U.S. patent application number 10/517186 was filed with the patent office on 2005-12-15 for jet fuel additive concentrate composition and fuel composition and methods thereof.
Invention is credited to Forester, David R., Malik, Bharat B., Manka, John S., Roberts, C. David.
Application Number | 20050274063 10/517186 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 29736520 |
Filed Date | 2005-12-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050274063 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Forester, David R. ; et
al. |
December 15, 2005 |
Jet fuel additive concentrate composition and fuel composition and
methods thereof
Abstract
A jet fuel additive concentrate composition comprises a solvent
and a combination of components. A fuel composition and methods to
improve thermal stability of a jet fuel and to reduce deposits in a
jet engine include the jet fuel additive concentrate composition.
The improvement in the thermal stability of a jet fuel is
synergistic when the combination of components includes a cold-flow
improving composition.
Inventors: |
Forester, David R.;
(Weatherford, TX) ; Roberts, C. David; (Willoughby
Hills, OH) ; Manka, John S.; (Chardon, OH) ;
Malik, Bharat B.; (Euclid, OH) |
Correspondence
Address: |
The Lubrizol Corporation
Patent Administrator
Mail Drop 022B
29400 Lakeland Boulevard
Wickliffe
OH
44092-2298
US
|
Family ID: |
29736520 |
Appl. No.: |
10/517186 |
Filed: |
July 11, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
June 13, 2003 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US03/18724 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60388693 |
Jun 14, 2002 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
44/331 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/2683 20130101;
C10L 1/2387 20130101; C10L 1/1966 20130101; C10L 1/221 20130101;
C10L 10/04 20130101; C10L 1/143 20130101; C10L 1/2383 20130101;
C10L 1/1608 20130101; C10L 1/1616 20130101; C10L 1/198 20130101;
C10L 1/1981 20130101; C10L 1/224 20130101; C10L 1/195 20130101;
C10L 1/1973 20130101; C10L 1/238 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
044/331 |
International
Class: |
C10L 001/18 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A jet fuel additive concentrate composition, comprising: (A) a
solvent suitable for use in a jet fuel; (B) a composition selected
from the group consisting of (1) a reaction product of a
hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agent and a mixture of a
polyamine and a polyhydric alcohol or an acid catalyzed
condensation product of a polyamine and a polyhydroxy-containing
compound wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(1) has a number
average molecular weight of 600 to 3,000; (2) a
polyalkenylthiophosphonate ester wherein the polyalkenyl
substituent of (B)(2) has a number average molecular weight of 300
to 5,000; and (4) mixtures thereof; and (C) a composition selected
from the group consisting of (5) a metal salt of an oligomeric
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol and an
aldehyde; (6) an oligomeric reaction product of a
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde, and a
carboxyl-substituted phenol; and (7) mixtures thereof wherein the
solvent is present in the concentrate composition at 20-80 weight
%, and each of the compositions for components (B) and (C) is
present in the concentrate composition at 1-70 weight %.
2. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the solvent
comprises xylenes, paraffinic naphtha, aromatic naphtha, or
mixtures thereof.
3. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbyl
substituent of the acylating agent of (B)(1) is derived from a
polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of 700 to
1500.
4. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the polyamine of
the mixture of (B)(1) is a polyethylenepolyamine and the
polyethylenepolyamine is introduced into the reaction after the
polyhydric alcohol.
5. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the acid
catalyzed condensation product of (B)(1) is prepared from the
reaction of polyethylenepolyamine bottoms and
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
6. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the
polyalkenylthiophosphonate ester of (B)(2) is a pentaerythritol
ester of a polyisobutenylthiophosphonic acid.
7. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the metal salt of
the oligomeric reaction product of (C)(5) is the reaction product
of an alkylphenol, formaldehyde, and an inorganic alkaline earth
metal base wherein the alkyl substituent of the alkylphenol has 6
to 20 carbon atoms.
8. The concentrate composition of claim 1 wherein the oligomeric
reaction product of (C)(6) is prepared from the reaction of an
alkylphenol, formaldehyde, and salicylic acid wherein the alkyl
substituent of the alkylphenol has 7 to 40 carbon atoms.
9. The concentrate composition of claim 1, further comprising: an
antioxidant, a metal deactivator, or mixtures thereof.
10. A fuel composition, comprising: a jet fuel; and the concentrate
composition of claim 1 wherein each of the compositions for
components (B) and (C) is present in the fuel composition at
1-1,000 ppm by weight.
11. The fuel composition of claim 10 wherein the jet fuel is
selected from the group consisting of JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, Jet
A, Jet A-1, and Jet B.
12. A method to improve the thermal stability of a jet fuel,
comprising: adding to the jet fuel a thermal-stability improving
amount of the concentrate composition of claim 1.
13. A method to reduce deposits in a fuel circulation system and
combustion system of a jet engine, comprising: operating the jet
engine with the fuel composition of claim 10.
14. The concentrate composition of claim 1, further comprising: (D)
a cold-flow improving composition selected from the group
consisting of (8) an esterified copolymer of maleic anhydride,
styrene, and optionally an alkyl methacrylate; (9) a copolymer of a
dialkyl fumarate, a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid, and
optionally a vinyl alkyl ether; (10) a methacrylate polymer
prepared from a mixture of alkyl methacrylate monomers; (11) a
copolymer of an olefin selected from the group consisting of
olefins having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and a
vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid; (12) a polymer prepared from the
reaction of an alkylphenol and formaldehyde wherein the alkyl
substituent of the alkylphenol has 14 to 60 carbon atoms; (13) a
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and
an amine selected from the group consisting of an alkanolamine and
a polyamine wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of (D)(13) has 8 to
40 carbon atoms; and (14) mixtures thereof wherein each of the
compositions for component (D) is present in the concentrate
composition at 1-70 weight %.
15. The concentrate composition of claim 14 wherein the esterified
copolymer of (D)(8) is further reacted with an amine.
