced by isoleucine.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a gene coding for
acetolactate synthase which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the
branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Acetolactate synthase (hereinafter referred to as "ALS") is
a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched
chain amino acids, such as leucine, valine and isoleucine, and is
known as an essential enzyme for the growth of plants. ALS is also
known to be present in a wide variety of higher plants. In
addition, ALS is found in various microorganisms, such as yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Escherichia coli, and Salmonella
typhimurium.
[0003] Three types of isoenzymes of ALS are known to be present in
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Each of these
isoenzymes is a hetero oligomer consisting of catalytic subunits
with a large molecular weight that govern catalytic activity of the
enzyme and regulatory subunits with a small molecular weight that
function as feedback inhibitors by binding of branched-chain amino
acids (Chipman et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1385, 401-419,
1998). Catalytic subunits are located at Ilv IH, Ilv GM and Ilv BN
operons, respectively. On the other hand, ALS in yeast is a single
enzyme, which comprises a catalytic subunit and a regulatory
subunit, as is the case in bacteria (Pang et al., Biochemistry, 38,
5222-5231, 1999). The catalytic protein subunit is located at the
locus ILV2.
[0004] In plants, ALS is known to consist catalytic subunit(s) and
regulatory subunit(s) as, is the case in the above microorganisms
(Hershey et al., Plant Molecular Biology. 40, 795-806, 1999). For
example, the catalytic subunit of ALS in tobacco (dicotyledon) is
coded by two gene loci, SuRA and SuRB (Lee et al., EMBO J. 7,
1241-1248, 1988); and that in maize is coded by two gene loci, als
1 and als 2 (Burr et al., Trends in Genetics 7, 55-61, 1991;
Lawrence et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18, 1185-1187, 1992). The
nucleotide sequences of genes coding for a catalytic subunit have
been completely determined for dicotyledonous plants including
tobacco, Arabidopsis, rapeseed, cotton, Xanthium, Amaranthus and
Kochia (see Chipman et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1385, 401-419,
1998 and domestic re-publication of PCT international publication
for patent applications WO97/08327). However, maize and rice (Kaku
et al., the 26.sup.th Conference of Pesticide Science Society of
Japan, Lecture Abstracts, p101, 2001) are the only monocotyledonous
plants whose nucleotide sequences have been completely
determined.
[0005] Meanwhile, herbicides, for example, sulfonylurea herbicides,
imidazolinon herbicides, triazolopyrimidine herbicides and
pyrimidinyl carboxy herbicides (hereinafter referred to as "PC
herbicides"), are known to suppress the growth of a plant by
inhibiting ALS (Ray, Plant Physiol. 75, 827-831, 1984; Shaner et
al., Plant Physiol.76, 545-546, 1984; Subramanian et al., Plant
Physiol. 96, 310-313, 1991; Shimizu et al., J. Pestic. Sci.19,
59-67, 1994).
[0006] As shown in Tables 1 and 2, known plants having resistance
to these herbicides contain a gene coding for ALS that includes
substitution of one or two nucleotides which induces substitution
of one or two amino acids in a region conserved among different
species.
1TABLE 1 Mutation in plant ALS which imparts resistance against
ALS-inhibiting type herbicide (1) Corresponding Herbicide rice
Plant species Mutation tested ALS amino acid Zea mays Ala90Thr IM
Ala96Thr Arabidopsis thaliana Ala122Val Ala96Val Xantium strumarium
Ala100Thr IM Ala96Thr Beta vulgaris Ala113Thr IM/SU Ala96Thr
Arabidopsis thaliana Met124Glu Met98Glu Arabidopsis thaliana
Met124Ile Met98Ile Arabidopsis thaliana Met124His Met98His Lactuca
serriola Pro.fwdarw.His SU Pro171His Kochia scoparia Pro189Thr SU
Pro171Thr Kochia scoparia Pro189Ser SU Pro171Ser Kochia scoparia
Pro189Arg SU Pro171Arg Kochia scoparia Pro189Leu SU Pro171Leu
Kochia scoparia Pro189Gln SU Pro171Gln Kochia scoparia Pro189Ala SU
Pro171Ala Brassica napus Pro173Ser Pro171Ser Nicotina tabacum
Pro196Gln SU Pro171Gln Nicotina tabacum Pro196Ala SU Pro171Ala
Nicotina tabacum Pro196Ser SU Pro171Ser Arabidopsis thaliana
Pro197Ser SU Pro171Ser Arabidopsis thaliana Pro197deletion
Pro171deletion Beta vulgaris Pro188Ser IM/SU Pro171Ser Sisymbrium
orientale Pro.fwdarw.Ile Pro171Ile Brassica tournefortii
Pro.fwdarw.Ala Pro171Ala Scirpus juncoides Pro.fwdarw.Leu SU
Pro171Leu Scirpus juncoides Pro179Ala SU Pro171Ala Scirpus
juncoides Pro179Gln SU Pro171Gln Scirpus juncoides Pro179Ser SU
Pro171Ser Scirpus juncoides Pro179Lys SU Pro171Lys Lindernia
micrantha Pro.fwdarw.Gln SU Pro171Gln Lindernia procumbens
Pro.fwdarw.Ser SU Pro171Ser Lindernia dubia subsp. Pro.fwdarw.Ser
SU Pro171Ser Lindernia dubia Pro.fwdarw.Ala SU Pro171Ala
Arabidopsis thaliana Arg199Ala Arg173Ala Arabidopsis thaliana
Arg199Glu Arg173Glu Xantium strumarium Ala183Val Ala179Val
Arabidopsis thaliana Phe206Arg Phe180Arg
[0007]
2TABLE 2 Mutation in plant ALS which imparts resistance to
ALS-inhibiting type herbicide (2) Corresponding Herbicide rice
Plant species Mutation tested ALS amino acid Kochia scoparia
Asp260Gly SU Asp242Gly Kochia scoparia Trp487Arg SU Try465Arg
Kochia scoparia Asn561Ser SU Asn539Ser Kochia scoparia Trp570Leu
Trp548Leu Gossypium hirsutum L. Trp563Cys SU ? Try548Cys Gossypium
hirsutum L. Trp563Ser SU ? Try548Ser Brassica napus Trp557Leu
Try548Leu Zea mays L. Trp552Leu IM Try548Leu Nicotina tabacum L.
Trp537Leu SU Try548Leu Arabidopsis thaliana Trp574Leu Try548Leu
Arabidopsis thaliana Trp574Ser Try548Ser Arabidopsis thaliana
Trp574deletion Try548deletion Xantium strumarium Trp552Leu IM
Try548Leu Oryza sativa. Trp548Leu PC Try548Leu Amaranthus sp.
Trp569Leu Try548Leu Amaransus rudis Trp569Leu IMI Try548Leu
Sisymbrium orientale Trp.fwdarw.Leu Try548Leu Zea mays Ser621Asp IM
Ser627Asp Zea mays Ser621Asn IM Ser627Asn Arabidopsis thaliana
Ser653Asn IM Ser627Asn Arabidopsis thaliana Ser653Thr Ser627Thr
Arabidopsis thaliana Ser653Phe Ser627Phe Arabidopsis thaliana
Ser653delition Ser627deletion Oryza sativa Ser627Ile PC Ser627Ile
Kochia scoparia Val276Glu SU
[0008] Examples of such a gene include a gene coding for ALS having
resistance specific to sulfonylurea herbicides (see Kathleen et
al., EMBO J. 7, 1241-1248, 1988; Mourad et al., Planta, 188,
491-497, 1992; Guttieri et al., Weed Sci. 43, 175-178, 1995;
Bernasconi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17381-17385, 1995; and JP
Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 63-71184); a gene
coding for ALS having resistance specific to imidazolinon
herbicides (see Mourad et al., Planta, 188, 491-497, 1992; Lee et
al., FEBS Lett. 452, 341-345, 1999; and JP Patent Publication
(Unexamined Application) No. 5-227964); a gene coding for ALS
having resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides
(see Kathleen et al., EMBO J. 7, 1241-1248, 1988; Bernasconi et
al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17381-17385, 1995; Hattori et al., Mol.
Gen. Genet. 246, 419-425, 1995; Alison et al., Plant Physiol. 111,
1353, 1996; Rajasekarau et al., Plant Sci. 119, 115-124, 1996; JP
Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 63-71184; JP Patent
Publication (Unexamined Application) No. 4-311392; and Bernasconi
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,437, 1997); and a gene coding for ALS
having a high level of resistance to PC herbicides (Kaku et al.,
the 26.sup.th Conference of Pesticide Science Society of Japan,
Lecture Abstracts, p101, 2001). The production of a plant body
showing resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides
has been attempted by crossing a plant having ALS showing
resistance specific to sulfonylurea herbicides with a plant having
ALS showing resistance specific to imidazolinon herbicides (Mourad
et al., Mol. Gen. Genet, 243, 178-184, 1994). Furthermore,
artificial alteration of a gene coding for ALS into a herbicide
resistance gene has been attempted (see Ott et al., J. Mol. Biol.
263, 359-368, 1996, JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application)
No. 63-71184, JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No.
5-227964, JP Patent Publication (PCT Translation) No. 11-504213),
such that it has been found that a single amino acid deletion
causes ALS to show resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinon
herbicides (see JP Patent Publication (Unexamined Application) No.
5-227964).
[0009] As described above. ALSs having resistance to herbicides;
and genes coding for ALS have been aggressively studied. However,
only a few cases have been reported concerning a mutant ALS gene
having resistance specific to a PC herbicide using resistance to PC
herbicides as an indicator. Moreover, there have been also only a
few cases reported concerning the study of the resistance to PC
herbicides and other herbicides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a gene
coding for an ALS protein showing extremely high level of
resistance to PC herbicides or to sulfonylurea herbicides, an ALS
protein coded by the gene, a recombinant vector having the gene, a
transformant having the recombinant vector, a plant having the
gene, a method for rearing the plant, and a method for selecting a
transformant cell using the gene as a selection marker.
[0011] As a result of thorough studies to achieve the above
purpose, we have completed the present invention by finding that a
mutant ALS which is derived from the wild type ALS by substituting
a certain amino acid residue of the wild type ALS with a certain
amino acid shows extremely high resistance to PC herbicides.
[0012] (1) Specifically, the present invention is a gene which
codes for the following protein (a) or (b):
[0013] (a) a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence of any
one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8;
[0014] (b) a protein consisting of an amino acid sequence derived
from the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and
8 by substitution, deletion or addition of at least one or more
amino acids, which has resistance to PC herbicides and has
acetolactate synthase activity.
[0015] (2) Further, the present invention is an acetolactate
synthase protein, which is coded by the gene of (1).
[0016] (3) Furthermore, the present invention is a recombinant
vector, which has the gene of (1).
[0017] (4) Further, the present invention is a transformant, which
has the recombinant vector of (3).
[0018] (5) Moreover, the present invention is a plant, which has
the gene of (I) and has resistance to PC herbicides.
[0019] (6) Further, the present invention is a method for
cultivating the plant of (5) which comprises cultivating the plant
in the presence of a PC herbicide.
[0020] (7) Still further, the present invention is a method for
selecting a transformant cell having the gene of (1), which uses
this gene as a selection marker.
[0021] Hereunder, a more detailed explanation will be given of the
present invention.
[0022] The gene coding for the acetolactate synthase of the present
invention (hereinafter referred to as "mutant ALS gene") codes for
an acetolactate synthase protein (hereinafter referred to as
"mutant ALS protein") having an amino acid sequence that is
different from that of a wild type acetolactate synthase protein
(hereinafter, referred to as "wild type ALS protein"). The mutant
ALS protein can be obtained by mutating a certain site in a wild
type ALS protein expressed in a rice plant. The mutant ALS protein
of the present invention consists of the amino acid sequence of any
one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, and 8.
[0023] The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the
amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of
proline 171 with histidine and substitution of arginine 172 with
serine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO: 2 is referred to as "P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein," or
"P171H/R172S mutant."
[0024] The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 is derived from the
amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of
proline 171 with histidine and substitution of tryptophan 548 with
leucine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO: 4 is referred to as "P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein," or
"P171H/W548L mutant."
[0025] The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 is derived from the
amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of
proline 171 with histidine, and substitution of serine 627 with
isoleucine. A mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 6 is referred to as "P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein,"
or "P 171H/S627I mutant."
[0026] The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 is derived from the
amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein by substitution of
proline 171 with histidine, substitution of tryptophan 548 with
leucine, and substitution of serine 627 with isoleucine. A mutant
ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 is
referred to as "P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein," or
"P171H/W548L/S627I mutant."
[0027] FIGS. 1A and B show the results of comparisons among the
amino acid sequences of these 4 types of mutant ALS proteins and
the amino acid sequence of the wild type ALS protein. Further, in
FIGS. 1A and B, the amino acid sequence in the 1.sup.st row
represents the wild type ALS protein, the amino acid sequence in
the 2.sup.nd row represents P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein, the
amino acid sequence in the 3.sup.rd row represents P171H/W548L
mutant ALS protein, the amino acid sequence in the 4.sup.th row
represents P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein, and the amino acid
sequence in the 5.sup.th row represents P171H/W548L/S627I mutant
ALS protein.
[0028] Compared to the wild type ALS protein, these mutant ALS
proteins possess good resistance not only to PC herbicides, but
also to sulfonylurea and imidazolinon herbicides. This can be
determined by subcloning a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein
into pGEX 2T, transforming E. coli or the like with the pGEX 2T,
and then examining the sensitivity of the expressed mutant ALS
protein to herbicides.
[0029] Examples of a PC herbicide include bispyribac-sodium,
pyrithiobac-sodium and pyriminobac, as represented by the following
chemical formula 1. 1
[0030] An example of a sulfonylurea herbicide is chlorsulfuron, as
represented by the following chemical formula 2. 2
[0031] An example of an imidazolinon herbicide is imazaquin, as
represented by the following chemical formula 3. 3
[0032] In particular, P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein shows
resistance to a certain herbicide at a level not only better than
that of a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H or R172S,
but also superior to the combined resistance predicted from the
mutant ALS proteins independently having P171H or R172S. Further,
the mutant ALS protein independently having R172S does not show
resistance to any herbicides, therefore the R172S mutation is a
silent mutation. In other words, in P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein,
R172S mutation, which is a silent mutation by itself, improves the
resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein.
[0033] Further, P171H/W548L mutant protein shows resistance to a
certain herbicide at a level not only better than that of a mutant
ALS protein independently having P171H or W548L, but also better
than the combined resistance predicted from the mutant ALS proteins
independently having P171H or W548L. In other words, P171H/W548L
mutant protein shows resistance which is far greater than the
synergistic effect predicted from the resistances of both P171H
mutant protein and W548L mutant protein.
[0034] Further, in particular, P171H/S627I mutant protein shows
resistance to a certain herbicide at a level not only better than
that of a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H or S627I,
but also better than the combined resistance predicted from the
mutant ALS proteins independently having P171H or S627I. In other
words, P171H/S627I mutant protein shows resistance which is far
greater than the synergistic effect predicted from the resistances
of both P171H mutant protein and S627I mutant protein.
[0035] Still further, in particular, P171H/W548L/S627I mutant
protein shows resistance to a certain herbicide better than that of
a mutant ALS protein independently having P171H, W548L or
S627I.
[0036] Moreover, the mutant ALS protein of the present invention
may consist of any amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid
sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 and 8 by substitution,
deletion or addition of at least one or more amino acids, as long
as the sequence has resistance to a PC herbicide and has
acetolactate synthase activity. Here, "one or more amino acids"
preferably refers to 1 to 30 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 20
amino acids, and more preferably 1 to 10 amino acids.
[0037] Particularly, in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2,
"at least one or more amino acids" are preferably (an) amino acids
other than the 171.sup.st and 172.sup.nd amino acids. In the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, "at least one or more amino acids"
are preferably (an) amino acids other than the 171.sup.st and
548.sup.th amino acids. In the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6,
"at least one or more amino acids" are preferably (an) amino acids
other than the 171.sup.st and 627.sup.th amino acids. In the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, "at least one or more amino acids"
are preferably (an) amino acids other than the 171.sup.st,
627.sup.th, and 548.sup.th amino acids.
[0038] The mutant ALS gene of the present invention is not
specifically limited, as long as it has a nucleotide sequence
coding for the above-described mutant ALS protein. Examples of the
nucleotide sequence include the nucleotide sequence of any one of
SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5 and 7. The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1
codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the nucleotide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 4, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 codes for the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and the nucleotide sequence of
SEQ ID NO: 7 codes for the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. The
mutant ALS gene may have a nucleotide sequence derived from the
nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5 and 7 by
substitution of a codon coding for a certain amino acid with a
degenerate codon.
[0039] FIGS. 2A, B, C and D show the results of comparisons among
the nucleotide sequences coding for these 4 types of mutant ALS
proteins and the nucleotide sequence coding for a wild type ALS
protein. In FIGS. 2A, B, C and D, the nucleotide sequence in the
1.sup.st row represents the wild type ALS protein, the nucleotide
sequence in the 2.sup.nd row represents P171H/R172S mutant ALS
protein, the nucleotide sequence in the 3.sup.rd row represents
P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein, the nucleotide sequence in the
4.sup.th row represents P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein, and the
nucleotide sequence in the 5.sup.th row represents
P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein.
[0040] Moreover, the mutant ALS gene of the present invention may
consist of a nucleotide sequence which can hybridize under
stringent conditions to a nucleotide sequence complementary to the
nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5 and 7, and
codes for an amino acid sequence having acetolactate synthase
activity. "Stringent conditions" refers to conditions wherein a
so-called specific hybrid is formed and a non-specific hybrid is
not formed. Examples of such stringent conditions include
conditions whereby DNAs having high homology to each other (for
example, DNAs having 50% or more homology to each other) hybridize
and DNAs having low homology to each other do not hybridize.
Specific examples of the stringent conditions, under which
hybridization is possible, include conditions for washing in the
normal Southern hybridization of 60.degree. C., and a salt
concentration corresponding to 1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS, or
preferably, 0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS.
[0041] Genes coding for these mutant ALS proteins can be obtained
by introducing a mutation as described above into a gene coding for
a wild type ALS protein which is present in the genomic DNA of
japonica type rice variety, Kinmaze. To introduce mutations, any
known techniques can be employed. For example, site-directed
mutagenesis can be used. Site-directed mutagenesis can be performed
using a commercial kit, e.g., Mutan-K (Takara Shuzo), Gene Editor
(Promega) or ExSite (Stratagene).
[0042] In addition, a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can be
obtained by culturing wild type culture cells sensitive to a PC
herbicide in the presence of the PC herbicide and then obtaining
the gene from mutant culture cells that appear and show resistance
to the PC herbicide. Then, a gene coding for ALS protein having a
new combination of mutations can be synthesized based on the thus
found mutations by the PCR method and SPR (self polymerase
reaction) method using enzymes.
[0043] Specifically, first, mRNAs are prepared from mutant culture
cells resistant to a PC herbicide, cDNAs are synthesized, and then
a cDNA library of .lambda.gt 11 phage is constructed. Then, the
library is screened using a nucleic acid probe containing part of a
gene coding for the wild type ALS protein. Next, the insert DNA of
the resulting positive clone is subcloned into pBluescript II SK+,
to determine the nucleotide sequence. For cDNA inserts that have
been shown to have mutations, fragments containing the mutation are
synthesized by the PCR and SPR methods using as a template
pBluescript II SK+ retaining the insert DNA, and primers designed
based on the wild type rice ALS gene. Meanwhile, genomic DNAs are
prepared from PC-herbicide-resistant rice culture cells, and
various primers are designed based on rice ALS genes. Then, primer
walking is performed, so that the sequences of ALS genes present in
the prepared genomic DNAs are determined, and mutations sites are
found. When mutations are found, fragments containing the mutations
are synthesized by the PCR and SPR methods. Fragments containing
mutations synthesized from mutant ALS cDNA cloned into pBluescript
II SK+ (including the fragments containing these mutations) are
subcloned into pGEX 2T, and then E. coli is transformed using the
vector.
[0044] Clones having the insert DNAs coding for the amino acid
sequences represented by SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 or 8 are then
selected, so that genes coding for mutant ALS proteins can be
obtained. In addition, the thus obtained plasmid in which a gene
coding for a mutant ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence
represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 had been incorporated in pGEX 2T was
deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 1 (FERM BP-7944), the plasmid in
which a gene coding for a mutant ALS protein containing the amino
acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 had been incorporated in
pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 2 (FERM BP-7945), the
plasmid in which a gene coding for a mutant ALS protein containing
the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 had been
incorporated in pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice Mutant ALS cDNA 3
(FERM BP-7946), and the plasmid in which a gene coding for a mutant
ALS protein containing the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ
ID NO: 8 had been incorporated in pGEX 2T was deposited as Rice
Mutant ALS cDNA 4 (FERM BP-7947) with the Patent and Bio-Resource
Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (Chuo-6, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, JAPAN) on
Mar. 8, 2002 under the Budapest Treaty.
