U.S. patent application number 11/132980 was filed with the patent office on 2005-11-24 for spherical silver powder and method for producing same.
This patent application is currently assigned to Dowa Mining Co., Ltd.. Invention is credited to Fujino, Takatoshi, Ogi, Kozo.
Application Number | 20050257643 11/132980 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35373926 |
Filed Date | 2005-11-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050257643 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ogi, Kozo ; et al. |
November 24, 2005 |
Spherical silver powder and method for producing same
Abstract
A spherical silver powder has a good dispersibility and is
capable of obtaining a good degree of sintering even if used for
forming a paste to be fired at a low temperature of 600.degree. C.
or less to form a conductor. An aqueous solution containing a
reducing agent is added to a water reaction system containing
silver ions, to deposit silver particles by reduction, to produce a
spherical silver powder wherein a ratio (Dx/BET) of a crystallite
diameter Dx (nm) to a BET specific surface area (m.sup.2/g) is in
the range of from 5 to 200 and which has a crystallite diameter of
not greater than 40 nm, a mean particle size of not greater than 5
.mu.m, a tap density of not less than 2 g/cm.sup.3, and a BET
specific surface area of not greater than 5 m.sup.2/g.
Inventors: |
Ogi, Kozo; (Honjo-shi,
JP) ; Fujino, Takatoshi; (Honjo-shi, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BACHMAN & LAPOINTE, P.C.
900 CHAPEL STREET
SUITE 1201
NEW HAVEN
CT
06510
US
|
Assignee: |
Dowa Mining Co., Ltd.
|
Family ID: |
35373926 |
Appl. No.: |
11/132980 |
Filed: |
May 18, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
75/255 ;
75/371 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B22F 1/0011 20130101;
B22F 9/24 20130101; B22F 1/0085 20130101; B22F 2998/00 20130101;
H05K 1/092 20130101; H01B 1/22 20130101; B22F 1/0048 20130101; B22F
2998/00 20130101; B22F 1/0044 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
075/255 ;
075/371 |
International
Class: |
B22F 009/24 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 19, 2004 |
JP |
2004-149068 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A spherical silver powder wherein a ratio (Dx/BET) of a
crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to a BET specific surface area
(m.sup.2/g) is in the range of from 5 to 200.
2. A spherical silver powder as set forth in claim 1, which has a
crystallite diameter of not greater than 40 nm, and a mean particle
size of not greater than 5 .mu.m.
3. A spherical silver powder as set forth in claim 1, which has a
tap density of not less than 2 g/cm.sup.3, and a BET specific
surface area of not greater than 5 m.sup.2/g.
4. A spherical silver powder as set forth in claim 2, which has a
tap density of not less than 2 g/cm.sup.3, and a BET specific
surface area of not greater than 5 m.sup.2/g.
5. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth in
claim 1, wherein an aqueous solution containing a reducing agent is
added to a water reaction system containing silver ions, to deposit
silver particles by reduction to produce the spherical silver
powder.
6. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth in
claim 5, wherein a dispersing agent is added to a slurry-like
reaction system before or after said silver particles are
deposited.
7. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth in
claim 6, wherein said dispersing agent is at least one selected
from the group consisting of fatty acids, fatty acid salts, surface
active agents, organic metals, chelating agents and protective
colloids.
8. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth in
claim 5, wherein said reducing agent contained in said aqueous
solution containing the reducing agent is at least one selected
from the group consisting of ascorbic acid, alkanol amine,
hydroquinone, hydrazine and formalin.
9. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth in
claim 5, wherein said aqueous solution containing the reducing
agent is added at a rate of not lower than 1 equivalent/min with
respect to the content of silver in said water reaction system
containing silver ions.
10. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth
in claim 5, wherein a surface of said spherical silver powder is
smoothed by a surface smoothing process which mechanically causes
particles to collide with each other.
