U.S. patent application number 11/051165 was filed with the patent office on 2005-10-20 for methods and dosage forms for controlled delivery of paliperidone and risperidone.
Invention is credited to Ayer, Atul D., Davar, Nipun, Gupta, Suneel K., Lee, Julie, Reyes, Iran, Sathyan, Gayatri, Seroff, Sonya, Yam, Nyomi V..
Application Number | 20050232995 11/051165 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46123645 |
Filed Date | 2005-10-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050232995 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Yam, Nyomi V. ; et
al. |
October 20, 2005 |
Methods and dosage forms for controlled delivery of paliperidone
and risperidone
Abstract
Dosage forms and methods for providing a substantially ascending
rate of release of paliperidone or risperidone are provided. The
sustained release dosage forms provide therapeutically effective
average steady-state plasma paliperidone or risperidone
concentrations when administered once per day. This once-a-day
dosing regimen results in only one peak plasma paliperidone or
risperidone concentration occurrence in each 24 hour period. In
addition, the peak plasma paliperidone or risperidone concentration
occurs at a later time following dose administration and exhibits a
lesser magnitude than the peak plasma paliperidone or risperidone
concentration that occurs following administration of paliperidone
or risperidone in an immediate-release dosage form.
Inventors: |
Yam, Nyomi V.; (Sunnyvale,
CA) ; Reyes, Iran; (San Jose, CA) ; Davar,
Nipun; (Fremont, CA) ; Ayer, Atul D.; (Palo
Alto, CA) ; Lee, Julie; (Sunnyvale, CA) ;
Seroff, Sonya; (San Jose, CA) ; Gupta, Suneel K.;
(Sunnyvale, CA) ; Sathyan, Gayatri; (San Jose,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PHILIP S. JOHNSON
JOHNSON & JOHNSON
ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA
NEW BRUNSWICK
NJ
08933-7003
US
|
Family ID: |
46123645 |
Appl. No.: |
11/051165 |
Filed: |
February 4, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11051165 |
Feb 4, 2005 |
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10629211 |
Jul 28, 2003 |
|
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60399590 |
Jul 29, 2002 |
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60406005 |
Aug 26, 2002 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/473 ;
514/259.41 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 9/209 20130101;
A61K 31/519 20130101; A61K 9/2086 20130101; A61K 31/506 20130101;
A61K 9/0004 20130101; A61K 9/0053 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/473 ;
514/259.41 |
International
Class: |
A61K 031/519; A61K
009/24 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A method for treating a condition responsive to paliperidone or
risperidone comprising orally administering a dosage form
containing an active agent selected from the group consisting of
paliperidone, risperidone and pharmaceutically acceptable addition
salts thereof wherein the dosage form releases the the active agent
at a substantially ascending release rate for a prolonged period of
time.
2. A method for administering an active agent to a subject
comprising: administering a dosage from to the subject wherein the
dosage form comprises: (a) a core comprising a plurality of layers
wherein a drug composition contains an active agent in at least one
layer and at least one other layer comprises a suitable
fluid-expandable polymer; (b) a semipermeable membrane surrounding
the core to form a compartment having an osmotic gradient to drive
fluid from an external fluid environment contacting the
semipermeable membrane into the compartment; and (c) an orifice
formed through the semipermeable membrane and into the core to
permit the active agent to be released from within the compartment
into the external fluid environment; wherein the dosage form
releases the active agent at a substantially ascending release rate
for a prolonged period of time.
3. The method of claim 2 for administering an active agent to a
subject wherein the core is a capsule shaped tablet.
4. The method according to claim 2 wherein the active agent is
paliperidone.
5. The method according to claim 2 wherein the active agent is
risperidone.
6. The method according to claim 2 wherein at least a first drug
composition layer comprises an osmagent and a second drug
composition layer does not comprise an osmagent.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the osmagent is sodium
chloride salt.
8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the osmagent is at least
20% of the first layer drug composition.
9. The method according to claim 6 wherein the first drug
composition layer is proximal to the exit orifice.
10. The method according to claim 2, wherein the capsule shaped
tablet core comprises two layers and the paliperidone is contained
within a first layer and the fluid-expandable polymer is contained
within a second layer and the orifice is formed through the
semipermeable membrane adjacent the first layer.
11. The method according to claim 2, wherein the capsule shaped
tablet core comprises three layers and a portion of the active
agent is contained within a first drug composition layer and the
remaining portion of the active agent is contained within a second
drug composition layer, wherein the portion of active agent
contained within the first layer is less than the portion of active
agent contained within the second layer, and wherein the
fluid-expandable polymer is contained within a third layer and the
orifice is formed through the semipermeable membrane adjacent the
first layer.
12. The method according to claim 11 characterized by producing a
substantially ascending blood plasma concentration of active
agent.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein a C.sub.max occurs
after about 14 hours after administration to the subject.
14. The method according to claim 12 wherein a C.sub.max occurs
between about 16 hours and about 22 hours after administration to
the subject.
15. The method according to claim 12 wherein a C.sub.max occurs
between about 18 hours and about 21 hours after administration to
the subject.
16. The method according to claim 10, wherein the proportion of
active agent contained within the first layer to the active agent
contained within the second layer is less than 1.0.
17. The method according to claim 10, wherein the proportion of
active agent contained within the first layer to the active agent
contained within the second layer is less than about 0.33.
18. The method according to claim 10 wherein the concentration of
active agent in the first drug layer to the concentration of active
agent in the second drug layer is less than 0.44.
19. The method according to claim 10 wherein the concentration of
active agent in the first drug layer to the concentration of active
agent in the second drug layer is less than 0.33.
20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the first layer
comprises an osmagent and the second layer comprises no
osmagent.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the osmagent is at least 20% of
the first layer.
22. A method for delivering an active agent, the method comprising
orally administering to a subject a capsule shaped tablet dosage
form containing an active agent selected from the group consisting
of paliperidone, risperidone and pharmaceutically acceptable
addition salt thereof wherein the dosage form releases the active
agent from the dosage form at a substantially ascending release
rate for a prolonged period of time.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the active agent is
paliperidone.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein the active agent is
risperidone
25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the dosage form
comprises: (a) a core containing a plurality of layers wherein the
active agent is contained in at least one layer and at least one
other layer comprises a suitable fluid-expandable polymer; (b) a
semipermeable membrane surrounding the core to form a compartment
having an osmotic gradient to drive fluid from an external fluid
environment contacting the semipermeable membrane into the
compartment; and (c) an orifice formed through the semipermeable
membrane and into the core to permit the active agent to be
released from the compartment into the external fluid
environment.
26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the capsule shaped
tablet core comprises two layers and the active agent is contained
within a first layer and the fluid-expandable polymer is contained
within a second layer and the orifice is formed through the
semipermeable membrane adjacent to the first layer.
27. The method according to claim 25, wherein the core comprises
three layers and a portion of the active agent is contained within
a first layer and the remaining portion of the active agent is
contained within a second layer, wherein the portion of active
agent contained within the first layer is less than the portion of
active agent contained within the second layer, and wherein the
fluid-expandable polymer is contained within a third layer and the
orifice is formed through the semipermeable membrane adjacent the
first layer.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the proportion of
active agent contained within the first layer to the active agent
contained within the second layer is less than 1.0.
29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the proportion of
active agent contained within the first layer to the active agent
contained within the second layer is less than about 0.33.
30. The method according to claim 27 wherein the concentration of
active agent in the first drug layer to the concentration of active
agent in the second drug layer is less than 0.44.
31. The method according to claim 27 wherein the concentration of
active agent in the first drug layer to the concentration of active
agent in the second drug layer is less than 0.33.
32. The method according to claim 27, wherein the first layer
comprises an osmagent and the second layer comprises no
osmagent.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the osmagent is at least 20% of
the first layer.
34. A capsule shaped tablet dosage form comprising a drug layer
composition having an active agent wherein the dosage form,
following oral administration to a subject, releases the active
agent from the dosage form at a substantially ascending release
rate for a prolonged period of time.
35. The dosage form of claim 33 wherein the active agent is
paliperidone.
36. The dosage form of claim 33 wherein the active agent is
risperidone.
37. The dosage form according to claim 34 comprising: (a) a capsule
shaped tablet core containing a plurality of layers wherein the
paliperidone is contained in at least one layer and at least one
other layer comprises a suitable fluid-expandable polymer; (b) a
semipermeable membrane surrounding the capsule shaped tablet core
to form a compartment having an osmotic gradient to drive fluid
from an external fluid environment contacting the semipermeable
membrane into the compartment; and (c) an orifice formed through
the semipermeable membrane and into the capsule shaped tablet core
to permit paliperidone to be released from within the compartment
into the external fluid environment.
38. The dosage form according to claim 37, wherein the capsule
shaped tablet core comprises two layers and the active agent is
contained within a first layer and the fluid-expandable polymer is
contained within a second layer and the orifice is formed through
the semipermeable membrane adjacent the first layer.
39. The dosage form according to claim 35, wherein the capsule
shaped tablet core comprises three layers and a portion of the
active agent is contained within a first layer and the remaining
portion of the paliperidone is contained within a second layer,
wherein the portion of active agent contained within first layer is
less than the portion of active agent contained within the second
layer, and wherein the fluid-expandable polymer is contained within
a third layer and the orifice is formed through the semipermeable
membrane adjacent the first layer.
40. The dosage form according to claim 37, wherein the proportion
of active agent contained within the first layer to the active
agent contained within the second layer is less than 1.0.
41. The dosage form according to claim 37, wherein the proportion
of active agent contained within the first layer to the active
agent contained within the second layer is less than about
0.33.
42. The dosage form according to claim 37 wherein the concentration
of active agent in the first drug layer to the concentration of
active agent in the second drug layer is less than 0.44.
43. The dosage form according to claim 37 wherein the concentration
of active agent in the first layer to the concentration of active
agent in the second drug layer is less than 0.33.
44. The dosage form according to claim 37, wherein the first layer
comprises an osmagent and the second layer comprises no
osmagent.
45. The dosage form of claim 37 wherein the osmagent is at least
20% of the first layer.
46. The dosage form of claim 37 characterized by releasing the
active agent from the dosage form at a substantially ascending rate
of release for about 10 hours to about 14 hours.
47. The dosage form of claim 37 characterized by releasing the
active agent from the dosage form at a substantially ascending rate
of release for about 14 hours to about 18 hours.
48. The dosage form of claim 37 characterized by releasing the
active agent from the dosage form at a substantially ascending rate
of release for about 18 hours to about 20 hours.
49. The dosage form of claim 37 characterized by having a T.sub.90
from the core occurring at about 20 hours.
50. The dosage form according to claim 35 further comprising a
subcoat for reducing the rate of degradation of the active agent
paliperidone, which subcoat comprises a hydroxyalkylcellulose
polymer possessing a 8,500 to 4,000,000 molecular weight that at
least partially surrounds the core and is positioned between an
inside surface of the semipermeable membrane and the core.
51. The dosage form according to claim 35 further comprising a
subcoat for reducing the rate of degradation of the active agent
paliperidone which subcoat comprises a mixture of hydroxypropyl
cellulose and providone prepared in ethanol that at least partially
surrounds the core and is positioned between an inside surface of
the semipermeable membrane and the core.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part or application
Serial No. 10/629,211 and claims benefit, under 35 USC 119(e), to
U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/399,590, filed Jul. 29,
2002, and 60/406,005 filed Aug. 26, 2002, all of which are
incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention pertains to the controlled delivery of
pharmaceutical agents and methods, dosage forms and devices. In
particular, the invention is directed to methods, dosage forms and
devices for the controlled delivery of paliperidone or risperidone,
with reduced degradation of the active agent.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The art is replete with descriptions of oral dosage forms
for the controlled release of pharmaceutical agents. While a
variety of sustained release dosage forms for delivering certain
drugs exhibiting short half-life may be known, not every drug may
be suitably delivered from those dosage forms because of
solubility, metabolic processes, absorption and other physical,
chemical and physiological parameters that may be unique to the
drug and the mode of delivery. Examples of such drugs that are not
likely candidates for controlled release dosage forms are those
exhibiting a long half-life such as paliperidone. It has also been
found that paliperidone degrades into notable amounts of
impurities. The major degradation products include C-9 ketone,
N-oxides, and various dimmers of its degradants.
[0004] Paliperidone is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,804,663. The paliperidone compound differs from risperidone and
related prior art compounds described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,352,811
and 4,458,076 by its substitution on the 1-position of the
piperidine moiety.
[0005] Paliperidone and risperidone are practically insoluble in
water. Additionally, since paliperidone has a long half-life of
about one day, it is not a typical candidate for extended delivery.
However, side effects such as anxiety, somnolence, dizziness,
constipation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and orthostatic hypotension
may be related to high blood plasma concentration levels
restricting the ability to administer a single daily immediate
release dose.
[0006] It is expected that the side effects are likely a result of
either rate of rise and/or actual drug blood plasma concentrations
exceeding a threshold maximum tolerable concentration (MTC).
However, in order to obtain a therapeutic effect, concentrations
need to be sustained above a minimum pharmacodynamic concentration
(MPC).
[0007] Another aspect of delivery of paliperidone is that
administration may require low drug loading in the dosage form.
Dosage forms may need to contain drug in the range of 0.5% to 20%
or 5% to 20% of the overall weight of the dosage form. In one
embodiment of the present invention the solid dosage form will
contain from about 0.5 mg to about 25 mg, preferably from 1 to
about 20 mg, more preferably from about 3 to about 18 mg of
paliperidone or risperidone salts or esters thereof. The low drug
loading requirement presents problems in formulating compositions
and fabricating dosage forms that are suitable for oral
administration that deliver at the desired rate of release for an
extended period of time.
