U.S. patent application number 10/820014 was filed with the patent office on 2005-10-13 for focusing device based on bonded plate structures.
Invention is credited to Klee, Matthew S., Norman, Wesley.
Application Number | 20050223775 10/820014 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35059155 |
Filed Date | 2005-10-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050223775 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Klee, Matthew S. ; et
al. |
October 13, 2005 |
Focusing device based on bonded plate structures
Abstract
The invention provides a low mass and size thermal focusing
device for a gas phase analytical device. The device has two or
more plates bonded together. The device also has at least one
channel with an entrance and exit is formed within allowing ingress
and egress of a gas stream. The device also has a temperature
reduction module in thermal contact with at least one plate of the
device. Thermal focusing devices with additional plates and/or
channels are also disclosed.
Inventors: |
Klee, Matthew S.;
(Wilmington, DE) ; Norman, Wesley; (Landenberg,
PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Legal Department, DL 429
Intellectual Property Administration
P.O. Box 7599
Loveland
CO
80537-0599
US
|
Family ID: |
35059155 |
Appl. No.: |
10/820014 |
Filed: |
April 8, 2004 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
73/23.41 ;
432/77; 73/23.42 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 30/465 20130101;
G01N 30/463 20130101; G01N 2030/122 20130101; G01N 30/12
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
073/023.41 ;
073/023.42; 432/077 |
International
Class: |
G01N 030/30; G01N
030/06 |
Claims
1. A thermal focusing device comprising a plurality of plates and a
temperature reduction means, wherein: the plates are bonded
together and at least one channel with an entrance and exit is
formed within; and the temperature reduction means cools a first
channel of the at least one channel so as to trap a gas sample
within the first channel, the temperature reduction means being in
thermal contact with at least one plate.
2. A thermal focusing device according to claim 1, wherein the
plurality of plates includes: a first plate having a first surface
with a first groove formed therein; and a second plate having a
second surface, wherein the first and second surfaces are bonded
together so that the first groove forms a first channel of the at
least one channel.
3. A thermal focusing device according to claim 2, wherein: the
second surface has a second groove formed therein; and the first
and second grooves face each other forming the first channel.
4. A thermal focusing device according to claim 3, wherein: the
first surface has a third groove formed therein; the second surface
has a fourth groove formed therein; and the third groove faces the
fourth groove so as to form a second channel when the surfaces are
bonded together.
5. A thermal focusing device comprising a plurality of plates and a
means for temperature reduction in thermal contact with at least
one plate, wherein: a first plate has a first surface; a second
plate has a second and a third surface; the second surface is
bonded to the first surface so that a first groove in the second
surface forms a first channel; the third surface has a second
groove; and a third plate has a fourth surface that is bonded to
the third surface so that the second groove forms a second
channel.
6. A thermal focusing device according to claim 1, wherein one or
more of the channels is coated with an inert substance.
7. A thermal focusing device according to claim 1, wherein one of
said channels contains a stationary phase substance.
8. A thermal focusing device according to claim 1, wherein one of
said channels is coated with an inert substance and contains one of
a liquid stationary phase substance and a solid stationary phase
substance.
9. A thermal focusing device according to claim 1, wherein the
temperature reduction means comprises an electro-thermal
device.
10. A thermal focusing device according to claim 1, wherein the
temperature reduction means includes an enclosed channel of the at
least one channel for conveying one of a cryogen and a coolant
through in at least one of said plates.
11. A thermal focusing device according to claim 10, wherein: the
enclosed channel is for conveying the cryogen through the at least
one of said plates; and the enclosed channel includes a cryogen
expansion zone.
12. A thermal focusing device according to claim 10 further
comprising heating means for heating and desorbing the trapped
sample, the heating means being in thermal contact with at least
one plate.
13. A thermal focusing device according to claim 12, wherein the
heating means includes at least one of a heating cartridge and a
heat trace integrally formed with the plurality of plates.
14. A thermal focusing device according to claim 12, wherein: the
at least one plate is formed of an electrically conductive
material; and the heating means includes an electric current source
configured to pass an electric current through the at least one
plate.