16. The concentrate composition of claim 14 wherein the copolymer
of (D)(11) is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
17. The concentrate composition of claim 14 wherein the polymer of
(D)(12) is prepared from an alkylphenol wherein the alkyl group has
24 to 28 carbon atoms.
18. The concentrate composition of claim 14 wherein the polymer of
(D)(12) is prepared from an alkylphenol wherein the alkyl group has
at least 30 carbon atoms.
19. The concentrate composition of claim 14 wherein the reaction
product of (D)(13) is the reaction product of an alkenylsuccinic
acylating agent and alkanolamine wherein the alkenyl group has 12
to 36 carbon atoms and the alkanolamine is dimethylethanolamine or
diethanolamine.
20. The concentrate composition of claim 14, further comprising: an
antioxidant, a metal deactivator, or mixtures thereof.
21. The fuel composition of claim 10 wherein the concentrate
composition further comprises (D) a cold-flow improving composition
selected from the group consisting of (8) an esterified copolymer
of maleic anhydride, styrene, and optionally an alkyl methacrylate;
(9) a copolymer of dialkyl fumarate, a vinyl ester of a carboxylic
acid, and optionally a vinyl alkyl ether; (10) a methacrylate
polymer prepared from a mixture of alkyl methacrylate monomers;
(11) a copolymer of an olefin selected from the group consisting of
olefins having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and a
vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid; (12) a polymer prepared from the
reaction of an alkylphenol and formaldehyde wherein the alkyl
substituent of the alkylphenol has 14 to 60 carbon atoms; (13) a
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and
an amine selected from the group consisting of an alkanolamine and
a polyamine wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of (D)(13) has 8 to
40 carbon atoms; and (14) mixtures thereof wherein each of the
compositions for component (D) is present in the concentrate
composition at 1-70 weight % and each of the compositions is
present in the fuel composition for component (D) at 1-5,000 ppm by
weight.
22. The fuel composition of claim 21 wherein the jet fuel is
selected from the group consisting of JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, Jet
A, Jet A-1, and Jet B.
23. The method of claim 12 wherein the concentrate composition
further comprises (D) a cold-flow improving composition selected
from the group consisting of (8) an esterified copolymer of maleic
anhydride, styrene, and optionally an alkyl methacrylate; (9) a
copolymer of dialkyl fumarate, a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid,
and optionally a vinyl alkyl ether; (10) a methacrylate polymer
prepared from a mixture of alkyl methacrylate monomers; (11) a
copolymer of an olefin selected from the group consisting of
olefins having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and a
vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid; (12) a polymer prepared from the
reaction of an alkylphenol and formaldehyde wherein the alkyl
substituent of the alkylphenol has 14 to 60 carbon atoms; (13) a
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and
an amine selected from the group consisting of an alkanolamine and
a polyamine wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of (D)(13) has 8 to
40 carbon atoms; and (14) mixtures thereof wherein each of the
compositions for component (D) is present in the concentrate
composition at 1-70 weight %.
24. The method of claim 13 wherein the concentrate composition of
the fuel composition further comprises (D) a cold-flow improving
composition selected from the group consisting of (8) an esterified
copolymer of maleic anhydride, styrene, and optionally an alkyl
methacrylate; (9) a copolymer of dialkyl fumarate, a vinyl ester of
a carboxylic acid, and optionally a vinyl alkyl ether; (10) a
methacrylate polymer prepared from a mixture of alkyl methacrylate
monomers; (11) a copolymer of an olefin selected from the group
consisting of olefins having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures
thereof, and a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid; (12) a polymer
prepared from the reaction of an alkylphenol and formaldehyde
wherein the alkyl substituent of the alkylphenol has 14 to 60
carbon atoms; (13) a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted
acylating agent and an amine selected from the group consisting of
an alkanolamine and a polyamine wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent
of (D)(13) has 8 to 40 carbon atoms; and (14) mixtures thereof
wherein each of the compositions for component (D) is present in
the concentrate composition at 1-70 weight %, and each of the
compositions is present in the fuel composition for component (D)
at 1-5,000 ppm by weight.
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 60/388693 filed 14 Jun. 2002.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a jet fuel additive
concentrate composition, a fuel composition containing a jet fuel
and the jet fuel additive concentrate composition, a method that
uses the jet fuel additive concentrate composition to improve the
thermal stability of a jet fuel, and a method that uses the fuel
composition to reduce deposits in a jet engine.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Jet fuels experience extremely high temperatures prior to
and during combustion. Jet fuels are used as a coolant in jet
aircraft for various aircraft subsystems including the engine
lubricating oil which can raise the bulk fuel temperature to about
220.degree. C. Further, in the combustion system, the fuel can
experience temperatures up to about 595.degree. C. As a result of
these high temperature conditions, some fuel degradation can occur
leading to deposits in the fuel circulation system and combustion
system of jet engines. The engine deposits require periodic
maintenance for optimum engine performance. By introducing a
thermal stability additive composition to a jet fuel, both engine
deposits and attendant engine maintenance costs can be reduced.
[0006] Both U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,239 and Japanese Publication No.
2000/080382 disclose amine derivatives of substituted succinic
acylating agents for use in jet fuels.
[0007] Pentaerythritol esters of polyisobutenylthiophosphonic acids
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,611 for use in jet fuels for
deposit control in jet engine components.
[0008] Salts of alkylene linked, hydrocarbyl-substituted
hydroxyaromatic compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,202
for use as antifoulants in hydrocarbon process streams such as jet
fuels.
[0009] Linear oligomers of unsubstituted or substituted phenols and
unsubstituted or substituted salicylic acids linked by alkylene
groups are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/802,500
filed Mar. 9, 2001 for use in jet fuels.
[0010] Cyclic salixarenes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,537
and in International Publication Nos. WO 01/44155 and WO 01/57163
for use in jet fuels for thermal stability.