[0008] Prior art osmotic dosage forms mention delivery of
risperidone from a liquid gelatin capsule without mention of
delivery of paliperidone or of a preferred rate of delivery or
identification of a solid capsule dosage form. Published patent
application by ALZA Corporation, WO 00/35419.
[0009] Other art discloses delivery of risperidone through
transdermal methods with patches without claiming any rate of
release or desired plasma concentration profile. Published patent
application by Janssen, WO 96/31201. Furthermore, this art does not
identify delivery of paliperidone much less delivery of
paliperidone through oral controlled release delivery.
[0010] There is also art disclosing delivery of risperidone and/or
paliperidone through injectable implants for long term, multi-day,
delivery. This art includes the published patent application by
Alkermes WO 01/34120, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,654,008; 5650,173;
5,770,231; 6,077,843; 6,368,632; 6,110,923; 5,965,168; and
5,692,477 by Alkermes. U.S. patents claiming injectable dosage
forms to provide almost zero order delivery include U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,871,778 and 5,656,299 by Yoishitomi Pharmaceutical Industries.
This art does not disclose preferred release rates and does not
teach or motivate toward an ascending rate of release, much less
such release through an oral delivery system.
[0011] Prior art for oral delivery does not address delivery of
extended, controlled release paliperidone.
[0012] Oral controlled release dosage forms include, U.S. Pat. No.
5,536,507 which describes a three component pharmaceutical
formulation that utilizes, inter alia, a pH sensitive polymer and
optionally an osmotic agent that will swell in the higher pH
regions of the lower portion of the small intestine and the large
intestine to release drug in those environments. Additional
components of the dosage form include a delayed release coating and
an enteric coating to provide a dosage form that releases very
little, if any, of the drug in the stomach, a relatively minimal
amount in the small intestine and reportedly about 85% or more in
the large intestine. Such a dosage form provides for a widely
varying time-release of drug after administration that may not
begin for 1-3 hours until the dosage form has passed from the
stomach and an additional 3 hours or more for the dosage form to
pass into the large intestine.
[0013] Exemplary sustained release paliperidone or risperidone
(salts or esters) dosage forms, methods of preparing such dosage
forms and methods of using such dosage forms described herein are
directed to osmotic dosage forms for oral administration.
[0014] In addition to osmotic systems as described herein, however,
there are many other approaches to achieving sustained release of
drugs from oral dosage forms known in the art. These different
approaches include, for example, diffusion systems such as
reservoir devices and matrix devices, dissolution systems such as
encapsulated dissolution systems (including, for example, "tiny
time pills") and matrix dissolution systems, combination
diffusion/dissolution systems and ion-exchange resin systems as
described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1990 ed.,
pp.1682-1685. Paliperidone or risperidone dosage forms that operate
in accord with these other approaches are encompassed by the scope
of the disclosure herein to the extent that the drug release
characteristics and/or the blood plasma paliperidone concentration
characteristics as recited herein and in the claims describe those
dosage forms either literally or equivalently.
[0015] Osmotic dosage forms in general utilize osmotic pressure to
generate a driving force for imbibing fluid into a compartment
formed, at least in part, by a semipermeable membrane that permits
free diffusion of fluid but not drug or osmotic agent(s), if
present. A significant advantage to osmotic systems is that
operation is pH-independent and thus continues at the osmotically
determined rate throughout an extended time period even as the
dosage form transits the gastrointestinal tract and encounters
differing microenvironments having significantly different pH
values. A review of such dosage forms is found in Santus and Baker,
"Osmotic drug delivery: a review of the patent literature," Journal
of Controlled Release 35 (1995) 1-21, incorporated in its entirety
by reference herein. In particular, the following U.S. Patents,
owned by the assignee of the present application, ALZA Corporation,
directed to osmotic dosage forms, are each incorporated in their
entirety herein: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,995,631;
4,008,719; 4,111,202; 4,160,020; 4,327,725; 4,519,801; 4,578,075;
4,681,583; 5,019,397; and 5,156,850.
[0016] Devices in which a drug composition is delivered as a
slurry, suspension or solution from a small exit orifice by the
action of an expandable layer are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,633,011; 5,190,765; 5,252,338; 5,620,705; 4,931,285; 5,006,346;
5,024,842; and 5,160,743, which are incorporated herein by
reference. Typical devices include an expandable push layer and a
drug layer surrounded by a semipermeable membrane. In certain
instances, the drug layer is provided with a subcoat to delay
release of the drug composition to the environment of use or to
form an annealed coating in conjunction with the semipermeable
membrane.
[0017] Devices in which a drug composition is delivered in a dry
state from a large exit orifice by the action of an expandable
layer are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,778, 4,915,949 and
4,940,465. Those references describe a dispenser for delivering a
beneficial agent to an environment of use that includes a
semipermeable wall containing a layer of expandable material that
pushes a dry drug layer out of the compartment formed by the wall.
The exit orifice in the device is substantially the same diameter
as the inner diameter of the compartment formed by the wall.
[0018] While dosage forms delivering the drug composition to the
environment of use in the dry state may provide suitable release of
drug at various drug loadings over a prolonged period of time, the
exposure of the drug layer to the environment of use may result in
agitation-dependent release of drug that in some circumstances is
difficult to control. Accordingly, it may be advantageous to
release the drug as a slurry or suspension that may be metered by
control of rate of expansion of the push layer and the size of the
exit orifice in the dosage form as in accordance with this
invention.
[0019] U.S. Pat. 5,169,638 describes a buoyant controlled release
pharmaceutical powder formulation to be filled into capsules that
uses a pH dependent polymer formed from alginic acid and
hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose to release pharmaceuticals at a
controlled rate. It appears that this capsule formulation was
intended to mimic the characteristics of a tableted
formulation.
[0020] No description is provided of a formulation that provides
the uniform release characteristics of the dosage forms containing
paliperidone and related compounds of the present invention.
[0021] U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,778 and 4,940,465, describe a dispenser
for delivering a beneficial agent to an environment of use that
includes a semipermeable wall containing a layer of expandable
material that pushes a drug layer out of the compartment formed by
the wall. The exit orifice in the device is substantially the same
diameter as the inner diameter of the compartment formed by the
wall.
[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,949, describes a dispenser for
delivering a beneficial agent to an environment of use that
includes a semipermeable wall containing a layer of expandable
material that pushes a drug layer out of the compartment formed by
the wall. The drug layer contains discrete tiny pills dispersed in
a carrier. The exit orifice in the device is substantially the same
diameter as the inner diameter of the compartment formed by the
wall.
[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,142, describes a device for delivering
an ionophore to livestock that includes a semipermeable housing in
which a composition containing the ionophore and a carrier and an
expandable hydrophilic layer is located, along with an additional
element that imparts sufficient density to the device to retain it
in the rumen-reticular sac of a ruminant animal. The ionophore and
carrier are present in a dry state during storage and the
composition changes to a dispensable, fluid-like state when it is
in contact with the fluid environment of use. A number of different
exit arrangements are described, including a plurality of holes in
the end of the device and a single exit of varying diameter to
control the amount of drug released per unit time due to diffusion
and osmotic pumping.
[0024] Prior to this invention, paliperidone's related compound,
risperidone, was administered in conventional forms, such as a
nonrate-controlling, dose-dumping immediate release tablet, or by a
dose-dumping capsule, and usually at multiple, repetitive dosing
intervals throughout the day. The product is marketed as
Risperdal.TM. by Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, L. P. Physicians'
Desk Reference, Thompson Healthcare, 56.sup.th Ed., pp. 1796-1800
(2002).
[0025] The Risperdal.RTM. mode of therapy, however, continues to
lead to an initial high dose of risperidone in the blood plasma
after administration, followed by a decreased level of risperidone
in the blood plasma. Moreover, this peak and trough occurs twice to
three times during a 24-hour period due to the multiple dosing
regimen. The concentration differences in dosing patterns are
related to the presence and absence of administered drug, which is
a major disadvantage, associated with this prior dosage form and
mode of administration.
[0026] Conventional dosage forms and their mode of operation,
including dose peaks and valleys, are discussed in Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Remington, 18th Ed., pp.1676-1686 (1990), Mack Publishing
Co.; The Pharmaceutical and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 3rd Ed.,
pp.1-28 (1984), Lea and Febreger, Philadelphia; and in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 3,598,122 and 3,598,123, both issued to Zaffaroni.
[0027] A dosage form exhibiting substantially ascending release
rate profile is Concerta.RTM. marketed by McNeil Consumer
Healthcare and ALZA Pharmaceuticals. Physicians' Desk Reference,
Thompson Healthcare, 56.sup.th Ed., pp. 1998-2001 (2002). The
Concerta.RTM. product, however indicated for once-a-day
administration, only delivers at a substantially ascending rate of
release for up to about 8 hours.
[0028] Patent applications relating to Concerta.RTM. include
published PCT Pat. Application No. WO99/62496A1. This patent
application discloses the substantially ascending release rate
profile related to Concerta.RTM. for delivery over about 8 hours
for once-a-day dosing.
[0029] Related patent applications include published PCT Pat.
Application No. WO98/14168; WO98/23263; WO 98/06380A2 and U.S. Ser.
No. 2001/0012847A1.
[0030] Still other applications relating to providing increasing
rate of release delivery profile include U.S. Ser. No.
2002/0035357A1; WO 01/52819A1 and WO 01/37813A2 & A3.
[0031] There remains a need for effective dosing methods, dosage
forms and devices that will permit the controlled release of
paliperidone and related compounds over a prolonged period of time
at a substantially ascending rate of release to reduce the amount
of the active agent that the patient is initially exposed to and to
increase the time between dosing, preferably to obtain a once-a-day
dosing regimen while reducing associated side effects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0032] The present invention is designed for once-a-day
administration of an oral dosage form to deliver paliperidone or
risperidone for more than about 22 hours utilizing a capsule-shaped
tablet. This approximately 22 hours of release is at a
substantially ascending rate of release from the core with 90%
delivery occurring at about 20 hours. This novel profile provides
therapeutic delivery above the MPC while keeping the plasma levels
below the MTC and low enough such that side effects will be reduced
and the development of tolerance is increased to the side effects
that are associated with paliperidone and risperidone. This
delivery profile provides 24 hours of efficacy without initially
undesirable high plasma levels.
[0033] The present invention provides for a substantially ascending
release rate. It has been surprisingly discovered that the instant
ascending release profile (that provides a maximum blood plasma
concentration that occurs at more than about 6 hours following the
initial dose, preferably more than 8 hours following the initial
dose such as between 14 and 22 hours after the dose) best provides
efficacious therapy over 24 hours while potentially reducing
negative side effects associated with administration of the
drug.
[0034] The present invention utilizes a slow, but substantially
ascending, rate of release when the dosage form is likely to be in
the colonic region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The profile
is not previously used to deliver any drug, but is designed to
increase the therapeutic index of paliperidone and risperidone.
[0035] It has been surprisingly found that the described ascending
release rate can provide for a substantially ascending blood plasma
concentration of drug with peak concentration occurring later than
about 16 hours after administration. This ascending blood plasma
concentration increases the intraday tolerance to side effects.
[0036] It has been further surprisingly discovered that the
addition of an osmagent, salt, into the first drug layer, but not
in the second drug layer, impacts the delivery profile such that a
substantially ascending release rate results.
[0037] It has been further surprisingly discovered that maintaining
the ratio of the concentration of drug in the first drug layer and
the concentration of drug in the second drug layer impacts the
delivery profile such that the desired substantially ascending rate
of release results.
[0038] The dosage form utilizes a semipermeable membrane
surrounding a three-layer core: the first layer is referred to as a
first drug layer and contains low amounts of drug and an osmotic
agent such as salt; the middle layer referred to as the second drug
layer contains higher amounts of drug, excipients and no salt; and
the third layer referred to as the push layer contains osmotic
agents and no drug. At least one orifice is drilled through the
membrane on the first drug layer end of the capsule-shaped
tablet.
[0039] In the aqueous environment of the GI tract, water is imbibed
through the semipermeable membrane at a controlled rate determined
by the properties of the membrane and the osmolality of the core
consitituents. This causes the push layer to swell and the drug
layers to hydrate and form viscous, but deformable, masses. The
push layer expands against the second drug layer, which in turn
pushes against the hydrated first drug layer. The first drug layer,
followed by the second drug layer, exits the system through the
orifice(s) in the membrane at the same rate that water is imbibed
into the core. The biologically inert components of the tablet
remain intact during the GI transit and are eliminated as a shell
along with insoluble core components.
[0040] The dosage form incorporating the present invention is
designed to be a once-a-day dosage form that is therapeutically
effective while providing increased stability.
[0041] In still another aspect, the invention describes a dosage
form comprising a membrane defining a compartment, the membrane
surrounding an inner protective subcoat, at least one exit orifice
formed or formable therein and at least a portion of the membrane
being semipermeable; an expandable layer located within the
compartment remote from the exit orifice and in fluid communication
with the semipermeable portion of the membrane; a first drug layer
located adjacent the exit orifice; and a second drug layer located
within the compartment between the first drug layer and the
expandable layer, the drug layers comprising the compound
paliperidone or risperidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid
addition salt thereof.
[0042] As the drug is relatively insoluble, the first drug layer
has a tendency not to mix into the second drug layer. Depending
upon the relative viscosity of the first drug layer and second drug
layer, different release profiles are obtained. It is imperative to
identify the optimum viscosity for each layer. In the present
invention, viscosity is modulated by addition of salt, sodium
chloride.