[0045] On the other hand, transformation of a target plant using a
gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can impart resistance to
various herbicides, such as PC herbicides, to the plant. Any known
technique can be used for transformation of a plant. For example, a
foreign gene can be introduced into a target plant cell using
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
[0046] More specifically, a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein
is inserted into a binary vector containing T-DNA sequence of a Ti
plasmid of Agrobacterium. The Ti plasmid is transformed into E.
coli and the like. Then, the binary vectors retaining the gene
coding for the mutant ALS protein replicated by, e.g., E. coli are
transformed into Agrobacteria which contain helper plasmids. Target
plants are infected with the Agrobacteria, and then the transformed
plants are identified. When the identified transformed plant is a
culture cell, the plant cell can be regenerated into a complete
plant by any known technique.
[0047] To transform a target plant with a gene coding for the
mutant ALS protein, the gene can be directly introduced using known
standard techniques. Examples of a method which transforms an
expression vector containing a gene coding for the mutant ALS
protein include the polyethylene glycol method, electroporation,
and the particle gun method.
[0048] A gene coding for the mutant ALS protein may be transformed
into any type of plant, such as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
plants. Examples of a target crop into which a gene coding for the
mutant ALS protein is transformed include rice, maize, wheat,
barley, soybean, cotton, rapeseeds, sugar beet and tobacco. In
addition, turf grass, trees and the like can be transformed by
introducing a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein.
[0049] In any of the above cases, transformation of a plant using a
gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can impart resistance to PC
herbicides, sulfonylurea herbicides, and imidazolinon herbicides to
the plant.
[0050] Moreover, a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein can also
be used as a selection marker in an experiment for transformation
of a plant. For example, to transform a plant cell using a target
gene, a vector which has a gene coding for the mutant ALS protein
and a target gene is introduced into the plant cell, followed by
culturing of the plant cell under the presence of a PC herbicide or
the like. If a plant cell survives in the presence of the
herbicide, it indicates that the plant cell contains a gene coding
for the mutant ALS protein and the gene of interest introduced
therein. Further, whether a target gene and a gene coding for the
mutant ALS protein are incorporated into the chromosome of a plant
cell can be confirmed by observing the phenotype of the plant and
then examining the presence of these genes on the genome, by genome
southern hybridization or PCR.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0051] FIG. 1A shows an amino acid sequence comparison between the
mutant ALS proteins and the wild type ALS protein.
[0052] FIG. 1B is a continuation from FIG. 1A, and shows an amino
acid sequence comparison between the mutant ALS proteins and the
wild type ALS protein.
[0053] FIG. 2A shows a nucleotide sequence comparison between the
mutant ALS genes and the wild type ALS gene.
[0054] FIG. 2B is a continuation from FIG. 2A, and shows a
nucleotide sequence comparison between the mutant ALS genes and the
wild type ALS gene.
[0055] FIG. 2C is a continuation from FIG. 2B, and shows a
nucleotide sequence comparison between the mutant ALS genes and the
wild type ALS gene.
[0056] FIG. 2D is a continuation from FIG. 2C, and shows a
nucleotide sequence comparison between the mutant ALS genes and the
wild type ALS gene.
[0057] FIG. 3 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Rb
line to bispyribac-sodium.
[0058] FIG. 4 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Sr
line to bispyribac-sodium.
[0059] FIG. 5 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Ga
line to bispyribac-sodium.
[0060] FIG. 6 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Vg
line to bispyribac-sodium.
[0061] FIG. 7 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of the
wild type to bispyribac-sodium.
[0062] FIG. 8 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of the
wild type to chlorsulfuron.
[0063] FIG. 9 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Rb
line to chlorsulfuron.
[0064] FIG. 10 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Sr
line to chlorsulfuron.
[0065] FIG. 11 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Ga
line to chlorsulfuron.
[0066] FIG. 12 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of Vg
line to chlorsulfuron.
[0067] FIG. 13 is a characteristic figure showing the relation
between the fraction number and absorbance at OD 525 nm in anion
exchange column chromatography performed for the purpose of
separating the ALS protein of the resistant mutant.
[0068] FIG. 14 is a characteristic figure showing the relation
between the fraction number and absorbance at OD 525 nm in anion
exchange column chromatography performed for the purpose of
separating the wild type ALS protein.
[0069] FIG. 15 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of
the wild type ALS protein and the mutant ALS protein to
bispyribac-sodium.
[0070] FIG. 16 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of
the wild type ALS protein and the mutant ALS protein to
chlorsulfuron.
[0071] FIG. 17 is a characteristic figure showing sensitivity of
the wild type ALS protein and the mutant ALS protein to
imazaquin.
[0072] FIG. 18A shows a nucleotide sequence comparison between
Nippon-bare EST and maize ALS gene.
[0073] FIG. 18B is a continuation from FIG. 18A and shows a
nucleotide sequence comparison between Nippon-bare EST and maize
ALS gene.
[0074] FIG. 19A is a nucleotide sequence comparison between the
full-length cDNA derived from Sr line and wild type cDNA 1.
[0075] FIG. 19B is a continuation from FIG. 19A, and shows a
nucleotide sequence comparison between the full-length cDNA derived
from Sr line and wild type cDNA 1.
[0076] FIG. 19C is a continuation from FIG. 19B, and shows a
nucleotide sequence comparison between the full-length cDNA derived
from Sr line and wild type cDNA 1.
[0077] FIG. 20 shows processes for synthesizing ALS cDNAs
independently having G1643T (W548L) mutation or G1880T (S627I)
mutation, and for constructing pGEX 2T retaining the ALS cDNA.
Arrows denote primers, and asterisks denote mutated points.
[0078] FIG. 21 shows a process for preparing C512A (P171H) mutant
DNA fragment and C514A (R172S) mutant DNA fragment. Arrows denote
primers, and asterisks denote mutated points.
[0079] FIG. 22 shows processes for synthesizing ALS cDNAs
independently having C512A (P171H) mutation or C514A (R172S)
mutation, and for constructing pGEX 2T retaining the ALS cDNA.
Asterisks denote mutated points.
[0080] FIG. 23 shows a process for preparing a DNA fragment having
C512A(P171H)/C514A(R172S). Arrows denote primers, and asterisks
denote mutated points.
[0081] FIG. 24 shows processes for synthesizing P171H/W548L mutant
ALS cDNA and P171H/S627I mutant ALS cDNA and for constructing pGEX
2T retaining the ALS cDNA. Asterisks denote mutated points.
[0082] FIG. 25 shows processes for synthesizing P171H/W548L/S627I
mutant ALS cDNA and for constructing pGEX 2T retaining the ALS
cDNA. Asterisks denote mutated points.
[0083] FIG. 26 shows a comparison of sensitivity to
bispyribac-sodium between the mutant ALS protein coded by 1-point
mutant ALS gene and the wild type ALS protein.
[0084] FIG. 27 shows a comparison of sensitivity to
bispyribac-sodium among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 2-point
and 3-point mutant ALS genes and the wild type.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0085] Now, the present invention will be further described by the
following examples, but the technical scope of the invention is not
limited by these examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Production of Rice (Kinmaze) Culture Cells Resistant to a PC
Herbicide
[0086] Chaff was removed from rice seeds (variety: Kinmaze,
scientific name: Oryza saliva var. Kinmaze). The seeds were
immersed in 70% ethanol for 5 minutes, and then immersed in about
5% antiformin for 20 minutes, followed by washing several times
with sterile distilled water. Then, the seeds were static-cultured
on a medium with a composition as shown in Table 3.
3 TABLE 3 Inorganic salt (mixed saline for 1 pack Murashige-Skoog
medium) Thiamin.multidot.HCl (0.1 g/l) 1 ml Nicotinic acid (0.5
g/l) 1 ml Pyridoxine.multidot.HCl (0.5 g/l) 1 ml Glycine (2 g/l) 1
ml myo-inositol (50 g/l) 2 ml 2,4-D (200 ppm) 10 ml Sucrose 30 g
Gelrite 3 g Prepare the medium to 1000 ml with distilled water, and
adjust pH to 5.7.
[0087] In the above medium composition, 2,4-D is synthesized auxin.
To prepare the medium, first, a medium with the above composition
was placed in a 11 beaker, and distilled water was added to the
beaker to 1000 ml. Next, the solution was adjusted to pH 5.7, and
supplemented with 3 g of Gelrite. The Gelrite was dissolved well by
heating with a microwave oven, and then the mixture was added 30 ml
at a time to culture flasks using a pipetter. Next, three sheets of
aluminum foil were laid over the culture flask, followed by heating
for sterilization in an autoclave at 121.degree. C. for 15 to 20
minutes. Finally the solution was cooled to room temperature so
that the media for static culture of the above seeds were
prepared.
[0088] Next, endosperm portions were removed from the callus
induced on the medium, and then subculture was performed. Then,
part of the obtained calli was sub-cultured, that is, cultured
successively once per two weeks in a liquid medium (the composition
is the same as in that shown in Table 3, but not supplemented with
Gelrite) supplemented with 1 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium (one type of
PC herbicides). Two to 6 weeks later the culture cells started to
wither. About 2 months later, a plurality of non-discolored cell
masses that were thought to be conducting cell division were
obtained from among culture cell populations most of which had died
and became discolored brown. These cell masses were isolated and
cultured, so that a plurality of cell lines that can proliferate in
the presence of 2 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium were obtained. The
obtained cell lines were named Rb line, Sr line, Ga line and Vg
line, respectively.
[0089] Subsequently, the resulting plurality of cell lines were
cultured while elevating the concentration of bispyribac-sodium in
an orderly manner. As a result, cell lines that can proliferate in
the presence of 100 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium were obtained. The
bispyribac-sodium resistant culture cells (hereinafter referred to
as "resistant mutant") were sub-cultured on MS-2,4-D solid media
supplemented with 1 to 10 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium. Part of the
sub-cultured resistant mutant was sampled, added into MS-2,4-D
liquid media not supplemented with bispyribac-sodium, and then
subjected to suspended cell culture at a cycle of 8 to 10 days.
[0090] Approximately 1.5 g (wet weight) of the resistant mutant was
transplanted into a 200 ml Erlenmeyer flask supplemented with 50 ml
of a MS-2,4-D liquid medium and bispyribac-sodium at a certain
concentration, followed by culturing at approximately 27.degree. C.
for a certain period. The wet weight of the callus was measured
periodically. The relative amount of increase was determined based
on the wet weight of the transplanted resistant mutant. In
addition, the experiment was performed three times with different
bispyribac-sodium concentrations, and the standard error was
calculated. FIGS. 3 to 6 show the relation between changes in
bispyribac-sodium concentration and the relative weight on day 8 or
12 in the resistant mutant. As a control, a similar experiment was
conducted using the wild type (Kinmaze). FIG. 7 shows the result of
measuring the relation between bispyribac-sodium concentration and
relative weight on day 8 in the wild type (Kinmaze).
[0091] As shown in FIG. 7, the growth of the wild type was not
inhibited in a group supplemented with 1 nM bispyribac-sodium, but
was inhibited in a group supplemented with 10 nM or more
bispyribac-sodium. On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 3 to 6,
almost none of the growth of the resistant mutants (Rb line, Sr
line, Ga line, and Vg line) other than Vg line was affected even in
a group supplemented with 10 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium. Even in Vg
line, it was shown that the effect of bispyribac-sodium on the
growth was smaller than that in the wild type.
[0092] Also in the case of using chlorsulfuron instead of
bispyribac-sodium, the growth rates of the wild type and the
resistant mutants were measured as described above. FIG. 8 shows
the relation between changes in chlorsulfuron concentration and
relative weight on day 9 in the wild type. Further, FIGS. 9 to 12
show the relation between changes in chlorsulfuron concentration
and relative weight on day 8 or 10 in the resistant mutants, that
is, Rb line, Sr line, Ga line and Vg line.
[0093] As shown in FIG. 8, the growth of the wild type was
inhibited by addition of 1 nM chlorsulfuron, showing that the wild
type has higher sensitivity to chlorsulfuron than to
bispyribac-sodium. However, as shown in FIGS. 9 to 12, Rb line, Sr
line, Ga line and Vg line differed in sensitivity, but the growth
was not inhibited so much by addition of chlorsulfuron, showing
their resistance to chlorsulfuron. Sensitivity to bispyribac-sodium
and chlorsulfuron remained almost unchanged in both the wild type
and the resistant mutants, even with longer culture duration. The
growth rate was almost the same in the wild type and the resistant
mutants.
[0094] These results revealed that the resistant mutants possess
high resistance to bispyribac-sodium. Moreover, the resistant
mutants were shown to have improved resistance to chlorsulfuron
compared to the wild type.
EXAMPLE 2
Herbicide Sensitivity of ALS Protein Partially Purified from the
Resistant Mutant
[0095] In this example, mutant ALS protein was partially purified
from the resistant mutants obtained in Example 1 (Rb line, Sr line
and Vg line, with Ga line excluded), and then herbicide sensitivity
of the obtained mutant ALS protein was examined. The mutant ALS
protein was partially purified as follows.
[0096] First, 200 g or more of resistant mutant was prepared by a
liquid culture method (no supplementation with bispyribac-sodium),
using a composition as shown in Table 3 excluding Gelrite. Then,
about 150 g of the resistant mutant was homogenized using Hiscotron
in a volume of buffer-1 [100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5)
containing 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.5 mM thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP),
10 .mu.M flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, and
a volume of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone one-tenth that of tissue
volume] 3-fold greater than tissue volume. The homogenate was
filtered through nylon gauze, and then centrifuged at 15000.times.g
for 20 minutes. Ammonium sulfate was added to the centrifuged
supernatant to 50% saturation, and then allowed to stand in ice for
approximately 1 hour. The mixture was again centrifuged at
15000.times.g for 20 minutes, and then the precipitated fraction
was dissolved in approximately 30 ml of buffer-2 [10 mM Tris
hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 7.5) containing 20% (v/v) glycerol,
0.5 mM TPP and 0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2]. The mixture was again
centrifuged at 15000.times.g for 20 minutes, and then the
supernatant fraction was applied to a Sephadex G-25 (Amersham
Bioscience). About 40 ml of the fraction that had passed through
the column was collected as a crude enzyme solution.
[0097] Next, the protein concentration of the crude enzyme solution
was measured by the Bradford method according to the manual of
Bio-Rad Protein Assay. The crude enzyme solution was then filtered
through a Whatman filter (Whatman), and then the crude enzyme
solution in an appropriate protein amount (10 to 15 ml) was applied
to three vertically-connected HiTrap Q columns (Amersham
Bioscience) using a FPLC device (Amersham Bioscience). After
protein component was adsorbed using HiTrap Q, unadsorbed fractions
were washed out using buffer-2 having a volume 3 to 5 fold greater
than the bed volume. Then, the adsorbed protein component was
eluted using an eluate having a volume 10 fold greater than the bed
volume (150 ml). Here, the eluate was prepared by dissolving KCl
with a linear concentration gradient (0 to 0.4 M) into buffer-2.
The eluate containing the eluted protein component was apportioned,
5 ml each, into a plurality of test tubes for apportioning.
Further, to stabilize ALS protein contained in the eluted protein
component, 0.5 ml of buffer-2 containing 20 mM sodium pyruvate had
been previously added to each test tube for apportioning.
[0098] ALS activity resulting from the mutant ALS protein contained
in the eluted fractions apportioned into each test tube for
apportioning was measured as follows. A reaction solution to be
used in a measurement reaction was prepared by mixing an eluted
fraction to be measured with a solution comprising 20 mM sodium
pyruvate, 0.5 mM TPP, 0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 .mu.M FAD and 20 mM
potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). One ml of this reaction
solution was used. After the eluted fraction to be measured was
added, the measurement reaction was performed at 30.degree. C. for
40 to 60 minutes. Then, the reaction was stopped by addition of 0.1
ml of 6N sulfuric acid (or 0.25 N sodium hydroxide).
[0099] After the reaction was stopped, the reaction solution was
incubated at 60.degree. C. for 10 minutes, thereby converting
acetolactate contained in the reaction solution to acetoin.
[0100] Then, to quantify acetoin contained in the reaction
solution, 1 ml of 0.5% (w/v) creatine and 1 ml of 5% (w/v)
.alpha.-naphthol dissolved in 2.5 N sodium hydroxide was added to
the reaction solution, followed by incubation at 37.degree. C. for
10 minutes. Acetoin was then quantified by color comparison of the
absorbance (at 525 nm) of the reaction solution, thereby evaluating
ALS activity. In addition, since the reaction solution contained a
small amount of sodium pyruvate, reaction time 0 was used as
control.
[0101] As a result, absorbance at OD525 nm was as high as
approximately 7 per 0.2 ml of the reaction solution. However, when
the above measurement reaction was ceased with sodium hydroxide,
and acetoin generation activity due to activity other than ALS
activity was examined, nearly 80% of the apparent ALS activity
resulted from direct acetoin generation activity which was not due
to activity of the mutant ALS protein. Accordingly, the mutant ALS
protein and the other proteins were separated for acetoin
generation activity by FPLC using anion exchange resin. FIG. 13
shows the result in the case of using Sr line as a resistant
mutant. As a result, three activity peaks were detected as shown in
FIG. 13.
[0102] To determine which one of the three activity peaks
corresponded to the mutant ALS protein, acetoin generation activity
was examined for each peak. Thus it was found that a fraction shown
by the peak of initial elution corresponded to the mutant ALS
protein.
[0103] Using the enzyme solution containing the mutant ALS protein,
sensitivity of the mutant ALS protein to bispyribac-sodium,
chlorsulfuron and imazaquin was examined. Sensitivity to each of
these herbicides was evaluated by measuring ALS activity in the
same manner as in the above measurement reaction, except that a
herbicide was added to a certain concentration before addition of
the enzyme solution. For comparison, the wild type ALS protein was
separated and purified (FIG. 14) in the same manner and used for
the experiment. In addition, bispyribac-sodium was prepared as an
aqueous solution, and chlorsulfuron and imazaquin were prepared as
acetone solutions. The final concentration of acetone in the
reaction mixture was 1%.
[0104] FIG. 15 shows the relation between ALS activity inhibition
rate and bispyribac-sodium concentration. FIG. 16 shows the
relation between ALS activity inhibition rate and chlorsulfuron
concentration. FIG. 17 shows the relation between ALS activity
inhibition rate and imazaquin concentration. In these FIGS. 15 to
17, a dotted line denotes the wild type ALS protein, a long dashed
double-dotted line denotes Sr line of the mutant ALS protein, a
solid line denotes Rb line of the mutant ALS protein, and a long
dashed dotted line denotes Vg line of the mutant ALS protein.
[0105] A herbicide concentration which inhibits 50% of ALS activity
(150) was found from calculation according to probit analysis,
thereby calculating the ratio of 150 for the mutant ALS protein vs.
150 for the wild type ALS protein. Table 4 shows the results.
4 TABLE 4 I.sub.50 (nM) Herbicide Wild type Vg Sr Rb
Bispyribac-sodium 5.63 97.2 421 247000 Chlorsulfuron 17.3 495 92.8
32000 Imazaquin 1480 44100 16700 609000
[0106] Further, based on the results in Table 4, 150 of the
resistant mutant against each herbicide was divided by 150 of the
wild type to work out RS. The results are shown in Table 5.
5 TABLE 5 RS ratio Herbicide Vg Sr Rb Bispyribac-sodium 17.3 74.8
43900 Chlorsulfuron 28.6 5.36 1850 Imazaquin 29.8 11.3 411
[0107] As shown in FIGS. 15 to 17 and Tables 4 and 5, the mutant
ALS protein showed a relatively high ALS activity even in the
presence of the herbicide, when compared to the wild type ALS
protein. In particular, the mutant ALS proteins derived from Rb
line and Sr line were shown to have sensitivity to
bispyribac-sodium which was significantly superior to sensitivities
to other herbicides. That is, Rb and Sr lines possess good
resistance to bispyribac-sodium in particular.
EXAMPLE 3
Cloning of Wild Type and Mutant ALS Genes
[0108] In this example, a gene (wild type ALS gene) coding for the
wild type ALS protein was cloned from the wild type, while a gene
(mutant ALS gene) coding for the mutant ALS protein was cloned from
the resistant mutant.
[0109] Probes used for cloning the wild type ALS gene and the
mutant ALS gene were prepared as follows. The partial cDNA derived
from rice (Nippon-bare) showing high homology with the ALS gene of
maize was used as a probe in this example.
[0110] (1) Determination of the Nucleotide Sequence of a Partial
cDNA Derived from Rice (Nippon-Bare) Showing High Homology with the
ALS Gene of Maize
[0111] As a part of the Rice Genome Project conducted by the
Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, and the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences,
partial nucleotide sequences of cDNAs of rice (Nippon-bare) had
been determined and a partial nucleotide sequence database of cDNAs
had already been established. A cDNA clone (Accession No. C72411)
which is known as a nucleotide sequence of approximately 350 bp
contained in this database showed high homology to the ALS gene of
maize. The ALS gene of maize had been completely sequenced.
[0112] This cDNA clone (Accession No. C72411) was obtained from the
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, and the nucleotide
sequence was determined as follows. Here, the cDNA clone comprised
an ALS homolog gene inserted within pBluescript II SK+, and it was
capable of autonomous replication in E. coli.