[0011] Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, reaction products of
alkanol amines and hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agents, and
reaction products of hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols and aldehydes
are disclosed in International Publication No. WO 01/62874 for use
in aviation fuels to lower the freeze point.
[0012] A combination of an ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer or
terpolymer and an alkylphenol-adehyde resin is disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,998,530 for use in jet fuel as a flow improver.
[0013] International Publication No. WO 02/077130 A2 discloses a
composition comprising an aviation fuel and a deposit inhibiting
compound which does not inhibit separation of water from the fuel
when the fuel is passed through a coalescer.
[0014] It has now been found that certain combinations of additives
when added to a jet fuel provide enhanced thermal stability and a
reduction in deposit formation and that some of these additive
combinations do so synergistically.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] An object of the present invention is to improve the thermal
stability of a jet fuel.
[0016] A further object of the present invention is to reduce
deposits in a fuel circulation system and combustion system of a
jet engine.
[0017] The objects, advantages and embodiments of the present
invention are in part described in this application and in part are
obvious from the application or from the practice of this
invention. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is
claimed as described or obvious as falls within the scope of the
appended claims.
[0018] To achieve the foregoing objects in accordance with the
invention as described and claimed herein, a jet fuel additive
concentrate composition of the present invention comprises (A) a
solvent suitable for use in a jet fuel; (B) a composition selected
from the group consisting of (1) a reaction product of a
hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agent and an amine, an
alcohol, or mixtures thereof wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of
(B)(1) has a number average molecular weight of 600 to 3,000; (2) a
polyalkenylthiophosphonate ester; (3) a Mannich reaction product of
a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde, and an amine; and
(4) mixtures thereof; and (C) a composition selected from the group
consisting of (5) a metal salt of an oligomeric reaction product of
a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol and an aldehyde; (6) an oligomeric
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde,
and a carboxyl-substituted phenol; and (7) mixtures thereof wherein
the solvent is present in the concentrate composition at 20-80
weight %, and each of the compositions for components (B) and (C)
is present in the concentrate composition at 1-70 weight %.
[0019] In another embodiment of this invention, a fuel composition
comprises a jet fuel and the concentrate composition comprising the
solvent, the component (B), and the component (C) wherein each of
the compositions for components (B) and (C) is present in the fuel
composition at 1-1,000 ppm by weight.
[0020] In a further embodiment of the invention, a method to
improve the thermal stability of a jet fuel comprises adding to the
jet fuel a thermal-stability improving amount of the concentrate
composition comprising the solvent, the component (B), and the
component (C).
[0021] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method
to reduce deposits in a fuel circulation system and combustion
system of a jet engine comprises operating the jet engine with the
fuel composition comprising jet fuel and the concentrate
composition comprising the solvent, the component (B), and the
component (C).
[0022] Another embodiment of this invention is a jet fuel additive
concentrate composition comprising the solvent, the component (B),
the component (C), and (D) a cold-flow improving composition
selected from the group consisting of (8) an esterified copolymer
of maleic anhydride, styrene, and optionally an alkyl methacrylate;
(9) a copolymer of a diakyl fumarate, a vinyl ester of a carboxylic
acid, and optionally a vinyl alkyl ether; (10) a methacrylate
polymer prepared from a mixture of alkyl methacrylate monomers;
(11) a copolymer of an olefin selected from the group consisting of
olefins having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and a
vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid; (12) a polymer prepared from the
reaction of an alkylphenol and formaldehyde wherein the alkyl
substituent of the alkylphenol has 14 to 60 carbon atoms; (13) a
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and
an amine selected from the group consisting of an alkanolamine and
a polyamine wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of (D)(13) has 8 to
40 carbon atoms; and (14) mixtures thereof wherein each of the
compositions for component (D) is present in the concentrate
composition at 1-70 weight %.
[0023] A further embodiment of the present invention is a fuel
composition comprising a jet fuel and the concentrate composition
comprising the solvent, the component (B), the component (C), and
the component (D) wherein each of the compositions is present in
the fuel composition for components (B) and (C) at 1-1,000 ppm by
weight and for component (D) at 1-5,000 ppm by weight.
[0024] Still another embodiment of this invention is a method to
improve the thermal stability of a jet fuel comprising adding to
the jet fuel a thermal-stability improving amount of the
concentrate composition comprising the solvent, the component (B),
the component (C), and the component (D).
[0025] Yet a further embodiment of the present invention is a
method to reduce deposits in a fuel circulation system and
combustion system of a jet engine comprising operating the jet
engine with the fuel composition comprising jet fuel and the
concentrate composition comprising the solvent and the components
(B), (C) and (D).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0026] A jet fuel additive concentrate composition of the present
invention comprises (A) a solvent suitable for use in a jet fuel,
(B) a composition selected from the group consisting of (1) a
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating
agent and an amine, an alcohol, or mixtures thereof wherein the
hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(1) has a number average molecular
weight of 600 to 3,000; (2) a polyalkenylthiophosphonate ester; (3)
a Mannich reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an
aldehyde, and an amine; and (4) mixtures thereof; and (C) a
composition selected from the group consisting of (5) a metal salt
of an oligomeric reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted
phenol and an aldehyde; (6) an oligomeric reaction product of a
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde, and a
carboxyl-substituted phenol; and (7) mixtures thereof wherein the
solvent is present in the concentrate composition at 20-80 weight
%, and each of the compositions for components (B) and (C) is
present in the concentrate composition at 1-70 weight %.
[0027] The solvent of (A) suitable for use in a jet fuel and in the
jet fuel additive concentrate compositions and corresponding fuel
compositions of the present invention can be any suitable solvent,
typically an organic solvent. Suitable organic solvents include
aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons comprising xylenes, paraffinic
naphtha, aromatic naphtha, or mixtures thereof where the aromatic
and paraffinic naphtha typically distills in the range of 130 to
240.degree. C. The solvent generally provides fluidity to the
concentrate and homogeneity to the concentrate and fuel
compositions.