15. A thermal focusing device according to claim 12, wherein: the
temperature reduction means and the heating means are comprised of
a vortex tube; temperature reduction is accomplished by a cold
airstream from the vortex tube; and heating is accomplished by a
hot airstream from the vortex tube.
16. A thermal focusing device comprising: a middle plate with a
first surface and a second surface and with material completely
removed between the first and second surfaces of the middle plate
to form a continuous pathway with a beginning and an end; two
substantially solid endplates bonded to the middle plate, wherein
one endplate is bonded to the first surface and the other endplate
is bonded to the second surface and wherein a channel formed within
forms the continuous pathway; and a temperature reduction means in
thermal contact with at least one plate to trap a gas sample in the
continuous pathway.
17. The thermal focusing device according to claim 16 wherein: the
beginning of the pathway is in the center of the middle plate the
end of the pathway is at an outer edge of the middle plate; and one
end plate has an aperture aligned with the beginning of the
pathway.
18. A thermal focusing device comprising: a first plate having a
first surface; a second plate having a second surface that is
bonded to the first surface, wherein at least one of the first
surface and the second surface has a first groove formed therein so
that the bonded first and second plates form a corresponding first
channel; a third plate having a third surface that is bonded to a
fourth surface of the second plate, wherein at least one of the
third surface and the fourth surface has a second groove formed
therein so that the second and third plates bonded at the third and
fourth surfaces form a corresponding second channel; means for
cooling at least one of the said plates to trap a gas sample in the
first channel; and heating means in thermal contact with at least
one plate.
19. A thermal focusing device according to claim 18, wherein the
second plate has at least one aperture therethrough arranged to
permit communication between the first and second channels forming
one continuous channel.
20. A thermal focusing device according to claim 19 wherein the
channel is coated with an inert substance.
21. A thermal focusing device according to claim 2, further
comprising a third plate, wherein: the second plate has a third
surface with a second groove formed therein; the third plate has a
fourth surface; and the third and fourth surfaces are bonded
together so that so that the second groove forms a second channel
of the at least one channel.
22. A thermal focusing device according to claim 3, further
comprising a third plate, wherein: the second plate has a third
surface with a third groove formed therein; the third plate has a
fourth surface; and the third and fourth surfaces are bonded
together so that so that the second groove forms a second channel
of the at least one channel.
23. A thermal focusing device according to claim 2, further
comprising a third plate, wherein: the second plate has a third
surface; the third plate has a fourth surface with a second groove
formed therein; and the third and fourth surfaces are bonded
together so that so that the third groove forms a second channel of
the at least one channel.
24. A thermal focusing device according to claim 3, further
comprising a third plate, wherein: the second plate has a third
surface; the third plate has a fourth surface with a third groove
formed therein; and the third and fourth surfaces are bonded
together so that so that the third groove forms a second channel of
the at least one channel.
25. A method comprising: passing a first fluid through a first
channel in a device, the first fluid being one of a cryogen and a
coolant; and trapping a gas sample within a second channel in the
device.
26. A method according to claim 25, wherein: the first fluid is the
cryogen; and the passing of the first fluid through the first
channel includes expanding the cryogen within the first
channel.
27. A method according to claim 25, further comprising desorbing
the gas sample from the second channel.
28. A method according to claim 27, wherein the desorbing of the
gas sample includes heating the device.
29. A method according to claim 28, wherein the heating of the
device includes passing an electric current through the device.
30. A method according to claim 28, wherein: the heating of the
device includes passing a second fluid through a third channel in
the device; the second fluid is hotter than the first fluid; the
passing of the first fluid ceases at or before the passing of the
second fluid begins.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The technical field is gas phase analytical instrumentation,
and in particular, a focusing device for gas chromatography.
[0003] 2. Description of Related Art
[0004] Gas chromatography is an analytical technique that separates
compounds via gas-phase physicochemical processes. Samples
comprised of mixtures of compounds are introduced into
chromatographic system (sample introduction), vaporized (various
means) if not gaseous already, moved by an inert gas stream
(carrier gas) into and through a separation column or columns.
Sample components separate from each other when they travel through
the column at different speeds due to selective interaction with
the column and its coating or packing (the stationary phase).
Components eluting from the column are then detected by an
appropriate detector.