11. A method for producing a spherical silver powder as set forth
in claim 10, wherein silver agglomerates are removed by a
classification after said surface smoothing process.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention generally relates to a spherical
silver powder and a method for producing the same. More
specifically, the invention relates to a spherical silver powder
used for forming terminal electrodes of electronic parts, patterns
of circuit boards and so forth, and a method for producing the
same.
[0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0004] In order to form electrodes and circuits of electronic parts
and so forth, there has been used a conductive paste wherein a
silver powder is dispersed in an organic component. Conductive
pastes are generally classified into cermet type pastes (or pastes
of a type to be fired) and polymer type pastes (or resin type
pastes). The cermet type pastes have different uses and components
from those of polymer type pastes.
[0005] A typical cermet type paste includes a silver powder, a
vehicle containing ethyl cellulose or acrylic resin dissolved in an
organic solvent, a glass frit, an inorganic oxide, an organic
solvent, a dispersing agent and so forth as components. The cermet
type paste is formed by dipping or printing so as to have a
predetermined pattern, and then, fired to form a conductor. Such a
cermet type paste is used for forming electrodes of hybrid ICs,
multilayer ceramic capacitors, chip resistors and so forth.
[0006] The firing temperature of the cermet type paste varies in
accordance with the use thereof. There are cases where a cermet
type paste is fired at a high temperature on a heat resistant
ceramic substrate, such as an alumina substrate or glass-ceramic
substrate for use in a hybrid IC, to form a conductor, and cases
where a cermet type paste is fired at a low temperature on a
substrate having a low heat resistance.
[0007] The value of resistance of the sintered body of silver
lowers if the paste is fired at a temperature as high as possible
below the melting point of silver which is 960.degree. C. However,
various problems are caused unless a silver powder suitable for the
firing temperature is used. For example, if the paste is fired at a
high temperature on a ceramic substrate, there are some cases where
cracks and delamination are caused by a difference in shrinkage
between the sintered body of silver and the ceramic substrate. In
order to solve such problems, a high crystalline silver powder is
proposed (see, e.g., Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2000-1706 and
2000-1707.
[0008] On the other hand, a typical polymer type paste is used as a
wiring material, such as a through-hole or a membrane, a conductive
adhesive or the like. Such a polymer type paste includes a silver
powder, a thermosetting resin, such as an epoxy resin or urethane
resin, a curing agent, an organic solvent, a dispersing agent and
so forth as components. The polymer type paste is formed by
dispensing or printing so as to have a predetermined conductive
pattern, and then, cured at a temperature ranging from a room
temperature to about 250.degree. C., to obtain conductivity by
causing silver particles to contact each other by the curing and
shrinkage of the remaining resin. Therefore, in order to increase
the contact area of silver particles contacting each other, there
is generally used a flake-shaped silver powder which is obtained by
mechanically working a silver powder in a scale shape. Furthermore,
the resin is deteriorated to deteriorate the resistance and bond
strength of the conductor at a temperature above 300.degree. C.
[0009] However, for example, in the case of a plasma display panel
(PDP) substrate, a glass being the material of the substrate has a
low heat resistance, so that the paste can not be fired at a high
temperature of about 750 to 900.degree. C. unlike the case of the
ceramic substrate. Therefore, it is required to fire the paste at a
lower temperature, and it is required to form the conductor by
firing the paste at a temperature of 600.degree. C. or less in view
of the heat resistance of the substrate, and at a low temperature
of 500 to 600.degree. C. in fact. Thus, it is difficult to lower
the value of resistance of the conductor.
[0010] When the paste is fired at a low temperature, if a glass
frit having a lower softening point than the firing temperature is
added to promote sintering, it is possible to lower the value of
resistance of the conductor. However, in the case of a PDP
substrate formed by repeatedly carrying out firing, it is
undesirable to use a glass frit having an excessively low softening
point since the variation in value of resistance of the conductor
is caused.
[0011] In addition, when a silver powder is used for forming a
photosensitive paste, if the silver powder has an undecided shape
or a flake shape, the scattering and/or reflection of ultraviolet
rays is caused, so that defective patterning is caused.