[0028] The component (B) can include the reaction product of (B)(1)
of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agent and an amine,
an alcohol, or mixtures thereof. Throughout this application the
term hydrocarbyl represents a univalent group of one or more carbon
atoms that is predominately hydrocarbon in nature, but can contain
heteroatoms such as oxygen in the carbon chain and can have
nonhydrocarbon and heteroatom-containing groups such as hydroxy,
halo, nitro and alkoxy attached to the carbon chain. The
hydrocarbyl substituent of the succinic acylating agent can have a
number average molecular weight of 600 to 3000, preferably of 650
to 2000, and more preferably of 700 to 1500. The hydrocarbyl
substituent can be derived from an olefin. The olefin is typically
a polyolefin which can be a homopolymer derived from a single
olefin monomer or a copolymer derived from a mixture of two or more
different olefin monomers. The olefin monomer can be an
alpha-olefin, an internal olefin or a polyene to include ethylene,
propylene, isomers of butene such as isobutylene, isomers of
pentene, isomers of decene, and dienes such as isoprene and
1,3-butadiene. A preferred olefin monomer source is a C.sub.4
refinery stream containing as components butene isomers to include
isobutylene. Methods to prepare polyolefins from olefin monomers
are well known and include polymerization of the olefin monomers
with an acid catalyst such as aluminum trichloride or boron
trifluoride. A preferred polyolefin is a highly reactive, high
vinylidene content polyisobutylene having at least 70% of its
olefinic double bonds as vinylidene double bonds at a terminal
position on the polymer chain. The hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic
acylating agent can be prepared by several known methods from an
olefin or polyolefin and maleic anhydride or reactive equivalent
thereof such as maleic acid and esters of maleic acid. The succinic
acylating agent can be prepared by a thermal method that involves
temperatures typically ranging from 180 to 250.degree. C. and
extended reaction hold times. The thermal method is especially
useful with a highly reactive, high vinylidene content polyolefin
as described in European Publication No. 355895. Other methods
employ various chlorine addition schemes, temperatures normally
ranging from 160 to 220.degree. C., and reaction hold times of
moderate length as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,435 and
6,165,235.
[0029] The amine of the reaction product of (B)(1) is a composition
containing at least one reactive N--H bond and can include ammonia,
monoamines such as butylamine, and polyamines. Polyamines include
ethylenediamine, propylene-diamine, polyethylenepolyamines such a
diethylenetriamine, and polyethylenepolyamine bottoms. Preferred
amines include polyethylenepolyamines, polyethylenepolyamine
bottoms, and an acid catalyzed condensation product of a polyamine
such as polyethylenepolyamine bottoms and a polyhydroxy-containing
compound such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,644.
[0030] The alcohol of the reaction product of (B)(1) can be a
monohydric alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol, a hydroxy aromatic
compound such as a phenolic compound, and mixtures thereof.
Monohydric alcohols include various hydrocarbyl alcohols such as
ethanol, allyl alcohol, dodecanol, and benzyl alcohol. Polyhydric
alcohols include diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol,
propylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol and neopentyl glycol. Polyhydric
alcohols also include glycerol, trimethylolpropane, erythritol,
pentaerythritol, arabitol, mannitol and sorbitol. Preferred are
polyhydric alcohols, especially trimethylolpropane and
pentaerythritol.
[0031] The mixtures of amine and alcohol for the reaction product
of (B)(1) can be two or more amines, two or more alcohols, or one
or more amines and one or more alcohols. A preferred mixture for
the reaction product of (B)(1) includes an amine and an alcohol,
while a more preferred mixture includes a polyamine and a
polyhydric alcohol. The mixture of amines and/or alcohols can be
introduced into the reaction concurrently as a true mixture or
sequentially as separate components. In a preferred embodiment a
polyhydric alcohol is initially introduced into the reaction and
later a polyethylenepolyamine is added.
[0032] The reaction product of (B)(1) can be prepared by various
well known methods. A hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating
agent and an amine such as a polyethylenepolyamine can be reacted
to from a succinimide derivative as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,234,435; 5,569,644; and 6,165,235. A hydrocarbyl-substituted
succinic acylating agent can be reacted with an alcohol such as a
polyhydric alcohol to form a succinate ester derivative as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,522,179. A hydrocarbyl-substituted
succinic acylating agent can be reacted with a mixture of amines
and/or alcohols such as a mixture of a polyhydric alcohol and a
polyamine to form a nitrogen-containing succinate ester derivative
as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,401.
[0033] The component (B) can include the polyalkenylthiophosphonate
ester of (B)(2). The polyalkenyl substituent of the ester of (B)(2)
can have a number average molecular weight of 300 to 5000,
preferably of 400 to 2000, and more preferably of 500 to 1500. The
polyalkenyl substituent can be derived from an olefin which is
typically a polyolefin as described above for the hydrocarbyl
substituent of the succinic acylating agent of the reaction product
of (B)(1). The ester of (B)(2) can be prepared as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,725,611 by reacting a polyolefin with a
thiophosphorylating agent at elevated temperatures to form an
adduct, generally steam treating the adduct at elevated
temperatures to form a thiophophonic acid, and finally reacting the
thiophophonic acid with a polyhydric alcohol to form the ester of
(B)(2). In a preferred embodiment the polyolefin is
polyisobutylene, the thiophosphorylating agent is phosphorus
pentasulfide, and the polyhydric alcohol is pentaerythritol.