[0113] First, an ALS homolog-retaining plasmid vector was
transformed into E. coli (DH5.alpha.). White colonies obtained from
a plate were cultured in liquid, and then plasmids were extracted
from the cells by standard techniques. Since the insert DNA had
been inserted between Sal I and Not I (restriction enzymes of
multi-cloning sites in the plasmid vector), the vector was digested
with the two enzymes. The insert was confirmed by agarose
electrophoresis. Then, the obtained ALS homolog-retaining plasmid
vector was purified by standard techniques using, e.g., RNaseA, PEG
and LiCl, followed by sequencing reaction using primers and an ABI
BigDyeTerminator Cycle Sequencing Kit. Conditions for PCR reaction
followed the manufacturer's protocols. Primers used herein were M13
primers and synthesized primers designed from the determined
nucleotide sequence. The resulting PCR product was purified by
ethanol precipitation, and then the nucleotide sequence thereof was
determined by an ABI PRISM 310 sequencer.
[0114] The ALS homolog-retaining plasmid vector is known to contain
an insert DNA with a length of 1.6 kb. The obtained ALS
homolog-retaining plasmid vector was digested with restriction
enzymes Sal I and Not I, and then subjected to electrophoresis. As
a result, a band of approximately 3 kbp corresponding to
pBluescript II SK+ and a band of approximately 1.6 kbp
corresponding to the insert DNA fragment were detected (data not
shown). The entire nucleotide sequence of the insert DNA portion
was determined, and its homology to the nucleotide sequence of
maize was searched. As shown in FIGS. 18A and B, 84.7% homology was
found. Since the ALS homolog was determined to be a partial cDNA of
the ALS gene of the var. Nippon-bare, the insert DNA excised after
digestion with Sal I and Not I was used as a probe. Further in
FIGS. 18A and B, the first row is a nucleotide sequence of the cDNA
of the ALS gene of the var. Nippon-bare; the second row is that of
the ALS gene of maize.
[0115] (2) Preparation of mRNA from Resistant Mutant and Wild
Type
[0116] First, the resistant mutant frozen with liquid nitrogen was
crushed with a mortar and pestle, and then finely crushed with a
mixer for 30 seconds. The crushed powder was suspended in an
extraction buffer [(100 mM Tris-HCl pH 9.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 weight %
SDS, 5 mM EDTA): (.beta.-mercaptoethanol): (Tris saturated
phenol)=15:3:20], and then stirred thoroughly. This solution was
centrifuged at 12000.times.g for 15 minutes, and then the
supernatant was collected. Two hundred ml of PCI [(Tris saturated
phenol):(chloroform):(isoamylalcohol)=25:24:1] was added to the
supernatant, shaken at 4.degree. C. for 10 minutes, centrifuged at
12000.times.g for 15 minutes, and then the supernatant was
collected. The procedure was repeated twice. A {fraction (1/20)}
volume of 5 M NaCl and a 2.2-fold volume of ethanol were added to
the obtained supernatant, and then the mixture was allowed to stand
at -80.degree. C. for 30 minutes. The precipitate was collected by
centrifugation at 12000.times.g for 5 minutes. The precipitate was
washed with 70% ethanol, dried, and then dissolved in 10 mM
.beta.-mercaptoethanol solution. Next, the solution was centrifuged
at 27000.times.g for 10 minutes to remove insoluble fraction. A 1/4
volume of 10 M LiCl was added to the solution, which was then
allowed to stand on ice for 1 hour. Further, the solution was
centrifuged at 27000.times.g for 10 minutes to collect precipitate,
dissolved in 4 ml of H.sub.2O, and then absorbance at 260 nm was
measured to find the concentration of RNA. A {fraction (1/20)}
volume of 5 M NaCl and a 2.2-fold volume of ethanol were added to
the solution, which was then allowed to stand at -80.degree. C. for
30 minutes. Subsequently the solution was centrifuged at
27000.times.g for 10 minutes to collect the precipitate, followed
by washing with 70% ethanol, and drying. The resulting product was
dissolved in an appropriate amount of H.sub.2O to obtain a total
RNA solution. Here, centrifugation was performed at 4.degree.
C.
[0117] mRNA was separated and purified from total RNA by the
following method. A 2.times. binding buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH
7.5), 10 mM EDTA, 1 M NaCl) in a volume equivalent to that of the
extracted total RNA solution was added to the extracted total RNA
solution. A column filled with 0.1 g of oligo dT cellulose
(Amersham Bioscience) was washed with a 1.times. binding buffer,
and then the total RNA solution was applied to the column. After
the column was washed with a 1.times. binding buffer, an elution
buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA) was applied, and the
eluate collected 0.5 ml at a time. Fractions that had passed
through the column were applied to another oligo dT cellulose
(Amersham Bioscience) column, and treated in the same manner. After
the concentration of eluted mRNA was calculated based on the
absorbance of each fraction, a {fraction (1/10)} volume of 10 M
LiCl and a 2.5-fold volume of ethanol were added to the products,
and then the mixtures were allowed to stand at -80.degree. C. for
30 minutes. Next, the mixtures were centrifuged and the
precipitated fractions were dried, and dissolved in 100 .mu.l of
H.sub.2O. The thus obtained mRNA was subjected to size
fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
[0118] The separated and purified mRNA was applied to a centrifuge
tube with density gradient given by a 25% sucrose solution and 5%
sucrose solution, and then ultracentrifuged at 27000 rpm for 15
hours at 4.degree. C. using a swing rotor. After centrifugation,
0.5 ml of each fraction was collected in order of density gradient.
Absorbance of each fraction was measured, the concentration of the
collected mRNA was calculated, and the presence of ALS mRNA was
confirmed by hybridization using an ECL kit (ECL direct nucleic
acid labeling and detection system, Amershain Bioscience).
Hybridization was performed using a probe prepared in (1) above at
42.degree. C. for 16 hours. After hybridization, washing at
42.degree. C. for 5 minutes was performed twice using a primary
washing buffer provided with the kit, and then washing at
42.degree. C. for 5 minutes was performed once using 2.times.SSC
solution. The washed film was wrapped with a transparent plastic
film to keep it immersed in an attached luminous reagent provided
with the kit, and then exposed to an X-ray film.
[0119] When Sr line was used as the resistant mutant, approximately
35 mg of total RNA and approximately 4 mg of mRNA could be
extracted by the above procedures. Further, in sucrose density
gradient centrifugation, a hybridization-positive spot was found
for a fraction expected to be positive.
[0120] When the wild type was used, approximately 95 mg of total
RNA was extracted in addition to approximately 7 mg of mRNA. When
mRNA was extracted from the wild type, the above method was applied
except that the wild type was used instead of the resistant
mutant.
[0121] (3) Construction of cDNA Libraries derived from Resistant
Mutant and Wild Type
[0122] Using 2 .mu.g of mRNA purified in (2) above and a cDNA
synthesis kit (Amersham Bioscience), cDNA was synthesized, so that
a cDNA library derived from the resistant mutant was
constructed.
[0123] First, RTase provided with the kit was used for a reverse
transcription reaction; and T4 DNA polymerase provided with the kit
was used for a subsequent complementary chain elongation reaction.
At the time of complementary chain elongation reaction,
.sup.32P-dCTP was added to calculate the yield of cDNA synthesis.
After an adaptor was added, the synthesized cDNA was incorporated
into .lambda. phage by in vitro packaging method.
[0124] The adaptor added to cDNA was an Eco RI-Not I-Bam HI adaptor
(Takara Shuzo). Adapters with a molar concentration 50-fold greater
than that of cDNA were added to a solution containing cDNA. Then,
T4 DNA Ligase (Pharmacia) was added to the mixture followed by
ligation reaction at 4.degree. C. overnight. The reaction solution
was applied to HPLC using an AsahiPak GS 710 column (Asahi Chemical
Industry Co., Ltd.), followed by monitoring of the eluate with
ultraviolet rays at a wavelength of 260 nm. The eluate was
fractionated into 25 fractions of 0.5 ml each. Each fraction was
measured with a Cerenkov counter, and 3 to 4 fractions with a high
count were collected. The 5' terminus of the adaptor contained in
the fraction was phosphorylated using T4 polynucleotide kinase
(Takara Shuzo), and then .lambda.gt 11 Eco RI arm was added to
perform ligation. GigaPack Gold III (Stratagene) was added to the
solution, and then ligation reaction was performed at room
temperature for 2 hours. After reaction, 200 .mu.l of an SM buffer
and 8 .mu.l of chloroform were added to the reaction solution,
thereby preparing a phage solution. This phage solution was diluted
10-fold. One .mu.l of the diluted solution was infected with E.
coli (Y-1088), to which 0.7% top agar was added, and then the
solution was inoculated over an LB plate. The number of plaques
that had appeared on the plate 4 to 8 hours later was counted,
thereby measuring the titer.
[0125] Synthesis of approximately 74 ng of cDNA derived from Sr
line was confirmed by the result of DE 81 paper and Cerenkov
counting. The result of Cerenkov counting after ligation of a
vector with an adaptor added thereto revealed that approximately 22
ng of .lambda.DNA contained the insert was obtained for Sr line.
The .lambda.DNA was packaged into the phage, thereby preparing a
cDNA library derived from the cells of the resistant mutant. The
titer of the library solution was 16600 pfu/.mu.l.
[0126] When a cDNA library was constructed using mRNA extracted
from the wild type according to the above-described method, it was
shown that approximately 38 ng of cDNA derived from the wild type
had been synthesized. Further, approximately 5 ng of .lambda.DNA
contained the insert was obtained for the wild type. Furthermore,
the titer of the cDNA library solution derived from the wild type
was 18160 pfu/.mu.l.
[0127] (4) Screening of cDNA Containing the ALS Gene
[0128] To form about 20,000 plaques on plates, the library solution
prepared in (3) above was diluted, and then phages derived from the
wild type and those derived from Sr line were separately inoculated
over 10 plates, respectively. Plaques were then transferred to a
nitrocellulose membrane (Schleicher & Schnell, PROTORAN BA85,
pore size 0.45 .mu.m), and the nitrocellulose membrane was immersed
in a denaturation solution (0.5 M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl), and then in a
neutralization solution (1.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM
EDTA) for approximately 20 seconds. Excess water was removed from
the nitrocellulose membrane using a filter paper, and then the
nitrocellulose membrane was baked at 80.degree. C. for 2 hours.
Here, the baking step was omitted when Hybond-N+(Amersham Biotech)
was used instead of a nitrocellulose membrane, and immobilization
was performed with 0.4 M NaOH for 20 minutes.
[0129] The insert DNA prepared in (1) above was labeled by two
types of method, RI and non-RI, and then used as a probe DNA.
Labeling with RI and hybridization were performed by the following
method. First, approximately 200 to 500 ng of probe DNA was
thermally denatured, and then labeled using a BcaBEST DNA labeling
kit (Takara Shuzo). At the time of this labeling reaction, a
buffer, random primers and .sup.32P-dCTP provided with the kit were
added. Next, BcaBEST was added, followed by incubation at
65.degree. C. for 30 minutes. Subsequently, EDTA was added to stop
the reaction. The reaction solution was applied to nitrocellulose
membranes, so that 8 of the membranes contained approximately 100
ng of probes. Hybridization was performed at 42.degree. C.
overnight with weak shaking. After hybridization, the membranes
were washed three times with 2.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS solution,
followed by exposure for about 1 hour to an imaging plate of a BAS
2000 imaging analyzer (Fuji Photo Film). Following exposure,
positive clones were detected using the imaging analyzer.
[0130] Labeling with non-RI was performed by the following method.
Following thermal denaturation of approximately 200 to 500 ng of
probe DNA, DNA labeling reagent (peroxidase) and glutaraldehyde
which were provided with an ECL direct DNA/RNA labeling and
detection system (Amersham Bioscience) were added, followed by
incubation at 37.degree. C. In this case, the labeled probe DNA was
applied to nitrocellulose membranes, so that 8 of the membranes
contained approximately 100 ng of the labeled probe DNA.
Hybridization was performed at 42.degree. C. overnight with weak
shaking. After hybridization, the membrane was washed three times
with a primary washing buffer at room temperature for 10 minutes,
and then once with 2.times.SSC at room temperature for 10 minutes.
The membrane was immersed in a luminous solution provided with the
ECL kit, and then exposed to an X-ray film for 30 minutes to 3
hours.
[0131] Positive phages obtained by hybridization (primary
screening) were scraped off together with top agar using a sterile
toothpick, and then suspended in 200 .mu.l of SM buffer, thereby
obtaining a phage solution. Phage solutions of each clone were
appropriately diluted, infected with E. coli strain Y-1088, and
then inoculated over LB plates. Using these newly prepared plates,
hybridization (secondary screening) was performed similarly.
Positive phages were suspended in 200 .mu.l of a SM buffer, thereby
obtaining single phages. If no single phage was isolated by
secondary screening, another dilution was performed, followed by
inoculation over LB plates. Subsequently, hybridization (the third
screening) was performed, so that single phages were obtained.
[0132] Next, .lambda.DNA was prepared from the single phages by the
following methods. .lambda. phages collected with a bamboo
brochette or a toothpick from plaques of positive clones were
inoculated in 200 .mu.l of a 2.times.YT medium (containing 10 mM
MgCl.sub.2 and 0.2% maltose) containing 5 .mu.l of a suspension of
fresh host E. coli (Y1088). The product was allowed to stand and
incubated at 42.degree. C. overnight. Then, the medium was
inoculated again in 1 ml of a 2.times.YT medium (containing 10 mM
MgCl.sub.2 and 0.2% maltose) containing 25 .mu.l of a suspension of
host E. coli (Y1088), and then shake-cultured overnight (these
steps compose a pre-culturing process). The pre-cultured solution
(10 to 50 .mu.l) was inoculated in 12 ml of 2.times.YT medium
containing 10 mM MgCl.sub.2 and 0.5 ml of E. coli Y1088 suspension.
Then, incubation was performed at 42.degree. C. overnight with
relatively strong shaking, until turbidity increased after lysis.
After culturing, 50 .mu.l of chloroform and 1.2 ml of 5 M NaCl were
added, and then incubation was performed at 42.degree. C. for 10
minutes while shaking. The product was centrifuged at 27000.times.g
for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was newly transferred to a
centrifugation tube. Five ml of 50% PEG was added to the
supernatant, and then incubated on ice for 1 hour or more. The
product was centrifuged at 27000.times.g for 10 minutes, and then
the supernatant was discarded. Next, another centrifugation was
performed at 27000.times.g, and then the liquid portion was
discarded. The precipitated fraction was suspended in 300 .mu.l of
a 30 mM Tris hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 7.5) containing 4 .mu.g
of DNase I, 20 .mu.g of RNase A and 10 mM MgCl.sub.2. The
suspension was transferred to a 1.5 ml tube. After incubation of
the suspension at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes, 7.5 .mu.l of 20%
SDS, 3 .mu.l of proteinase K (10 mg/ml), and 12 .mu.l of 0.5 M EDTA
were added to the suspension, followed by further incubation at
55.degree. C. for 15 minutes. Subsequently, 150 .mu.l of phenol was
added to the product, and then stirred vigorously. Then the mixture
was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 3 minutes using a TOMY
Microcentrifuge MR-150 (TOMY DIGITAL BIOLOGY), and an aqueous layer
was collected. 800 .mu.l of ethyl ether (to which distilled water
had been added to remove peroxide) was added to the collected
aqueous layer. The mixture was stirred vigorously, and then
centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 seconds and the ether layer was
discarded. After the ether extraction step was repeated, ether
remaining in the aqueous layer was removed with nitrogen gas.
Thirty .mu.l of 5 M NaCl and 875 .mu.l of ethanol were added to the
aqueous layer, so that precipitated .lambda.DNA was rapidly
collected. The collected .lambda.DNA was rinsed with approximately
1 ml of 70% ethanol, and then dried under reduced pressure for
approximately 1 minute, thereby removing ethanol. The product was
dissolved in 20 .mu.l to 50 .mu.l of a TE buffer (pH 8.0), thereby
preparing a .lambda.DNA solution.
[0133] Subcloning and sequencing of the insert DNA in the obtained
.lambda.DNA were performed by the following method. The obtained
.lambda.DNA solution (1 .mu.l) was digested with Not I so as to
excise the insert DNA. The composition of a reaction solution (for
cleavage reaction) followed the procedure in the manual attached to
the restriction enzyme. After reaction at 37.degree. C. for
approximately 2 hours, the insert size was confirmed by
electrophoresis using 1% agarose gel. .lambda.DNA (10 .mu.l to 20
.mu.l) containing the insert DNA was digested with Not I, so as to
excise the insert DNA. The insert DNA was separated using agarose
gel for apportioning, the corresponding band was cleaved from the
gel, and then the insert DNA was purified by standard techniques.
The insert DNA was mixed with a vector following BAP treatment
(dephosphorylation using alkaline phosphatase derived from a
shrimp) at molar ratio of 1:1, followed by ligation reaction with
T4 DNA ligase at 16.degree. C. for 2 hours or more. Here, since the
insert DNA cleaved with Not I was used as material, BAP treatment
was performed for vectors cleaved with Not I. Following ligation,
part of the solution was mixed with competent cells (DH5.alpha.),
and then allowed to stand on ice for 30 minutes. Next, the mixture
was subjected to heat shock at 42.degree. C. for 30 seconds, and
then allowed to stand on ice again for 2 minutes. Then, SOC was
added to the mixture, incubated at 37.degree. C. for 1 hour,
inoculated over a LB medium plate on which a mixture of 100 .mu.l
of 2.times.YT (containing 50 .mu.g/ml ampicillin), 30 .mu.l of 3%
X-Gal and 3 .mu.l of 1 M IPTG had been previously added uniformly,
and then cultured at 37.degree. C. for 10 hours or more. The
transformed white colonies were each inoculated on 2 ml of an LB
medium containing ampicillin or a 2.times.YT medium, and then
cultured at 37.degree. C. overnight. From the culture solution,
plasmids were prepared by standard techniques and dissolved in
H.sub.2O. The DNA concentration thereof was quantified, and then
the plasmids were subjected to PCR reaction for sequencing. PCR
reaction and sequencing were performed by methods described
above.
[0134] As a result of the above experiment, the ALS cDNA with an
incomplete length of approximately 2.2 kb was obtained from the
culture cells of each wild type and Sr line. Since an Sma I site
was present at a position approximately 250 bp from the 5' side of
the DNA, a new probe was prepared by the following method.
pBluescript II SK+ retaining the ALS cDNA with an incomplete length
of approximately 2.2 kbp derived from the wild type was amplified
with host E. coli JM109, and then plasmids were extracted using an
automated isolation system (KURABO PI-100). The plasmid was
directly digested with Sma I. The generated fragment of
approximately 250 bp was separated and purified by 1% agarose
electrophoresis, and then the concentration was calculated, thereby
preparing a probe. Using the probe, the library was screened again
by the above method employing the above RI. .lambda.DNA was
prepared from the thus obtained single phages, the .lambda.DNA
solution (1 .mu.l) was digested with Eco RI, and then size was
confirmed by electrophoresis, followed by immobilization onto a
nitrocellulose membrane. Following electrophoresis, the gel was
immersed in 0.5 M NaOH solution containing 1.5 M NaCl, and then
shaken lightly for 15 minutes. The gel was then washed with water,
immersed in 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 3 M NaCl, and then
neutralized while shaking for approximately 15 minutes.
Approximately 5 thick, industrial filter papers were piled up to
make a base. The base was placed in 20.times.SSC spread over a
stainless bat. Subsequently, the neutralized gel, a nitrocellulose
membrane (which had been cut into a certain size, immersed in
distilled water and then immersed in 20.times.SSC for another 10
minutes), and two-ply filter papers were placed in order on the
base, on which a paper towel with a thickness of 3 cm to 4 cm was
further placed. A glass plate and then a light weight were placed
on the product, followed by blotting for approximately 5 minutes.
After confirming that no bubbles were entrapped between the gel and
the membrane, blotting was performed for approximately 10 minutes.
Following blotting, the membrane was subjected to UV treatment with
a trans-illuminator, and then baked at 80.degree. C. for
approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes. After baking, hybridization
(hybridization buffer composition: 5.times.SSPE, 0.5% SDS, 5.times.
Denharlts, solum sperm DNA, 50% formamide) was performed with the
above 250 bp probe DNA labeled with .sup.32P. Radiation of the
hybridized band was transferred to an imaging plate, and the result
was analyzed with BAS-2000. Among inserts positive in
hybridization, those showing a relatively large size were prepared
in large quantity, and then sub-cloned into pBluescript II SK+ that
had been digested with Eco RI and then treated with BAP by the
above method. The product was transformed into E. coli (JM 105).
The obtained transformants were subjected to liquid culture, and
then plasmids were prepared by standard techniques. Thus, the
nucleotide sequence was determined by the above methods.
[0135] As a result, the full-length ALS cDNA gene could be obtained
from the culture cells of each wild type and Sr line. The results
of homology comparisons between the wild type and the mutant ALS
genes are shown in FIGS. 19A; B and C. As shown in FIGS. 19A, B,
and C, compared to the wild type, 2-point mutations were observed
in Sr line at 2 points, the 1643rd and 1880.sup.th, from the first
base A as the starting point of the transcription initiation codon
ATG. In Sr line, the 1643rd G in the wild type was mutated to T
(denoted as G1643T), and the 1880th G in the wild type was mutated
to T (denoted as G1880T). When converted into amino acids, these
mutations indicated that the mutant ALS protein of Sr line had an
amino acid sequence wherein the 548th tryptophan in the wild type
ALS protein was mutated to leucine (that is, "W548L mutation"), and
the 627th serine in the wild type ALS protein was mutated to
isoleucine (that is, "S627I mutation").