[0012] Moreover, when a conductive pattern is formed by another
method, e.g., a printing or transferring method, if the silver
powder has an undecided shape or a flake shape, it is not possible
to form a good conductive pattern in view of the releasability from
a screen plate and transferability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] It is therefore an object of the present invention to
eliminate the aforementioned problems and to provide a spherical
silver powder which is capable of obtaining a good degree of
sintering even if it is used for forming a paste to be fired at a
low temperature of 600.degree. C. or less to form a conductor, and
a method for producing the same. It is another object to provide a
spherical silver powder having a good dispersibility, and a method
for producing the same.
[0014] In order to accomplish the aforementioned and other objects,
the inventors have diligently studied and found that, if a
spherical silver powder wherein a ratio (Dx/BET) of a crystallite
diameter Dx (nm) to a BET specific surface area (m.sup.2/g) is in
the range of from 5 to 200, and preferably which has a crystallite
diameter of not greater than 40 nm and a mean particle size of not
greater than 5 .mu.m, is used for forming a paste to be fired to
form a conductor, it is possible to obtain a good degree of
sintering even if the firing temperature is a low temperature of
600.degree. C. or less, and it is possible to obtain a good
conductive pattern by a photosensitive paste method, a printing
method or a transferring method, from a paste using a spherical
silver powder which has a good dispersibility, a tap density of not
less than 2 g/cm.sup.3 and a BET specific surface area of not
greater than 5 m.sup.2/g. Thus, the inventors have made the present
invention.
[0015] According one aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a spherical silver powder wherein a ratio (Dx/BET) of a
crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to a BET specific surface area
(m.sup.2/g) is in the range of from 5 to 200. This spherical silver
powder preferably has a crystallite diameter of not greater than 40
nm and a mean particle size of not greater than 5 .mu.m. More
preferably, the spherical silver powder has a tap density of not
less than 2 g/cm.sup.3 and a BET specific surface area of not
greater than 5 m.sup.2/g.
[0016] According to another aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a method for producing the above described spherical
silver powder, wherein an aqueous solution containing a reducing
agent is added to a water reaction system containing silver ions,
to deposit silver particles by reduction to produce the spherical
silver powder. In this method, a dispersing agent is preferably
added to a slurry-like reaction system before or after the silver
particles are deposited. The dispersing agent is preferably at
least one selected from the group consisting of fatty acids, fatty
acid salts, surface active agents, organic metals, chelating agents
and protective colloids. The reducing agent contained in the
aqueous solution containing the reducing agent is preferably at
least one selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid,
alkanol amine, hydroquinone, hydrazine and formalin. The aqueous
solution containing the reducing agent is preferably added at a
rate of not lower than 1 equivalent/min with respect to the content
of silver in the water reaction system containing silver ions. In
addition, the surface of the spherical silver powder is preferably
smoothed by a surface smoothing process which mechanically causes
particles to collide with each other. Moreover, silver agglomerates
are preferably removed by a classification after the surface
smoothing process.
[0017] According to the present invention, it is possible to
produce a spherical silver powder which has a good dispersibility
and which is capable of obtaining a good degree of sintering even
if it is used for forming a paste to be fired at a low temperature
of 600.degree. C. or less to form a conductor.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0018] In a preferred embodiment of a spherical silver powder
according to the present invention, the ratio (Dx/BET) of a
crystallite diameter Dx (nm) of the silver powder to a BET specific
surface area (m.sup.2/g) thereof is in the range of from 5 to 200,
and preferably, the crystallite diameter of the silver powder is
not greater than 40 nm and the mean particle diameter thereof is
not greater than 5 .mu.m. Such a silver powder can obtain a good
degree of sintering even if it is used for forming a paste to be
fired at a low temperature of 600.degree. C. or less, so that it is
possible to lower the value of resistance of a conductor thus
formed.