[0034] The component (B) may also include the Mannich reaction
product of (B)(3) of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde,
and an amine. The hydrocarbyl substituent of the phenol can have a
number average molecular weight of 200 to 3000, preferably of 350
to 2000, and more preferably of 500 to 1500. The hydrocarbyl
substituent of the phenol can be derived from an olefin and is
typically derived from a polyolefin as described above for the
hydrocarbyl substituent of the succinic acylating agent of the
reaction product of (B)(1). The hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol can
be prepared by well known methods including acid catalyzed
alkylation of a phenolic compound with a polyolefin as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,468. The phenolic compound can be phenol, an
alkyl-substituted phenol, or mixtures thereof. The alkyl
substituent of the alkyl-substituted phenol can have 1 to 10 carbon
atoms. The alkyl-substituted phenol is preferably an ortho-alkyl
substituted phenol such as o-cresol.
[0035] The aldehyde of the Mannich reaction product of (B)(3) can
have 1 to 6 carbon atoms and is preferably formaldehyde in one of
its reagent forms such as paraformaldehyde and formalin.
[0036] The amine of the Mannich reaction product of (B)(3) can be a
monoamine, polyamine, alkanolamine, any organic compound containing
a reactive N--H group, or mixtures thereof. The amine contains at
least one N--H group capable of undergoing the Mannich reaction.
Monoamines include ammonia and primary or secondary amines having 1
to 22 carbon atoms such as butylamine and dimethylamine. Polyamines
include alkylenediamines such as ethylenediamine and
polyethylene-polyamines such diethylenetriamine. Alkanolamines
include compounds having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, that contain at
least one primary or secondary amine group, and that contain at
least one hydroxy group such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine and
aminoethylethanolamine.
[0037] The Mannich reaction product of (B)(3) can be prepared by
methods that are well known to include the method described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,876,468.
[0038] The jet fuel additive concentrate composition of the present
invention can include (B)(4) mixtures thereof of subcomponents
(B)(1)-(B)(3) as well as described hereinbelow (C)(7) mixtures
thereof of subcomponents (C)(5)-(C)(6) and (D)(14) mixtures thereof
of subcomponents (D)(8)-(D)(13). These subcomponent mixtures can
include any two or more subcomponents from that component group.
For example, the subcomponent mixture (B)(4) can include a
subcomponent from (B)(1) and from (B)(2), and in another instance
can include two different members of subcomponent (B)(1).
[0039] The component (C) can include the metal salt of (C)(5) of an
oligomeric reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol and
an aldehyde. The hydrocarbyl substituent of the
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol can have 4 to 40 carbon atoms,
preferably 5 to 30 carbon atoms, and more preferably 6 to 20 carbon
atoms. The hydrocarbyl substituent can be derived from an olefin
such as a heptene. The hydrocarbyl substituent can also be derived
from a polyolefin to include hompolymers derived from a single
olefin monomer and copolymers derived from a mixture of two or more
different monomers. The olefin monomer can be an alpha-olefin,
internal olefin or a polyene to include ethylene, propylene,
isomers of butene, isomers of pentene, isomers of decene and
dienes. A preferred polyolefin is a polypropylene tetramer. The
olefins and polyolefins, from which the hydrocarbyl substituent can
be derived, are commercially available, and the polyolefins can
also be prepared by well known polymerization methods. The
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols of the metal salt of (C)(5) can be
prepared by alkylating phenol with an olefin or polyolefin by very
well known methods and are also commercially available. The
aldehyde of the metal salt of (C)(5) can contain 1 to 6 carbon
atoms and is preferably formaldehyde in a reactant form such as
paraformaldehyde or formalin. The metal salt of the reaction
product of (C)(5) can be prepared by several known methods. In one
method the hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol and aldehyde are reacted
in the presence of an acid catalyst to form the oligomer, and then
the oligomer is reacted with a metal base to form the salt. In
another method, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,256,183, the
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, aldehyde and metal base are reacted
to form the metal salt of the oligomeric reaction product. The
metal of the metal base includes alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, zinc, cadmium, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, tin and
mixtures thereof. The metal salt can be neutral by having up to one
equivalent of metal per phenol or be basic by having greater than
one equivalent of metal per phenol. In a preferred embodiment the
metal salt of (C)(5) is a neutral salt that is prepared by reacting
dodecylphenol, formaldehyde and hydrated lime (calcium
hydroxide).
[0040] The component (C) can include the oligomeric reaction
product of (C)(6) of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde,
and a carboxyl-substituted phenol. The hydrocarbyl substituent of
the hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol can have 1 to 60 carbon atoms,
preferably 5 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably 7 to 40 carbon
atoms. The hydrocarbyl substituent can be derived from an olefin.
The hydrocarbyl substituent is typically derived from a polyolefin
which can be a homopolymer from one olefin monomer or a copolymer
from a mixture of two or more olefin monomers. The olefin monomer
can be an alpha-olefin, an internal olefin, or a polyene and
includes ethylene, propylene, butene isomers, pentene isomers,
decene isomers, and dienes. Preferred are polypropylenes and
polyisobutylenes. Methods to prepare the polyolefins and the
hydrocarbylphenols via alkylation of phenol with olefins or
polyolefins are well known. The aldehyde of the oligomeric reaction
product of (C)(6) can have 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The aldehyde is
preferably formaldehyde in one of its reactive forms such as
formalin or paraformaldehyde. The carboxyl-substituted phenol of
the oligomeric reaction product of (C)(6) can be a 2- or 3- or
4-hydroxybenzoic acid which can have hydrocarbyl substituents.
Preferred is salicylic acid. The oligomeric reaction product of
(C)(6) contains at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted phenolic unit
and at least one carboxyl-substituted phenolic unit. The oligomeric
reaction product can contain 2 to 20 phenolic units, 2 to 10
phenolic units, or 2 to 8 phenolic units. The oligomeric reaction
product can include linear molecules, cyclic molecules, or mixtures
thereof. In a preferred embodiment the oligomeric reaction product
is a mixture of linear and cyclic molecules, and in a more
preferred embodiment the mixture contains a majority of linear
molecules. The oligomeric reaction product can be prepared as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,936 using a basic catalyst and a
solvent. Basic catalysts include alkali and alkaline earth metal
bases and amines such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. A solvent can be
employed in the preparation of the oligomeric reaction product up
to 90% by weight of the reaction mixture. The mole ratio of the
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol to the carboxyl-substituted phenol
can range from 1:0.05 to 1:19 while the mole ratio of combined
hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol and carboxyl-substituted phenol to
aldehyde can be 1:0.5-3.