[0136] (5) Subcloning of the Wild Type ALS cDNA Cloned into
pBluescript II SK+ into pGEX 2T
[0137] After the pBluescript II SK+ plasmid having the full-length
wild type ALS cDNA obtained in (4) above incorporated therein was
digested with Eco RI, cDNA containing the wild type ALS gene was
excised. Then, the cDNA was incorporated into Eco RI site of
pGEX-2T (Amersham Bioscience), which is an E. coli expression
vector. Hereinafter, an expression vector having the full-length
wild type ALS cDNA incorporated into the Eco RI site of pGEX-2T is
referred to as "pGEX-2T(ALS-wild)." pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) was
transformed into E. coli (JM 109). Colonies obtained by
transformation were liquid-cultured, plasmids were extracted, and
then the insertion direction of insert DNA was confirmed by
sequencing. Thus, E. coli (JM109) transformed with
pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) was prepared.
EXAMPLE 4
Elucidation of Mutation Sites in ALS Gene of PC Herbicide Resistant
Rice Culture Cell
[0138] (1) Extraction of Genomic DNA from Resistant Mutant (Strains
of Sr, Rb, Vg, and Ga Lines)
[0139] Using a plant DNA extraction kit ISOPLANT II (Nippon Gene),
genomic DNA was extracted from 0.1 g of cultured cells of each of
Sr, Rb, Vg and Ga lines according to the protocols attached to the
kit. After genomic DNA was extracted using the above kit, RNA was
denatured and removed using RNase A. Then, agarose gel
electrophoresis was performed, thereby confirming the genomic
DNA.
[0140] (2) PCR of ALS Gene using Genomic DNA as Template
[0141] PCR was performed using each genomic DNA as a template, and
a primer "ALS-Rsp3" and a primer "4-83-3," as shown below. PCR was
performed using Ready to Go PCR Beads (Amersham Bioscience) at a
final volume of 25 .mu.l. The reaction was performed for 40 cycles,
each cycle condition consisting of an initial denaturation step at
94.degree. C. for 5 minutes, followed by a denaturation step at
94.degree. C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55.degree. C. for 1
minute, and elongation step at 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes. In
addition, the elongation step in the final cycle was performed at
72.degree. C. for 9 minutes.
[0142] Next, the PCR reaction solution was subjected to 2% agarose
gel electrophoresis (100V, 1.times.TBE buffer). Gels containing PCR
products were excised, and then excised gels were cut into small
fragments. The obtained gel fragments were rinsed twice or three
times with sterile ion exchanged water, 500 .mu.l of sterile ion
exchanged water was added, and then freezing and dissolving was
repeated three times. Thus, the PCR product could be eluted in
water.
[0143] Next, PCR was performed again using the eluate in which the
PCR product had been dissolved. Specifically, this PCR was
performed at a final volume of 100 .mu.l using the PCR product
contained in the solution as a template, and the same primer set or
nested primers. After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected
to agarose gel electrophoresis (1%) for apportioning. Gels
containing target bands were excised, and then purified using a GFX
PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit (Amersham Bioscience).
Finally, the PCR product was eluted using 75 .mu.l of sterile
deionized water.
[0144] (3) Sequencing
[0145] Sequence reaction was performed using the DNA fragment
amplified by PCR as a template and ABI PRISM BigDye ver.2 (Applied
Biosystem). For sequence reaction, 11 .mu.l of the template DNA, 1
.mu.l of the primer (3.2 pmol/.mu.l) and 8 .mu.l of pre-mix was
mixed, therefore the total volume was 20 .mu.l. The sequence
reaction was performed for 40 cycles, each cycle condition
consisting of an initial denaturation step at 96.degree. C. for 5
minutes, followed by a denaturation step at 96.degree. C. for 5
seconds, annealing step at 50.degree. C. for 5 seconds, and
elongation step at 60.degree. C. for 4 minutes. In addition, the
elongation step of the final cycle was performed at 60.degree. C.
for 9 minutes. After sequence reaction, fluorescent nucleotides in
the reaction solution were removed by gel filtration using AutoSeq
G-50 column (Amersham Biotech). Then the nucleotide sequences were
read using ABI PRISM 310 DNA sequencer.
[0146] (4) Names of Primers and Nucleotide Sequences used
Herein
[0147] Names, nucleotide sequences and the like of primers used in
(2) above and of primers used in the following examples are listed
in Table 6.
6TABLE 6 Corresponding Number Name Nucleotide sequence Direction
ALS site of bases ALS-Rsp1 5'-GCTCTGCTACAACAGAGCACA-3' sense
1192-1212 21 mer ALS-Rsp2 5'-AGTCCTGCCATCACCATCCAG-3' antisense
1906-1926 21 mer ALS-Rsp3 5'-CTGGGACACCTCGATGAAT-3' sense 720-738
19 mer ALS-Rsp4 5'-CAACAAACCAGCGCAATTCGTCACC-3' antisense 862-886
25 mer ALS-Rsp6 5'-CATCACCAACCACCTCTT-3' sense 327-344 18 mer
ALS-Rsp7 5'-AACTGGGATACCAGTCAGCTC-3' antisense 886-906 21 mer
ALS-RspA 5'-TGTGCTTGGTGATGGA-3' antisense 571-586 16 mer ALS-RspB
5'-TCAAGGACATGATCCTGGATGG-3' sense 1913-1944 16 mer ALS-RspC
5'-CAGCGACGTGTTCGCCTA-3' sense 258-275 16 mer ALS-RspD
5'-CCACCGACATAGAGAATC-3' antisense 828-845 18 mer ALS-RspF
5'-ACACGGACTGCAGGAATA-3' antisense 1749-1766 18 mer ALS-RspE
5'-TTACAAGGCGAATAGGGC-3' sense 1656-1673 18 mer 3-1-1
5'-GCATCTTCTTGATGGCG-3' antisense 1791-1807 17 mer 3-1-2
5'-ATGCATGGCACGGTGTAC-3' sense 973-990 18 mer 3-1-3
5'-GATTGCCTCACCTTTCG-3' antisense 1346-1362 17 mer 3-1-4
5'-AGGTGTCACAGTTGTTG-3' sense 1506-1522 17 mer 4-83-1
5'-AGAGGTGGTTGGTGATG-3' antisense 327-343 17 mer 4-83-3
5'-GCTTTGCCAACATACAG-3' antisense 1944-1960 17 mer 4-83-10
5'-CAGCCCAAATCCCATTG-3' antisense 1457-1473 17 mer 4-83-15
5'-ATGTACCCTGGTAGATTC-3' antisense 735-752 18 mer ALS-DG7
5'-GTITT(CT)GCITA(CT)CCIGG(ACGT)GG-3' sense 265-284 20 mer
[0148] In Table 6, the corresponding ALS site is the number of a
corresponding base when a transcription initiation codon (ATG) is
the starting point. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-Rsp1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-Rsp2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-Rsp3 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-Rsp4 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-Rsp6 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-Rsp7 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-RspA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-RspB is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-RspC is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-RspD is shown in SEQ ID NO: 18, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-RspF is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19, the nucleotide sequence of
ALS-RspE is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, the nucleotide sequence of
3-1-1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 21, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-2
is shown in SEQ ID NO: 22, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-3 is
shown in SEQ ID NO: 23, the nucleotide sequence of 3-1-4 is shown
in SEQ ID NO: 24, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-1 is shown in SEQ
ID NO: 25, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-3 is shown in SEQ ID NO:
26, the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-10 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27,
the nucleotide sequence of 4-83-15 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 28, and
the nucleotide sequence of ALS-DG7 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0149] (5) Mutations in each Line Revealed as a Result of
Sequencing
[0150] As a result of analysis of nucleotide sequences determined
in (3) above, mutations in Rb, Vg, Ga, and Sr lines were revealed.
The mutated points of each line are listed in Table 7.
7TABLE 7 Mutant base Mutant amino C512A C514A G1643T G1880T acid
P171H R172S W548L S627I Rb line homo hetero Vg line hetero Ga line
homo or hetero homo or hetero hetero Sr line hetero hetero
[0151] As shown in Table 7, in the nucleotide sequence of Rb line
strain, the 512.sup.nd C was mutated to A (homo), and the
1643.sup.rd G was mutated to T (hetero). This means that at the
amino acid level, the 171.sup.st proline and the 548.sup.th
tryptophan (W) were mutated to histidine (H) and leucine (L),
respectively. In the nucleotide sequence of Vg line strain, the
1643.sup.rd G was mutated to T (hetero), suggesting that at the
amino acid level, the 548.sup.th tryptophan (W) was mutated to
leucine (L). In the nucleotide sequence of Ga line strain, the
512.sup.nd and 514.sup.th C were mutated to A (homo or hetero)
(these types differed depending on the PCR product obtained), and
the 1643.sup.rd G was mutated to T (hetero). This means that at the
amino acid level, the 171.sup.st proline (P), 172.sup.nd arginine
(R) and 548.sup.th tryptophan (W) were mutated to histidine (H),
serine (S) and leucine (L), respectively. Further, in the
nucleotide sequence of Sr line strain, the 1643.sup.rd and
1880.sup.th G were mutated to T (hetero).
[0152] When ALS genes were screened and isolated from the cDNA
library of Sr line strain by the above method, not only a 2-point
mutant gene, but also a gene of the wild type was isolated. Thus,
it was assumed that at the genomic DNA level, heterologous mutation
had occurred, and the results obtained by genome PCR also supported
this assumption.
[0153] As described above, in all the resistant mutants, the
548.sup.th tryptophan (W) was mutated to leucine (L) (hetero), and
Vg line had this mutation only. As described above, Vg line strain
showed sensitivity up to 10 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium, and Sr, Rb and
Ga line strains showed the same up to 100 .mu.M bispyribac-sodium.
Accordingly, it was suggested that the acquisition of resistance
started from Vg line and branched into other lines and mutated, as
the intensity of the selection pressure increased.
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of ALS cDNAs Independently having G1643T(W548L) Mutation
or G1880T(S627I) Mutation, Construction of pGEX 2T Retaining the
ALS cDNAs, and Transformation of E. coli using the Vector
[0154] First, synthesis of ALS cDNAs independently having
G1643T(W548L) mutation or G1880T(S627I) mutation, and construction
of pGEX 2T retaining the ALS cDNAs are described using FIG. 20.
[0155] PCR was performed at a final reaction volume of 100 .mu.l
using 1 .mu.l (585 ng/.mu.l and 554 ng/.mu.l, respectively) of
pBluescript II SK+ (ALS-2 point mutant) or pBluescript II SK+
(ALS-wild) as a template, and 1 .mu.l of LA Taq DNA polymerase
(Takara). The reaction was performed for 25 cycles, each cycle
condition consisting of 95.degree. C. for 30 seconds, 55.degree. C.
for 30 seconds and 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes. Further,
pBluescript II SK+ (ALS-2 point mutant) contained 2-point mutant
ALS gene, G1643T(W548L) and G1880T(S627I). pBluescript II
SK+(ALS-wild) contained the wild type ALS gene having no mutation.
For the PCR, a combination of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-RspF primers and a
combination of ALS-RspE and M13R primers were used. Names of
fragments amplified using ALS genes as a template and the given
combination of primers are listed in Table 8. In addition, primer
M13R is an antisense primer in the vicinity of T3 promoter of
pBluescript II SK+. Further, the nucleotide sequence of M13R is
5'-GGAAACAGCTATGACCATG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 30).
8 TABLE 8 pBluescript II SK+(ALS-2 pBluescript II point mutant)
SK+(ALS-wild) ALS-Rsp6 PCR-1 PCR-3 ALS-RspF ALS-RspE PCR-2 PCR-4
M13R
[0156] PCR-1, PCR-2, PCR-3 and PCR-4 obtained by PCR were
respectively subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis for
separation, and then the products were collected in a manner
similar to the above method from the agarose gel, and then the
products were eluted with 50 .mu.l of sterilized water.
[0157] Next, a set of PCR-1 and PCR-4, and a set of PCR-2 and PCR-3
were subjected to SPR (self polymerase reaction). SPR was performed
by adding 23.5 .mu.l of the set of PCR-1 and PCR-4, or the set of
PCR-2 and PCR-3 and 1 .mu.l of LA Taq DNA polymerase to a final
volume of 75 .mu.l, and by performing 25 times a cycle consisting
of a denaturation step at 95.degree. C. for 1 minute, annealing
step at 55.degree. C. for 30 seconds, and elongation step at
72.degree. C. for 2 minutes. DNA fragments obtained by SPR using
the set of PCR-1 and PCR-4 was regarded as SPR-1, and DNA fragments
obtained by SPR using the set of PCR-2 and PCR-3 as SPR-2.
[0158] Further, in this example, to secure a sufficient amount of
SPR-1 and of SPR-2, PCR was respectively performed at a final
reaction volume of 100 .mu.l using purified SPR-1 or SPR-2 as a
template, ALS-Rsp6 and M13R, and LA Taq DNA polymerase again. PCR
in this case was performed by repeating 25 times a cycle consisting
of a denaturation step at 95.degree. C. for 30 seconds, annealing
step at 55.degree. C. for 30 seconds and elongation step at
72.degree. C. for 2 minutes. After PCR, the reaction solution was
subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. An approximately 2 kbp
single band (PCR product) was collected from agarose gel, and then
eluted with 100 .mu.l of sterilized water.
[0159] Next, SPR-1 and SPR-2 amplified by PCR were respectively
digested with Acc I and Eco RI, thereby obtaining SPR-1 (Acc I/Eco
RI-digested fragment) and SPR-2 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment).
Specifically, 50 .mu.l of the sterilized water (100 .mu.l in total)
containing PCR product dissolved therein was mixed with 1 .mu.l of
Acc 1 (12 u/.mu.l) and 1 .mu.l of Eco RI (12 u/.mu.l) in the
presence of 10.times. M buffer (Takara), followed by incubation at
a final volume of 60 .mu.l at 37.degree. C. for 1 hour. Afterwards,
the total volume of the reaction solution was subjected to agarose
gel electrophoresis, and then a target 1.5 kbp fragment was
collected using a GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit. The collected
1.5 kbp fragment was eluted with 50 .mu.l of sterilized water, so
that a solution containing SPR-1 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment)
and a solution containing SPR-2 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment)
were prepared.
[0160] Meanwhile, 150 .mu.l of a protein expression vector having
the wild type ALS gene incorporated therein, pGEX-2T(ALS-wild)
plasmid (concentration of approximately 50 ng/.mu.l), was mixed
with 1 .mu.l of Acc I (12 u/.mu.l, Takara) in the presence of
10.times. M buffer, followed by incubation at 37.degree. C. for 2
hours. After reaction, a linear 7.2 kbp band was confirmed by 1%
agarose gel electrophoresis. According to the protocols of GFX PCR
and Gel Purification Kit, DNA corresponding to the 7.2 kbp band was
collected from the agarose gel, and then the product was eluted
with 180 .mu.l of sterilized water. 89 .mu.l of the eluted product
was mixed with 10 .mu.l of 10.times.H buffer (Takara) and 1 .mu.l
of Eco RI (12 u/.mu.l), and then allowed to react at 37.degree. C.
for 1 minute, thereby partially digesting the thus collected DNA
with Eco RI. After reaction, 10.times.loading buffer was added, and
then 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was performed. 4.9 kbp, 5.7
kbp, and 6.5 kbp bands, and a 7.2 kbp band that was not cleaved at
all appeared separately, and then the target 5.7 kbp band was
excised from the gel. An approximately 5.7 kbp DNA fragment
contained in the excised gel was collected using GFX PCR and Gel
Purification Kit, and then the product was eluted with 50 .mu.l of
sterilized water.
[0161] Subsequently, 3 .mu.l of fragments digested with Acc I and
partially digested with Eco RI of the thus obtained
pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) and 3 .mu.l of SPR-1 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested
fragment) or SPR-2 (Acc I/Eco RI-digested fragment) were
respectively allowed to react in 6 .mu.l of Takara ligation buffer
(ver.2, solution I) at 16.degree. C. overnight.
[0162] Then, the reaction solution was transformed into E. coli
competent cells (strain JM109, Takara) according to the protocols
attached thereto. The cells were inoculated on LB medium containing
50 ppm of ampicillin, and then incubated at 37.degree. C.
overnight. As a result, several of the colonies that appeared were
selected. PCR was directly performed using the colonies as a
template, and the set of ALS-RspE described in Table 6 and PGEX-3
(5'-CCGGGAGCTGCATGTGTCAGAGG-3': SEQ ID NO: 31), the set of PGEX-5
(5'-GGGCTGGCAAGCCACGTTTGGTG-3': SEQ ID NO: 32) and PGEX-3, and the
set of PGEX-5 and ALS-RspA described in Table 6. In addition,
PGEX-3 had a sequence the same as a part of an antisense strand
located on the 3' side of pGEX-2T used as a vector. PGEX-5 had a
sequence the same as a part of a sense strand located on the 5'
side of pGEX-2T used as a vector. As the reaction condition for the
ALS-RspE/PGEX-3 set, each 1 .mu.M primer and 1 PCR bead were
dissolved in a total volume of 25 .mu.l, and reaction was performed
by repeating 40 times a cycle consisting of a denaturation step at
95.degree. C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55.degree. C. for 1
minute, and elongation step at 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes. In the
case of the PGEX-5/PGEX-3 set and PGEX-5/ALS-RspA set, DMSO with a
final concentration of 5% was further added to the above solution,
because of the presence, at an upstream portion, of a region having
approximately 75% of GC content. As a result of this PCR, insertion
of a desired insert was confirmed.
[0163] A colony for which the insertion of a desired insert had
been confirmed was picked up, and then shake-cultured in LB liquid
medium (3 ml each, 10 medias) containing 50 ppm of ampicillin at
37.degree. C. for 12 hours. After culturing, plasmids were
extracted (400 to 500 .mu.l) from the media using a plasmid
extraction system (TOMY, DP-480), and then concentrated to
approximately 200 .mu.l by centrifugation. Then, the concentrate
was purified and desalted using GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit,
and then finally eluted with approximately 130 .mu.l of sterilized
water.
[0164] Sequence reaction was performed using ABI PRISM BigDye ver.
2 for these plasmids, so that the nucleotide sequence of the insert
in the plasmid was analyzed. For sequence reaction, the reaction
solution was prepared to have a total volume of 20 .mu.l by mixing
11 .mu.l of template DNA, 1 .mu.l of primer (3.2 pmol/.mu.l) and 8
.mu.l of pre-mix. The sequence reaction was performed for 40
cycles, each cycle condition consisting of an initial denaturation
step at 96.degree. C. for 5 minutes, denaturation step at
96.degree. C. for 5 seconds, annealing step at 50.degree. C. for 5
seconds, and elongation step at 60.degree. C. for 4 minutes, and
the elongation step of the final cycle was performed at 60.degree.
for 9 minutes. After sequence reaction, fluorescent nucleotides in
the reaction solution were removed by gel filtration using AutoSeq
G-50 column, and then the nucleotide sequence was determined using
ABI PRISM 310 DNA sequencer.
[0165] In addition, for sequence reaction, of the primers described
in Table 6, PGEX-5, ALS-RspC, ALS-Rsp3, ALS-Rsp1, 3-1-4 and
ALS-RspB were used as sense primers, and 4-83-3, PGEX-3, ALSRsp2,
4-83-10 and ALS-Rsp7 were used as antisense primers.
[0166] As a result of analysis, it was confirmed that pGEX 2T
vector comprising the mutant ALS gene with W548L mutation
(described as "pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant)" in FIG. 20) and pGEX 2T
vector comprising the mutant ALS gene with S627I mutation
(described as "pGEX 2T(ALS-S627I mutant)" in FIG. 20) were
obtained. Subsequently, E. coli was transformed with these pGEX
2T(ALS-W548L mutant) and pGEX 2T(ALS-S627I mutant).
EXAMPLE 6
Synthesis of ALS cDNAs Independently having C512A (P171H) Mutation
Found by Genome PCR for Rb Line or C514A (R172S) Mutation Found by
Genome PCR for Ga Line, Construction of pGEX 2T Retaining the ALS
cDNAs, and Transformation of E. coli with this Vector
[0167] First, the synthesis of ALS cDNAs independently having C512A
(P171H) mutation and C514A (R172S) mutation, and construction of
pGEX 2T retaining the ALS cDNAs are described using FIGS. 21 and
22.
[0168] To obtain C512A (P171H) mutant DNA fragment, PCR was
performed using the genomic DNA of Rb line as a template and a
primer set of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-Rsp4 described in Table 6.
Specifically, PCR was performed using Ready to Go PCR Beads by
adding 5 .mu.l of the template genomic DNA and 1 .mu.l of each
primer (25 pmol/.mu.l) to a final volume of 25 .mu.l. The reaction
condition consisted of an initial denaturation step at 95.degree.