[0005] Performance in gas chromatography is often reduced due to
spreading of solute bands wider than their theoretically optimal
widths. The optimal widths are defined by well understood
relationships of column (or column packing) dimensions, carrier gas
type (e.g., He, H2, N2) and flow rate, stationary phase type and
thickness, and temperature program rates. Sample introduction
devices (inlets) that transfer sample into the analytical column
dictate the initial bandwidth of the sample. If sample introduction
is slow, such as with splitless injection modes, headspace
analysis, thermal desorption, etc., then some sort of focusing
technique is required to narrow the input bandwidth sufficiently to
be appropriate for the given analytical system being used for
separation. As solute bands move through the column, they naturally
spread further. The degree of spreading in the column is well
modeled by known relationships. In some applications, it is
advantageous to narrow the width of solute bands eluting from one
column as it passes to another column, a detector, or other zone.
Having a narrow initial bandwidth in the subsequent zone will often
enhance chromatographic performance.
[0006] Various means for correcting for band spreading, that has
occurred in one section, prior to release into another section have
been developed. Methods for correcting band spreading or narrowing
the bands are often referred to as focusing. Current focusing
methods, however, all have disadvantages and limitations.
[0007] Focusing is typically accomplished through some combination
of thermal focusing and solvent focusing. The migration of solutes
slows approximately 2-fold for every 25.degree. C. decrease in
temperature. So, in simple terms, thermal focusing works based on
the principle that solutes tend to "stick" to the stationary phase
if temperatures are significantly lower than their elution
temperatures. Temperatures at least 50.degree. C. less than the
elution temperatures is typically recommended, however, the lower
the temperature, the less mobile the solute and the more effective
the focusing.
[0008] Solvent focusing relies on re-condensation of evaporated
solvent in the head of the column. This requires that the
condensation zone be below the boiling point of the solvent. The
lower the temperature below the boiling point of the solvent, the
faster the condensation process and more confined the solvent (and
therefore solute) zone. The condensed solvent acts to re-dissolve
solutes that were evaporated in the chromatographic inlet.
Evaporation expands the volume of a liquid several hundred times as
it goes into the gaseous state. Re-condensation and re-dissolution
reverse that effect, thereby reducing the volume several hundred
times as the vapors enter the cooled zone.
[0009] Thermal focusing or "cold trapping" in GC is known. However
there are limitations to the currently practiced trapping
techniques. In one common implementation, the entire oven area of
the instrument is cooled. This effectively turns the entire
contents of the oven into a trap. This is useful for focusing broad
bands that are caused by slow sample introduction (sample
introduction device being outside the oven). However this
implementation can not be easily be applied to focusing separated
bands eluting from one column prior to passing them to another
(multidimensional chromatography) and require large amounts of
cooling and heating because the whole oven area and contents are
temperature cycled.
[0010] Another common implementation is to direct cryogen (or
another cooling gas) on a small section or column in the oven using
a jet. The oven stays at whatever higher temperature it is set at,
while the small section of column experiences a lower local
temperature. Although more applicable to multidimensional
chromatography, this approach usually consumes a large amount of
coolant and at the same time requires more power from the oven
heater to compensate for the cooling of the cryogen being added to
the oven.
[0011] Another approach is to use electro-thermal devices in
contact with a short section of column in the oven. This suffers
from high failures and such devices have limited temperature
cycling range (especially when in a heated oven environment).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The invention provides a low mass and size thermal focusing
device for a gas phase analytical device. The device has two or
more plates bonded together. The device also has at least one
channel with an entrance and exit is formed within allowing ingress
and egress of a gas stream. The device also has a temperature
reduction module in thermal contact with at least one plate of the
device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0013] The invention will be described in detail in the following
description of preferred embodiments with reference to the
following figures.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the features of the present
invention.
[0015] FIG. 2 is a side view of one embodiment of the present
invention utilizing two plates.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a side view of an additional two plate embodiment
of the present invention.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a side view of an additional two plate embodiment
of the present invention.
[0018] FIG. 5 is a side view of an additional two plate embodiment
of the present invention.
[0019] FIG. 6 is a side view of a three plate embodiment of the
present invention.