[0019] If the silver powder has a spherical shape, it can be
suitably used for carrying out a photosensitive paste method. If
the silver powder has an undecided shape or a flake shape, there is
a disadvantage in that the photosensitive characteristics of the
silver powder are not good since the irregular reflection and/or
scattering of ultraviolet rays is caused. However, if the silver
powder has a spherical shape, it is also suitably used for carrying
out a printing or transferring method.
[0020] A preferred embodiment of a spherical silver powder
according to the present invention has a tap density of 2
g/cm.sup.3 or more, and a BET specific surface area of 5 m.sup.2/g
or less. If the tap density is less than 2 g/cm.sup.3, the
aggregation of particles of the silver powder is violently caused,
so that it is difficult to form a fine line even if any one of the
above described methods is used. If the BET specific surface area
is greater than 5 m.sup.2/g, the viscosity of the paste is too
high, so that workability is not good.
[0021] In a preferred embodiment of a method for producing a
spherical silver powder according to the present invention, an
aqueous solution containing a reducing agent is added to a water
reaction system containing silver ions, to deposit silver particles
by reduction. A dispersing agent is preferably added to a
slurry-like reaction system before or after the deposition of
silver particles based on reduction.
[0022] As the water reaction system containing silver ions, an
aqueous solution or slurry containing silver nitrate, a silver salt
complex or a silver intermediate may be used. The silver salt
complex may be produced by adding aqueous ammonia, an ammonia salt,
a chelate compound or the like. The silver intermediate may be
produced by adding sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, sodium
carbonate or the like. Among them, an ammine complex obtained by
adding aqueous ammonia to an aqueous silver nitrate solution is
preferably used so that the silver powder has an appropriate
particle diameter and a spherical shape. Since the coordination
number of the ammine complex is 2, 2 mol or more of ammonia per 1
mol of silver is added.
[0023] The reducing agent may be selected from ascorbic acid,
sulfites, alkanol amine, aqueous hydrogen peroxide, formic acid,
ammonium formate, sodium formate, glyoxal, tartaric acid, sodium
hypophosphite, sodium borohydride, hydrazine, hydrazine compounds,
hydroquinone, pyrogallol, glucose, gallate, formalin, exsiccated
sodium sulfate, and rongalite. Among them, the reducing agent is
preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of
ascorbic acid, alkanol amine, hydroquinone, hydrazine and formalin.
If these reducing agents are used, it is possible to obtain silver
particles having appropriate crystalline and appropriate particle
diameters.
[0024] The reducing agent is preferably added at a rate of 1
equivalent/min or more in order to prevent the aggregation of the
silver powder. Although the reason for this is not clear, it is
considered that, if the reducing agent is added in a short time,
the deposition of silver particles by reduction is caused all at
once to complete reduction in a short time, so that it is difficult
to cause the aggregation of produced nuclei, thereby improving
dispersibility. When reduction is carried out, the solution to be
reacted is preferably agitated so as to complete the reaction in a
shorter time.
[0025] The dispersing agent is preferably one or more selected from
the group consisting of fatty acids, fatty acid salts, surface
active agents, organic metals, chelating agents and protective
colloids. Examples of fatty acids include propionic acid, caprylic
acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,
behenic acid, acrylic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid, and
arachidonic acid. Examples of fatty acid salts include salts formed
by fatty acids and metals, such as lithium, sodium, potassium,
barium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron, cobalt, manganese,
lead, zinc, tin, strontium, zirconium, silver and copper. Examples
of surface active agents include: anionic surface active agents,
such as alkyl benzene sulfonates and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether
phosphates; cationic surface active agents, such as aliphatic
quaternary ammonium salts; amphoteric surface active agents, such
as imidazolinium betaine; and nonionic surface active agents, such
as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and polyoxyethylene fatty acid
esters. Examples of organic metals include acetylacetone
tributoxyzirconium, magnesium citrate, diethylzinc, dibutyltin
oxide, dimethylzinc, tetra-n-butoxyzirconium, triethyl indium,
triethyl gallium, trimethyl indium, trimethyl gallium, monobutyl
tin oxide, tetraisocyanate silane, tetramethyl silane, tetramethoxy
silane, polymethoxy siloxane, monomethyl triisocyanate silane,
silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agents, and aluminum
coupling agents. Examples of chelating agents include imidazole,
oxazole, thiazole, selenazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole,
1H-1,2,3-triazole, 2H-1,2,3-triazole, 1H-1,2,4-triazole,
4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole,
1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole,
1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole,
1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole,
2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,5-thiatriazole,
indazole, benzoimidazole, benzotriazole and salts thereof, and
oxalic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic
acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid,
didodecanoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid,
isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid,
hydroxy butyric acid, glyceric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid,
tartronic acid, hydracrylic acid, mandelic acid, citric acid and
ascorbic acid. Examples of protective colloids include gelatin,
albumin, gum arabic, protarbic acid and lysalbic acid.