C. for 5 minutes, followed by a cycle (repeated 40 times) of a
denaturation step at 95.degree. C. for 30 seconds, annealing step
at 55.degree. C. for 1 minute, and elongation step at 72.degree. C.
for 2 minutes. In addition, the elongation step of the final cycle
was performed at 72.degree. C. for 9 minutes.
[0169] After PCR reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to
2% agarose gel electrophoresis, a band of the PCR product
(described as "PCR-5" in FIG. 21) was excised from agarose gel, and
then purified using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit.
Next, the purified PCR-5 was incorporated into pT7Blue T-vector
(Novagen), the vector (TA cloning vector) for cloning PCR product.
Specifically, 1 .mu.l of the purified PCR product was mixed with 1
.mu.l of pT7 Blue T-vector (50 ng/.mu.l), 3 .mu.l of sterile
deionized water and 5 .mu.l of ligation buffer (ver 2, solution I,
Takara Shuzo), and then allowed to react overnight at 16.degree.
C.
[0170] After reaction, the total volume of the reaction solution
was transformed into E. coli (strain JM109) according to standard
methods. After culturing of E. coli on LB solid medium containing
50 ppm of ampicillin, the colonies having a target sequence was
selected from the single colonies that appeared on the medium in a
manner similar to Example 5. The selected single colonies were
shake-cultured in LB liquid culture solution (3 ml, 10 media)
containing 50 ppm of ampicillin at 37.degree. C. for 12 hours.
After culturing, plasmids were extracted (400 to 500 .mu.l) using a
plasmid extraction system (TOMY, DP-480). The plasmids were
concentrated to approximately 200 .mu.l by centrifugation, purified
and desalted using GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit, and then
eluted with approximately 80 .mu.l of sterilized water.
[0171] Fifty .mu.l of the eluate was mixed with 10 .mu.l of Acc I
(12 u/.mu.l) and 1 .mu.l of Sma I (10 u/.mu.l) in the presence of
10 .mu.l of 10.times.T buffer and 10 .mu.l of 0.1% BSA to bring to
a total volume of 100 .mu.l, and then the mixture was incubated at
37.degree. C. for 2 hours. After reaction, the reaction solution
was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, a target band was
excised and collected, and then a DNA fragment was collected
according to the protocols of GFX PCR and Gel Purification Kit.
Thus, C512A (P171H) mutant DNA fragment having Sma I site and Acc I
site on its termini was obtained.
[0172] On the other hand, since C514A and C512A mutations are close
to each other, a DNA fragment having C514A (R172S) mutation only
cannot be obtained by PCR using the genomic DNA extracted from Gb
line as a template. Thus, as shown in FIG. 21, a DNA fragment
having C514A (R172S) mutation only was prepared using a pair of
primers to which mutated points had been previously introduced.
That is, PCR was respectively performed using as primers having
mutated points introduced therein ALS-M1
(5'-CCCCAGCCGCATGATCGGCACCGACGCCTT-3': SEQ ID NO: 33, underlined A
is a mutated point) and ALS-M2 (5'-CGGTGCCGATCATGCGGCTGGGGACCT-3':
SEQ ID NO: 34, underlined T is a mutated point) and as a template
pBluescript II SK+ having the wild type ALS cDNA incorporated
therein; and using a primer set of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-M2; and using a
primer set of ALS-ML and ALS-Rsp4. In addition, complementary
portions are the nucleotide sequence (1.sup.st to 23.sup.rd
nucleotides) of ALS-M1 and that (1.sup.st to 23.sup.rd nucleotides)
of ALS-M2. When the primer set of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-M2 were used, a
DNA fragment described as "PCR-6" in FIG. 21 was amplified, and
when the primer set of ALS-M1 and ALS-Rsp4 was used, a DNA fragment
described as "PCR-7" in FIG. 21 was amplified.
[0173] The reaction solution was prepared at the time of PCR by
dissolving 1 .mu.l of LA Taq DNA polymerase (5 units/.mu.l,
TAKARA), 10 .mu.l of 10.times.LA buffer, 10 .mu.l of 25 mM
MgCl.sub.2, 16 .mu.l of dNTPs (consisting of 25 mM of dATP, dGTP,
dCTP and dTTP, respectively), 1 .mu.l of template DNA, and 4 .mu.l
each of sense and antisense primers (25 pmol/.mu.l, respectively)
to a total volume of 100 .mu.l. The reaction was performed by
repeating 25 times a cycle consisting of an initial denaturation
step at 95.degree. C. for 5 minutes, a denaturation step at
95.degree. C. for 30 seconds, annealing step at 55.degree. C. for 1
minute, and elongation step at 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes, and the
elongation step in the final cycle was performed at 72.degree. C.
for 9 minutes.
[0174] After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to 1.5%
agarose gel electrophoresis for apportioning, target 213 bp (PCR-6)
and 377 bp (PCR-7) bands were excised and purified using GFX PCR
DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit, and then the thus generated
DNA fragments were respectively eluted with 100 .mu.l of sterile
deionized water.
[0175] Next, SPR was performed using the thus obtained PCR-6 and
PCR-7. At the time of SPR, a reaction solution was prepared to a
total volume of 100 .mu.l by mixing 30 .mu.l of the thus obtained
eluate with 1 .mu.l of LA Taq DNA polymerase (5 units/.mu.l), 10
.mu.l of 10.times.LA buffer, 10 .mu.l of 25 mM MgCl.sub.2, and 16
.mu.l of dNTPs (consisting of 25 mM of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP,
respectively). SPR was performed by repeating 40 times a cycle
consisting of an initial denaturation step at 95.degree. C. for 5
minutes, a denaturation step at 95.degree. C. for 30 seconds,
annealing step at 55.degree. C. for 1 minute, and elongation step
at 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes, and the elongation step in the
final cycle was performed at 72.degree. C. for 9 minutes.
[0176] After reaction, the reaction solution was subjected to
agarose gel (1.5%) electrophoresis for apportioning, a target 560
bp band (described as "SPR-3" in FIG. 21) was excised and purified
using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit, and then the
generated DNA fragment (SPR-3) was eluted with 100 .mu.l of sterile
deionized water. In a manner similar to the above method, the
eluted fragment was incorporated into pT7Blue T-vector and then
transformed into E. coli (JM109). The E. coli was cultured, and
then the thus extracted plasmid was digested with Acc I and Sma I,
thereby obtaining C514A (R172S) mutant DNA fragment having Sma I
site and Acc I site at its termini.
[0177] Meanwhile, E. coli (strain JM109) transformed with
pGEX-2T(ALS-wild), the plasmid having the wild type ALS gene
incorporated therein, was shake-cultured in LB liquid medium
containing 50 ppm of ampicillin (2 ml.times.15 media) overnight at
37.degree. C. After the plasmid was extracted using a plasmid
extraction system (DP-480), the extract (approximately 750 .mu.l)
was concentrated to approximately 200 .mu.l using a vacuum
centrifugation concentrator. Then, the concentrate was desalted
using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit, and then the
plasmid was finally eluted with 200 .mu.l of sterile deionized
water.
[0178] Next, the thus obtained plasmid, pGEX-2T(ALS-wild), was
digested with Acc I. Specifically, 75 .mu.l of the eluate was mixed
with 9 .mu.l of 10.times.M buffer, 3 .mu.l of Acc I (12u/.mu.l),
and 3 .mu.l of sterile deionized water, and then the mixture was
allowed to react at 37.degree. C. for 3 hours. After reaction, the
reaction solution was subjected to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis
for apportioning, the target band was excised and collected, and
then purified using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit,
and then a DNA fragment was finally eluted with 100 .mu.l of
sterile deionized water.
[0179] Subsequently, pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) digested with Acc I was
partially digested with Sma I. Specifically, 79 .mu.l of the eluate
was mixed with 10 .mu.l of 10.times.T buffer, 10 .mu.l of 0.1% BSA,
and 1 .mu.l of Sma I (10u/.mu.l) to a total volume of 100 .mu.l,
and then the mixture was incubated at 30.degree. C. for 1 minute.
In addition, since pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) contained Sma I recognition
sequences (on the multicloning site adjacent to Thrombin cleavage
site of pGEX-2T, 276.sup.th and 430.sup.th sequences of ALS gene)
located at three positions separately, partial digestion was
performed in a short time. After reaction, the reaction solution
was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, a band corresponding
to the plasmid wherein only the 430.sup.th Sma I recognition
sequence of ALS gene had been digested was excised and collected,
and then purified using GFX PCR DNA & Gel Band Purification Kit
to remove enzyme and protein. Finally, the purified product was
eluted with 50 .mu.l of sterile deionized water. This Acc
I-digested/Sma I partially-digested pGEX-2T-wild type ALS cDNA
fragment, C512A(P171H) mutant DNA fragment having Sma I site and
Acc I site on its termini obtained by the above method, and
C514A(R172S) mutant DNA fragment were ligated by a standard method.
In FIG. 22, a plasmid containing a mutant ALS gene independently
having only C512A(P171H) mutation obtained by the method is
described as "pGEX-2T(ALS P171H mutant)," and a plasmid containing
a mutant ALS gene independently having only C514A(R172S) mutation
is described as "pGEX-2T(ALS R172S mutant)."
[0180] After that, E. coli (strain JM 109) was transformed using a
total volume of the reaction solution. Single colonies that
appeared on LB media containing ampicillin were screened by PCR in
a manner similar to the above method, so that E. coli transformed
with pGEX-2T(ALS P171H mutant) and E. coli transformed with
pGEX-2T(ALS R172S mutant) were selected.
EXAMPLE 7
Synthesis of 2-Point Mutant (C512A(P171H)/C514A(R172S))ALS cDNA,
Construction of pGEX-2T Retaining the ALS cDNA, and Transformation
of E. coli using this Vector
[0181] Synthesis of 2-point mutant (C512A(P 171H)/C 514A(R172S))ALS
cDNA, and construction of pGEX-2T retaining the ALS cDNA are
described using FIG. 23.
[0182] 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/C514A(R172S))ALS cDNA was
synthesized by PCR using as a template the genomic DNA extracted
from Ga line, according to the method described in Example 6 above.
Specifically, PCR was performed using as a template the genomic DNA
extracted from Ga line, and a primer set of ALS-Rsp6 and ALS-Rsp4,
thereby amplifying a DNA fragment described as "PCR-8" in FIG. 23.
Then, the amplified DNA fragment was ligated into pT7Blue T-vector,
followed by digestion with Acc I and Sma I, thereby obtaining
C512A(P171H)/C514A(A172S) mutant DNA fragment. Next, as shown in
FIG. 22, Acc I-digested/Sma I partially-digested pGEX-2T-wild type
ALS cDNA fragment and C512A(P171H)/C514A(R172S) mutant DNA were
ligated by a standard method. Thus, pGEX-2T(ALS P171H, R172S
mutant) was constructed. Further, similar to Example 6, E. coli
transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS P 171H, R172S mutant) was
prepared.
EXAMPLE 8
Synthesis of 2-Point Mutant (C512A(P 171H)/G 1643T(W548L) and
C512A(P171H)/G1880T(S627I))ALS cDNA, Construction of pGEX-2T
retaining the ALS cDNA, and Transformation of E. coli with this
Vector
[0183] Synthesis of 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L) and
C512A(P171H)/G1880T(S627I))ALS cDNA, and construction of pGEX-2T
retaining the ALS cDNA are described using FIG. 24.
[0184] First, pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant) obtained in Example 5 was
digested with Acc I and then partially digested with Sma I
according to the method of Example 6, so as to cause deletion of a
portion from the 430.sup.th Sma I recognition sequence to Acc I
recognition sequence of ALS gene. Next, this product and
C512A(P171H) mutant fragment prepared in Example 6 were ligated, so
that a plasmid (described as pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L mutant) in
FIG. 24), containing 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L- ))
ALS cDNA was constructed.
[0185] Meanwhile, using pGEX 2T(ALS-S627I mutant) obtained in
Example 5, instead of pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant), a plasmid
(described as "pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, S627I mutant)" in FIG. 24)
containing 2-point mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1880T(S627I)) ALS cDNA was
constructed similarly.
[0186] Further, in a manner similar to the method of Example 6, E.
coli was transformed using these pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L mutant)
and pGEX-2T(ALS-P 171H, S627I mutant).
EXAMPLE 9
Synthesis of 3-Point Mutant (C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L)/G
1880T(S627I)) ALS cDNA, Construction of pGEX-2T Retaining the ALS
cDNA, and Transformation of E. coli with this Vector
[0187] Synthesis of 3-point mutant (C512A(P 171H)/G1643T(W548L)/G
1880T(S627I)) ALS cDNA, and construction of pGEX-2T retaining this
cDNA are described using FIG. 25.
[0188] First, after pGEX 2T(ALS-S627I mutant) obtained in Example 5
was digested with Xho I, BAP treatment was performed according to a
standard method. Next, according to the above method, a target gene
fragment (on the vector side) was separated and purified from
agarose gel. Further, pGEX 2T(ALS-W548L mutant) obtained in Example
5 was digested with Xho I, and then a fragment containing the
mutation was separated and purified from agarose gel according to
the above method.
[0189] Next, to construct "pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant)" having
2-point mutation, G1880T(S627I) and G1643T(W548L), the obtained DNA
fragments were respectively subjected to ligation reaction. After
reaction, the total volume of the reaction solution was transformed
into E. coli (strain JM109). Single colonies that appeared on LB
media containing ampicillin were screened by PCR according to the
above method, and then E. coli having a target plasmid
(pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant)) was selected.
[0190] After culturing the selected E. coli, pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L,
S627I mutant) was constructed according to the above method.
pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant) was digested with Acc I, and then
partially digested with Sma I, thereby constructing
pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L, S627I mutant) wherein a portion from the
430.sup.th Sma I recognition sequence to Acc I recognition sequence
in ALS gene had been deleted. Subsequently, ligation of this
pGEX-2T and C512A(P171H) mutant fragment prepared in Example 6 was
performed, thereby constructing a plasmid containing 3-point mutant
(C512A(P171H)/G1643T(W548L)/G1880T(S627I)) ALS cDNA (described as
"pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L, S627I mutant" in FIG. 25).
[0191] Further, E. coli was transformed using pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H,
W548L, S627I mutant) in a manner similar to the method of Example
6.
EXAMPLE 10
Expression of Mutant ALS Protein
[0192] E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-wild) constructed in
Example 3(5), E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-W548L mutant)
constructed in Example 5, E. coli transformed with
pGEX-2T(ALS-S627I mutant) constructed in Example 5, E. coli
transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS P171H mutant) constructed in Example
6, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS R172S mutant) constructed
in Example 6, E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS P171H, R172S
mutant) constructed in Example 7, E. coli transformed with
pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L mutant) constructed in Example 8; E. coli
transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, S627I mutant) constructed in
Example 8, and E. coli transformed with pGEX-2T(ALS-P171H, W548L,
S627I mutant) constructed in Example 9 were respectively
shake-cultured (pre-culture) at 27.degree. C. in 2 ml of LB liquid
medium containing ampicillin. These types of E. coli were
respectively cultured in 250 ml of LB liquid medium containing
ampicillin using 1 ml of the pre-culture solution. After culturing
overnight, 1 mM IPTG was added to the media, and then culturing was
performed for a further 3 to 4 hours, so that the expression of GST
fusion protein was induced. In addition, the cells were stored at
-80.degree. C. after washing.
[0193] Preparation and purification of ALS from E. coli were
performed by the following method. First, the pellet of the
transformant E. coli stored at -80.degree. C. was suspended in ALS
extraction buffer (potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing
30% glycerol and 0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2). Specifically, 2.5 ml of the
buffer was added to the pellet obtained from 50 ml of the culture
solution. The suspension was subjected to ultrasonication (Heat
Systems-Ultrasonics, Sonicator W-225R, micro chip, output control
8, interval of approximately 1 second, twice (40 seconds each)),
and subjected to centrifugation at 15000.times.g, 4.degree. C. for
20 minutes, thereby obtaining the supernatant as a crude enzyme
solution.
[0194] Thus, 9 types of crude enzyme solutions containing any one
of GST fusion wild type ALS protein, GST fusion W548L mutant ALS
protein, GST fusion S627I mutant ALS protein, GST fusion P171H
mutant ALS protein, GST fusion R172S mutant ALS protein, GST fusion
P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein, GST fusion P171H/W548L mutant ALS
protein, GST fusion P171H/S 6271 mutant ALS protein and GST fusion
P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein were prepared.
EXAMPLE 11
Herbicide Sensitivity of Mutant ALS Protein
[0195] Herbicide sensitivity of the wild type ALS protein and that
of mutant ALS protein were examined using the 9 types of crude
enzyme solutions obtained in Example 10. Herbicide sensitivity test
was performed according to procedures almost the same as those in
Example 2. However, in this example, reaction temperature was
37.degree. C., reaction time was 30 minutes, and 10 mM valine was
added to the reaction solution to inhibit ALS activity derived from
E. coli. Further, three types of herbicides, bispyribac-sodium,
pyrithiobac-sodium, and pyriminobac, were used as PC herbicides;
chlorsulfuron was used as a sulfonylurea herbicide; and imazaquin
was used as an imidazolinon herbicide. Before the addition of
mutant ALS protein, the solutions of these herbicides (aqueous
solutions for bispyribac-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, and acetone
solutions for other herbicides) at a certain concentration were
added into the reaction solutions. The final concentration of
acetone was 1%.
[0196] For the 9 types of crude enzyme solutions, inhibition
activity by bispyribac-sodium is shown in FIGS. 26 and 27, and
Table 9, inhibition activity by pyrithiobac-sodium is shown in
Table 10, inhibition activity by pyriminobac is shown in Table 11,
inhibition activity by chlorsulfuron is shown in Table 12, and
inhibition activity by imazaquin is shown in Table 13.
[0197] In Tables 9 to 13, inhibition activity by each herbicide is
represented by a herbicide concentration (150) which causes 50%
inhibition, when 50% inhibition is obtained at a concentration
tested, and is represented by inhibition % at the highest
concentration among the concentrations tested, when 50% inhibition
could not be obtained. Further, in Tables 9 to 13, predicted RS
ratio refers to the RS ratio of a mutant ALS protein having
multiple mutations, which is a combined RS ratio normally predicted
from each RS ratio of mutant ALS proteins independently having a
mutation. That is, the predicted RS ratio refers to a synergistic
effect normally predicted from a combined RS ratio of mutant ALS
proteins independently having a mutation. Specifically, the
predicted RS ratio of a mutant ALS protein having multiple
mutations was calculated by selecting RS ratios (for all the
mutations corresponding to the multiple mutations of this protein)
of mutant ALS proteins respectively having only one of the
mutations, and then multiplying the selected RS ratios. When an
actual RS ratio exceeds the predicted RS ratio of a mutant ALS
protein having multiple mutations, this protein has resistance
exceeding the synergistic effect (resistance) predicted from a
combined resistance of mutant ALS proteins independently having a
mutation.
9TABLE 9 RS ratio/ pre- Predicted dicted ALS protein type I50
(.mu.M) RS ratio RS ratio RS ratio Wild type 0.0063 P171H mutant
0.055 8.7 R172S mutant 0.0062 0.98 W548L mutant 3.3 520 S627I
mutant 0.26 41 P171H/R172S mutant 0.048 7.6 8.5 0.89 P171H/W548L
mutant 5.5% in 100 .mu.M >15000 4500 >3.3 P171H/S627I mutant
23 3700 360 10 P171H/W548L/S627I 1.1% in 100 .mu.M >16000 190000
>0.084 mutant
[0198]
10TABLE 10 RS ratio/ Predicted predicted ALS protein type I50
(.mu.M) RS ratio RS ratio RS ratio Wild type 0.011 P171H mutant
0.037 3.4 R172S mutant 0.011 1 W548L mutant 41% in 100 .mu.M
>9100 S627I mutant 2.2 200 P171H/R172S mutant 0.14 13 3.4 3.8
P171H/W548L mutant 20% in 100 .mu.M >9100 >31000 P171H/S627I
mutant 9.4 850 680 1.3
[0199]
11TABLE 11 RS ratio/ Predicted predicted ALS protein type I50
(.mu.M) RS ratio RS ratio RS ratio Wild type 0.008 P171H mutant
0.04 5 R172S mutant 0.0092 1.2 W548L mutant 36 4500 S627I mutant 22
2800 P171H/R172S mutant 0.041 5.1 6 0.85 P171H/W548L mutant 11% in
100 .mu.M >13000 23000 >0.57 P171H/S627I mutant 21% in 100
.mu.M >13000 14000 >0.93
[0200]
12TABLE 12 Predict- RS ratio/ ed predicted ALS protein type I50
(.mu.M) RS ratio RS ratio RS ratio Wild type 0.013 P171H mutant 1.1
85 R172S mutant 0.011 0.85 W548L mutant 9.9 760 S627I mutant 0.031
2.4 P171H/R172S mutant 5.5 420 72 5.8 P171H/W548L mutant 16% in 100
.mu.M >7700 65000 >0.18 P171H/S627I mutant 9.9 760 200 3.8
P171H/W548L/S627I 30% in 500 .mu.M >38000 160000 >0.24
mutant
[0201]
13TABLE 13 RS ratio/ Predicted predicted ALS protein type I50
(.mu.M) RS ratio RS ratio RS ratio Wild type 2.2 P171H mutant 3.4
1.5 R172S mutant 2.3 1 W548L mutant 16% in 100 .mu.M >45 S627I
mutant 15 6.8 P171H/R172S mutant 3.9 1.8 1.5 1.2 P171H/W548L mutant
13% in 100 .mu.M >45 >68 P171H/S627I mutant 71 32 10 3.2
P171H/W548L/S627I 15% in 100 .mu.M >45 >460 mutant
[0202] Data of the above Tables 9 to 13 are described below in
order.