[0020] FIG. 7 is a top view of a plate with material removed to
form a slot.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a three plate embodiment of
the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0022] A focusing device for a gas phase analytical device is
disclosed. The basic design of the diffusion bonded plate cryogenic
device is illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 show an isolated inert
sample path 5 embedded between two diffusion bonded plates 10 and
20 with cryogenic zones above and/or below. Within the basic design
there is great flexibility of the physical configuration of the
plates, sample path(s) dimensions (length and width of channel),
and cryogen expansion zone(s). Specific embodiments illustrating
the flexibility of the present invention are disclosed below. These
embodiments are only examples and do not limit the scope of the
invention.
[0023] In one embodiment, sample paths 5 are created by etched
depressions on plates 10 that are then sandwiched and sealed with
other plates 20 in which channels have been etched, or
alternatively to flat plates 20. FIG. 2 shows an exploded side view
of two plates 10 and 20 of a focusing device of the present
invention. As shown, the plates 10 and 20 are not yet sealed. The
first plate 10 has a first surface 12. A channel 14 is etched into
the first surface 12. The channel 14 begins at one end and extends
in a continuous path to an exit, preferably on the opposite end
(not shown) of the plate 10. The channels and features are added to
a face of a stainless steel plate or variety of substrates
typically using a variant of the photolithography methods used in
the chem-milling of printed circuit boards or printing plates used
in offset press technology. Use of a substrate such as stainless
steel has inherent advantages relating to ruggedness, flexibility
in integrating several different functions within one device, ease
of manufacturing, inertness, compatibility with several common and
proprietary forms of deactivation, and lifetime.
[0024] The second plate 20 has a second surface 22 that is flat and
has substantially the same dimensions as the first surface 12. The
first plate 10 is fixed to the second plate 20 by sealing the first
surface 12 to the second surface 22. Bonding is accomplished by
various welding techniques, for example, diffusion bonding, in the
case of stainless steel substrates. Other materials, e.g. Ceramics,
silicon, polymers, etc, can be bonded by various welding
techniques. Once sealed, a sample path is created with an inlet and
outlet to the sample path that permits ingress and egress of a gas
stream into the device. In one embodiment, chromatographic columns
are connected to the inlet and the outlet. The depth and/or width
of the channel 14 can be varied to create a larger bored sample
pathway. Additionally, the length of the channel can increased by
etching a serpentine or zigzag pattern, as opposed to a straighter
channel, to create a longer sample path.
[0025] Preferably, the sample flow path is inert for highest impact
on the desired application space. Inertness of the sample flow path
can be achieved through various deactivation means. One way, for
example, is to use plates made out of inert material. Another
possible method for achieving inertness is to apply a thin coating
of an inert substance on surfaces in contact with sample. Preferred
thin coating substances include silica (e.g., SilicoSteel.RTM.),
Sulfinert.TM., titanium nitride, and gold plating, although many
other suitable materials could be used. Alternatively, or in
combination with other techniques, coatings of inert substance can
be applied to improve focusing and increase inertness. Preferred
coating substances include common stationary phases and common GC
packing materials (e.g., porous polymers, coated packings, etc.).
Any one of these methods for achieving inertness can be used alone
or in combination for greater effectiveness. In yet another
embodiment, a pathway of the device serves as a housing for a
length of chromatographic column that can be inserted and then
later removed and replaced with a substitute length of column.
Larger bore channels and even larger channel free enclosures within
bonded plates can be formed to serve as housing for a trapping
column.
[0026] Key to effective focusing is lowering of the temperature of
the device. The device in FIG. 2. has in thermal contact with the
first plate 10 an electro-thermal device 60, for example a Peltier,
for cooling the sample path for focusing and optionally heating it
for desorption. Other methods and means for both heating and
cooling are discussed in more detail below. This can be
accomplished in a number of ways with the present invention. The
nature of the design concept generally describe in FIG. 1
accommodates optimization of the design for many different coolant
approaches. Plate dimensions, the number of layers of plates, the
pathway(s) for coolant and restrictions necessary for efficient
expansion of cryogens, etc. can all be accommodated within the
design concepts.