[0041] The jet fuel additive concentrate composition of the present
invention can include an antioxidant, a metal deactivator, or
mixtures thereof. Useful antioxidants include secondary aromatic
amines such as a N-substituted phenylenediamines and ring alkylated
diphenylamines and also include hindered phenolic compounds such as
2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-- butylphenol,
2,6-di-tertiary-butyl-4methylphenol, 2,6-di-tertiary-butyl-4--
methoxyphenol, 2,6-di-tertiary-butylphenol, and
2,4,6-tri-tertiary-butyphe- nol. The metal deactivator includes
Schiff bases from salicylaldehyde such as
N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-propanediamine, N-salicylideneaniline,
and N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine and also includes certain
triazole derivatives such as tolyltriazole coupled with
formaldehyde to bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine. The antioxidants and metal
deactivators can be prepared by well known methods and are also
commercially available.
[0042] A fuel composition of the present invention comprises a jet
fuel and the jet fuel additive concentrate composition of the
present invention as described throughout this application. The jet
fuel can include aviation turbine fuels such as JP-4, JP-5, JP-7,
JP-8, Jet A, Jet-A-1 and Jet B. JP-4, JP-5, JP-7 and JP-8 are
military grades of jet fuels. JP-4 is a blend of gasoline and
kerosene and JP-5 is a very high flash point fuel with both fuels
defined in U.S. military specification MIL-DTL-5624. JP-7 and JP-8
are highly refined kerosenes with JP-8 defined by U.S. military
specification MIL-DTL-83133. JP-4, JP-5 and JP-8 are required for
safety and performance reasons to contain a corrosion inhibitor, an
icing inhibitor and a static dissipater. Jet A, Jet A-1 and Jet B
are commercial grades of jet fuels as defined in ASTM standard
specification D1655. Jet A and Jet A-1 are relatively high flash
point kerosene distillates with Jet A-1 being equivalent to JP-8.
Jet B is a relatively wide boiling range volatile distillate that
is equivalent to JP-4.
[0043] The jet fuel additive concentrate composition and fuel
composition of the present invention, as described throughout this
application, are prepared by admixing the components at or near
ambient temperature until the composition is homogeneous. Jet fuel
additives including antioxidants, metal deactivators, corrosion
inhibitors, icing inhibitors and static dissipaters can be added
directly to a jet fuel or can be introduced to a jet fuel as part
of a jet fuel additive concentrate composition.
[0044] A method of the present invention to improve the thermal
stability of a jet fuel comprises adding to the jet fuel a
thermal-stability improving amount of a jet fuel additive
concentrate composition as described throughout this application.
The jet fuel includes those fuels described hereinabove.
Thermal-stability improving amounts of the jet fuel additive
concentrate composition and its components are described
hereinbelow. In addition to the method to improve the thermal
stability of a jet fuel, a method to reduce deposits in a fuel
circulation system and combustion system of a jet engine comprises
operating the jet engine with a fuel composition of the present
invention. The fuel composition will normally contain a
thermal-stability improving amount of the jet fuel additive
concentrate composition of the present invention as described
throughout this application.
[0045] The jet fuel additive concentrate composition, in addition
to components (A), (B) and (C), can further comprise (D) a
cold-flow improving composition selected from the group consisting
of (8) an esterified copolymer of maleic anhydride, styrene and
optionally an alkyl methacrylate; (9) a copolymer of a dialkyl
fumarate, a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid and optionally a vinyl
alkyl ether; (10) a methacrylate polymer prepared from a mixture of
alkyl methacrylate monomers; (11) a copolymer of an olefin selected
from the group consisting of olefins having 2 to 12 carbon atoms
and mixtures thereof, and a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid; (12)
a polymer prepared from the reaction of an alkylphenol and
formaldehyde wherein the alkyl substituent of the alkylphenol has
14 to 60 carbon atoms; (13) a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl
substituted acylating agent and an amine selected from the group
consisting of an alkanolamine and a polyamine wherein the
hydrocarbyl substituent of (D)(13) has 8 to 40 carbon atoms; and
(14) mixtures thereof wherein each of the compositions for
component (D) is present in the concentrate composition at 1-70
weight %.
[0046] The esterified copolymer of (D)(8), as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,707,943, can be prepared from the monomers maleic
anhydride, styrene and optionally an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate
such as methyl methacrylate. The copolymer prior to esterification
typically has a molecular weight expressed in terms of a reduced
specific viscosity or RSV value ranging from 0.05 to 2, preferably
from 0.1 to 0.75, and more preferably from 0.12 to 0.4. The
copolymer is normally esterified with a mixture of lower and higher
molecular weight alcohols having respectively 3 to 5 carbon atoms
and 8 to 24 carbon atoms. The esterfied copolymer will typically
have some unesterified carboxylic groups which can be reacted with
ammonia, a monoamine or a polyamine such as
4-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine.
[0047] The copolymer of (D)(9) is derived from a dialkyl fumarate
monomer, a monomer that is a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid or an
alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, and optionally a vinyl alkyl ether
monomer. The dialkyl fumarate can be derived from C.sub.6 to
C.sub.30 alcohols, preferably C.sub.8 to C.sub.26 alcohols which
can be a single alcohol such decyl alcohol, but is typically a
mixture of two or more alcohols. The carboxylic portion of the
vinyl carboxylate ester or the alkyl portion of the acrylate or
methacrylate ester can have 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2-6
carbon atoms. The alkyl portion of the vinyl alkyl ether can have
about 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The copolymer of (D)(9) can be derived
from a dialkyl fumarate and vinyl acetate as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,017,370 where the copolymer can have a number average
molecular weight of 2,000 to 100,000 with 10,000 to 45,000 being
preferable. The copolymer of (D)(9) can be derived from a dialkyl
fumarate, vinyl acetate and vinyl ethyl ether as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,250,715 where the copolymer can have a specific
viscosity of 0.09 to 0.8.