[0203] First, data of inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium
(Table 9) revealed the following:
[0204] Among mutant ALS protein coded by the 1-point mutant genes
(P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed
the highest resistance to bispyribac-sodium (RS ratio: 520). S627I
mutant ALS protein or P171H mutant ALS protein also showed high
resistance (RS ratio: 41 and 8.7, respectively), but R172S mutant
ALS protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of wild type
ALS protein (RS ratio: 0.98). These results revealed that P171H
mutation, W548L mutation and S627I mutation in ALS protein are
mutations effective in enhancing resistance to bispyribac-sodium.
Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein was shown to be a silent
mutation.
[0205] On the other hand, among mutant ALS proteins coded by the
2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein showed the
strongest resistance to bispyribac-sodium (5.5% inhibition in 100
.mu.M, and RS ratio: >15000). P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein
also showed strong resistance to bispyribac-sodium (RS ratio:
3700). The degree of resistance of P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein
was approximately the same as P171H mutant ALS protein. Further,
P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein coded by the 3-point mutant
gene also imparted strong resistance to bispyribac-sodium (1.1%
inhibition when 100 .mu.M, and RS ratio: >15000). In addition,
actual results of herbicide dose-response on which these results
were based are shown in FIGS. 26 and 27.
[0206] For the 2-point and 3-point mutations, the predicted RS
ratios and actual RS ratios were compared. RS ratios of P171H/W548L
mutant ALS protein and P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein were
significantly higher than the predicted RS ratios (the ratio of the
RS ratio to the predicted RS ratio was remarkably larger than 1).
These results revealed that these two 2-point mutant genes (the
gene coding for P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein, and the gene coding
for P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein) impart resistance against
bispyribac-sodium to ALS protein which is stronger than an additive
effect predicted from the degree of each resistance of the 1-point
mutant gene.
[0207] Next, inhibition activity by pyrithiobac-sodium (Table 10)
revealed the following:
[0208] Among mutant ALS proteins (P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I)
coded by 1-point mutant genes, W548L mutant ALS protein showed the
strongest resistance to pyrithiobac-sodium (41% in 100 .mu.M, and
RS ratio: >9100). S627I mutant ALS protein also showed
resistance (RS ratio: 200), but the degree of the resistance of
P171H mutant ALS protein was low (RS ratio: 3.4). R172S mutant ALS
protein showed resistance only equivalent to that of the wild type
ALS protein (RS ratio: 0.85). These results revealed that P171H
mutation, W548L mutation and S627I mutation in ALS proteins are
effective mutations in enhancing resistance to pyrithiobac-sodium.
Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein was shown to be a silent
mutation.
[0209] On the other hand, among the mutant ALS proteins coded by
2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the
strongest resistance (20% inhibition in 100 .mu.M, and RS ratio:
>9100), followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (RS ratio:
850). Unlike the data of inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium
shown in Table 9, in the case of pyrithiobac-sodium, P171H/R172S
mutant ALS protein showed a degree of resistance higher than that
of P171H mutant ALS protein (RS ratio: 13). Thus, it was clarified
that R172S mutation, which is a silent mutation by itself, enhances
the degree of resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein.
[0210] Further, for 2-point mutant ALS proteins, when a combined RS
ratio predicted from each RS ratio of 1-point mutant ALS proteins
and the actual RS ratio were compared, it was found that the RS
ratio of P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein was significantly higher
than that of the predicted RS ratio (the ratio of the actual RS
ratio to the predicted RS ratio was remarkably larger than 1).
These results revealed that P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein showed
resistance to pyrithiobac-sodium stronger than that predicted from
the degrees of resistances of the 1-point mutant genes.
[0211] Next, inhibition activity by pyriminobac (Table 11) revealed
the following:
[0212] Among mutant ALS proteins coded by 1-point mutant genes
(P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed
the strongest resistance to pyriminobac (RS ratio: 4500). S627I
mutant ALS protein also imparted strong resistance (RS ratio:
2800), but the degree of resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein was
low (RS ratio: 5). R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance only
equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS ratio: 1.2).
These results revealed that P171H mutation, W548L mutation and
S627I mutation in ALS proteins are mutations effective in enhancing
resistance to pyriminobac. Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein
was shown to be a silent mutation.
[0213] Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by the 2-point mutant
genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the strongest
resistance (11% inhibition in 100 .mu.M, and RS ratio: >13000),
followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (21% inhibition when 100
.mu.M, and RS ratio: >13000). For these P171H/W548L mutant ALS
and P171H/S627I mutant ALS proteins, predicted RS ratios and actual
RS ratios were compared. However, it could not be clarified whether
resistance stronger than the resistance predicted from the degrees
of resistances of each 1-point mutant gene is shown.
[0214] Next, inhibition activity by chlorsulfuron (Table 12)
revealed the following:
[0215] Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 1-point mutant genes
(P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed
the strongest resistance to chlorsulfuron (RS ratio: 760). P171H
mutant ALS protein showed relatively strong resistance (RS ratio:
85), but the degree of resistance of S627I mutant ALS protein was
low (RS ratio: 2.4). R172S mutant ALS protein showed resistance
only equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS ratio:
0.85). These results revealed that P171H mutation and W548L
mutation in ALS protein are mutations effective in enhancing
resistance to chlorsulfuron. Further, R172S mutation in ALS protein
was shown to be a silent mutation.
[0216] Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 2-point mutant genes,
P171H/W548L mutant ALS protein imparted the strongest resistance
(16% inhibition in 100 .mu.M, and RS ratio: >7700), followed by
P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein (RS ratio: 760). Unlike the data of
inhibition activity by bispyribac-sodium shown in Table 9, in the
case of chlorsulfuron, P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein showed a
degree of resistance (RS ratio: 420) higher than that of P171H
mutant ALS protein. Thus, it was clarified that R172S mutation,
which is a silent mutation by itself, enhances the degree of
resistance of P171H mutant ALS protein. Further, P171H/W548L/S627I
mutant ALS protein also imparted strong resistance (30% inhibition
in 500 .mu.M, and RS ratio: >38000).
[0217] For P171H/R172S mutant ALS and P171H/S627I mutant ALS
proteins, predicted RS ratios and actual RS ratios were compared.
For both proteins, the actual RS ratios were significantly higher
than the predicted RS ratios. These results revealed that
P171H/R172S mutant ALS protein and P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein
showed resistance to chlorsulfuron stronger than that predicted
from the degrees of resistances of each 1-point mutant gene.
[0218] Next, data of inhibition activity by Imazaquin (Table 13)
revealed the following:
[0219] Among the mutant ALS proteins coded by 1-point mutant genes
(P171H, R172S, W548L and S627I), W548L mutant ALS protein showed
the strongest resistance to imazaquin (16% in 100 .mu.M, and RS
ratio: >45). S627I mutant ALS protein also showed resistance (RS
ratio: 6.8), but P171H mutant ALS protein showed almost no
resistance (RS ratio: 1.5). R172S mutant ALS protein showed
resistance only equivalent to that of the wild type ALS protein (RS
ratio: 1.0). These results revealed that W548L mutation and S627I
mutation in ALS protein are mutations effective in enhancing
resistance to imazaquin. Further, P171H mutation and R172S mutation
in ALS protein were shown to be silent mutations against
imazaquin.
[0220] Among the 2-point mutant genes, P171H/W548L mutant ALS
protein imparted the strongest resistance (13% inhibition in 100
.mu.M, and RS ratio: >45), followed by P171H/S627I mutant ALS
protein (RS ratio: 32). The degree of resistance of P171H/R172S
mutant ALS protein was almost the same as that of p171H 1-point
mutant gene. Further, P171H/W548L/S627I mutant ALS protein also
imparted strong resistance (15% inhibition in 100 .mu.M, and RS
ratio: >45).
[0221] For these 2-point ALS mutant proteins and 3-point ALS mutant
protein, predicted RS ratios and actual RS ratios were compared.
The RS ratio of P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein was significantly
higher than the predicted RS ratio (the ratio of the actual RS
ratio to the predicted RS ratio was clearly larger than 1). These
results revealed that P171H/S627I mutant ALS protein showed
resistance to imazaquin stronger than that predicted from the
degrees of resistances of each 1-point mutant gene.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0222] As described in detail above, the present invention can
provide a gene coding for acetolactate synthase showing good
resistance to various herbicides, an acetolactate synthase protein
coded by the gene, a recombinant vector having the gene, a
transformant having the recombinant vector, a plant having the
gene, a method for rearing the plant, and a method for selecting a
transformant cell using the gene as a selection marker.
[0223] Sequence Listing Free Text
[0224] SEQ ID NOS: 9 to 34 represent primers.
[0225] The 15.sup.th n in SEQ ID NO: 29 represents a, c, g or t.
Sequence CWU 1
1
39 1 2301 DNA Oryza sativa var. kinmaze CDS (48)..(1979) 1
cccaaaccca gaaaccctcg ccgccgccgc cgccgccacc acccacc atg gct acg 56
Met Ala Thr 1 acc gcc gcg gcc gcg gcc gcc gcc ctg tcc gcc gcc gcg
acg gcc aag 104 Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala
Thr Ala Lys 5 10 15 acc ggc cgt aag aac cac cag cga cac cac gtc ctt
ccc gct cga ggc 152 Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His Gln Arg His His Val Leu
Pro Ala Arg Gly 20 25 30 35 cgg gtg ggg gcg gcg gcg gtc agg tgc tcg
gcg gtg tcc ccg gtc acc 200 Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser
Ala Val Ser Pro Val Thr 40 45 50 ccg ccg tcc ccg gcg ccg ccg gcc
acg ccg ctc cgg ccg tgg ggg ccg 248 Pro Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala
Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro Trp Gly Pro 55 60 65 gcc gag ccc cgc aag ggc
gcg gac atc ctc gtg gag gcg ctg gag cgg 296 Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly
Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg 70 75 80 tgc ggc gtc agc
gac gtg ttc gcc tac ccg ggc ggc gcg tcc atg gag 344 Cys Gly Val Ser
Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu 85 90 95 atc cac
cag gcg ctg acg cgc tcc ccg gtc atc acc aac cac ctc ttc 392 Ile His
Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn His Leu Phe 100 105 110
115 cgc cac gag cag ggc gag gcg ttc gcg gcg tcc ggg tac gcg cgc gcg
440 Arg His Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ala
120 125 130 tcc ggc cgc gtc ggg gtc tgc gtc gcc acc tcc ggc ccc ggg
gca acc 488 Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly
Ala Thr 135 140 145 aac ctc gtg tcc gcg ctc gcc gac gcg ctg ctc gac
tcc gtc ccg atg 536 Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp
Ser Val Pro Met 150 155 160 gtc gcc atc acg ggc cag gtc cac agc cgc
atg atc ggc acc gac gcc 584 Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val His Ser Arg
Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala 165 170 175 ttc cag gag acg ccc ata gtc gag
gtc acc cgc tcc atc acc aag cac 632 Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu
Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His 180 185 190 195 aat tac ctt gtc ctt
gat gtg gag gac atc ccc cgc gtc ata cag gaa 680 Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu
Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Val Ile Gln Glu 200 205 210 gcc ttc ttc
ctc gcg tcc tcg ggc cgt cct ggc ccg gtg ctg gtc gac 728 Ala Phe Phe
Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp 215 220 225 atc
ccc aag gac atc cag cag cag atg gcc gtg ccg gtc tgg gac acc 776 Ile
Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val Trp Asp Thr 230 235
240 tcg atg aat cta cca ggg tac atc gca cgc ctg ccc aag cca ccc gcg
824 Ser Met Asn Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala
245 250 255 aca gaa ttg ctt gag cag gtc ttg cgt ctg gtt ggc gag tca
cgg cgc 872 Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Ser
Arg Arg 260 265 270 275 ccg att ctc tat gtc ggt ggt ggc tgc tct gca
tct ggt gac gaa ttg 920 Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala
Ser Gly Asp Glu Leu 280 285 290 cgc tgg ttt gtt gag ctg act ggt atc
cca gtt aca acc act ctg atg 968 Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile
Pro Val Thr Thr Thr Leu Met 295 300 305 ggc ctc ggc aat ttc ccc agt
gac gac ccg ttg tcc ctg cgc atg ctt 1016 Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro
Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu Arg Met Leu 310 315 320 ggg atg cat ggc
acg gtg tac gca aat tat gcc gtg gat aag gct gac 1064 Gly Met His
Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp 325 330 335 ctg
ttg ctt gcg ttt ggt gtg cgg ttt gat gat cgt gtg aca ggg aaa 1112
Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys 340
345 350 355 att gag gct ttt gca agc agg gcc aag att gtg cac att gac
att gat 1160 Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile
Asp Ile Asp 360 365 370 cca gca gag att gga aag aac aag caa cca cat
gtg tca att tgc gca 1208 Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro
His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala 375 380 385 gat gtt aag ctt gct tta cag ggc
ttg aat gct ctg cta caa cag agc 1256 Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln
Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu Gln Gln Ser 390 395 400 aca aca aag aca agt
tct gat ttt agt gca tgg cac aat gag ttg gac 1304 Thr Thr Lys Thr
Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn Glu Leu Asp 405 410 415 cag cag
aag agg gag ttt cct ctg ggg tac aaa act ttt ggt gaa gag 1352 Gln
Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe Gly Glu Glu 420 425
430 435 atc cca ccg caa tat gcc att cag gtg ctg gat gag ctg acg aaa
ggt 1400 Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr
Lys Gly 440 445 450 gag gca atc atc gct act ggt gtt ggg cag cac cag
atg tgg gcg gca 1448 Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His
Gln Met Trp Ala Ala 455 460 465 caa tat tac acc tac aag cgg cca cgg
cag tgg ctg tct tcg gct ggt 1496 Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro
Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly 470 475 480 ctg ggc gca atg gga ttt
ggg ctg cct gct gca gct ggt gct tct gtg 1544 Leu Gly Ala Met Gly
Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Ser Val 485 490 495 gct aac cca
ggt gtc aca gtt gtt gat att gat ggg gat ggt agc ttc 1592 Ala Asn
Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe 500 505 510
515 ctc atg aac att cag gag ctg gca ttg atc cgc att gag aac ctc cct
1640 Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu
Pro 520 525 530 gtg aag gtg atg gtg ttg aac aac caa cat ttg ggt atg
gtg gtg caa 1688 Val Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly
Met Val Val Gln 535 540 545 tgg gag gat agg ttt tac aag gcg aat agg
gcg cat aca tac ttg ggc 1736 Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn
Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly 550 555 560 aac ccg gaa tgt gag agc gag
ata tat cca gat ttt gtg act att gct 1784 Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser
Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val Thr Ile Ala 565 570 575 aag ggg ttc aat
att cct gca gtc cgt gta aca aag aag agt gaa gtc 1832 Lys Gly Phe
Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Ser Glu Val 580 585 590 595
cgt gcc gcc atc aag aag atg ctc gag act cca ggg cca tac ttg ttg
1880 Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu
Leu 600 605 610 gat atc atc gtc ccg cac cag gag cat gtg ctg cct atg
atc cca agt 1928 Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro
Met Ile Pro Ser 615 620 625 ggg ggc gca ttc aag gac atg atc ctg gat
ggt gat ggc agg act gtg 1976 Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu
Asp Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val 630 635 640 tat taatctataa tctgtatgtt
ggcaaagcac cagcccggcc tatgtttgac 2029 Tyr ctgaatgacc cataaagagt
ggtatgccta tgatgtttgt atgtgctcta tcaataacta 2089 aggtgtcaac
tatgaaccat atgctcttct gttttacttg tttgatgtgc ttggcatggt 2149
aatcctaatt agcttcctgc tgtctaggtt tgtagtgtgt tgttttctgt aggcatatgc
2209 atcacaagat atcatgtaag tttcttgtcc tacatatcaa taataagaga
ataaagtact 2269 tctatgcaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aa 2301 2 644 PRT
Oryza sativa var. kinmaze 2 Met Ala Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala
Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Ala Lys Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn
His Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro 20 25 30 Ala Arg Gly Arg Val Gly
Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser 35 40 45 Pro Val Thr Pro
Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro 50 55 60 Trp Gly
Pro Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala 65 70 75 80
Leu Glu Arg Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala 85
90 95 Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr
Asn 100 105 110 His Leu Phe Arg His Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala
Ser Gly Tyr 115 120 125 Ala Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val
Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro 130 135 140 Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu
Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile
Thr Gly Gln Val His Ser Arg Met Ile Gly 165 170 175 Thr Asp Ala Phe
Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile 180 185 190 Thr Lys
His Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Val 195 200 205
Ile Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val 210
215 220 Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro
Val 225 230 235 240 Trp Asp Thr Ser Met Asn Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala
Arg Leu Pro Lys 245 250 255 Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val
Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu 260 265 270 Ser Arg Arg Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val
Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly 275 280 285 Asp Glu Leu Arg Trp Phe
Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr 290 295 300 Thr Leu Met Gly
Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 Arg
Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp 325 330
335 Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val
340 345 350 Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val
His Ile 355 360 365 Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln
Pro His Val Ser 370 375 380 Ile Cys Ala Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln
Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Gln Gln Ser Thr Thr Lys Thr
Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn 405 410 415 Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln
Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe 420 425 430 Gly Glu Glu
Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu 435 440 445 Thr
Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met 450 455
460 Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser
465 470 475 480 Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala
Ala Ala Gly 485 490 495 Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val
Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp 500 505 510 Gly Ser Phe Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu
Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu 515 520 525 Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val Met
Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met 530 535 540 Val Val Gln Trp Glu
Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr 545 550 555 560 Tyr Leu
Gly Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val 565 570 575
Thr Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys 580
585 590 Ser Glu Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly
Pro 595 600 605 Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val
Leu Pro Met 610 615 620 Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile
Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly 625 630 635 640 Arg Thr Val Tyr 3 2300 DNA
Oryza sativa var. kinmaze CDS (48)..(1979) 3 cccaaaccca gaaaccctcg
ccgccgccgc cgccgccacc acccacc atg gct acg 56 Met Ala Thr 1 acc gcc
gcg gcc gcg gcc gcc gcc ctg tcc gcc gcc gcg acg gcc aag 104 Thr Ala
Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Lys 5 10 15 acc
ggc cgt aag aac cac cag cga cac cac gtc ctt ccc gct cga ggc 152 Thr
Gly Arg Lys Asn His Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro Ala Arg Gly 20 25
30 35 cgg gtg ggg gcg gcg gcg gtc agg tgc tcg gcg gtg tcc ccg gtc
acc 200 Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser Pro Val
Thr 40 45 50 ccg ccg tcc ccg gcg ccg ccg gcc acg ccg ctc cgg ccg
tgg ggg ccg 248 Pro Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro
Trp Gly Pro 55 60 65 gcc gag ccc cgc aag ggc gcg gac atc ctc gtg
gag gcg ctg gag cgg 296 Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val
Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg 70 75 80 tgc ggc gtc agc gac gtg ttc gcc tac
ccg ggc ggc gcg tcc atg gag 344 Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr
Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu 85 90 95 atc cac cag gcg ctg acg cgc
tcc ccg gtc atc acc aac cac ctc ttc 392 Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg
Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn His Leu Phe 100 105 110 115 cgc cac gag cag
ggc gag gcg ttc gcg gcg tcc ggg tac gcg cgc gcg 440 Arg His Glu Gln
Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ala 120 125 130 tcc ggc
cgc gtc ggg gtc tgc gtc gcc acc tcc ggc ccc ggg gca acc 488 Ser Gly
Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr 135 140 145
aac ctc gtg tcc gcg ctc gcc gac gcg ctg ctc gac tcc gtc ccg atg 536
Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Met 150