[0043] The delivery profile from the core is dependent on the
weight, formulation and thickness of each of the drug layers.
[0044] The ratio of core diameter to core length is also an
important factor. The shape of the system as a capsule shaped
tablet is an important feature contributing to the substantially
ascending profile from the core.
[0045] The delivery system is designed to achieve maximum blood
plasma concentrations more than about 6 hours following the initial
dose, or more than 8 hours following the initial dose, or more than
about 12 hours after the initial dose, or more than 14 hours after
the initial dose preferably between 14 and 22 hours, more
preferably between about 16 and about 22 hours and preferably
between 18 and 21 hours after dosing. Peak concentrations most
preferably occur between approximately hour 18 and hour 20.
[0046] The present invention is designed to be a once-a-day dosage
form that is therapeutically effective while producing fewer side
effects than an immediate release dosage form administered multiple
times per day. The present invention provides two key features: a
substantially ascending delivery that affects the pharmacodynamics
and development of tolerance to the side effect, and the
substantially ascending delivery provides adequate plasma
concentrations for pharmacological effect.
[0047] In one aspect, the invention comprises a sustained release
dosage form adapted to release over a prolonged period of time at a
substantially ascending rate of release, the compound paliperidone
or risperidone.
[0048] In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of
treating a condition in a subject responsive to administration of
paliperidone or risperidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid
addition salt thereof, which comprises orally administering to the
subject a dosage form adapted to release the compound at a
substantially ascending rate of release over a prolonged period of
time. Most preferably, the dosage form is administered orally, once
a day.
[0049] In still another aspect, the invention comprises a dosage
form comprising a membrane defining a compartment, the membrane
having at least one exit orifice formed or formable therein and at
least a portion of the membrane being semipermeable; an expandable
layer located within the compartment remote from the exit orifice
and in fluid communication with the semipermeable portion of the
membrane; a first drug layer located adjacent the exit orifice; and
a second drug layer located within the compartment between the
first drug layer and the expandable layer, the drug layers
comprising the compound paliperidone or risperidone or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0050] In still another aspect, the invention comprises a dosage
form comprising a membrane defining a compartment, the membrane
having at least one exit orifice formed or formable therein and at
least a portion of the membrane being semipermeable; an expandable
layer located within the compartment remote from the exit orifice
and in fluid communication with the semipermeable portion of the
membrane; a first drug layer located adjacent the exit orifice; and
a second drug layer located within the compartment between the
first drug layer and the expandable layer, the drug layers
comprising the compound paliperidone or risperidone or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the first drug layer
comprising salt and the second drug layer containing no salt.
[0051] In still another aspect, the invention comprises a dosage
form comprising a membrane defining a compartment, the membrane
having at least one exit orifice formed or formable therein and at
least a portion of the membrane being semipermeable; an expandable
layer located within the compartment remote from the exit orifice
and in fluid communication with the semipermeable portion of the
membrane; a first drug layer located adjacent the exit orifice; and
a second drug layer located within the compartment between the
first drug layer and the expandable layer, the drug layers
comprising the compound paliperidone or risperidone or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof second drug layer.
[0052] The dosage form may optionally comprise a flow-promoting
layer between the membrane and the drug layers.
[0053] In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of
treating a condition responsive to administration of paliperidone
or risperidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt
thereof, which comprises administering the compound to provide a
substantially ascending plasma concentration of the compound. The
C.sub.max occurs at a time greater than about 14 hours, greater
than about 16 hours, greater than about 18 hours and preferably at
about 20 hours.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0054] FIG. 1 illustrates a two-orifice embodiment of the present
invention, prior to administration to a subject;
[0055] FIG. 2 illustrates the model delivery profile providing a
substantially ascending rate of release of paliperidone
demonstrating the effect of different weights of subcoats;
[0056] FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention
prior to administration to a subject, with an optional lubricating
subcoat and barrier layer;
[0057] FIG. 4 illustrates the model delivery profile providing a
substantially ascending rate of release of paliperidone
demonstrating the effect of sodium chloride in the first drug
layer;
[0058] FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of drug concentration ratio
between the first drug layer and the second drug layer on rate of
release of paliperidone;
[0059] FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D illustrate the effect of membrane
weight on rate of release of paliperidone;
[0060] FIG. 7 illustrates potential degradation pathways for
paliperidone under stress conditions;
[0061] FIG. 8 illustrates tabular comparison of dosage form
stability with and without use of the protective subcoat of the
present invention;
[0062] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate graphical comparison of dosage
form stability with and without use of the protective subcoat of
the present invention;
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0063] The present invention is best understood by reference to the
following definitions, the drawings and exemplary disclosure
provided herein.
[0064] Definitions
[0065] By "dosage form" is meant a pharmaceutical composition or
device comprising a pharmaceutically active agent, such as
paliperidone or risperidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, the composition or device optionally containing inactive
ingredients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as
suspending agents, surfactants, disintegrants, binders, diluents,
lubricants, stabilizers, antioxidants, osmotic agents, colorants,
plasticizers, coatings and the like, that are used to manufacture
and deliver active pharmaceutical agents.
[0066] By "active agent", "drug", or "compound" is meant an agent,
drug, or compound having the characteristics of paliperidone or
risperidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt
thereof.
[0067] By "pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salt" or
"pharmaceutically acceptable salt", which are used interchangeably
herein, are meant those salts in which the anion does not
contribute significantly to the toxicity or pharmacological
activity of the salt, and, as such, they are the pharmacological
equivalents of the bases of the paliperidone or risperidone
compound. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acids that are
useful for the purposes of salt formation include but are not
limited to hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, citric, acetic,
benzoic, mandelic, phosphoric, nitric, mucic, isethionic, palmitic,
and others.
[0068] The expressions "exit," "exit orifice," "delivery orifice"
or "drug delivery orifice," and other similar expressions, as may
be used herein include a member selected from the group consisting
of a passageway; an aperture; an orifice; and a bore. The
expression also includes an orifice that is formed or formable from
a substance or polymer that erodes, dissolves or is leached from
the outer wall to thereby form an exit orifice. The expression
includes one or multiple passageways, apertures, orifices, bores or
pores.
[0069] A drug "release rate" refers to the quantity of drug
released from a dosage form per unit time, e.g., milligrams of drug
released per hour (mg/hr). Drug release rates for drug dosage forms
are typically measured as an in vitro rate of dissolution, i.e., a
quantity of drug released from the dosage form per unit time
measured under appropriate conditions and in a suitable fluid. The
dissolution tests described herein were performed on dosage forms
placed in metal coil sample holders attached to a USP Type VII bath
indexer in a constant temperature water bath at 37.degree. C.
Aliquots of the release rate solutions were injected into a
chromatographic system to quantify the amounts of drug released
during the testing intervals.
[0070] By "release rate assay" is meant a standardized assay for
the determination of the release rate of a compound from the dosage
form tested using a USP Type VII interval release apparatus. It is
understood that reagents of equivalent grade may be substituted in
the assay in accordance with generally accepted procedures.
[0071] For clarity and convenience herein, the convention is
utilized of designating the time of drug administration as zero
hours (t=0 hours) and times following administration in appropriate
time units, e.g., t=30 minutes or t=2 hours, etc.
[0072] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, a drug release
rate obtained at a specified time "following administration" refers
to the in vitro drug release rate obtained at the specified time
following implementation of an appropriate dissolution test. The
time at which a specified percentage of the drug within a dosage
form has been released may be referenced as the "T.sub.x" value,
where "x" is the percent of drug that has been released. For
example, a commonly used reference measurement for evaluating drug
release from dosage forms is the time at which 70% or 90% of drug
within the dosage form has been released. This measurement is
referred to as the "T.sub.70" or "T.sub.90" for the dosage
form.
[0073] By "immediate-release dosage form" is meant a dosage form
that releases drug substantially completely within a short time
period following administration, i.e., generally within a few
minutes to about 1 hour.
[0074] By "extended release dosage form" or "controlled release
dosage form" is meant a dosage form that releases drug in a
substantially consistent predetermined rate for many hours.
Controlled release dosage forms in accord with the present
invention exhibit T.sub.90 values of at least about 8 hours, at
least about 14 hours, at least about 16 hours, at least about 18
hours or more and preferably about 20 hours or more. The dosage
forms release drug over periods of time of at least about 8 hours,
at least about 14 hours, at least about 16 hours, preferably 18
hours or more and, more preferably, 20 hours or more.
[0075] By "sustained release dosage form" is meant a dosage form
that releases drug substantially continuously for many hours.
Sustained release dosage forms of the present invention release
drug over periods of time of at least about 8 hours, at least 14
hours, at least 16 hours, at least 18 hours, preferably about 20
hours or more and, more preferably, about 20 hours or more.
[0076] Dosage forms in accord with the present invention exhibit
controlled release rates of paliperidbne or risperidone for a
prolonged period of time.
[0077] By "sustained release " is meant a predetermined continuous
release of active agent to an environment over a prolonged period
of time.
[0078] By "uniform release rate" is meant an average hourly release
rate from the core that varies positively or negatively by no more
than about 30% and preferably no more than about 25%, most
preferably no more than about 10%, from either the preceding or the
subsequent average hourly release rate as determined in a USP Type
VII Interval Release Apparatus where the cumulative release is
between 25% and 75%.
[0079] By "prolonged period of time" is meant a continuous period
of time of at least about 8 hours, preferably 10-14 hours or more
and, more preferably, 16 hours or more. For example, the exemplary
osmotic dosage forms described herein generally begin releasing
paliperidone at about one hour following administration and the
uniform rate of release, as defined above, continues for a
prolonged period of time from about 25% to until at least about 75%
and preferably at least about 85% of the drug is released from the
dosage form. Release of paliperidone continues thereafter for
several more hours although the rate of release is generally slowed
somewhat from the uniform release rate.
[0080] By "C" is meant the concentration of drug in the blood
plasma of a subject, generally expressed as mass per unit volume,
typically nanograms per milliliter. For convenience, this
concentration may be referred to as "plasma drug concentration" or
"plasma concentration" herein which is intended to be inclusive of
drug concentration measured in any appropriate body fluid or
tissue. The plasma drug concentration at any time following drug
administration is referenced as C.sub.time, as in C.sub.9h or
C.sub.24h, etc.
[0081] By "steady state" is meant the condition in which the amount
of drug present in the blood plasma of a subject does not vary
significantly over a prolonged period of time. A pattern of drug
accumulation following continuous administration of a constant dose
and dosage form at constant dosing intervals eventually achieves a
"steady-state" where the plasma concentration peaks and plasma
concentration troughs are essentially identical within each dosing
interval. As used herein, the steady-state maximal (peak) plasma
drug concentration is referenced as C.sub.max and the minimal
(trough) plasma drug concentration is referenced as C.sub.min. The
times following drug administration at which the steady-state peak
plasma and trough drug concentrations occur are referenced as the
T.sub.max and the T.sub.min, respectively.
[0082] "Ascending rate of release" or "ascending release rate"
means a rate of release wherein the amount of drug released from a
dosage form as a function of time increases over a period of time,
preferably continuously and gradually. Preferably, the rate of drug
released as a function of time increases in a steady (rather than
step-wise) manner. More preferably, an ascending rate of release
may be characterized as follows. The rate of release as a function
of time for a dosage form is measured and plotted as % drug release
versus time or as milligrams of drug released/hour versus time. An
ascending rate of release is characterized by an average rate
(expressed in mg of drug per hour) wherein the rate within a given
two hour span is higher as compared with the previous two hour time
span, over the period of time of about 2 hours to about 12 hours,
preferably, about 2 hours to about 18 hours, more preferably about
4 hours to about 12 hours, more preferably still, about 4 hours to
about 18 hours. Preferably, the increase in average rate is gradual
such that less than about 30% of the dose is delivered during any 2
hour interval, more preferably, less than about 25% of the dose is
delivered during any 2 hour interval. Preferably, the ascending
release rate is maintained until at least about 50%, more
preferably until at least about 75% of the drug in the dosage form
has been released.
[0083] One skilled in the art will recognize that as the increase
in the area under the curve increases (e.g. from 1% to 10%), the
total time over which the drug is released from the dosage form
will necessarily decrease and as such the determination of
ascending rate of release will span a shorter overall period of
time.
[0084] Persons of skill in the art appreciate that plasma drug
concentrations obtained in individual subjects will vary due to
intrapatient variability in the many parameters affecting drug
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. For this
reason, unless otherwise indicated, mean values obtained from
groups of subjects are used herein for purposes of comparing plasma
drug concentration data and for analyzing relationships between in
vitro dosage form dissolution rates and in vivo plasma drug
concentrations.
[0085] A relationship between an administered dose of paliperidone
and the magnitude of the peak plasma paliperidone concentration
obtained following dose administration is used herein to illustrate
significant differences between the dosage forms and methods of the
present invention and prior art dosage forms. For example, as
described below in more detail, a numerical value is derived by
calculating the ratio of the numerical value of the mean C.sub.max
(ng/ml) to the numerical value of the dose (mg), i.e.,
C.sub.max/dose. The difference in the values of the derived ratios
characterize the reduction in the magnitude of peak plasma
paliperidone concentrations following administration of the
sustained release paliperidone dosage forms of the present
invention compared to peak plasma paliperidone concentrations
following administration of conventional immediate-release
paliperidone dosage forms. Administration of dosage forms in accord
with the present invention preferably provides steady-state
C.sub.max/dose ratios of less than about 30 and more preferably
less than about 25.