[0026] The spherical silver powder thus obtained may be processed
by a surface smoothing process which mechanically causes particles
to collide with each other, and then, silver agglomerates may be
removed from the spherical silver powder by a classification. If
the spherical silver powder thus obtained is used for forming a
photosensitive paste, the sensitivity of the photosensitive paste
thus formed is good, and the linearity of the pattern thus obtained
is very good, so that it is possible to obtain a fine pattern. The
silver powder thus obtained has an excellent releasability from a
printing plate if it is used for carrying out a printing method,
and has an excellent transferability if it is used for carrying out
a transferring method, so that the silver powder can be suitably
used for carrying out various methods.
[0027] Examples of a spherical silver powder and a method for
producing the same according to the present invention will be
described below in detail.
Example 1
[0028] To 3600 ml of an aqueous solution containing 12 g/l silver
nitrate as silver ions, 300 ml of industrial aqueous ammonia was
added to form an aqueous silver ammine complex solution. To the
aqueous silver ammine complex solution thus formed, 60 g of sodium
hydroxide was added to control the pH of the solution. Then, 90 ml
of industrial formalin serving as a reducing agent was added to the
solution in 10 seconds. Immediately thereafter, 0.5 g of stearic
acid emulsion was added to the solution to obtain a silver slurry.
Then, the silver slurry thus obtained was filtered, washed with
water, dried to obtain a silver powder. Then, the surface of the
silver powder thus obtained was smoothed by a surface smoothing
process using a high-speed mixer, and the silver powder thus
smoothed was classified to remove silver agglomerates having a
greater diameter than 8 .mu.m.
[0029] The crystallite diameter of the silver powder thus obtained
was calculated. In addition, the BET specific surface area, tap
density and mean particle diameter D.sub.50 of the silver powder
were measured, and the conductivity thereof was evaluated.
Furthermore, it was confirmed by a scanning electron microscope
(SEM) that the silver powders obtained in this example and in
examples and comparative examples described later were spherical
silver powders.
[0030] The crystallite diameter of the silver powder was obtained
by the following Scherrer expression:
Dhkl=K.lambda./.beta. cos .theta.
[0031] wherein Dhkl denotes a crystallite diameter (the size of a
crystallite in a direction perpendicular to hkl) (angstrom), and
.lambda. denotes the wavelength (angstrom) of measuring X-rays
(1.5405 angstroms when a Cu target is used), .beta. denoting the
broadening (rad) (expressed by a half-power band width) of
diffracted rays based on the size of the crystallite, .theta.
denoting a Bragg angle (rad) of the angle of diffraction (which is
an angle when the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection and which uses the angle at a peak top) and K denoting
the Scherrer constant (which varies in accordance with the
definition of D and .beta., and K=0.94 when the half-power band
width is used as .beta.). Furthermore, a powder X-ray
diffractometer was used for carrying out measurement, and peak data
on the (200) plane were used for carrying out calculation.