[0048] The methacrylate polymer of (D)(10) can be derived from a
hydrocarbyl methacrylate monomer or preferably a mixture of two or
more hydrocarbyl methacrylate monomers. The hydrocarbyl group of
the methacrylate monomer or monomers is usually a linear or
branched alkyl group having about 4 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably
having about 6 to 24 carbon atoms. Methacrylate monomers are
available commercially or can be prepared by well known
esterification methods. The methacrylate polymer of the present
invention can also contain a nitrogen containing monomer to include
a 2- and 4-vinylpyridine, nitrogen-containing alkyl methacrylates
and acrylates such as N,N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate, and
acrylamides. Methacrylate polymers can be prepared by well known
polymerization methods as described in European Publication No.
626442A1 resulting in polymers having a weight average molecular
weight of about 10,000 to 1,000,000, and preferably 50,000 to
300,000.
[0049] The copolymer of (D)(11) can be derived from an olefin
selected from the group consisting of olefins having 2 to 12 carbon
atoms and mixtures thereof, and a vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid
or an alkyl ester of an alkenoic acid. Olefins include ethylene,
propylene, butene isomers, and mixtures thereof. Vinyl carboxylate
esters include vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate. Alkyl alkenoate
esters include alkyl acrylate and methacrylate esters. The
copolymer of (D)(11) can contain an additional monomer to include
vinyl alkyl ethers and vinyl ketones. A preferred copolymer of
(D)(11) is an olefin vinyl carboxylate copolymer such as an
ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The ethylene vinyl acetate
copolymer can have a number average molecular weight of about 1,000
to 10,000, preferably about 1,500 to 5,000, and more preferably
about 1,800 to 4,000. The ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer can have
a weight ratio of ethylene to vinyl acetate of about 0.25-3:1, and
preferably of about 0.5-2:1. Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers can
be prepared by well known polymerization methods and are also
available commercially.
[0050] The polymer of (D)(12) can be derived from a hydrocarbyl
substituted, hydroxy containing aromatic compound and an aldehyde.
The hydroxy containing aromatic compound is preferably phenol and
the hydrocarbyl substituent is typically an alkyl substitutent. The
alkyl substituent can have about 8 to 80 carbon atoms, preferably
12 to 70 carbon atoms, and more preferably 14 to 60 carbon atoms.
Alkyl substituents having 16 to 18 carbon atoms, 24 to 28 carbon
atoms, or at least 30 carbon atoms are useful in the present
invention. The alkyl substituent can be derived from an olefin or a
polyolefin. The polyolefin can be a homopolymer derived from an
olefin monomer or a copolymer derived from a mixture of two or more
olefin monomers. The olefin monomers typically have 2 to about 10
carbon atoms such as ethylene, propylene and isomers of butene.
Alkylphenols are prepared by well known procedures such as acid
catalyzed alkylation of phenol with an olefin or polyolefin as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,946. The aldehyde can have about 1
to 10 carbon atoms and includes formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
propionaldehyde and glyoxylic acid. Formaldehyde is preferred in
one of its reagent forms such as formalin or paraformaldehyde. The
polymer of (D)(12) can be prepared by well known methods to include
a base or acid catalyzed condensation reaction. A preferred method
of condensation is an acid condensation as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,707,946. The mole ratio of the alkylphenol to aldehyde can be
about 1:0.5-2, preferably about 1:1-1.2. The number average
molecular weight of the polymer of (D)(12) is about 1,000 to
35,000, and preferably about 2,500 to 8,000.
[0051] The reaction product of (D)(13) can be derived from a
hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and an alkanolamine where
the acylating agent is an alkenylsuccinic acylating agent. The
hydrocarbyl or alkenyl substituent can have about 8 to 40 carbon
atoms, preferably 12 to 36 carbon atoms. The alkenyl substituent
can be derived from an olefin or polyolefin, preferably a
polyolefin. The polyolefin can be branched or linear. The
polyolefin can be derived typically from ethylene although other
olefin monomers can be present. The polyolefin can be an
alpha-olefin or internalized olefin, but is typically an
alpha-olefin. The polyolefin can be a single polyolefin or a
mixture of two or more polyolefins which on the average has about 8
to 40 carbon atoms. The polyolefins and mixtures of polyolefins are
available commercially. Methods to prepare an alkenylsuccinic
acylating agent are well known and include reacting a polyolefin or
mixture of polyolefins with maleic anhydride or a reactive
equivalent thereof at a temperature of about 160-240.degree. C. as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,370. The alkanolamine used to
prepare the reaction product of (D)(13) can contain one or more
amino groups, which can be primary or secondary or tertiary, and
one or more hydroxy groups. Examples of useful alkanolamines are
ethanolamine, di-ethanolamine, triethanolamine,
N-methylethanolamine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine,
N-ethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, and
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol. The mole ratio of the alkenylsuccinic
acylating agent to the alkanolamine can be about 1:0.5-2,
preferably about 1:1-1.2. Methods to prepare the reaction product
of (D)(13) are well known and include the procedures described in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,370. The reaction product of (D)(13) can also
be derived from a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and a
polyamine where the hydrocarbyl substituent is derived from an
olefin or polyolefin having 8-40 carbon atoms. The polyamine can
include alkylenediamines and polyalkylenepolyamines. The (D)(13)
reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted acylating agent and
polyamine can include products such as those commercially available
under the trademark Leunasol from Leuna Werke AG including Leunasol
WA3020, a low molecular weight polymer prepared from maleic
anhydride, C.sub.14-C.sub.18 alkenes and N-tallow
dipropylenetriamine.