155 160 gtc gcc atc acg ggc cag gtc cac cgc cgc atg atc ggc acc gac
gcc 584 Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val His Arg Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp
Ala 165 170 175 ttc cag gag acg ccc ata gtc gag gtc acc cgc tcc atc
acc aag cac 632 Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile
Thr Lys His 180 185 190 195 aat tac ctt gtc ctt gat gtg gag gac atc
ccc cgc gtc ata cag gaa 680 Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu Asp Ile
Pro Arg Val Ile Gln Glu 200 205 210 gcc ttc ttc ctc gcg tcc tcg ggc
cgt cct ggc ccg gtg ctg gtc gac 728 Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly
Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp 215 220 225 atc ccc aag gac atc cag
cag cag atg gcc gtg ccg gtc tgg gac acc 776 Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln
Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val Trp Asp Thr 230 235 240 tcg atg aat cta
cca ggg tac atc gca cgc ctg ccc aag cca ccc gcg 824 Ser Met Asn Leu
Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala 245 250 255 aca gaa
ttg ctt gag cag gtc ttg cgt ctg gtt ggc gag tca cgg cgc 872 Thr Glu
Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Arg Arg 260 265 270
275 ccg att ctc tat gtc ggt ggt ggc tgc tct gca tct ggt gac gaa ttg
920 Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly Asp Glu Leu
280 285 290 cgc tgg ttt gtt gag ctg act ggt atc cca gtt aca acc act
ctg atg 968 Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr Thr
Leu Met 295 300 305 ggc ctc ggc aat ttc ccc agt gac gac ccg ttg tcc
ctg cgc atg ctt 1016 Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu
Ser Leu Arg Met Leu 310 315 320 ggg atg cat ggc acg gtg tac gca aat
tat gcc gtg gat aag gct gac 1064 Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala
Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp 325 330 335 ctg ttg ctt gcg ttt ggt
gtg cgg ttt gat gat cgt gtg aca ggg aaa 1112 Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe
Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys 340 345 350 355 att gag
gct ttt gca agc agg gcc aag att gtg cac att gac att gat 1160 Ile
Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp 360 365
370 cca gca gag att gga aag aac aag caa cca cat gtg tca att tgc gca
1208 Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser Ile Cys
Ala 375 380 385 gat gtt aag ctt gct tta cag ggc ttg aat gct ctg cta
caa cag agc 1256 Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu
Leu Gln Gln Ser 390 395 400 aca aca aag
aca agt tct gat ttt agt gca tgg cac aat gag ttg gac 1304 Thr Thr
Lys Thr Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn Glu Leu Asp 405 410 415
cag cag aag agg gag ttt cct ctg ggg tac aaa act ttt ggt gaa gag
1352 Gln Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe Gly Glu
Glu 420 425 430 435 atc cca ccg caa tat gcc att cag gtg ctg gat gag
ctg acg aaa ggt 1400 Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp
Glu Leu Thr Lys Gly 440 445 450 gag gca atc atc gct act ggt gtt ggg
cag cac cag atg tgg gcg gca 1448 Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val
Gly Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala 455 460 465 caa tat tac acc tac aag
cgg cca cgg cag tgg ctg tct tcg gct ggt 1496 Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr
Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly 470 475 480 ctg ggc gca
atg gga ttt ggg ctg cct gct gca gct ggt gct tct gtg 1544 Leu Gly
Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Ser Val 485 490 495
gct aac cca ggt gtc aca gtt gtt gat att gat ggg gat ggt agc ttc
1592 Ala Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser
Phe 500 505 510 515 ctc atg aac att cag gag ctg gca ttg atc cgc att
gag aac ctc cct 1640 Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg
Ile Glu Asn Leu Pro 520 525 530 gtg aag gtg atg gtg ttg aac aac caa
cat ttg ggt atg gtg gtg caa 1688 Val Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn
Gln His Leu Gly Met Val Val Gln 535 540 545 ttg gag gat agg ttt tac
aag gcg aat agg gcg cat aca tac ttg ggc 1736 Leu Glu Asp Arg Phe
Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly 550 555 560 aac ccg gaa
tgt gag agc gag ata tat cca gat ttt gtg act att gct 1784 Asn Pro
Glu Cys Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val Thr Ile Ala 565 570 575
aag ggg ttc aat att cct gca gtc cgt gta aca aag aag agt gaa gtc
1832 Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Ser Glu
Val 580 585 590 595 cgt gcc gcc atc aag aag atg ctc gag act cca ggg
cca tac ttg ttg 1880 Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro
Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu 600 605 610 gat atc atc gtc ccg cac cag gag cat
gtg ctg cct atg atc cca agt 1928 Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu
His Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser 615 620 625 ggg ggc gca ttc aag gac
atg atc ctg gat ggt gat ggc agg act gtg 1976 Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys
Asp Met Ile Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val 630 635 640 tat
taatctataa tctgtatgtt ggcaaagcac cagcccggcc tatgtttgac 2029 Tyr
ctgaatgacc cataaagagt ggtatgccta tgatgtttgt atgtgctcta tcaataacta
2089 aggtgtcaac tatgaaccat atgctcttct gttttacttg tttgatgtgc
ttggcatggt 2149 aatcctaatt agcttcctgc tgtctaggtt tgtagtgtgt
tgttttctgt aggcatatgc 2209 atcacaagat atcatgtaag tttcttgtcc
tacatatcaa taataagaga ataaagtact 2269 tctatgcaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa a 2300 4 644 PRT Oryza sativa var. kinmaze 4 Met Ala Thr
Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr
Ala Lys Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro 20 25
30 Ala Arg Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser
35 40 45 Pro Val Thr Pro Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu
Arg Pro 50 55 60 Trp Gly Pro Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile
Leu Val Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Glu Arg Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe
Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala 85 90 95 Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu
Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn 100 105 110 His Leu Phe Arg His Glu
Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr 115 120 125 Ala Arg Ala Ser
Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro 130 135 140 Gly Ala
Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser 145 150 155
160 Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val His Arg Arg Met Ile Gly
165 170 175 Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg
Ser Ile 180 185 190 Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu Asp
Ile Pro Arg Val 195 200 205 Ile Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser
Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val 210 215 220 Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile
Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val 225 230 235 240 Trp Asp Thr Ser Met
Asn Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys 245 250 255 Pro Pro Ala
Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu 260 265 270 Ser
Arg Arg Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly 275 280
285 Asp Glu Leu Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr
290 295 300 Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu
Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 Arg Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala
Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp 325 330 335 Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly
Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val 340 345 350 Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala Phe
Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile 355 360 365 Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala
Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser 370 375 380 Ile Cys Ala
Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu 385 390 395 400
Gln Gln Ser Thr Thr Lys Thr Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn 405
410 415 Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr
Phe 420 425 430 Gly Glu Glu Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu
Asp Glu Leu 435 440 445 Thr Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val
Gly Gln His Gln Met 450 455 460 Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys
Arg Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser 465 470 475 480 Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala
Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly 485 490 495 Ala Ser Val Ala
Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp 500 505 510 Gly Ser
Phe Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu 515 520 525
Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met 530
535 540 Val Val Gln Leu Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His
Thr 545 550 555 560 Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr
Pro Asp Phe Val 565 570 575 Thr Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala
Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys 580 585 590 Ser Glu Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys
Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro 595 600 605 Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile
Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met 610 615 620 Ile Pro Ser Gly
Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly 625 630 635 640 Arg
Thr Val Tyr 5 2294 DNA Oryza sativa var. kinmaze CDS (48)..(1979) 5
cccaaaccca gaaaccctcg ccgccgccgc cgccgccacc acccacc atg gct acg 56
Met Ala Thr 1 acc gcc gcg gcc gcg gcc gcc gcc ctg tcc gcc gcc gcg
acg gcc aag 104 Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala
Thr Ala Lys 5 10 15 acc ggc cgt aag aac cac cag cga cac cac gtc ctt
ccc gct cga ggc 152 Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His Gln Arg His His Val Leu
Pro Ala Arg Gly 20 25 30 35 cgg gtg ggg gcg gcg gcg gtc agg tgc tcg
gcg gtg tcc ccg gtc acc 200 Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser
Ala Val Ser Pro Val Thr 40 45 50 ccg ccg tcc ccg gcg ccg ccg gcc
acg ccg ctc cgg ccg tgg ggg ccg 248 Pro Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala
Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro Trp Gly Pro 55 60 65 gcc gag ccc cgc aag ggc
gcg gac atc ctc gtg gag gcg ctg gag cgg 296 Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly
Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg 70 75 80 tgc ggc gtc agc
gac gtg ttc gcc tac ccg ggc ggc gcg tcc atg gag 344 Cys Gly Val Ser
Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu 85 90 95 atc cac
cag gcg ctg acg cgc tcc ccg gtc atc acc aac cac ctc ttc 392 Ile His
Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn His Leu Phe 100 105 110
115 cgc cac gag cag ggc gag gcg ttc gcg gcg tcc ggg tac gcg cgc gcg
440 Arg His Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ala
120 125 130 tcc ggc cgc gtc ggg gtc tgc gtc gcc acc tcc ggc ccc ggg
gca acc 488 Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly
Ala Thr 135 140 145 aac ctc gtg tcc gcg ctc gcc gac gcg ctg ctc gac
tcc gtc ccg atg 536 Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp
Ser Val Pro Met 150 155 160 gtc gcc atc acg ggc cag gtc cac cgc cgc
atg atc ggc acc gac gcc 584 Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val His Arg Arg
Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala 165 170 175 ttc cag gag acg ccc ata gtc gag
gtc acc cgc tcc atc acc aag cac 632 Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu
Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His 180 185 190 195 aat tac ctt gtc ctt
gat gtg gag gac atc ccc cgc gtc ata cag gaa 680 Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu
Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Val Ile Gln Glu 200 205 210 gcc ttc ttc
ctc gcg tcc tcg ggc cgt cct ggc ccg gtg ctg gtc gac 728 Ala Phe Phe
Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp 215 220 225 atc
ccc aag gac atc cag cag cag atg gcc gtg ccg gtc tgg gac acc 776 Ile
Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val Trp Asp Thr 230 235
240 tcg atg aat cta cca ggg tac atc gca cgc ctg ccc aag cca ccc gcg
824 Ser Met Asn Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala
245 250 255 aca gaa ttg ctt gag cag gtc ttg cgt ctg gtt ggc gag tca
cgg cgc 872 Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Ser
Arg Arg 260 265 270 275 ccg att ctc tat gtc ggt ggt ggc tgc tct gca
tct ggt gac gaa ttg 920 Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala
Ser Gly Asp Glu Leu 280 285 290 cgc tgg ttt gtt gag ctg act ggt atc
cca gtt aca acc act ctg atg 968 Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile
Pro Val Thr Thr Thr Leu Met 295 300 305 ggc ctc ggc aat ttc ccc agt
gac gac ccg ttg tcc ctg cgc atg ctt 1016 Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro
Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu Arg Met Leu 310 315 320 ggg atg cat ggc
acg gtg tac gca aat tat gcc gtg gat aag gct gac 1064 Gly Met His
Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp 325 330 335 ctg
ttg ctt gcg ttt ggt gtg cgg ttt gat gat cgt gtg aca ggg aaa 1112
Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys 340
345 350 355 att gag gct ttt gca agc agg gcc aag att gtg cac att gac
att gat 1160 Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile
Asp Ile Asp 360 365 370 cca gca gag att gga aag aac aag caa cca cat
gtg tca att tgc gca 1208 Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro
His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala 375 380 385 gat gtt aag ctt gct tta cag ggc
ttg aat gct ctg cta caa cag agc 1256 Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln
Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu Gln Gln Ser 390 395 400 aca aca aag aca agt
tct gat ttt agt gca tgg cac aat gag ttg gac 1304 Thr Thr Lys Thr
Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn Glu Leu Asp 405 410 415 cag cag
aag agg gag ttt cct ctg ggg tac aaa act ttt ggt gaa gag 1352 Gln
Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe Gly Glu Glu 420 425
430 435 atc cca ccg caa tat gcc att cag gtg ctg gat gag ctg acg aaa
ggt 1400 Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr
Lys Gly 440 445 450 gag gca atc atc gct act ggt gtt ggg cag cac cag
atg tgg gcg gca 1448 Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His
Gln Met Trp Ala Ala 455 460 465 caa tat tac acc tac aag cgg cca cgg
cag tgg ctg tct tcg gct ggt 1496 Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro
Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly 470 475 480 ctg ggc gca atg gga ttt
ggg ctg cct gct gca gct ggt gct tct gtg 1544 Leu Gly Ala Met Gly
Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Ser Val 485 490 495 gct aac cca
ggt gtc aca gtt gtt gat att gat ggg gat ggt agc ttc 1592 Ala Asn
Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe 500 505 510
515 ctc atg aac att cag gag ctg gca ttg atc cgc att gag aac ctc cct
1640 Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu
Pro 520 525 530 gtg aag gtg atg gtg ttg aac aac caa cat ttg ggt atg
gtg gtg caa 1688 Val Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly
Met Val Val Gln 535 540 545 tgg gag gat agg ttt tac aag gcg aat agg
gcg cat aca tac ttg ggc 1736 Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn
Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly 550 555 560 aac ccg gaa tgt gag agc gag
ata tat cca gat ttt gtg act att gct 1784 Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser
Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val Thr Ile Ala 565 570 575 aag ggg ttc aat
att cct gca gtc cgt gta aca aag aag agt gaa gtc 1832 Lys Gly Phe
Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Ser Glu Val 580 585 590 595
cgt gcc gcc atc aag aag atg ctc gag act cca ggg cca tac ttg ttg
1880 Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu
Leu 600 605 610 gat atc atc gtc ccg cac cag gag cat gtg ctg cct atg
atc cca att 1928 Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro
Met Ile Pro Ile 615 620 625 ggg ggc gca ttc aag gac atg atc ctg gat
ggt gat ggc agg act gtg 1976 Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu
Asp Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val 630 635 640 tat taatctataa tctgtatgtt
ggcaaagcac cagcccggcc tatgtttgac 2029 Tyr ctgaatgacc cataaagagt
ggtatgccta tgatgtttgt atgtgctcta tcaataacta 2089 aggtgtcaac
tatgaaccat atgctcttct gttttacttg tttgatgtgc ttggcatggt 2149
aatcctaatt agcttcctgc tgtctaggtt tgtagtgtgt tgttttctgt aggcatatgc
2209 atcacaagat atcatgtaag tttcttgtcc tacatatcaa taataagaga
ataaagtact 2269 tctatgtaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa 2294 6 644 PRT Oryza
sativa var. kinmaze 6 Met Ala Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala
Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Ala Lys Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His
Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro 20 25 30 Ala Arg Gly Arg Val Gly Ala
Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser 35 40 45 Pro Val Thr Pro Pro
Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro 50 55 60 Trp Gly Pro
Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu
Glu Arg Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala 85 90
95 Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn
100 105 110 His Leu Phe Arg His Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr 115 120 125 Ala Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala
Thr Ser Gly Pro 130 135 140 Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala
Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile Thr
Gly Gln Val His Arg Arg Met Ile Gly 165 170 175 Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln
Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile 180 185 190 Thr Lys His
Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Val 195 200 205 Ile
Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val 210 215
220 Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met
Ala Val Pro Val 225 230 235 240 Trp Asp Thr Ser Met Asn Leu Pro Gly
Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys 245 250 255 Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu Leu Leu
Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu 260 265 270 Ser Arg Arg Pro Ile
Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly 275 280 285 Asp Glu Leu
Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr 290 295 300 Thr
Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu 305 310
315 320 Arg Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val
Asp 325 330 335 Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp
Asp Arg Val 340 345 350 Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala
Lys Ile Val His Ile 355 360 365 Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys
Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser 370 375 380 Ile Cys Ala Asp Val Lys Leu
Ala Leu Gln Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Gln Gln Ser Thr
Thr Lys Thr Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn 405 410 415 Glu Leu
Asp Gln Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe 420 425 430
Gly Glu Glu Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu 435
440 445 Thr Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln
Met 450 455 460 Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln
Trp Leu Ser 465 470 475 480 Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe Gly
Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly 485 490 495 Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro Gly Val
Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp 500 505 510 Gly Ser Phe Leu Met Asn
Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu 515 520 525 Asn Leu Pro Val
Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met 530 535 540 Val Val
Gln Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr 545 550 555
560 Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val
565 570 575 Thr Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr
Lys Lys 580 585 590 Ser Glu Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu
Thr Pro Gly Pro 595 600 605 Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln
Glu His Val Leu Pro Met 610 615 620 Ile Pro Ile Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys
Asp Met Ile Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly 625 630 635 640 Arg Thr Val Tyr 7
2294 DNA Oryza sativa var. kinmaze CDS (48)..(1979) 7 cccaaaccca
gaaaccctcg ccgccgccgc cgccgccacc acccacc atg gct acg 56 Met Ala Thr
1 acc gcc gcg gcc gcg gcc gcc gcc ctg tcc gcc gcc gcg acg gcc aag
104 Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Lys
5 10 15 acc ggc cgt aag aac cac cag cga cac cac gtc ctt ccc gct cga
ggc 152 Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro Ala Arg
Gly 20 25 30 35 cgg gtg ggg gcg gcg gcg gtc agg tgc tcg gcg gtg tcc
ccg gtc acc 200 Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser
Pro Val Thr 40 45 50 ccg ccg tcc ccg gcg ccg ccg gcc acg ccg ctc
cgg ccg tgg ggg ccg 248 Pro Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu
Arg Pro Trp Gly Pro 55 60 65 gcc gag ccc cgc aag ggc gcg gac atc
ctc gtg gag gcg ctg gag cgg 296 Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile
Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg 70 75 80 tgc ggc gtc agc gac gtg ttc
gcc tac ccg ggc ggc gcg tcc atg gag 344 Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe
Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu 85 90 95 atc cac cag gcg ctg
acg cgc tcc ccg gtc atc acc aac cac ctc ttc 392 Ile His Gln Ala Leu
Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn His Leu Phe 100 105 110 115 cgc cac
gag cag ggc gag gcg ttc gcg gcg tcc ggg tac gcg cgc gcg 440 Arg His
Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ala 120 125 130
tcc ggc cgc gtc ggg gtc tgc gtc gcc acc tcc ggc ccc ggg gca acc 488
Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr 135
140 145 aac ctc gtg tcc gcg ctc gcc gac gcg ctg ctc gac tcc gtc ccg
atg 536 Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro
Met 150 155 160 gtc gcc atc acg ggc cag gtc cac cgc cgc atg atc ggc
acc gac gcc 584 Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val His Arg Arg Met Ile Gly
Thr Asp Ala 165 170 175 ttc cag gag acg ccc ata gtc gag gtc acc cgc
tcc atc acc aag cac 632 Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg
Ser Ile Thr Lys His 180 185 190 195 aat tac ctt gtc ctt gat gtg gag
gac atc ccc cgc gtc ata cag gaa 680 Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu
Asp Ile Pro Arg Val Ile Gln Glu 200 205 210 gcc ttc ttc ctc gcg tcc
tcg ggc cgt cct ggc ccg gtg ctg gtc gac 728 Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser
Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp 215 220 225 atc ccc aag gac
atc cag cag cag atg gcc gtg ccg gtc tgg gac acc 776 Ile Pro Lys Asp
Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val Trp Asp Thr 230 235 240 tcg atg
aat cta cca ggg tac atc gca cgc ctg ccc aag cca ccc gcg 824 Ser Met
Asn Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala 245 250 255
aca gaa ttg ctt gag cag gtc ttg cgt ctg gtt ggc gag tca cgg cgc 872
Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Arg Arg 260