[0032] The evaluation of the conductivity was carried out as
follows. First, 65 parts by weight of the silver powder, 14 parts
by weight of an acrylic resin (BR-105 commercially available from
Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.), 21 parts by weight of an organic
solvent (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (reagent)), and
1 part by weight of a glass frit (GA-8 commercially available from
Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd.) were measured to be kneaded by a
three-roll mill to prepare a paste. Then, the paste was printed on
a commercially available soda glass substrate to be fired at
550.degree. C. for ten minutes to obtain a sintered body. The
conductivity of the sintered thus obtained was evaluated. It was
evaluated that the conductivity was good if the value of resistance
of the sintered body was not greater than 3.times.10.sup.-6
.OMEGA..multidot.cm and was stable, and that the conductivity was
not good if the value of resistance of the sintered body was
greater than 3.times.10.sup.-6 .OMEGA..multidot.cm or was not
stable.
[0033] As a result, the crystallite diameter was 32.4 nm, and the
BET specific surface area was 0.75 m.sup.2/g. In addition, the tap
density was 5.0 g/cm.sup.3, and the mean particle diameter D.sub.50
was 1.4 am. Moreover, the conductivity was good. Furthermore, the
ratio (Dx/BET) of the crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to the BET
specific surface area (m.sup.2/g) was 43.
Example 2
[0034] To 3600 ml of an aqueous solution containing 12 g/l silver
nitrate as silver ions, 180 ml of industrial aqueous ammonia was
added to form an aqueous silver ammine complex solution. To the
aqueous silver ammine complex solution thus formed, 7 g of sodium
hydroxide was added to control the pH of the solution. Then, 192 ml
of industrial formalin serving as a reducing agent was added to the
solution in 10 seconds. Immediately thereafter, 0.1 g of oleic acid
was added to the solution to obtain a silver slurry. Then, the
silver slurry thus obtained was filtered, washed with water, dried
to obtain a silver powder. Then, the silver powder thus obtained
was pulverized by a food mixer.
[0035] With respect to the silver powder thus obtained, the
calculation of a crystallite diameter, the measurement of a BET
specific surface area, tap density and mean particle diameter
D.sub.50, and the evaluation of conductivity were carried out by
the same methods as those in Example 1. As a result, the
crystallite diameter was 29.6 nm, and the BET specific surface area
was 0.46 m.sup.2/g. In addition, the tap density was 4.7
g/cm.sup.3, and the mean particle diameter D.sub.50 was 2.1 .mu.m.
Moreover, the conductivity was good. Furthermore, the ratio
(Dx/BET) of the crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to the BET specific
surface area (m.sup.2/g) was 64.
Example 3
[0036] To 3600 ml of an aqueous solution containing 12 g/l silver
nitrate as silver ions, 180 ml of industrial aqueous ammonia was
added to form an aqueous silver ammine complex solution. To the
aqueous silver ammine complex solution thus formed, 1 g of sodium
hydroxide was added to control the pH of the solution. Then, 192 ml
of industrial formalin serving as a reducing agent was added to the
solution in 15 seconds. Immediately thereafter, 0.1 g of stearic
acid was added to the solution to obtain a silver slurry. Then, the
silver slurry thus obtained was filtered, washed with water, dried
to obtain a silver powder. Then, the surface of the silver powder
thus obtained was smoothed by a surface smoothing process using a
high-speed mixer, and the silver powder thus smoothed was
classified to remove silver agglomerates having a greater diameter
than 11 .mu.m.
[0037] With respect to the silver powder thus obtained, the
calculation of a crystallite diameter, the measurement of a BET
specific surface area, tap density and mean particle diameter
D.sub.50, and the evaluation of conductivity were carried out by
the same methods as those in Example 1. As a result, the
crystallite diameter was 33.3 nm, and the BET specific surface area
was 0.28 m.sup.2/g. In addition, the tap density was 5.4
g/cm.sup.3, and the mean particle diameter D.sub.50 was 3.1 .mu.m.
Moreover, the conductivity was good. Furthermore, the ratio
(Dx/BET) of the crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to the BET specific
surface area (m.sup.2/g) was 119.