[0086] It has been surprisingly discovered that sustained release
paliperidone dosage forms exhibiting T.sub.90 values of about 8
hours or more, 14 hours or more, 16 hours or more, 18 hours or more
and more preferably about 20 hours or more and which release
paliperidone at a controlled release rate for a prolonged period of
time can be prepared. Administration of such dosage forms once
daily provides therapeutically effective average steady-state
plasma paliperidone concentrations.
[0087] The exemplary sustained release paliperidone dosage forms,
methods of preparing such dosage forms and methods of using such
dosage forms described herein are directed to osmotic dosage forms
for oral administration. In addition to osmotic systems as
described herein, however, there are many other approaches to
achieving sustained release of drugs from oral dosage forms known
in the art. These different approaches may include, for example,
diffusion systems such as reservoir devices and matrix devices,
dissolution systems such as encapsulated dissolution systems
(including, for example, "tiny time pills") and matrix dissolution
systems, combination diffusion/dissolution systems and ion-exchange
resin systems as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
1990 ed., pp.1682-1685. Paliperidone dosage forms that operate in
accord with these other approaches are encompassed by the scope of
the claims below to the extent that the drug release
characteristics and/or the plasma paliperidone concentration
characteristics as recited in the claims describe those dosage
forms either literally or equivalently.
[0088] Osmotic dosage forms, in general, utilize osmotic pressure
to generate a driving force for imbibing fluid into a compartment
formed, at least in part, by a semipermeable wall that permits free
diffusion of fluid but not drug or osmotic agent(s), if present. A
significant advantage to osmotic systems is that operation is
pH-independent and thus continues at the osmotically determined
rate throughout an extended time period even as the dosage form
transits the gastrointestinal tract and encounters differing
microenvironments having significantly different pH values. A
review of such dosage forms is found in Santus and Baker, "Osmotic
drug delivery: a review of the patent literature," Journal of
Controlled Release 35 (1995) 1-21. In particular, the following
U.S. Patents, owned by the assignee of the present application,
ALZA Corporation, directed to osmotic dosage forms, are each
incorporated in their entirety herein: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770;
3,916,899; 3,995,631; 4,008,719; 4,111,202; 4,160,020; 4,327,725;
4,519,801; 4,578,075; 4,681,583; 5,019,397; and 5,156,850.
[0089] FIG. 1 is a cutaway view of one embodiment of dosage form 10
in accord with the present invention. In this embodiment, the
internal compartment defined by membrane 20 contains a
multilayer-compressed core having a first component drug layer 30,
a second component drug layer 40 and a third component push layer
50.
[0090] While the preferred embodiment in FIG. 1 illustrates a
capsule-shaped tablet, the tablet geometry may be other shapes
including a standard biconvex shape. Such a preferred shape as well
as other alternate shapes will impact and alter release rates.
[0091] In operation, following oral ingestion of dosage form 10,
the osmotic activity gradient across wall 20 causes gastric fluid
to be imbibed through wall 20 thereby converting first drug layer
30 and second drug layer 40 into deliverable compositions, i.e.
solutions or suspensions, and concurrently swelling the
osmopolymer(s) in push layer 50. The deliverable first drug layer
30 and second drug layer 40 are released through exits 60 as fluid
continues to enter the internal compartment and push layer 50
continues to swell. As release of first drug layer 30 and second
drug layer 40 occurs, fluid continues to be imbibed and push layer
50 continues to swell thereby driving continued release. In this
manner, drug is released in a continuous manner over an extended
time period.
[0092] As described in more detail below, third component push
layer 50 comprises osmotically active component(s), but does not
contain active drug. The osmotically active component(s) in push
layer 50 typically comprises an osmagent and one or more
osmopolymer(s) having relatively large molecular weights which
exhibit swelling as fluid is imbibed such that significant release
of these osmopolymers through exits 60 does not occur. Additional
excipients such as binders, lubricants, antioxidants and colorants
may also be included in push layer 50. The third component layer is
referred to herein as an expandable or a push layer since, as fluid
is imbibed, the osmopolymer(s) swell and push against the
deliverable drug formulation of the second component drug layer to
thereby facilitate release of the drug formulation from the dosage
form.
[0093] As described in more detail below, first component drug
layer 30 comprises osmotically active components, and a lower
amount of active drug than in second component drug layer 40. The
osmotically active component(s) in the first component drug layer
comprises an osmagent such as salt and one or more osmopolymer(s)
having relatively small molecular weights which exhibit swelling as
fluid is imbibed such that release of these osmopolymers through
exit 60 occurs similar to that of drug layer 40. Additional
excipients such as binders, lubricants, antioxidants and colorants
may also be included in first drug layer 30.
[0094] Second drug layer 40 comprises paliperidone in an admixture
with selected excipients adapted to provide an osmotic activity
gradient for driving fluid from an external environment through
membrane 20 and for forming a deliverable drug formulation upon
imbibition of fluid. The excipients may include a suitable
suspending agent, also referred to herein as a drug carrier, but no
osmotically active agent, "osmagent," such as salt, sodium
chloride. It has been surprisingly discovered that the omission of
salt from this second drug layer, which contains a higher
proportion of the overall drug in the dosage form, in combination
with the salt in the first drug layer component, provides an
improved ascending rate of release creating a longer duration of
ascending rate.
[0095] Drug layer 40 has a higher concentration of the drug than
does drug layer 30. The ratio of the concentration of drug in the
first drug layer 30 to the concentration of drug in the second drug
layer 40 is maintained at less than 1 and preferably less than 0.33
to provide the desired substantially ascending rate of release.
[0096] Drug layer 40 may also comprise other excipients such as
lubricants, binders, etc.
[0097] Drug layer 40, as with drug layer 30, further comprises a
hydrophilic polymer carrier. The hydrophilic polymer provides a
particle in the drug composition that contributes to the controlled
delivery of the active drug. Representative examples of these
polymers are poly(alkylene oxide) of 100,000 to 750,000
number-average molecular weight, including poly(ethylene oxide),
poly(methylene oxide), poly(butylene oxide) and poly(hexylene
oxide); and a poly(carboxymethylcellulose) of 40,000 to 400,000
number-average molecular weight, represented by poly(alkali
carboxymethylcellulose), poly(sodium carboxymethylcellulose),
poly(potassium carboxymethylcellulose) and poly(lithium
carboxymethylcellulose). Drug layer 40 can further comprise a
hydroxypropylalkylcellulose of 9,200 to 125,000 number-average
molecular weight for enhancing the delivery properties of the
dosage form as represented by hydroxypropylethylcellulo- se,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylbutylcellulose and
hydroxypropylpentylcellulose; and a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) of 7,000
to 75,000 number-average molecular weight for enhancing the flow
properties of the dosage form. Preferred among these polymers are
the poly(ethylene oxide) of 100,000-300,000 number average
molecular weight. Carriers that erode in the gastric environment,
i.e., bioerodible carriers, are especially preferred.
[0098] Other carriers that may be incorporated into drug layer 40,
and/or drug layer 30, include carbohydrates that exhibit sufficient
osmotic activity to be used alone or with other osmagents. Such
carbohydrates comprise monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides. Representative examples include maltodextrins
(i.e., glucose polymers produced by the hydrolysis of corn starch)
and the sugars comprising lactose, glucose, raffinose, sucrose,
mannitol, sorbitol, and the like. Preferred maltodextrins are those
having a dextrose equivalence (DE) of 20 or less, preferably with a
DE ranging from about 4 to about 20, and often 9-20. Maltodextrin
having a DE of 9-12 has been found to be useful.
[0099] Drug layer 40 and drug layer 30 typically will be a
substantially dry, <1% water by weight, composition formed by
compression of the carrier, the drug, and other excipients as one
layer.
[0100] Drug layer 40 may be formed from particles by comminution
that produces the size of the drug and the size of the accompanying
polymer used in the fabrication of the drug layer, typically as a
core containing the compound, according to the mode and the manner
of the invention. The means for producing particles include
granulation, spray drying, sieving, lyophilization, crushing,
grinding, jet milling, micronizing and chopping to produce the
intended micron particle size. The process can be performed by size
reduction equipment, such as a micropulverizer mill, a fluid energy
grinding mill, a grinding mill, a roller mill, a hammer mill, an
attrition mill, a chaser mill, a ball mill, a vibrating ball mill,
an impact pulverizer mill, a centrifugal pulverizer, a coarse
crusher and a fine crusher. The size of the particle can be
ascertained by screening, including a grizzly screen, a flat
screen, a vibrating screen, a revolving screen, a shaking screen,
an oscillating screen and a reciprocating screen. The processes and
equipment for preparing drug and carrier particles are disclosed in
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Remington, 17th Ed., pp. 1585-1594 (1985);
Chemical Engineers Handbook, Perry, 6th Ed., pp. 21-13 to 21-19
(1984); Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parrot, Vol. 61, No. 6,
pp. 813-829 (1974); and Chemical Engineer, Hixon, pp. 94-103
(1990).
[0101] First drug layer 30 comprises paliperidone in an admixture
with selected excipients adapted to provide an osmotic activity
gradient for driving fluid from an external environment through
membrane 20 and for forming a deliverable drug formulation upon
imbibition of fluid. The excipients may include a suitable
suspending agent, also referred to herein as a drug carrier, and an
osmotically active agent, i.e., an "osmagent," such as salt. Other
excipients such as lubricants, binders, etc. may also be included.
It has been surprisingly found that when first component drug layer
30 comprises an osmotically active component, and a lower amount of
active drug than in second component drug layer 40, an improved
ascending rate of release can be created that provides a longer
duration of ascending rate. Additionally, with the low doses of
paliperidone delivered from a dosage form, and the low amount of
that total in the first drug layer 30, the addition of salt has
been found to provide a consistent predetermined release rate
providing a substantially ascending rate of release over 20
hours.
[0102] The osmotically active component in the first drug layer
typically comprises an osmagent and one or more osmopolymer(s)
having relatively small molecular weights which exhibit swelling as
fluid is imbibed such that release of these osmopolymers through
exit 60 occurs similar to that of drug layer 40.
[0103] First drug layer 30 may also comprise additional excipients
such as binders, lubricants, antioxidants and colorants.
[0104] It has been surprisingly discovered that the ratio of drug
concentration between the first drug layer and the second drug
layer alters the release rate profile. Release rate profile slope
is calculated as the difference between the maximum release rate
and the release rate achieved at the first time point after
start-up (for example, at 6 hours), divided by the average release
rate between the two data points.
[0105] For instance, in Example 1, the drug concentration in first
drug layer 30 is 1% and the drug concentration in the second drug
layer 40 is 2.8% resulting in a 0.36 ratio of drug concentrations
between the two layers that provides a 60% release rate profile. It
has been found that the slope of the release rate profile can be
manipulated by adjusting the ratio of drug concentrations between
the two layers. High drug concentration ratio produces less
ascending release rates as shown in FIG. 5. The drug concentration
ratio to produce greater than 50% ascending release rate curve
slope is less than 0.4.
[0106] Similarly, it has been found that reduced salt in the first
drug layer 30 also reduces the release rate curve slope. For
example when no salt is added the release rate curve slope is about
57. When 20% salt is added, the release rate curve slope increases
to 80%. See FIG. 4. The amount of salt required to provide the
preferred ascending release rate profile is at least 20%.
[0107] It has been surprisingly discovered that the ascending rate
of release of paliperidone provides superior bioavailability,
absorption and efficacy over multiple dosings of immediate release
dosage forms as well as substantially zero order rates of release
over prolonged periods of time.
[0108] Drug layer 30 and drug layer 40 may optionally contain
surfactants and disintegrants in both drug layers. Exemplary of the
surfactants are those having an HLB value of between about 10-25,
such as polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate,
polyoxyethylene-4-sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan
monooleate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monopalmitate,
polyoxyethylene-20-monolaurate, polyoxyethylene-40-stearat- e,
sodium oleate and the like. Disintegrants may be selected from
starches, clays, celluloses, algins and gums and crosslinked
starches, celluloses and polymers. Representative disintegrants
include corn starch, potato starch, croscarmelose, crospovidone,
sodium starch glycolate, Veegum HV, methylcellulose, agar,
bentonite, carboxymethylcellulose, alginic acid, guar gum and the
like.
[0109] Another representative compound having similar antipsychotic
acitivity to paliperidone is risperidone, sold in immediate release
forms as RlSPERDAL.RTM. (risperidone).
[0110] Blood plasma concentrations in a subject may be determined
by clinical assay to determine a correlation between tolerability
and clinical effect and blood plasma concentrations of drug. The
present invention provides for a period of delivery utilizing a
substantially ascending blood plasma concentration profile.
[0111] Dosage forms of the present invention have core drug release
T.sub.90 values of greater than 8 hours, greater 12 hours, greater
than 14, preferably greater than 16 hours and most preferably
greater than 20 hours, and release paliperidone or risperidone for
a continuous period of time of about 22 hours. After about one hour
following administration, the dosage form begins releasing
paliperidone or risperidone from the core at a substantially
ascending rate of release that continues for a prolonged period of
time of about 16 hours or more.
[0112] Wall 20 is formed to be permeable to the passage of an
external fluid, such as water and biological fluids, and is
substantially impermeable to the passage of paliperidone or
risperidone, osmagent, osmopolymer and the like. As such, it is
semipermeable. The selectively semipermeable compositions used for
forming wall 20 are essentially nonerodible and substantially
insoluble in biological fluids during the life of the dosage
form.
[0113] Representative polymers for forming wall 20 comprise
semipermeable homopolymers, semipermeable copolymers, and the like.