[0052] The cold-flow improving component (D) of the present
invention as described hereinabove when added to or mixed with a
jet fuel improves the low temperature properties of the jet fuel. A
jet fuel composition of the present invention then comprises a
mixture of a jet fuel and one or more cold-flow improving
compositions of component (D) capable of improving the low
temperature properties of the jet fuel wherein component (D) is
selected from the group consisting of (D)(8) through (D)(14) as
described hereinabove. The low temperature properties of a jet fuel
include the freezing point and also filterability and flow. The
freezing point of a jet fuel or jet fuel composition can be
measured by ASTM test methods D 2386, D 4305, D 5901 or D 5972. The
filterability and flow of a jet fuel or jet fuel composition can be
measured by a Jet Fuel Filterability Test that simulates low
temperature fuel flow in a wing tank by using the same ratio of
fuel volume to drain hole area that is present in the wing tank.
The amount of the cold-flow improving component (D) added to a jet
fuel can vary, but generally will be an amount that improves the
low temperature properties of the jet fuel.
[0053] The concentrate and fuel compositions of the present
invention can contain solvents, metal deactivators, antioxidants
and the components (B), (C) and (D) as described above at levels
that provide improved performance. The compositions for components
(B), (C) and (D) will normally be present at levels that enhance
cold flow and/or thermal stability performance of a jet fuel. The
solvent can be present in a concentrate composition at about 20-80
weight %, preferably at about 30-70 weight %. Each of the
compositions for components (B), (C) and (D) can be present in the
concentrate composition at about 1-70 weight %, preferably at about
2-50 weight %. The concentrate composition can be present in a fuel
composition at about 10-15,000 ppm by weight, preferably at about
50-10,000 ppm by weight, and more preferably at about 100-1,500 ppm
by weight. Each of the compositions for components (B) and (C) can
be present in the fuel composition at about 1-1,000 ppm by weight,
preferably at about 2-600 ppm by weight, and more preferably at
about 3-400 ppm by weight. Each of the compositions for component
(D) can be present in the fuel composition at about 1-5,000 ppm by
weight, preferably at about 10-3,000 ppm by weight, and more
preferably at about 50-1,000 ppm by weight.
[0054] The following examples demonstrate the improvement in the
thermal stability of a jet fuel containing a jet fuel addtitive
concentrate composition of the present invention. Combinations of
component (B) and component (C) compositions give an increase in
thermal stability performance. The addition of a cold-flow
improving composition of component (D) to a combination of
component (B) and component (C) compositions results in an
unexpected synergistic improvement in thermal stability
performance.
[0055] Tables I and II contain results from the Isothermal
Corrosion Oxidation Test (ICOT) which evaluates oxidative and
thermal stability of a jet fuel sample. The sample in a glass tube
is held at 180.degree. C. for 5 hours while air is bubbled through
the sample at a rate of 1.3 liters per hour. Test results are
reported as milligrams of deposits formed on the glass tube per
liter of sample with fewer deposits representing a more oxidatively
and thermally stable fuel composition. Levels of components (B),
(C) and (D) used in the jet fuel samples for ICOT evaluation are
given in ppm by weight units.
1TABLE I ICOT deposits, Example Component (B) Component (C) mg/L 1
(untreated fuel) 176 2 (comparative) 71 ppm.sup.1 22 3 55 ppm.sup.1
13 ppm.sup.2 10 4 (comparative) 70 ppm.sup.3 79 5 54 ppm.sup.3 13
ppm.sup.2 62 .sup.1Component (B) is the product of
polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride from 1000 molecular weight
polyisobutene, pentaerythritol and polyethylenepolyamines reacted
in a ratio of 1 carbonyl:1.8 hydroxyl:0.26 nitrogen.
.sup.2Component (C) is the calcium salt of formaldehyde coupled
heptylphenol from a reaction ratio of 1 phenol:1.4 aldehyde:0.8
metal equivalents as hydrated lime. .sup.3Component (B) is the
product of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride from 1000 molecular
weight polyisobutene and a condensed polyamine reacted in a ratio
of 1 carbonyl:1.55 nitrogen where the condensed polyamine # is the
phosphoric acid catalyzed condensation product of
polyethylenepolyamine bottoms and 40% trishydroxymethylaminomethane
in an aqueous solution reacted in a weight ratio of respectively
1:0.61.
[0056]
2TABLE II Components ICOT deposits, Example (B) + (C) Component (D)
mg/L 1 (untreated fuel) 690 2 (comparative) 17 ppm.sup.1 246 3
(comparative) 125 ppm.sup.2 566 4 (comparative) 132 ppm.sup.3 704 5
(comparative) 250 ppm.sup.4 339 6 17 ppm.sup.1 125 ppm.sup.2 8 7 17
ppm.sup.1 132 ppm.sup.3 44 8 17 ppm.sup.1 250 ppm.sup.4 11
.sup.1Components (B) and (C) are 14 ppm of the component (B)
described in footnote 1 of Table 1 and 3 ppm of the component (C)
described in footnote 2 of Table I. .sup.2Component (D) is the
p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyzed condensation product of a
C.sub.24-C.sub.28 alkylphenol and 91% paraformaldehyde reacted in a
weight ratio of respectively 12.5:1. .sup.3Component (D) is the
product of a C.sub.18-C.sub.30 alkenylsuccinic anhydride and
diethanolamine reacted in a weight ratio of respectively 10:2.44.
.sup.4Component (D) is an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
containing about 35.5% by weight of the vinyl acetate monomer and
having a number average molecular weight of about 2200.
[0057] Each of the documents cited in this Detailed Description is
incorporated herein by reference. With the exception of the
examples, all numerical quantities used to describe this invention
are understood to be modified by the word "about". Unless indicated
otherwise quantities used for chemical compositions throughout this
application are understood to be on an active chemical basis and
not to include any diluent which may be present in these
compositions.
* * * * *