Example 4
[0038] To 3600 ml of an aqueous solution containing 12 g/l silver
nitrate as silver ions, 150 ml of industrial aqueous ammonia was
added to form an aqueous silver ammine complex solution. To the
aqueous silver ammine complex solution thus formed, 13 ml of
industrial hydrazine serving as a reducing agent was added to the
solution in 2 seconds. Immediately thereafter, 0.2 g of oleic acid
was added to the solution to obtain a silver slurry. Then, the
silver slurry thus obtained was filtered, washed with water, dried
to obtain a silver powder. Then, the surface of the silver powder
thus obtained was smoothed by a surface smoothing process using a
high-speed mixer.
[0039] With respect to the silver powder thus obtained, the
calculation of a crystallite diameter, the measurement of a BET
specific surface area, tap density and mean particle diameter
D.sub.50, and the evaluation of conductivity were carried out by
the same methods as those in Example 1. As a result, the
crystallite diameter was 34.0 nm, and the BET specific surface area
was 0.86 m.sup.2/g. In addition, the tap density was 4.0
g/cm.sup.3, and the mean particle diameter D.sub.50 was 1.7 .mu.m.
Moreover, the conductivity was good. Furthermore, the ratio
(Dx/BET) of the crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to the BET specific
surface area (m.sup.2/g) was 39.
Comparative Example 1
[0040] To 3600 ml of an aqueous solution containing 6 g/l silver
nitrate as silver ions, 50 ml of industrial aqueous ammonia was
added to form an aqueous silver ammine complex solution. To the
aqueous silver ammine complex solution thus formed, 60 ml of
industrial aqueous hydrogen peroxide serving as a reducing agent
was added to the solution in 15 seconds. Immediately thereafter,
0.1 g of sodium stearate was added to the solution to obtain a
silver slurry. Then, the silver slurry thus obtained was filtered,
washed with water, dried to obtain a silver powder.
[0041] With respect to the silver powder thus obtained, the
calculation of a crystallite diameter, the measurement of a BET
specific surface area, tap density and mean particle diameter
D.sub.50, and the evaluation of conductivity were carried out by
the same methods as those in Example 1. As a result, the
crystallite diameter was 47.8 nm, and the BET specific surface area
was 0.15 m.sup.2/g. In addition, the tap density was 5.0
g/cm.sup.3, and the mean particle diameter D.sub.50 was 6.5 .mu.m.
Moreover, the conductivity was not good. Furthermore, the ratio
(Dx/BET) of the crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to the BET specific
surface area (m.sup.2/g) was 318.
Comparative Example 2
[0042] With respect to a commercially available atomized silver
powder (5 .mu.m), the calculation of a crystallite diameter, the
measurement of a BET specific surface area, tap density and mean
particle diameter D.sub.50, and the evaluation of conductivity were
carried out by the same methods as those in Example 1. As a result,
the crystallite diameter was 42.6 nm, and the BET specific surface
area was 0.21 m.sup.2/g. In addition, the tap density was 5.2
g/cm.sup.3, and the mean particle diameter D.sub.50 was 5.3 .mu.m.
Moreover, the conductivity was not good. Furthermore, the ratio
(Dx/BET) of the crystallite diameter Dx (nm) to the BET specific
surface area (m.sup.2/g) was 203.
[0043] These results are shown in Table. In Table, conductivity is
shown by "good" if the evaluation of conductivity is good, and
conductivity is shown by "no good" if the evaluation of
conductivity is not good.
1 TABLE Crystallite Tap Diameter BET Density D.sub.50 Dx/ Conduc-
Dx (nm) (m.sup.2/g) (g/cm.sup.3) (.mu.m) BET tivity Example 1 32.4
0.75 5.0 1.4 43 good Example 2 29.6 0.46 4.7 2.1 64 good Example 3
33.3 0.28 5.4 3.1 119 good Example 4 34.0 0.86 4.0 1.7 39 good
Comparative 47.8 0.15 5.0 6.5 318 no good Example 1 Comparative
42.6 0.21 5.2 5.3 203 no good Example 2
* * * * *