Such materials comprise cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and
cellulose ester-ethers. The cellulosic polymers have a degree of
substitution (DS) of their anhydroglucose unit of from greater than
0 up to 3, inclusive. Degree of substitution (DS) means the average
number of hydroxyl groups originally present on the anhydroglucose
unit that are replaced by a substituting group or converted into
another group. The anhydroglucose unit can be partially or
completely substituted with groups such as acyl, alkanoyl,
alkenoyl, aroyl, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, carboalkyl,
alkylcarbamate, alkylcarbonate, alkylsulfonate, alkysulfamate,
semipermeable polymer forming groups, and the like, wherein the
organic moieties contain from one to twelve carbon atoms, and
preferably from one to eight carbon atoms.
[0114] The semipermeable compositions typically include a member
selected from the group consisting of cellulose acylate, cellulose
diacylate, cellulose triacylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose
diacetate, cellulose triacetate, mono-, di- and tri-cellulose
alkanylates, mono-, di-, and tri-alkenylates, mono-, di-, and
tri-aroylates, and the like. Exemplary polymers include cellulose
acetate having a DS of 1.8 to 2.3 and an acetyl content of 32 to
39.9%; cellulose diacetate having a DS of 1 to 2 and an acetyl
content of 21 to 35%; cellulose triacetate having a DS of 2 to 3
and an acetyl content of 34 to 44.8%; and the like. More specific
cellulosic polymers include cellulose propionate having a DS of 1.8
and a propionyl content of 38.5%; cellulose acetate propionate
having an acetyl content of 1.5 to 7% and an acetyl content of 39
to 42%; cellulose acetate propionate having an acetyl content of
2.5 to 3%, an average propionyl content of 39.2 to 45%, and a
hydroxyl content of 2.8 to 5.4%; cellulose acetate butyrate having
a DS of 1.8, an acetyl content of 13 to 15%, and a butyryl content
of 34 to 39%; cellulose acetate butyrate having an acetyl content
of 2 to 29%, a butyryl content of 17 to 53%, and a hydroxyl content
of 0.5 to 4.7%; cellulose triacylates having a DS of 2.6 to 3, such
as cellulose trivalerate, cellulose trilamate, cellulose
tripalmitate, cellulose trioctanoate and cellulose tripropionate;
cellulose diesters having a DS of 2.2 to 2.6, such as cellulose
disuccinate, cellulose dipalmitate, cellulose dioctanoate,
cellulose dicaprylate, and the like; and mixed cellulose esters,
such as cellulose acetate valerate, cellulose acetate succinate,
cellulose propionate succinate, cellulose acetate octanoate,
cellulose valerate palmitate, cellulose acetate heptanoate, and the
like. Semipermeable polymers are known in U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,407,
and they can be synthesized by procedures described in Encyclopedia
of Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 325-354 (1964),
Interscience Publishers Inc., New York, N.Y.
[0115] Additional semipermeable polymers for forming wall 20
comprise cellulose acetaldehyde dimethyl acetate; cellulose acetate
ethylcarbamate; cellulose acetate methyl carbamate; cellulose
dimethylaminoacetate; semipermeable polyamide; semipermeable
polyurethanes; semipermeable sulfonated polystyrenes; cross-linked
selectively semipermeable polymers formed by the coprecipitation of
an anion and a cation, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,173,876;
3,276,586; 3,541,005; 3,541,006 and 3,546,142; semipermeable
polymers, as disclosed by Loeb, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,133,132;
semipermeable polystyrene derivatives; semipermeable poly(sodium
styrenesulfonate); semipermeable poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium
chloride); and semipermeable polymers exhibiting a fluid
permeability of 10.sup.-5 to 10.sup.-2 (cc. mil/cm hr.atm),
expressed as per atmosphere of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure
differences across a semipermeable wall. The polymers are known to
the art in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899 and 4,160,020; and
in Handbook of Common Polymers, Scott and Roff (1971) CRC Press,
Cleveland, Ohio.
[0116] Wall 20 may also comprise a flux-regulating agent. The flux
regulating agent is a compound added to assist in regulating the
fluid permeability or flux through wall 20. The flux-regulating
agent can be a flux-enhancing agent or a flux-decreasing agent. The
agent can be preselected to increase or decrease the liquid flux.
Agents that produce a marked increase in permeability to fluid such
as water are often essentially hydrophilic, while those that
produce a marked decrease to fluids such as water are essentially
hydrophobic. The amount of regulator in the wall when incorporated
therein generally is from about 0.01% to 20% by weight or more. The
flux regulator agents may include polyhydric alcohols, polyalkylene
glycols, polyalkylenediols, polyesters of alkylene glycols, and the
like. Typical flux enhancers include polyethylene glycol 300, 400,
600, 1500, 4000, 6000 and the like; low molecular weight glycols
such as polypropylene glycol, polybutylene glycol and polyamylene
glycol: the polyalkylenediols such as poly(1,3-propanediol),
poly(1,4-butanediol), poly(1,6-hexanediol), and the like; aliphatic
diols such as 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,4-pentamethylene glycol,
1,4-hexamethylene glycol, and the like; alkylene triols such as
glycerine, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,2,4-hexanetriol, 1,3,6-hexanetriol
and the like; esters such as ethylene glycol dipropionate, ethylene
glycol butyrate, butylene glycol dipropionate, glycerol acetate
esters, and the like. Presently preferred flux enhancers include
the group of difunctional block-copolymer polyoxyalkylene
derivatives of propylene glycol known as pluronics (BASF).
Representative flux-decreasing agents include phthalates
substituted with an alkyl or alkoxy or with both an alkyl and
alkoxy group such as diethyl phthalate, dimethoxyethyl phthalate,
dimethyl phthalate, and [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate], aryl
phthalates such as triphenyl phthalate, and butyl benzyl phthalate;
insoluble salts such as calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium
phosphate, and the like; insoluble oxides such as titanium oxide;
polymers in powder, granule and like form such as polystyrene,
polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, and polysulfone; esters such
as citric acid esters esterified with long chain alkyl groups;
inert and substantially water impermeable fillers; resins
compatible with cellulose based wall forming materials, and the
like.
[0117] Other materials may be included in the semipermeable wall
composition for imparting flexibility and elongation properties,
for making wall 20 less brittle and to render tear strength.
Suitable materials include phthalate plasticizers such as dibenzyl
phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, butyl octyl phthalate, straight chain
phthalates of six to eleven carbons, di-isononyl phthalte,
di-isodecyl phthalate, and the like. The plasticizers include
nonphthalates such as triacetin, dioctyl azelate, epoxidized
tallate, tri-isoctyl trimellitate, tri-isononyl trimellitate,
sucrose acetate isobutyrate, epoxidized soybean oil, and the like.
The amount of plasticizer in a wall when incorporated therein is
about 0.01% to 20% weight, or higher.
[0118] Push layer 50, the third component, comprises an expandable
composition in contacting layered arrangement with the second
component drug layer 40 as illustrated in FIG. 1 or in contacting
layered arrangement with barrier layer 55 as illustrated in FIG. 3.
Push layer 50 comprises a polymer that imbibes an aqueous or
biological fluid and swells to push the drug composition through
the exit of the device. A polymer having suitable imbibition
properties may be referred to herein as an osmopolymer. The
osmopolymers are swellable, hydrophilic polymers that interact with
water and aqueous biological fluids and swell or expand to a high
degree, typically exhibiting a 2-50 fold volume increase. The
osmopolymer can be non-crosslinked or crosslinked, but in a
preferred embodiment are at least lightly crosslinked to create a
polymer network that is too large and entangled to exit the dosage
form. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the expandable composition
is retained within the dosage form during its operative
lifetime.
[0119] Representatives of fluid-imbibing displacement polymers
comprise members selected from poly(alkylene oxide) of 1 million to
15 million number-average molecular weight, as represented by
poly(ethylene oxide), and poly(alkali carboxymethylcellulose) of
500,000 to 3,500,000 number-average molecular weight, wherein the
alkali is sodium, potassium or lithium. Examples of additional
polymers for the formulation of the push layer composition comprise
osmopolymers that form hydrogels, such as Carbopol.RTM. acidic
carboxypolymer, a polymer of acrylic cross-linked with a polyallyl
sucrose, also known as carboxypolymethylene, and carboxyvinyl
polymer having a molecular weight of 250,000 to 4,000,000;
Cyanamer.RTM. polyacrylamides; cross-linked water swellable
indenemaleic anhydride polymers; Good-rite.RTM. polyacrylic acid
having a molecular weight of 80,000 to 200,000; Aqua-Keeps.RTM.
acrylate polymer polysaccharides composed of condensed glucose
units, such as diester cross-linked polygluran; and the like.
Representative polymers that form hydrogels are known to the prior
art in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,108, issued to Hartop; U.S. Pat. No.
4,002,173, issued to Manning; U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,893, issued to
Michaels; and in Handbook of Common Polymers, Scott and Roff,
Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
[0120] Suitable osmagents, also known as osmotic solutes and
osmotically effective agents, that may be found in the first drug
layer and the push layer in the dosage form are those which exhibit
an osmotic activity gradient across the wall 20. Suitable osmagents
comprise a member selected from the group consisting of sodium
chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, magnesium sulfate,
magnesium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, lithium
sulfate, potassium acid phosphate, mannitol, urea, inositol,
magnesium succinate, tartaric acid, raffinose, sucrose, glucose,
lactose, sorbitol, inorganic salts, organic salts and
carbohydrates.
[0121] Exemplary solvents suitable for manufacturing the dosage
form components comprise aqueous or inert organic solvents that do
not adversely harm the materials used in the system. The solvents
broadly include members selected from the group consisting of
aqueous solvents, alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, aliphatic
hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, cycloaliphatics, aromatics,
heterocyclic solvents and mixtures thereof. Typical solvents
include acetone, diacetone alcohol, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl
alcohol, butyl alcohol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl
acetate, n-butyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl propyl
ketone, n-hexane, n-heptane, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether,
ethylene glycol monoethyl acetate, methylene dichloride, ethylene
dichloride, propylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride nitroethane,
nitropropane tetrachloroethane, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether,
cyclohexane, cyclooctane, benzene, toluene, naphtha, 1,4-dioxane,
tetrahydrofuran, diglyme, water, aqueous solvents containing
inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and the
like, and mixtures thereof such as acetone and water, acetone and
methanol, acetone and ethyl alcohol, methylene dichloride and
methanol, and ethylene dichloride and methanol.
[0122] FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment including an
optional third component barrier layer 55 separating second
component drug layer 40 from push layer 50. FIG. 3 also illustrates
dosage form 10 including an inner wall 90.
[0123] FIG. 3 illustrates the preferred embodiment of dosage form
10 including the protective inner wall or subcoat 90 and an
optional third component barrier layer 55 separating second
component drug layer 40 from push layer 50.
[0124] The composition of barrier layer 55 is inert with the
respect to the composition of second component drug layer 40 and
substantially impermeable; such that drug from drug layer 40 and
the components of push layer 50 are prevented from mixing. Suitable
materials include water-insoluble polymers, fats, fatty acids and
fatty acid esters that are solids at ambient and body temperatures,
and waxes. Representative water-insoluble polymers include ethyl
cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinylchloride, copolymers of
polyethylene and vinyl acetate, poly(methylmethacrylate), acrylic
polymers such as Eudragit.RTM. L or Eudragit.RTM. R,
polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid polymers (PLGA),
high density polyethylene, rubber, styrene butadiene, polysilicone,
nylon, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and halogenated
polymers. Representative waxes include paraffin wax and beeswax.
Representative fats, fatty acids and fatty acid esters include
C.sub.16- C.sub.24 long chain fatty acids, esters of such long
chain fatty acids such as stearic acid and oleic acid, and mixtures
of the foregoing. Mixtures of the above-described materials may be
utilized, e.g., a mixture of ethyl cellulose and stearic acid,
which is presently preferred.
[0125] Protective subcoat 90 is permeable to the passage of gastric
fluid entering the compartment defined by wall 20 and provides a
protective function that reduces the degradation of paliperidone
under stress conditions.
[0126] Inner wall 90 further provides a lubricating function that
facilitates the movement of first drug layer 30, second drug layer
40 and push layer 50 toward exit 60. Inner wall 90 may be formed
from hydrophilic materials and excipients. Outer wall 20 is
semipermeable, allowing gastric fluid to enter the compartment, but
preventing the passage of the materials comprising the core in the
compartment. The deliverable drug formulation is released from exit
60 as described above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3.
[0127] FIG. 7 illustrates potential degradation pathways for
paliperidone under stress conditions. Subcoat 90 provides a means
for reducing this potential degradation.
[0128] Inner wall 90 may be formed from hydrophilic materials and
excipients. Wall 20 is semipermeable, allowing gastric fluid to
enter the compartment, but substantially impermeable to the passage
of materials comprising the core in the compartment. The
deliverable drug formulation is released from exit 60 as described
above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3.
[0129] Inner wall 90, is located between at least drug layers 30
and 40, and wall 20 to reduce degradation of the active agent of
drug layer 30 and drug layer 40. Inner wall 90 promotes stability
of the drug composition.
[0130] Inner wall 90 also reduces friction between the external
surface of drug layer 30 and drug layer 40, and the inner surface
of wall 20. Inner wall 90 promotes release of the drug composition
from the compartment and reduces the amount of residual drug
composition remaining in the compartment at the end of the delivery
period, particularly when the slurry, suspension or solution of the
drug composition that is being dispensed is highly viscous during
the period of time in which it is being dispensed. In dosage forms
in which there is high drug loading, i.e., 40% or greater active
agent in the drug layer based on the overall weight of the drug
layer, and no inner wall, it has been observed that significant
residual amounts of drug may remain in the device after the period
of delivery has been completed. In some instances, amounts of 20%
or greater may remain in the dosage form at the end of a
twenty-four hour period when tested in a release rate assay.