[0027] FIGS. 3-5 illustrate additional embodiments utilizing two
plates bonded together, similar to FIG. 2. In each embodiment two
paths are created when the plates are bonded, one pathway for
sample and a second for coolant. The difference between the
embodiments disclosed in FIG. 3-5 and FIG. 2 is the location of the
etching to create the channels that will form the sample paths.
FIG. 3 shows the side view of two plates 10 and 20. A first channel
14 is etched into the first surface 12 of the first plate 10. The
channel begins (or ends) at the side 11 of the first plate 10. And
as in FIG. 2 extends in a continuous path to an exit in a different
side, preferably at the opposite end. The exit and entrance of the
channel can be in any side, and even on the same side in some
embodiments. In FIG. 3 a second channel 24 is etched into the
second surface 22 of the second plate 20. Like the first channel
12, the second channel extends in a continuous path to an exit.
When the first plate 10 is bonded and sealed to the second plate 20
in the direction indicated by the arrows, two paths are created.
The channels 12 and 22 are positioned so that the channels 12 and
22 do not intersect at any point in the device.
[0028] FIG. 4 shows another two plate embodiment, that when
assembled is also a two pathway device. In this embodiment the
first channel 14 is positioned on the first surface 12 of the first
plate 10. A second channel 16 that does not intersect with the
first channel 14 is also positioned on the first surface 12 of the
first plate 10. The second plate 20 is a solid plate of
substantially the same length and width of the first plate 10. The
second surface 22 of the second plate 20 is bonded to the first
surface 12 of the first plate 10 in the direction of the arrows.
The resulting device has two paths in the place of the
channels.
[0029] FIG. 5 shows yet another two plate embodiment, that when
assembled is a two pathway device. The first plate 10 and second
plate 20 have substantially the same length and width. In this
embodiment, like FIG. 4, a first and second channel 14 and 16 are
positioned on the first surface 12 of the first plate 10. The
second plate 20 has a second surface 22. A third channels 24 and
fourth channel 26 are etched in the second surface corresponding to
the first channel 14 and second channel 26 respectively. When
bonded two paths are formed. In this way paths with larger
diameters can be formed from similarly dimensioned plates to the
embodiment in FIG. 4.
[0030] A two path device, such as those describe in FIGS. 3-5 can
accommodate an incorporated cooling means. In a two path device,
one path may be used as a sample path, and the second path can be
used for the introduction of a coolant to focus the sample. The
coolant path preferably runs parallel to the sample path for the
most efficient cooling. Many types of coolant gases and sources may
be used effectively.
[0031] For most effective cooling, cryogens are used as the
coolant. Typical cryogens include evaporation of liquid CO.sub.2
and liquid N.sub.2, and are suitable for use with the devices of
the present invention. Different cryogens have different design
requirements for most efficient use and are familiar to those
skilled in the art. The different restrictions necessary for
expansion of the two gases can easily be integrated into the plate
design.
[0032] An alternate coolant is compressed air blown through coolant
channel of the focusing device to lower its temperature. This is a
more cost efficient method but has thermal limitations. It is most
effective if the ambient temperature is significantly lower than
the temperature of the device (e.g., the GC oven temperature is
>150.degree. C.), but this is not a requirement.
[0033] An alternate approach for cooling the device is vortex
cooling. In terms of effectiveness of cooling, vortex cooling is
somewhere between the use of cryogens and the use of compressed
air. In vortex cooling, a vortex tube creates a vortex from
compressed air and then separates it into hot and cold airstreams.
On entering a vortex tube, the compressed air flow passes through a
vortex generation chamber, which starts the air stream rotating.
The air stream exiting the chamber rotates at very high speeds
(e.g., speeds up to 1,000,000 rpm) as it is forced along the inner
walls of the tube towards a control valve. At the control valve, a
small portion of the air exits through a needle valve as hot
exhaust. The remaining air is forced back through the center of the
incoming air stream at a slower speed, where the slower moving
return air gives up heat energy to the faster moving incoming air.
The cooled return air then flows through the center of the vortex
generation chamber and exits through the cold air exhaust port. The
cold air can then be flowed through the path in the device. Vortex
cooling typically reduces incoming temperatures 35-45.degree. C.,
making it quite suitable for use with the invention in certain
applications.