265 270 275 ccg att ctc tat gtc ggt ggt ggc tgc tct gca tct ggt gac
gaa ttg 920 Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly Asp
Glu Leu 280 285 290 cgc tgg ttt gtt gag ctg act ggt atc cca gtt aca
acc act ctg atg 968 Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr
Thr Thr Leu Met 295 300 305 ggc ctc ggc aat ttc ccc agt gac gac ccg
ttg tcc ctg cgc atg ctt 1016 Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp
Pro Leu Ser Leu Arg Met Leu 310 315 320 ggg atg cat ggc acg gtg tac
gca aat tat gcc gtg gat aag gct gac 1064 Gly Met His Gly Thr Val
Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp 325 330 335 ctg ttg ctt gcg
ttt ggt gtg cgg ttt gat gat cgt gtg aca ggg aaa 1112 Leu Leu Leu
Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys 340 345 350 355
att gag gct ttt gca agc agg gcc aag att gtg cac att gac att gat
1160 Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile
Asp 360 365 370 cca gca gag att gga aag aac aag caa cca cat gtg tca
att tgc gca 1208 Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val
Ser Ile Cys Ala 375 380 385 gat gtt aag ctt gct tta cag ggc ttg aat
gct ctg cta caa cag agc 1256 Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Leu
Asn Ala Leu Leu Gln Gln Ser 390 395 400 aca aca aag aca agt tct gat
ttt agt gca tgg cac aat gag ttg gac 1304 Thr Thr Lys Thr Ser Ser
Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn Glu Leu Asp 405 410 415 cag cag aag agg
gag ttt cct ctg ggg tac aaa act ttt ggt gaa gag 1352 Gln Gln Lys
Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe Gly Glu Glu 420 425 430 435
atc cca ccg caa tat gcc att cag gtg ctg gat gag ctg acg aaa ggt
1400 Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys
Gly 440 445 450 gag gca atc atc gct act ggt gtt ggg cag cac cag atg
tgg gcg gca 1448 Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln
Met Trp Ala Ala 455 460 465 caa tat tac acc tac aag cgg cca cgg cag
tgg ctg tct tcg gct ggt 1496 Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg
Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly 470 475 480 ctg ggc gca atg gga ttt ggg
ctg cct gct gca gct ggt gct tct gtg 1544 Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe
Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Ser Val 485 490 495 gct aac cca ggt
gtc aca gtt gtt gat att gat ggg gat ggt agc ttc 1592 Ala Asn Pro
Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe 500 505 510 515
ctc atg aac att cag gag ctg gca ttg atc cgc att gag aac ctc cct
1640 Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu
Pro 520 525 530 gtg aag gtg atg gtg ttg aac aac caa cat ttg ggt atg
gtg gtg caa 1688 Val Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly
Met Val Val Gln 535 540 545 ttg gag gat agg ttt tac aag gcg aat agg
gcg cat aca tac ttg ggc 1736 Leu Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn
Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly 550 555 560 aac ccg gaa tgt gag agc gag
ata tat cca gat ttt gtg act att gct 1784 Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser
Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val Thr Ile Ala 565 570 575 aag ggg ttc aat
att cct gca gtc cgt gta aca aag aag agt gaa gtc 1832 Lys Gly Phe
Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Ser Glu Val 580 585 590 595
cgt gcc gcc atc aag aag atg ctc gag act cca ggg cca tac ttg ttg
1880 Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu
Leu 600 605 610 gat atc atc gtc ccg cac cag gag cat gtg ctg cct atg
atc cca att 1928 Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro
Met Ile Pro Ile 615 620 625 ggg ggc gca ttc aag gac atg atc ctg gat
ggt gat ggc agg act gtg 1976 Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu
Asp Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val 630 635 640 tat taatctataa tctgtatgtt
ggcaaagcac cagcccggcc tatgtttgac 2029 Tyr ctgaatgacc cataaagagt
ggtatgccta tgatgtttgt atgtgctcta tcaataacta 2089 aggtgtcaac
tatgaaccat atgctcttct gttttacttg tttgatgtgc ttggcatggt 2149
aatcctaatt agcttcctgc tgtctaggtt tgtagtgtgt tgttttctgt aggcatatgc
2209 atcacaagat atcatgtaag tttcttgtcc tacatatcaa taataagaga
ataaagtact 2269 tctatgtaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa 2294 8 644 PRT Oryza
sativa var. kinmaze 8 Met Ala Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala
Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Ala Lys Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His
Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro 20 25 30 Ala Arg Gly Arg Val Gly Ala
Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser 35 40 45 Pro Val Thr Pro Pro
Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro 50 55 60 Trp Gly Pro
Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu
Glu Arg Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala 85 90
95 Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn
100 105 110 His Leu Phe Arg His Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser
Gly Tyr 115 120 125 Ala Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala
Thr Ser Gly Pro 130 135 140 Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala
Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile Thr
Gly Gln Val His Arg Arg Met Ile Gly 165 170 175 Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln
Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile 180 185 190 Thr Lys His
Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Val 195 200 205 Ile
Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val 210 215
220 Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val
225 230 235 240 Trp Asp Thr Ser Met Asn Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg
Leu Pro Lys 245 250 255 Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu
Arg Leu Val Gly Glu 260 265 270 Ser Arg Arg Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly
Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly 275 280 285 Asp Glu Leu Arg Trp Phe Val
Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr 290 295 300 Thr Leu Met Gly Leu
Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 Arg Met
Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp 325 330 335
Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val 340
345 350 Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His
Ile 355 360 365 Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro
His Val Ser 370 375 380 Ile Cys Ala Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly
Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Gln Gln Ser Thr Thr Lys Thr Ser
Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn 405 410 415 Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Lys
Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe 420 425 430 Gly Glu Glu Ile
Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu 435 440 445 Thr Lys
Gly Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met 450 455 460
Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser 465
470 475 480 Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala
Ala Gly 485 490 495 Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp
Ile Asp Gly Asp 500 505 510 Gly Ser Phe Leu Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu
Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu 515 520 525 Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val Met Val
Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met 530 535 540 Val Val Gln Leu Glu Asp
Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr 545 550 555 560 Tyr Leu Gly
Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val 565 570 575 Thr
Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys 580 585
590 Ser Glu Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro
595 600 605 Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu
Pro Met 610 615 620 Ile Pro Ile Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu
Asp Gly Asp Gly 625 630 635 640 Arg Thr Val Tyr 9 21 DNA Artificial
Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 9 gctctgctac aacagagcac a 21 10 21 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 10 agtcctgcca tcaccatcca g 21 11 19 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 11 ctgggacacc tcgatgaat 19 12 25 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 12 caacaaacca gcgcaattcg tcacc 25 13 18 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 13 catcaccaac cacctctt 18 14 21 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 14 aactgggata ccagtcagct c 21 15 16 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 15 tgtgcttggt gatgga 16 16 22 DNA Artificial
Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 16 tcaaggacat gatcctggat gg 22 17 18 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 17 cagcgacgtg ttcgccta 18 18 18 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 18 ccaccgacat agagaatc 18 19 18 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 19 acacggactg caggaata
18 20 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
synthetic oligonucleotide primer 20 ttacaaggcg aatagggc 18 21 17
DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
synthetic oligonucleotide primer 21 gcatcttctt gatggcg 17 22 18 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 22 atgcatggca cggtgtac 18 23 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 23 gattgcctca cctttcg 17 24 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 24 aggtgtcaca gttgttg 17 25 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 25 agaggtggtt ggtgatg 17 26 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 26 gctttgccaa catacag 17 27 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 27 cagcccaaat cccattg 17 28 18 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 28 atgtaccctg gtagattc 18 29 17 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 29 gtttygctay ccggngg 17 30 19 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 30 ggaaacagct atgaccatg 19 31 23 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 31 ccgggagctg catgtgtcag agg 23 32 23 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 32 gggctggcaa gccacgtttg gtg 23 33 30 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence synthetic
oligonucleotide primer 33 ccccagccgc atgatcggca ccgacgcctt 30 34 27
DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence
synthetic oligonucleotide primer 34 cggtgccgat catgcggctg gggacct
27 35 1403 DNA Nippon-bare 35 acccacgcgt ccgatgtgga ggacatcccc
cgcgtcatac aggaagcctt cttcctcgcg 60 tcctcgggcc gtcctggccc
ggtgctggtc gacatcccca aggacatcca gcagcagatg 120 gccgtgccgg
tctgggacac ctcgatgaat ctaccagggt acatcgcacg cctgcccaag 180
ccacccgcga cagaattgct tgagcaggtc ttgcgtctgg ttggcgagtc acggcgcccg
240 attctctatg tcggtggtgg ctgctctgca tctggtgacg aattgcgctg
gtttgttgag 300 ctgactggta tcccagttac aaccactctg atgggcctcg
gcaatttccc cagtgacgac 360 ccgttgtccc tgcgcatgct tgggatgcat
ggcacggtgt acgcaaatta tgccgtggat 420 aaggctgacc tgttgcttgc
gtttggtgtg cggtttgatg atcgtgtgac agggaaaatt 480 gaggcttttg
caagcagggc caagattgtg cacattgaca ttgatccagc agagattgga 540
aagaacaagc aaccacatgt gtcaatttgc gcagatgtta agcttgcttt acagggcttg
600 aatgctctgc tacaacagag cacaacaaag acaagttctg attttagtgc
atggcacaat 660 gagttggacc agcagaagag ggagtttcct ctggggtaca
aaacttttgg tgaagagatc 720 ccaccgcaat atgccattca ggtgctggat
gagctgacga aaggtgaggc aatcatcgct 780 actggtgttg ggcagcacca
gatgtgggcg gcacaatatt acacctacaa gcggccacgg 840 cagtggctgt
cttcggctgg tctgggcgca atgggatttg ggctgcctgc tgcagctggt 900
gcttctgtgg ctaacccagg tgtcacagtt gttgatattg atggggatgg tagcttcctc
960 atgaacattc aggagctggc attgatccgc attgagaacc tccctgtgaa
ggtgatggtg 1020 ttgaacaacc aacatttggg tatggtggtg caatgggagg
ataggtttta caaggcgaat 1080 agggcgcata catacttggg caacccggaa
tgtgagagcg agatatatcc agattttgtg 1140 acctattgct aaggggttca
atattcctgc agtccgtgta acaaagaaga gtgaagtccg 1200 tgccgccatc
aagaagatgc tcgagactcc agggccatac ttgttggata tcatcgtccc 1260
gcaccaggag catgtgctgc ctatgatccc aagtgggggc gcattcaagg acatgatcct
1320 ggatggtgat ggcaggactg tgtattaatc tataatctgt atgttggcaa
agcaccagcc 1380 cggcctatgt ttgacctgaa tga 1403 36 1404 DNA Maize 36
catcgtcgag gtcacccgct ccatcaccaa gcacaactac ctggtcctcg acgtcgacga
60 catcccccgc gtcgtgcagg aggccttctt cctcgcatcc tctggtcgcc
cggggccggt 120 gcttgttgac atccccaagg acatccagca gcagatggcg
gtgccggcct gggacacgcc 180 catgagtctg cctgggtaca tcgcgcgcct
tcccaagcct cccgcgactg aatttcttga 240 gcaggtgctg cgtcttgttg
gtgaatcacg gcgccctgtt ctttatgttg gcggtggctg 300 tgcagcatca
ggtgaggagt tgtgccgctt tgtggagttg actggaatcc cagtcacaac 360
tactcttatg ggccttggca acttccccag cgacgaccca ctgtcactgc gcatgcttgg
420 tatgcatggc acagtgtatg caaattatgc agtggataag gccgatctgt
tgcttgcatt 480 tggtgtgcgg tttgatgatc gtgtgacagg gaaaattgag
gcttttgcag gcagagctaa 540 gattgtgcac attgatattg atcctgctga
gattggcaag aacaagcagc cacatgtgtc 600 catctgtgca gatgttaagc
ttgctttgca gggcatgaat actcttctgg aaggaagcac 660 atcaaagaag
agctttgact tcggctcatg gcatgatgaa ttggatcagc aaaagaggga 720
gtttcccctt ggatataaaa tcttcaatga ggaaatccag ccacaatatg ctattcaggt
780 tcttgatgag ttgacgaagg gggaggccat cattgccaca ggtgttgggc
agcaccagat 840 gtgggcggca cagtattaca cttacaagcg gccaaggcag
tggctgtctt cagctggtct 900 tggggctatg ggatttggtt tgccggctgc
tgctggtgct gctgtggcca acccaggtgt 960 cactgttgtt gacatcgacg
gagatggtag cttcctcatg aacattcagg agctagctat 1020 gatccgtatt
gagaacctcc cagtcaaggt ctttgtgcta aacaaccagc acctcgggat 1080
ggtggtgcag tgggaggaca ggttctataa ggccaataga gcacacacat tcttgggaaa
1140 cccagagaac gaaagtgaga tatatccaga ttttgtggca attgctaaag
ggttcaacat 1200 tccagcagtc cgtgtgacaa agaagagcga agtccatgca
gcaatcaaga agatgcttga 1260 ggctccaggg ccgtacctct tggatataat
cgtcccgcac caggagcatg tgttgcctat 1320 gatccctagt ggtggggctt
tcaaggatat gatcctggat ggtgatggca ggactgtgta 1380 ttgatccgtt
gactgcaggt cgac 1404 37 2279 DNA Oryza sativa 37 ctcgccgccg
ccgccgccgc caccacccac catggctacg accgccgcgg ccgcggccgc 60
cgccctgtcc gccgccgcga cggccaagac cggccgtaag aaccaccagc gacaccacgt
120 ccttcccgct cgaggccggg tgggggcggc ggcggtcagg tgctcggcgg
tgtccccggt 180 caccccgccg tccccggcgc cgccggccac gccgctccgg
ccgtgggggc cggccgagcc 240 ccgcaagggc gcggacatcc tcgtggaggc
gctggagcgg tgcggcgtca gcgacgtgtt 300 cgcctacccg ggcggcgcgt
ccatggagat ccaccaggcg ctgacgcgct ccccggtcat 360 caccaaccac
ctcttccgcc acgagcaggg cgaggcgttc gcggcgtccg ggtacgcgcg 420
cgcgtccggc cgcgtcgggg tctgcgtcgc cacctccggc cccggggcaa ccaacctcgt
480 gtccgcgctc gccgacgcgc tgctcgactc cgtcccgatg gtcgccatca
cgggccaggt 540 cccccgccgc atgatcggca ccgacgcctt ccaggagacg
cccatagtcg aggtcacccg 600 ctccatcacc aagcacaatt accttgtcct
tgatgtggag gacatccccc gcgtcataca 660 ggaagccttc ttcctcgcgt
cctcgggccg tcctggcccg gtgctggtcg acatccccaa 720 ggacatccag
cagcagatgg ccgtgccggt ctgggacacc tcgatgaatc taccagggta 780
catcgcacgc ctgcccaagc cacccgcgac agaattgctt gagcaggtct tgcgtctggt
840 tggcgagtca cggcgcccga ttctctatgt cggtggtggc tgctctgcat
ctggtgacga 900 attgcgctgg tttgttgagc tgactggtat cccagttaca
accactctga tgggcctcgg 960 caatttcccc agtgacgacc cgttgtccct
gcgcatgctt gggatgcatg gcacggtgta 1020 cgcaaattat gccgtggata
aggctgacct gttgcttgcg tttggtgtgc ggtttgatga 1080 tcgtgtgaca
gggaaaattg aggcttttgc aagcagggcc aagattgtgc acattgacat 1140
tgatccagca gagattggaa agaacaagca accacatgtg tcaatttgcg cagatgttaa
1200 gcttgcttta cagggcttga atgctctgct acaacagagc acaacaaaga
caagttctga 1260 ttttagtgca tggcacaatg agttggacca gcagaagagg
gagtttcctc tggggtacaa 1320 aacttttggt gaagagatcc caccgcaata
tgccattcag gtgctggatg agctgacgaa 1380 aggtgaggca atcatcgcta
ctggtgttgg gcagcaccag atgtgggcgg cacaatatta 1440 cacctacaag
cggccacggc agtggctgtc ttcggctggt ctgggcgcaa tgggatttgg 1500
gctgcctgct gcagctggtg cttctgtggc taacccaggt gtcacagttg ttgatattga
1560 tggggatggt agcttcctca tgaacattca ggagctggca ttgatccgca
ttgagaacct 1620 ccctgtgaag gtgatggtgt tgaacaacca acatttgggt
atggtggtgc aattggagga 1680 taggttttac aaggcgaata gggcgcatac
atacttgggc aacccggaat gtgagagcga 1740 gatatatcca gattttgtga
ctattgctaa ggggttcaat attcctgcag tccgtgtaac 1800 aaagaagagt
gaagtccgtg ccgccatcaa gaagatgctc gagactccag ggccatactt 1860
gttggatatc atcgtcccgc accaggagca tgtgctgcct atgatcccaa ttgggggcgc
1920 attcaaggac atgatcctgg atggtgatgg caggactgtg tattaatcta
taatctgtat 1980 gttggcaaag caccagcccg gcctatgttt gacctgaatg
acccataaag agtggtatgc 2040 ctatgatgtt tgtatgtgct ctatcaataa
ctaaggtgtc aactatgaac catatgctct 2100 tctgttttac ttgtttgatg
tgcttggcat ggtaatccta attagcttcc tgctgtctag 2160 gtttgtagtg
tgttgttttc tgtaggcata tgcatcacaa gatatcatgt aagtttcttg 2220
tcctacatat caataataag agaataaagt acttctatgt aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa
2279 38 2301 DNA Oryza sativa 38 cccaaaccca gaaaccctcg ccgccgccgc
cgccgccacc acccaccatg gctacgaccg 60 ccgcggccgc ggccgccgcc
ctgtccgccg ccgcgacggc caagaccggc cgtaagaacc 120 accagcgaca
ccacgtcctt cccgctcgag gccgggtggg ggcggcggcg gtcaggtgct 180
cggcggtgtc cccggtcacc ccgccgtccc cggcgccgcc ggccacgccg ctccggccgt
240 gggggccggc cgagccccgc aagggcgcgg acatcctcgt ggaggcgctg
gagcggtgcg 300 gcgtcagcga cgtgttcgcc tacccgggcg gcgcgtccat
ggagatccac caggcgctga 360 cgcgctcccc ggtcatcacc aaccacctct
tccgccacga gcagggcgag gcgttcgcgg 420 cgtccgggta cgcgcgcgcg
tccggccgcg tcggggtctg cgtcgccacc tccggccccg 480 gggcaaccaa
cctcgtgtcc gcgctcgccg acgcgctgct cgactccgtc ccgatggtcg 540
ccatcacggg ccaggtcccc cgccgcatga tcggcaccga cgccttccag gagacgccca
600 tagtcgaggt cacccgctcc atcaccaagc acaattacct tgtccttgat
gtggaggaca 660 tcccccgcgt catacaggaa gccttcttcc tcgcgtcctc
gggccgtcct ggcccggtgc 720 tggtcgacat ccccaaggac atccagcagc
agatggccgt gccggtctgg gacacctcga 780 tgaatctacc agggtacatc
gcacgcctgc ccaagccacc cgcgacagaa ttgcttgagc 840 aggtcttgcg
tctggttggc gagtcacggc gcccgattct ctatgtcggt ggtggctgct 900
ctgcatctgg tgacgaattg cgctggtttg ttgagctgac tggtatccca gttacaacca
960 ctctgatggg cctcggcaat ttccccagtg acgacccgtt gtccctgcgc
atgcttggga 1020 tgcatggcac ggtgtacgca aattatgccg tggataaggc
tgacctgttg cttgcgtttg 1080 gtgtgcggtt tgatgatcgt gtgacaggga
aaattgaggc ttttgcaagc agggccaaga 1140 ttgtgcacat tgacattgat
ccagcagaga ttggaaagaa caagcaacca catgtgtcaa 1200 tttgcgcaga
tgttaagctt gctttacagg gcttgaatgc tctgctacaa cagagcacaa 1260
caaagacaag ttctgatttt agtgcatggc acaatgagtt ggaccagcag aagagggagt
1320 ttcctctggg gtacaaaact tttggtgaag agatcccacc gcaatatgcc
attcaggtgc 1380 tggatgagct gacgaaaggt gaggcaatca tcgctactgg
tgttgggcag caccagatgt 1440 gggcggcaca atattacacc tacaagcggc
cacggcagtg gctgtcttcg gctggtctgg 1500 gcgcaatggg atttgggctg
cctgctgcag ctggtgcttc tgtggctaac ccaggtgtca 1560 cagttgttga
tattgatggg gatggtagct tcctcatgaa cattcaggag ctggcattga 1620
tccgcattga gaacctccct gtgaaggtga tggtgttgaa caaccaacat ttgggtatgg
1680 tggtgcaatg ggaggatagg ttttacaagg cgaatagggc gcatacatac
ttgggcaacc 1740 cggaatgtga gagcgagata tatccagatt ttgtgactat
tgctaagggg ttcaatattc 1800 ctgcagtccg tgtaacaaag aagagtgaag
tccgtgccgc catcaagaag atgctcgaga 1860 ctccagggcc atacttgttg
gatatcatcg tcccgcacca ggagcatgtg ctgcctatga 1920 tcccaagtgg
gggcgcattc aaggacatga tcctggatgg tgatggcagg actgtgtatt 1980
aatctataat ctgtatgttg gcaaagcacc agcccggcct atgtttgacc tgaatgaccc
2040 ataaagagtg gtatgcctat gatgtttgta tgtgctctat caataactaa
ggtgtcaact 2100 atgaaccata tgctcttctg ttttacttgt ttgatgtgct
tggcatggta atcctaatta 2160 gcttcctgct gtctaggttt gtagtgtgtt
gttttctgta ggcatatgca tcacaagata 2220 tcatgtaagt ttcttgtcct
acatatcaat aataagagaa taaagtactt ctatgcaaaa 2280 aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa a 2301 39 644 PRT Oryza sativa 39 Met Ala Thr Thr Ala
Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Ala Lys
Thr Gly Arg Lys Asn His Gln Arg His His Val Leu Pro 20 25 30 Ala
Arg Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Arg Cys Ser Ala Val Ser 35 40
45 Pro Val Thr Pro Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro
50 55 60 Trp Gly Pro Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val
Glu Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Glu Arg Cys Gly Val Ser Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr
Pro Gly Gly Ala 85 90 95 Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg
Ser Pro Val Ile Thr Asn 100 105 110 His Leu Phe Arg His Glu Gln Gly
Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr 115 120 125 Ala Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg
Val Gly Val Cys Val Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro 130 135 140 Gly Ala Thr Asn
Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Val
Pro Met Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg Arg Met Ile Gly 165 170
175 Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile
180 185 190 Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro
Arg Val 195 200 205 Ile Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg
Pro Gly Pro Val 210 215 220 Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln
Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val 225 230 235 240 Trp Asp Thr Ser Met Asn Leu
Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys 245 250 255 Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu
Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu 260 265 270 Ser Arg Arg
Pro Ile Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ser Ala Ser Gly 275 280 285 Asp
Glu Leu Arg Trp Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr 290 295
300 Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu
305 310 315 320 Arg Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr
Ala Val Asp 325 330 335 Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg
Phe Asp Asp Arg Val 340 345 350 Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser
Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile 355 360 365 Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu Ile
Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser 370 375 380 Ile Cys Ala Asp Val
Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Gln Gln
Ser Thr Thr Lys Thr Ser Ser Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp His Asn 405 410 415
Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Phe 420
425 430 Gly Glu Glu Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu
Leu 435 440 445 Thr Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln
His Gln Met 450 455 460 Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro
Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser 465 470 475 480 Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly
Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly 485 490 495 Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro
Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp 500 505 510 Gly Ser Phe Leu
Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Ile Arg Ile Glu 515 520 525 Asn Leu
Pro Val Lys Val Met Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met 530 535 540
Val Val Gln Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr 545
550 555 560 Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Glu Cys Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp
Phe Val 565 570 575 Thr Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg
Val Thr Lys Lys 580 585 590 Ser Glu Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met
Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro 595 600 605 Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile Val Pro
His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met 610 615 620 Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala
Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly 625 630 635 640 Arg Thr Val
Tyr
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