[0131] Inner wall 90 is formed as an inner coat of a flow-promoting
agent, i.e., an agent that lowers the frictional force between the
outer wall 20 and the external surface of drug layer 40. Inner wall
90 appears to reduce the frictional forces between outer wall 20
and the outer surface of drug layer 30 and drug layer 40, thus
allowing for more complete delivery of drug from the device.
Particularly in the case of active compounds having a high cost,
such an improvement presents substantial economic advantages since
it is not necessary to load the drug layer with an excess of drug
to insure that the minimum amount of drug required will be
delivered. Inner wall 90 may be formed as a coating applied over
the compressed core.
[0132] Inner wall 90 is further characterized by a protective
agent, i.e., an agent that reduces the degradation of paliperidone
in drug layer 30 and drug layer 40. Particularly in the case of
active compounds having a high cost, such an improvement presents
substantial economic advantages. Inner wall 90 may be formed as a
coating applied over the compressed core.
[0133] Inner wall 90 typically may be 0.01 to 5 mm thick, more
typically 0.5 to 5 mm thick, and it comprises a member selected
from hydrogels, gelatin, low molecular weight polyethylene oxides,
e.g., less than 100,000 MW, hydroxyalkylcelluloses, e.g.,
hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose,
hydroxyisopropylcelluose, hydroxybutylcellulose and
hydroxyphenylcellulose, and hydroxyalkyl alkylcelluloses, e.g.,
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and mixtures thereof. The
hydroxyalkylcelluloses comprise polymers having a 9,500 to
1,250,000 number-average molecular weight. For example,
hydroxypropyl celluloses having number average molecular weights of
between 80,000 to 850,000 are useful. The inner wall may be
prepared from conventional solutions or suspensions of the
aforementioned materials in aqueous solvents or inert organic
solvents.
[0134] Prefered materials for the inner wall include hydroxypropyl
cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,
povidone [poly(vinylpyrrolidone)], polyethylene glycol, and
mixtures thereof.
[0135] Most prefered are mixtures of hydroxypropyl cellulose and
povidone, prepared in organic solvents, particularly organic polar
solvents such as lower alkanols having 1-8 carbon atoms, preferably
ethanol, mixtures of hydroxyethyl cellolose and hydroxypropyl
methyl cellulose prepared in aqueous solution, and mixtures of
hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol prepared in aqueous
solution. More preferably, the inner wall comprises a mixture of
hydroxypropyl cellulose and providone prepared in ethanol. Most
preferably the inner wall comprises a mixture of
hydrxoyethylcellulose and polyethylene prepared in water.
[0136] It is preferred that inner wall 90 comprises between about
50% and about 90% hydroxypropylcellulose identified as EF having an
average molecular weight of about 80,000 and between about 10% and
about 50% polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as K29-32. In another
embodiment it is preferred that the inner wall 90 comprises between
about 50% and about 98% hydroxyethylcellulose identified as
NATROSOL 250L having an average molecular weight of about 90,000
and between about 2% and about 50% polyethylene glycol identified a
as 3350 having molecular weight of between about 3,000 and
4,000.
[0137] Conveniently, the weight of the inner wall applied to the
compressed core may be correlated with the thickness of the inner
wall and residual drug remaining in a dosage form in a release rate
assay such as described herein. As such, during manufacturing
operations, the thickness of the inner wall may be controlled by
controlling the weight of the inner wall taken up in the coating
operation.
[0138] When inner wall 90 is formed as a subcoat, i.e., by coating
onto the tabletted composite including one or all of the first drug
layer, second drug layer and push layer, the inner wall can fill in
surface irregularities formed on the core by the tabletting
process. The resulting smooth external surface facilitates slippage
between the coated composite core and the semipermeable wall during
dispensing of the drug, resulting in a lower amount of residual
drug composition remaining in the device at the end of the dosing
period. When inner wall 90 is fabricated of a gel-forming material,
contact with water in the environment of use facilitates formation
of the gel or gel-like inner coat having a viscosity that may
promote and enhance slippage between outer wall 20 and drug layer
30 and drug layer 40.
[0139] Subcoat 90 has also been shown to reduce degradation of the
paliperidone during stability testing and could improve and extend
shelf life of the resulting formulation.
[0140] FIGS. 8, 9A and 9B illustrate the increased stability of
paliperidone in the dosage forms incorporating the protective
subcoat compared to dosage forms not incorporating the protective
subcoat.
[0141] Pan coating may be conveniently used to provide the
completed dosage form, except for the exit orifice. In the pan
coating system, the wall-forming composition for the inner wall or
the outer wall, as the case may be, is deposited by successive
spraying of the appropriate wall composition onto the compressed
trilayered or multilayered core comprising the drug layers,
optional barrier layer and push layer, accompanied by tumbling in a
rotating pan. A pan coater is used because of its availability at
commercial scale. Other techniques can be used for coating the
compressed core. Once coated, the wall is dried in a forced-air
oven or in a temperature and humidity controlled oven to free the
dosage form of solvent(s) used in the manufacturing. Drying
conditions will be conventionally chosen on the basis of available
equipment, ambient conditions, solvents, coatings, coating
thickness, and the like.
[0142] Other coating techniques can also be employed. For example,
the wall or walls of the dosage form may be formed in one technique
using the air-suspension procedure. This procedure consists of
suspending and tumbling the compressed core in a current of air and
the semipermeable wall forming composition, until the wall is
applied to the core. The air-suspension procedure is well suited
for independently forming the wall of the dosage form. The
air-suspension procedure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,799,241;
in J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., Vol. 48, pp. 451-459 (1959); and, ibid.,
Vol. 49, pp. 82-84 (1960). The dosage form also can be coated with
a Wurster.RTM. air-suspension coater using, for example, methylene
dichloride methanol as a cosolvent for the wall forming material.
An Aeromatic.RTM. air-suspension coater can be used employing a
cosolvent.
[0143] Dosage forms in accord with the present invention are
manufactured by standard techniques. For example, the dosage form
may be manufactured by the wet granulation technique. In the wet
granulation technique, the drug and carrier are blended using an
organic solvent, such as denatured anhydrous ethanol, as the
granulation fluid. The remaining ingredients can be dissolved in a
portion of the granulation fluid, such as the solvent described
above, and this latter prepared wet blend is slowly added to the
drug blend with continual mixing in the blender. The granulating
fluid is added until a wet blend is produced, which wet mass blend
is then forced through a predetermined screen onto oven trays. The
blend is dried for 18 to 24 hours at 24.degree. C. to 35.degree. C.
in a forced-air oven. The dried granules are then sized. Next,
magnesium stearate, or another suitable lubricant, is added to the
drug granulation, and the granulation is put into milling jars and
mixed on a jar mill for 10 minutes. The composition is pressed into
a layer, for example, in a Manesty.RTM. press or a Korsch LCT
press. For a trilayered core, granules or powders of the drug layer
compositions and push layer composition are sequentially placed in
an appropriately-sized die with intermediate compression steps
being applied to each of the first two layers, followed by a final
compression step after the last layer is added to the die to form
the trilayered core. The intermediate compression typically takes
place under a force of about 50-100 newtons. Final stage
compression typically takes place at a force of 3500 newtons or
greater, often 3500-5000 newtons. The compressed cores are fed to a
dry coater press, e.g., Kilian.RTM. Dry Coater press, and
subsequently coated with the wall materials as described above.
[0144] One or more exit orifices are drilled in the drug layer end
of the dosage form, and optional water soluble overcoats, which may
be colored (e.g., Opadry colored coatings) or clear (e.g., Opadry
Clear), may be coated on the dosage form to provide the finished
dosage form.
[0145] In another manufacture the drug and other ingredients
comprising the drug layer are blended and pressed into a solid
layer. The layer possesses dimensions that correspond to the
internal dimensions of the area the layer is to occupy in the
dosage form, and it also possesses dimensions corresponding to the
push layer, if included, for forming a contacting arrangement
therewith. The drug and other ingredients can also be blended with
a solvent and mixed into a solid or semisolid form by conventional
methods, such as ballmilling, calendering, stirring or rollmilling,
and then pressed into a preselected shape. Next, if included, a
layer of osmopolymer composition is placed in contact with the
layer of drug in a like manner. The layering of the drug
formulation and the osmopolymer layer can be fabricated by
conventional two-layer press techniques. An analogous procedure may
be followed for the preparation of the trilayered core. The
compressed cores then may be coated with the inner wall material
and the semipermeable wall material as described above.
[0146] Another manufacturing process that can be used comprises
blending the powdered ingredients for each layer in a fluid bed
granulator. After the powdered ingredients are dry blended in the
granulator, a granulating fluid, for example,
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in water, is sprayed onto the powders. The
coated powders are then dried in the granulator. This process
granulates all the ingredients present therein while adding the
granulating fluid. After the granules are dried, a lubricant, such
as stearic acid or magnesium stearate, is mixed into the
granulation using a blender e.g., V-blender or tote blender. The
granules are then pressed in the manner described above.
[0147] The dosage form of the invention is provided with at least
one exit 60. Exit 60 cooperates with the compressed core for the
uniform release of drug from the dosage form. The exit can be
provided during the manufacture of the dosage form or during drug
delivery by the dosage form in a fluid environment of use.
[0148] Exit 60 may include an orifice that is formed or formable
from a substance or polymer that erodes, dissolves or is leached
from the outer wall to thereby form an exit orifice. The substance
or polymer may include, for example, an erodible poly(glycolic)
acid or poly(lactic) acid in the semipermeable wall; a gelatinous
filament; a water-removable poly(vinyl alcohol); a leachable
compound, such as a fluid removable pore-former selected from the
group consisting of inorganic and organic salt, oxide and
carbohydrate.
[0149] An exit, or a plurality of exits, can be formed by leaching
a member selected from the. group consisting of sorbitol, lactose,
fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose, talose, sodium chloride,
potassium chloride, sodium citrate and mannitol to provide a
uniform-release dimensioned pore-exit orifice.
[0150] The exit can have any shape, such as round, triangular,
square, elliptical and the like for the uniform metered dose
release of a drug from the dosage form.
[0151] The dosage form can be constructed with one or more exits in
spaced-apart relation or one or more surfaces of the dosage
form.
[0152] Drilling, including mechanical and laser drilling, through
the semipermeable wall can be used to form the exit orifice. Such
exits and equipment for forming such exits are disclosed in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 3,916,899, by Theeuwes and Higuchi and in U.S. Pat. No.
4,088,864, by Theeuwes, et al. It is presently preferred to utilize
two exits of equal diameter.
[0153] Dosage forms of this invention exhibit sustained release of
drug over a continuous time period that includes a prolonged time
when drug is released at an ascending release rate as determined in
a standard release rate assay such as that described herein. When
administered to a subject, the dosage forms of the invention
provide substantially ascending blood plasma drug concentrations in
the subject that are less variable over a prolonged period of time
than those obtained with immediate release dosage forms. When the
dosage forms of this invention are administered on a continuous
once-a-day basis, the dosage forms of the invention provide
therapeutically effective ascending plasma drug concentrations
while providing steady-state peak plasma drug concentrations that
occur at a later time following dose administration and that
exhibit a lesser magnitude than the steady-state peak plasma drug
concentrations that occur following twice or three times a day
administration of an immediate-release dosage form.
[0154] The practice of the foregoing methods of orally
administering a dosage form to a subject once a day is preferred.
The mg of compound delivered in a dosage form to the patient may be
from 0.25 to about 20 mg (e.g. 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4
mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 11 mg, 12 mg, 13 mg, 14
mg, 15 mg, 16 mg, 17 mg, 18 mg, 19 mg, and 20 mg) per oral dosage
form. Other disease states and conditions, which may be manifested
or diagnosed as requiring an antipsychotic, may be treated with the
paliperidone or risperidone dosage forms and methods of the
invention. In addition, other disease states and conditions which
may or may not manifest in association with depression or anxiety,
but which may be responsive to treatment with paliperidone or
risperidone may also be treated with the dosage forms and methods
of the invention.
[0155] Preferred methods of manufacturing dosage forms of the
present invention are generally described below. All percentages
are weight percent unless otherwise noted.
EXAMPLE 1
Paliperidone Capsule Shaped Tablet, Trilayer 1.9 mg System
[0156] A dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an osmotic
drug delivery device is manufactured as follows: 100 g of
paliperidone, 7345 g of polyethylene oxide with average molecular
weight of 200,000, and 2000 g of sodium chloride, USP are added to
a fluid bed granulator bowl. Next a binder solution is prepared by
dissolving 800 g of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose identified as
2910 having an average viscosity of 5 cps in 9,200 g of water. The
dry materials are fluid bed granulated by spraying with 6750 g of
binder solution. Next, the wet granulation is dried in the
granulator to an acceptable moisture content, and sized using by
passing through a 7-mesh screen. Next, the granulation is
transferred to a blender and mixed with 5 g of butylated
hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant and lubricated with 50 g of
stearic acid.
[0157] Next, a second drug compartment composition is prepared as
follows: 280 g of paliperidone and 9165 g of polyethylene oxide
with average molecular weight of 200,000 are added to a fluid bed
granulator bowl. Next a binder solution is prepared by dissolving
800 g of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose identified as 2910 having an
average viscosity of 5 cps in 9,200 g of water. The dry materials
are fluid bed granulated by spraying with 6750 g of binder
solution. Next, the wet granulation is dried in the granulator to
an acceptable moisture content, and sized using by passing through
a 7-mesh screen. Next, the granulation is transferred to a blender
and mixed with 5 g of butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant
and lubricated with 50 g of stearic acid.