[0034] The present invention lends itself to a number of cooling
options in addition to those described above, such as, for example,
Peltier cooling described in FIG. 1, the use of refrigerants and
others.
[0035] Once focused, solutes must be desorbed effectively from the
device. This is accomplished through heating. The present invention
accommodates several approaches to heating. The simplest is to
merely stop the flow of coolant and let the device equilibrate with
its ambient (e.g., GC oven) temperature. The invention works well
with this approach due to its low thermal mass and uniform heat
conduction but may not be ideal for every application.
[0036] Faster and higher temperature heating of the device can be
accomplished by direct heating. When the device is designed with
electrically conductive materials, an electrical current can be
driven across the device, which operates to heat up the device.
Appropriate control and temperature sensing circuits are typically
used when controlled heating is desired.
[0037] In another embodiment indirect heating can be used. This is
especially appropriate when non-conductive materials or unsuitable
materials are used to construct the device. For example heat traces
can be integrated into the device, or heating cartridges can be
attached, as well as other indirect heating methods. Typically,
appropriate temperature feedback and control devices would be used
with indirect heating as well.
[0038] Other heating approaches are also possible, and suitable,
with the disclosed device. For one example, if cold effluent from a
vortex generator is used to cool the device, the hot effluent flow
could also be used to heat the device. In an analogous manner, a
Peltier could be reversed to supply heat for desorption. In another
embodiment, if refrigerant is used to cool the device, the process
could be reversed to supply heat in a manner similar to heat pumps,
with the condensing coils either attached to or designed within the
device.
[0039] Just as the invention can accommodate many types of cooling
and heating methods, the present invention has great flexibility
with the construction of the device. For example, two plate
embodiments have been described. The present invention can be
configured using more than two plates. For example, FIG. 6
illustrates one three plate embodiment.
[0040] In FIG. 6, a first plate 10, a second plate 20, and a third
plate 30 are bonded together to form the device. The first plate 10
has a first surface 12. The second plate 20 has two surfaces 22 and
27. A first channel 24 is etched into the first surface 22 and a
second channel 28 is etched in the second surface 27. The third
plate 30 has a first surface 32 and side 31. The first plate 10 and
the third plate 30 are bonded to the second plate in the direction
of the arrows forming two pathways on either surface of the second
plate 20.
[0041] FIG. 6 is only one illustration of a three plate embodiment;
other embodiments utilizing three or more plates is contemplated by
the present invention. Many different configurations of plates and
channel placements are possible to achieve the desired combination
of channel length and diameter necessary for effective focusing.
For example, a three plate embodiment can have more than one path
between each plate. Longer paths can be formed in a such a three
plate device by providing the appropriate feed through holes from
one pathway and connections to a separate pathway in the same
device.
[0042] In yet another embodiment sample paths can be achieved by
completely removing material (creating slots) on the plate, and
then sandwiching the plate between two other solid plates to create
a pathway in the device. In this approach, alternating slotted
plates with solid plates can yield longer paths. FIG. 7 illustrates
a plate 70 with a slot 74 created by the removal of material from
the plate 70. A center point 75 is positioned to receive a feed
through hole.
[0043] FIG. 8 illustrates the plate 70 and the two outside plates
80 and 90. Plates 80 and 90 are bonded in the direction of the
arrows and create a sample path. A feed through hole at 85 is lined
up with the center 75 of the plate 70. Plate 90 is solid with no
breaks or holes. Additional plates (not shown) can be added as
desired to create additional pathways if desired.
[0044] The disclosed invention can be integrated with other fluidic
devices. For example, a natural combination is to couple a Deans
switch for multidimensional GC with the cryofocusing device of the
present invention. Additional combinations are possible including
effluent splitters, combiner of multiple flows (focusing effluent
from several streams into a single place).
[0045] Having described preferred embodiments of a novel focusing
device for gas chromatography (which are intended to be
illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and
variations can be made in light of the above teachings. It is
therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the
particular embodiments of the invention disclosed which are within
the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
[0046] Having thus described the invention with the details and
particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and
desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended
claims.
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