[0158] Next, a push composition is prepared as follows: first, a
binder solution is prepared. 15.6 kg of polyvinylpyrrolidone
identified as K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000
is dissolved in 104.4 kg of water. Then, 24 kg of sodium chloride
and 1.2 kg of ferric oxide are sized using a Quadro Comil with a
21-mesh screen. Then, the screened materials and 88.44 kg of
Polyethylene oxide (approximately 7,000,000 molecular weight) are
added to a fluid bed granulator bowl. The dry materials are
fluidized and mixed while 46.2 kg of binder solution is sprayed
from 3 nozzles onto the powder. The granulation is dried in the
fluid-bed chamber to an acceptable moisture level. The coated
granules are sized using a Fluid Air mill with a 7-mesh screen. The
granulation is transferred to a tote tumbler, mixed with 15 g of
butylated hydroxytoluene and lubricated with 294 g magnesium
stearate.
[0159] Next, the paliperidone drug compositions for the first and
the second compartments and the push composition are compressed
into trilayer tablets. First, 50 mg of the paliperidone compartment
one composition is added to the die cavity and pre-compressed, then
50 mg of the paliperidone compartment two composition is added to
the die cavity and pre-compressed, then 110 mg of the push
composition is added and the layers are pressed into a {fraction
(3/16)}" diameter longitudinal, deep concave, trilayer
arrangement.
[0160] The trilayered arrangements are coated with a subcoat
laminate. The wall forming composition comprises 70% hydroxypropyl
cellulose identified as EF, having an average molecular weight of
80,000 and 30% of polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as K29-32 having
an average molecular weight of 40,000. The wall-forming composition
is dissolved in anhydrous ethyl alcohol, to make an 8% solids
solution. The wall-forming composition is sprayed onto and around
the bilayered arrangements in a pan coater until approximately 20
mg of laminate is applied to each tablet.
[0161] The trilayered arrangements are coated with a semi-permeable
wall. The wall forming composition comprises 99% cellulose acetate
having a 39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene glycol comprising
a 3.350 viscosity-average molecular weight. The wall-forming
composition is dissolved in an acetone:water (95:5 wt:wt) co
solvent to make a 5% solids solution. The wall-forming composition
is sprayed onto and around the bilayered arrangements in a pan
coater until approximately 45 mg of membrane is applied to each
tablet.
[0162] Next, two 25 mil (0.6 mm) exit passageways are laser drilled
through the semi-permeable wall to connect the drug layer with the
exterior of the dosage system. The residual solvent is removed by
drying for 144 hours as 45 C. and 45% humidity. After drilling, the
osmotic systems are dried for 4 hours at 45 C. to remove excess
moisture.
[0163] The dosage form produced by this manufacture is designed to
deliver 1.9 mg of paliperidone in an ascending delivery pattern
from two drug-containing cores. First core contains 1%
paliperidone, 73.45% polyethylene oxide possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, 20% sodium chloride, USP, 5% hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose having an average viscosity of 5 cps, 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene, and 0.5% stearic acid. Second drug core contains
2.8% paliperidone, 91.65% polyethylene oxide possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, 5% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose having an
average viscosity of 5 cps, 0.05% butylated hydroxytoluene, and
0.5% stearic acid. The push composition is comprised 73.7%
polyethylene oxide comprising a 7,000,000 molecular weight, 20%
sodium chloride, 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone possessing an average
molecular weight of 40,000, 1% ferric oxide, 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene, and 0.25% magnesium stearate. The semi permeable
wall is comprised of 99% cellulose acetate of 39.8% acetyl content
and 1% polyethylene glycol. The dosage form comprises two
passageways, 25 mils (0.6 mm) on the center of the drug side.
EXAMPLE 2
Paliperidone Capsule Shaped Tablet, Trilayer 0.5 mg System
[0164] A dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an osmotic
drug delivery device is manufactured as follows: 25 g of
paliperidone, 7420 g of polyethylene oxide with average molecular
weight of 200,000, and 2000 g of sodium chloride, USP are added to
a fluid bed granulator bowl. Next a binder solution is prepared by
dissolving 800 g of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose identified as
2910 having an average viscosity of 5 cps in 9,200 g of water. The
dry materials are fluid bed granulated by spraying with 6750 g of
binder solution. Next, the wet granulation is dried in the
granulator to an acceptable moisture content, and sized using by
passing through a 7-mesh screen. Next, the granulation is
transferred to a blender and mixed with 5 g of butylated
hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant and lubricated with 50 g of
stearic acid.
[0165] Next, a second drug compartment composition is prepared as
follows: 70 g of paliperidone and 9375 g of polyethylene oxide with
average molecular weight of 200,000 are added to a fluid bed
granulator bowl. Next a binder solution is prepared by dissolving
800 g of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose identified as 2910 having an
average viscosity of 5 cps in 9,200 g of water. The dry materials
are fluid bed granulated by spraying with 6750 g of binder
solution. Next, the wet granulation is dried in the granulator to
an acceptable moisture content, and sized using by passing through
a 7-mesh screen. Next, the granulation is transferred to a blender
and mixed with 5 g of butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant
and lubricated with 50 g of stearic acid.
[0166] Next, a push composition is prepared as follows: first, a
binder solution is prepared. 15.6 kg of polyvinylpyrrolidone
identified as K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000
is dissolved in 104.4 kg of water. Then, 24 kg of sodium chloride
and 1.2 kg of ferric oxide are sized using a Quadro Comil with a
21-mesh screen. Then, the screened materials and 88.44 kg of
Polyethylene oxide (approximately 7,000,000 molecular weight) are
added to a fluid bed granulator bowl. The dry materials are
fluidized and mixed while 46.2 kg of binder solution is sprayed
from 3 nozzles onto the powder. The granulation is dried in the
fluid-bed chamber to an acceptable moisture level. The coated
granules are sized using a Fluid Air mill with a 7-mesh screen. The
granulation is transferred to a tote tumbler, mixed with 15 g of
butylated hydroxytoluene and lubricated with 294 g magnesium
stearate.
[0167] Next, the paliperidone drug compositions for the first and
the second compartments and the push composition are compressed
into trilayer tablets. First, 50 mg of the paliperidone compartment
one composition is added to the die cavity and pre-compressed, then
50 mg of the paliperidone compartment two composition is added to
the die cavity and pre-compressed, then 110 mg of the push
composition is added and the layers are pressed into a {fraction
(3/16)}" diameter longitudinal, deep concave, trilayer
arrangement.
[0168] The trilayered arrangements are coated with a subcoat
laminate. The wall forming composition comprises 70% hydroxypropyl
cellulose identified as EF, having an average molecular weight of
80,000 and 30% of polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as K29-32 having
an average molecular weight of 40,000. The wall-forming composition
is dissolved in anhydrous ethyl alcohol, to make an 8% solids
solution. The wall-forming composition is sprayed onto and around
the bilayered arrangements in a pan coater until approximately 20
mg of laminate is applied to each tablet.
[0169] The trilayered arrangements are coated with a semi-permeable
wall. The wall forming composition comprises 99% cellulose acetate
having a 39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene glycol comprising
a 3.350 viscosity-average molecular weight. The wall-forming
composition is dissolved in an acetone:water (95:5 wt:wt) co
solvent to make a 5% solids solution. The wall-forming composition
is sprayed onto and around the bilayered arrangements in a pan
coater until approximately 39 mg of membrane is applied to each
tablet.
[0170] Next, two 25 mil (0.6 mm) exit passageways are laser drilled
through the semi-permeable wall to connect the drug layer with the
exterior of the dosage system. The residual solvent is removed by
drying for 144 hours as 45 C. and 45% humidity. After drilling, the
osmotic systems are dried for 4 hours at 45 C. to remove excess
moisture.
[0171] The dosage form produced by this manufacture is designed to
deliver 0.25 mg of paliperidone in an ascending delivery pattern
from two drug-containing cores. First core contains 0.25%
paliperidone, 74.20% polyethylene oxide possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, 20% sodium chloride, USP, 5% hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose having an average viscosity of 5 cps, 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene, and 0.5% stearic acid. Second drug core contains
0.7% paliperidone, 93.75% polyethylene oxide possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, 5% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose having an
average viscosity of 5 cps, 0.05% butylated hydroxytoluene, and
0.5% stearic acid. The push composition is comprised 73.7%
polyethylene oxide comprising a 7,000,000 molecular weight, 20%
sodium chloride, 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone possessing an average
molecular weight of 40,000, 1% ferric oxide, 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene, and 0.25% magnesium stearate. The subcoat is
comprised of 70% hydroxypropyl cellulose and 30%
polyvinylpyrrolidone. The semi permeable wall is comprised of 99%
cellulose acetate of 39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene
glycol. The dosage form comprises two passageways, 25 mils (0.6 mm)
on the center of the drug side.
EXAMPLE 3
Paliperidone Capsule Shaped Tablet, Trilayer 15 mg System
[0172] A dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an osmotic
drug delivery device was manufactured as follows: 900 g of
paliperidone, 6544 g of polyethylene oxide with average molecular
weight of 200,000, and 2000 g of sodium chloride, USP were added to
a fluid bed granulator bowl. Next a binder solution was prepared by
dissolving 800 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as K29-32
having an average molecular weight of 40,000 in 9,200 g of water.
The dry materials were fluid bed granulated by spraying with 6750 g
of binder solution. Next, the wet granulation was dried in the
granulator to an acceptable moisture content, and sized using by
passing through a 7-mesh screen. Next, the granulation was
transferred to a blender and mixed with 5 g of butylated
hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant and lubricated with 50 g of
stearic acid.
[0173] Next, a second drug compartment composition was prepared as
follows: 2100 g of paliperidone and 7345 g of polyethylene oxide
with average molecular weight of 200,000 were added to a fluid bed
granulator bowl. Next a binder solution was prepared by dissolving
800 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as K29-32 having an
average molecular weight of 40,000 in 9,200 g of water. The dry
materials were fluid bed granulated by spraying with 6750 g of
binder solution. Next, the wet granulation was dried in the
granulator to an acceptable moisture content, and sized using by
passing through a 7-mesh screen. Next, the granulation was
transferred to a blender and mixed with 5 g of butylated
hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant and lubricated with 50 g of
stearic acid.
[0174] Next, a push composition was prepared as follows: first, a
binder solution was prepared. 15.6 kg of polyvinylpyrrolidone
identified as K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000
was dissolved in 104.4 kg of water. Then, 24 kg of sodium chloride
and 1.2 kg of ferric oxide were sized using a Quadro Comil with a
21-mesh screen. Then, the screened materials and 88.44 kg of
Polyethylene oxide (approximately 7,000,000 molecular weight) were
added to a fluid bed granulator bowl. The dry materials were
fluidized and mixed while 46.2 kg of binder solution was sprayed
from 3 nozzles onto the powder. The granulation was dried in the
fluid-bed chamber to an acceptable moisture level. The coated
granules were sized using a Fluid Air mill with a 7-mesh screen.
The granulation was transferred to a tote tumbler, mixed with 15 g
of butylated hydroxytoluene and lubricated with 294 g magnesium
stearate.
[0175] Next, the paliperidone drug compositions for the first and
the second compartments and the push composition were compressed
into trilayer tablets. First, 50 mg of the paliperidone compartment
one composition is added to the die cavity and pre-compressed, then
50 mg of the paliperidone compartment two composition was added to
the die cavity and pre-compressed, then 100 mg of the push
composition was added and the layers were pressed into a {fraction
(3/16)}" diameter longitudinal, deep concave, trilayer
arrangement.
[0176] The trilayered arrangements were coated with a subcoat
laminate. The wall forming composition comprises 95%
hydroxyethylcellulose and 5% of polyethylene glycol comprising a
3,350 viscosity-average molecular weight. The wall-forming
composition was dissolved in water, to make an 8% solids solution.
The wall-forming composition was sprayed onto and around the
bilayered arrangements in a pan coater until approximately 10 mg of
laminate was applied to each tablet.
[0177] The trilayered arrangements were coated with a
semi-permeable wall. The wall forming composition comprises 99%
cellulose acetate having a 39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene
glycol comprising a 3.350 viscosity-average molecular weight. The
wall-forming composition was dissolved in an acetone:water (95:5
wt:wt) co solvent to make a 5% solids solution. The wall-forming
composition was sprayed onto and around the bilayered arrangements
in a pan coater until approximately 45 mg of membrane was applied
to each tablet.
[0178] Next, two 25 mil (0.6 mm) exit passageways were laser
drilled through the semi-permeable wall to connect the drug layer
with the exterior of the dosage system. The residual solvent was
removed by drying for 144 hours as 45 C. and 45% humidity. After
drilling, the osmotic systems were dried for 4 hours at 45 C. to
remove excess moisture.
[0179] The dosage form produced by this manufacture was designed to
deliver 15 mg of paliperidone in an ascending delivery pattern from
two drug-containing cores. First core contained 9% paliperidone,
65.44% polyethylene oxide possessing a 200,000 molecular weight,
20% sodium chloride, USP, 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as
K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000, 0.05%
butylated hydroxytoluene, and 0.5% stearic acid. Second drug core
contained 21% paliperidone, 73.45% polyethylene oxide possessing a
200,000 molecular weight, 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone identified as
K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000, 0.05%
butylated hydroxytoluene, and 0.5% stearic acid. The push
composition was comprised 73.7%, polyethylene oxide comprising a
7,000,000 molecular weight, 20% sodium chloride, 5%
polyvinylpyrrolidone possessing an average molecular weight of
40,000, 1% ferric oxide, 0.05% butylated hydroxytoluene, and 0.25%
magnesium stearate. The subcoat was comprised of 95% hydroxyethyl
cellulose and 5% polyethylene glycol. The semi permeable wall was
comprised of 99% cellulose acetate of 39.8% acetyl content and 1%
polyethylene glycol. The dosage form comprises two passageways, 25
mils (0.6 mm) on the center of the drug side.
EXAMPLE 4
Risiperidone Capsule Shaped Tablet, Trilayer 1 mg System
[0180] A dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an smotic drug
delivery device was manufactured as follows: 188.0 g of
poly(ethylene oxide) possessing a 200,000 molecular weight, and
10.0 g of hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising a 11,200 molecular
weight were added to a Kitchenaid planetary mixing bowl. Next, the
dry materials were mixed for approximately 1 minute. Then, 100 ml
of denatured anhydrous alcohol was slowly added to the blended
materials with continuous mixing for approximately 2 minutes. Next,
the wet granulation was allowed to dry at room temperature over
night, and then passed through a 10-mesh screen. Finally, 2.0 g of
stearic acid was mixed into the granulation for 3 minutes.
[0181] Next, a drug granulation was prepared as follows: 6.6 g of
risperidone, 181.4 g of poly(ethylene oxide) possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, and 10.0 g of hydroxpropylmethylcellulose
comprising a 11,200 molecular weight were added to a Kitchenaid
planetary mixing bowl. Next, the dry materials were mixed for
approximately 1 minute. Then, 100 ml of denatured anhydrous alcohol
was slowly added to the blended materials with continuous mixing
for approximately 2 minutes. Next, the Wet granulation was allowed
to dry at room temperature over night, and then passed through a
10-mesh screen. Finally, 2.0 g of stearic acid was mixed into the
granulation for 3 minutes.
[0182] Next, a push composition is prepared as follows: first, a
binder solution was prepared. 7.80 kg of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
identified as K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000
was dissolved in 52.2 kg of water. 26,000 g of sodium chloride and
1300 g of ferric oxide was sized using a Quadro Comil with a
21-mesh screen. Then, all the screened materials, and 95,810 g of
pharmaceutically acceptable poly(ethylene oxide) comprising a
7,000,000 molecular weight were added to a Glatt Fluid Bed
Granulator's bowl. The bowl was attached to the granulator and the
granulation process was initiated for effecting granulation. Next,
the dry powders were air suspended and mixed. Then, the binder
solution was sprayed from 3 nozzles onto the powder. The
granulating conditions were monitored during the process as
follows: total solution spray rate of 700 g/min; inlet temperature
45 C.; and process airflow of 500-5000 m3/hr. While spraying the
binder solution, the filter bags were shaken for 10 seconds every
30 seconds to unglue any possible powder deposits. At the end of
the solution spraying, 50,000 g, the coated granulated particles
were continued with the drying process. The machine was turned off,
and the coated granules were removed from the granulator. The
coated granules were sized using a Fluid Air mill with a 6 mesh
screen. The granulation was transferred to a Tote Tumbler, mixed
with 65 g of butylated hydroxytoluene and lubricated with 325 g
stearic acid.
[0183] Next, the placebo composition, the drug composition and the
push composition were compressed into trilayer tablets on the
Carver Tablet Press into a {fraction (3/16)}" (0.476 cm) diameter
deep concave longitudinal layered arrangement. First, 70 mg of the
placebo composition was added to the die cavity and pre-compressed,
then 30 mg of the drug composition was added to the cavity and
pre-compressed. Finally, 130 mg of the push composition was added
and the layers were pressed under a pressure head of approximately
1/4 a metric ton.
[0184] The trilayered arrangements were coated with a subcoat
layer. The wall forming composition comprises 70% hydroxypropyl
cellulose having an average molecular weight of 60,000 and 30%
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) identified as K29-32 having an average
molecular weight of 40,000. The wall-forming composition was
dissolved in ethanol to make a 6% solids solution. The wall-forming
composition was sprayed onto and around the bilayers in a 12"
Vector HiCoater.
[0185] The subcoated arrangements were coated with a semi-permeable
wall. The wall forming composition comprised 99% cellulose acetate
having a 39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene glycol comprising
a 3350 viscosity-average molecular weight. The wall-forming
composition was dissolved in an acetone:water (95:5 wt:wt)
cosolvent to make a 5% solids solution. The wall-forming
composition was sprayed onto and around the subcoated arrangements
in a 12" Vector HiCoater.
[0186] Next, one 30 mil (0.762 mm) exit passageway was drilled
through the semi-permeable wall to connect the drug layer with the
exterior of the dosage system. The residual solvent was removed by
drying for 60 hours as 45 C. and 45% humidity. Next, the osmotic
systems were dried for 4 hours at 45 C. to remove excess moisture.
The dosage form produced by this manufacture provides 94.0%
poly(ethylene oxide) possessing a 200,000 molecular weight, 5.0%
hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising a 11,200 molecular weight,
and 1.0% stearic acid. The drug composition comprised 3.3%
risperidone, 90.7% poly(ethylene oxide) possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, 5.0% hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising a
11,200 molecular weight, and 1.0% stearic acid. The push
composition comprised 73.7% poly(ethylene oxide) comprising a
7,000,000 molecular weight, 20% sodium chloride, 5%
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) identified as K29-32 having an average
molecular weight of 40,000, 1.0% ferric oxide, 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene, and 0.25% stearic acid. The subcoat wall comprises
70% hydroxypropyl cellulose having an average molecular weight of
60,000 and 30% poly(vinylpyrrolidone) identified as K29-32 having
an average molecular weight of 40,000. The semipermeable wall
comprised 99 wt % cellulose acetate comprising a 39.8% acetyl
content and 1% polyethylene glycol comprising a 3,350
viscosity-average molecular weight. The dosage form comprised one
passageway, 30 mils (0.762 mm), and it had a maximum risperidone
release rate of 0.108 mg/hr (ORChID set 4587).
EXAMPLE 5
Risiperidone Capsule Shaped Tablet, Trilayer 2 mg System
[0187] A dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an osmotic
drug delivery device was manufactured as follows: first, a binder
solution is prepared. 600 g of hydroxpropylmethylcellulose
comprising a 11,200 molecular weight was dissolved in 5,400 g of
water. 2,000 g of sodium chloride was screened with a 21-mesh
screen. For the first drug granulation, 7,340 g of poly(ethylene
oxide) possessing a 200,000 molecular weight, 2,000 g of screened
sodium chloride and 300 g of hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising
a 11,200 molecular weight were added to a Freund Fluid Bed
Granulator's bowl. The bowl was attached to the granulator and the
granulation process was initiated for effecting granulation. Next,
the dry powders were air suspended and mixed. Then, the binder
solution was sprayed from two nozzles onto the powder. The
granulating conditions were monitored during the process as
follows: total solution spray rate of 80 ml/min, an exhaust
temperature of approximately 22 C. and airflow of 200-300 cfm.
While spraying the binder solution, the filter bags were shaken for
10 seconds after every 30 seconds spray cycle to unglue any
possible powder deposits. 250 g of binder solution was sprayed onto
the in materials the granulator and the granulation process was
paused. 136.5 g of risperidone was then added into the granulator
bowl. The granulation process was then continued using the same
processing conditions. At the end of the solution spraying, 2000 g,
the coated granulated particles were continued with the drying
process. The machine was turned off, and the coated granules were
removed from the granulator. The coated granules were passed
through a 7 mesh screen. Finally, the dried and screened
granulation were transferred to an appropriate container, mixed and
lubricated with 99.4 g of stearic acid and 5.0 g of butylated
hydroxytoluene for 10 minutes.
[0188] For the second drug granulation, 9,085 g of poly(ethylene
oxide) possessing a 200,000 molecular weight, and 300 g of
hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising a 11,200 molecular weight
were added to a Freund Fluid Bed Granulator's bowl. The bowl was
attached to the granulator and the granulation process was
initiated for effecting granulation. Next, the dry powders were air
suspended and mixed. Then, the binder solution was sprayed from two
nozzles onto the powder. The granulating conditions were monitored
during the process as follows: total solution spray rate of 80
ml/min, an exhaust temperature of approximately 23 C. and airflow
of 200-300 cfm.
[0189] While spraying the binder solution, the filter bags were
shaken for 10 seconds after every 30 seconds spray cycle to unglue
any possible powder deposits. 250 g of binder solution was sprayed
onto the materials in the granulator and the granulation process
was paused. 325.5 g of risperidone was then added into the
granulator bowl. The granulation process was then continued using
the same processing conditions. At the end of the solution
spraying, 2000 g, the coated granulated particles were continued
with the drying process. The machine was turned off, and the coated
granules were removed from the granulator. The coated granules were
passed through a 7 mesh screen. Finally, the dried and screened
granulation were transferred to an appropriate container, mixed and
lubricated with 94.1 g of stearic acid and 4.7 g of butylated
hydroxytoluene for 10 minutes.
[0190] Next, a push composition was prepared as follows: first, a
binder solution is prepared. 7.80 kg of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
identified as K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000
was dissolved in 52.2 kg of water. 26,000 g of sodium chloride and
1300 g of ferric oxide was sized using a Quadro Comil with a
21-mesh screen. Then, all the screened materials, and 95,810 g of
pharmaceutically acceptable poly(ethylene oxide) comprising a
7,000,000 molecular weight were added to a Glatt Fluid Bed
Granulator's bowl. The bowl was attached to the granulator and the
granulation process was initiated for effecting granulation. Next,
the dry powders were air suspended and mixed. Then, the binder
solution was sprayed from 3 nozzles onto the powder. The
granulating conditions were monitored during the process as
follows: total solution spray rate of 700 g/min; inlet temperature
45 C.; and process airflow of 500-5000 m3/hr.
[0191] While spraying the binder solution, the filter bags were
shaken for 10 seconds every 30 seconds to unglue any possible
powder deposits. At the end of the solution spraying, 50,000 g, the
coated granulated particles were continued with the drying process.
The machine was turned off, and the coated granules were removed
from the granulator. The coated granules were sized using a Fluid
Air mill with a 6 mesh screen. The granulation was transferred to a
Tote Tumbler, mixed with 65 g of butylated hydroxytoluene and
lubricated with 325 g stearic acid.
[0192] Next, the two drug composition and the push composition were
compressed into trilayer tablets on the Korsch Multilayer Tablet
Press into a {fraction (3/16)}" (0.476 cm) diameter deep concave
longitudinal layered arrangement. First, 50 mg of the first drug
composition was added to the die cavity and pre-compressed using a
100 N force, then 40 mg of the second drug composition was added to
the cavity and pre-compressed using a 100 N force. Finally, 110 mg
of the push composition was added and the layers are pressed under
a pressure head of approximately 2000 N.
[0193] The triilayered arrangements were coated with a subcoat
layer. The wall forming composition comprises 70% hydroxypropyl
cellulose having an average molecular weight of 60,000 and 30%
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) identified as K29-32 having an average
molecular weight of 40,000. The wall-forming composition was
dissolved in ethanol to make a 8% solids solution. The wall-forming
composition was sprayed onto and around the bilayers in a 24"
Vector HiCoater.
[0194] The subcoated arrangements were coated with a semi-permeable
wall. The wall forming composition comprises 99% cellulose acetate
having a 39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene glycol comprising
a 3350 viscosity-average molecular weight. The wall-forming
composition was dissolved in an acetone:water (95:5 wt:wt)
cosolvent to make a 5% solids solution. The wall-forming
composition was sprayed onto and around the subcoated arrangements
in a 24" Vector HiCoater.
[0195] Next, two 30 mil (0.762 mm) exit passageway were drilled
through the semi-permeable wall to connect the drug layer with the
exterior of the dosage system. The residual solvent was removed by
drying for 72 hours as 45 C. and 45% humidity. Next, the osmotic
systems were dried for 4 hours at 45 C. to remove excess
moisture.
[0196] The dosage form produced by this manufacture provides a
first drug composition that comprises 1.3% risperidone, 72.8%
poly(ethylene oxide) possessing a 200,000 molecular weight, 19.9%
sodium chloride, 5.0% hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising a
11,200 molecular weight, 1.0% stearic acid, and 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene. The second drug composition comprises 3.1%
risperidone, 90.85% poly(ethylene oxide) possessing a 200,000
molecular weight, 5.0% hydroxpropylmethylcellulose comprising a
11,200 molecular weight, 1.0% stearic acid and 0.05% butylated
hydroxytoluene. The push composition comprised 73.7% poly(ethylene
oxide) comprising a 7,000,000 molecular weight, 20% sodium
chloride, 5% poly(vinylpyrrolidone) identified as K29-32 having an
average molecular weight of 40,000, 1.0% ferric oxide, 0.05%
butylated hydroxytoluene, and 0.25% stearic acid. The subcoat wall
comprised 70% hydroxypropyl cellulose having an average molecular
weight of 60,000 and 30% poly(vinylpyrrolidone) identified as
K29-32 having an average molecular weight of 40,000. The
semipermeable wall comprised 99 wt % cellulose acetate comprising a
39.8% acetyl content and 1% polyethylene glycol comprising a 3,350
viscosity-average molecular weight. The dosage form comprised two
passageways, 30 mils (0.762 mm), and it had a maximum risperidone
release rate of 0.176 mg/hr.
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