U.S. patent application number 11/092125 was filed with the patent office on 2005-10-06 for novel human thymosin protein and polynucleotides encoding the same.
Invention is credited to Scoville, John, Walke, D. Wade.
Application Number | 20050221463 11/092125 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34525853 |
Filed Date | 2005-10-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050221463 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Walke, D. Wade ; et
al. |
October 6, 2005 |
Novel human thymosin protein and polynucleotides encoding the
same
Abstract
Novel human polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences are
disclosed that can be used in therapeutic, diagnostic, and
pharmacogenomic applications.
Inventors: |
Walke, D. Wade; (Spring,
TX) ; Scoville, John; (Houston, TX) |
Correspondence
Address: |
LEXICON GENETICS INCORPORATED
8800 TECHNOLOGY FOREST PLACE
THE WOODLANDS
TX
77381-1160
US
|
Family ID: |
34525853 |
Appl. No.: |
11/092125 |
Filed: |
March 29, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11092125 |
Mar 29, 2005 |
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09915178 |
Jul 24, 2001 |
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6887685 |
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60220612 |
Jul 25, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/226 ;
435/320.1; 536/23.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 14/57581
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/226 ;
435/320.1; 536/023.2 |
International
Class: |
C07H 021/04; C12N
009/64; C12N 015/09 |
Claims
1.-4. (canceled)
5. A substantially isolated protein comprising the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
6. A gene delivery system comprising a nucleic acid molecule
comprising at least 100 contiguous bases of the nucleic acid
sequence described in SEQ ID NO:1
7. The gene delivery system of claim 6, wherein said isolated
nucleic acid molecule is present in a viral vector.
8. The gene delivery system of claim 6, wherein said isolated
nucleic acid molecule is present in a cationic lipid complex.
9. An antibody having immunospecificity for the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
Description
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/220,612 which was filed on Jul. 25,
2000 and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. INTRODUCTION
[0002] The present invention relates to the discovery,
identification, and characterization of novel human polynucleotides
encoding a protein sharing sequence similarity with mammalian
thymosin proteins. The invention encompasses the described
polynucleotides, host cell expression systems, the encoded
proteins, fusion proteins, polypeptides and peptides, antibodies to
the encoded proteins and peptides, and genetically engineered
animals that either lack or over express the disclosed
polynucleotides, antagonists and agonists of the proteins, and
other compounds that modulate the expression or activity of the
proteins encoded by the disclosed polynucleotides that can be used
for diagnosis, drug screening, clinical trial monitoring, the
treatment of diseases and disorders, and cosmetic or nutriceutical
applications.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Thymosins are secreted proteins that have been implicated in
a number of biological processes and anomalies such as cancer and
inflammation.
3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention relates to the discovery,
identification, and characterization of nucleotides that encode a
novel human protein, and the corresponding amino acid sequence of
this protein. The novel human protein (NHP) described for the first
time herein shares structural similarity with animal thymosin
proteins and other animal proteins including, but not limited to,
human secreted proteins. The novel human nucleic acid sequence
described herein encodes a protein/open reading frame (ORF) of 43
amino acids in length (see SEQ ID NO:1).
[0005] The invention also encompasses agonists and antagonists of
the described NHPS, including small molecules, large molecules,
mutant NHPs, or portions thereof, that compete with native NHP,
peptides, and antibodies, as well as nucleotide sequences that can
be used to inhibit the expression of the described NHPs (e.g.,
antisense and ribozyme molecules, and gene or regulatory sequence
replacement constructs) or to enhance the expression of the
described NHP polynucleotides (e.g., expression constructs that
place the described polynucleotide under the control of a strong
promoter system), and transgenic animals that express a NHP
transgene, or "knock-outs" (which can be conditional) that do not
express a functional NHP. Knock-out mice can be produced in several
ways, one of which involves the use of mouse embryonic stem cells
("ES cells") lines that contain gene trap mutations in a murine
homolog of at least one of the described NHPs. When the unique NHP
sequences described in SEQ ID NOS:1-3 are "knocked-out" they
provide a method of identifying phenotypic expression of the
particular gene as well as a method of assigning function to
previously unknown genes. In addition, animals in which the unique
NHP sequences described in SEQ ID NOS:1-3 are "knocked-out" provide
a unique source in which to elicit antibodies to homologous and
orthologous proteins which would have been previously viewed by the
immune system as "self" and therefore would have failed to elicit
significant antibody responses.
[0006] Additionally, the unique NHP sequences described in SEQ ID
NOS:1-3 are useful for the identification of protein coding
sequence and mapping a unique gene to a particular chromosome.
These sequences identify actual, biologically relevant, exon splice
junctions as opposed to those that might have been predicted
bioinformatically from genomic sequence alone.
[0007] Further, the present invention also relates to processes for
identifying compounds that modulate, i.e., act as agonists or
antagonists, of NHP expression and/or NHP activity that utilize
purified preparations of the described NHPs and/or NHP product, or
cells expressing the same. Such compounds can be used as
therapeutic agents for the treatment of any of a wide variety of
symptoms associated with biological disorders or imbalances.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING AND FIGURES
[0008] The Sequence Listing provides the sequences of a NHP ORF
that encodes the described NHP amino acid sequence. SEQ ID NO:3
describes a NHP ORF and flanking regions.
5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The NHP described for the first time herein is a novel
protein that is expressed in, inter alia, human fetal brain,
pituitary, cerebellum, lymph node, prostate, testis, adrenal gland,
small intestine, adipose, esophagus, cervix, fetal kidney, fetal
lung, and gene trapped cell lines. The present invention
encompasses the nucleotides presented in the Sequence Listing, host
cells expressing such nucleotides, the expression products of such
nucleotides, and: (a) nucleotides that encode mammalian homologs of
the described gene, including the specifically described NHP, and
related NHP products; (b) nucleotides that encode one or more
portions of the NHP corresponding to NHP functional domain(s), and
the polypeptide products specified by such nucleotide sequences,
including but not limited to the novel regions of any active
domain(s); (c) isolated nucleotides that encode mutant versions,
engineered or naturally occurring, of the described NHP in which
all or a part of at least one domain is deleted or altered, and the
polypeptide products specified by such nucleotide sequences,
including but not limited to soluble proteins and peptides in which
all or a portion of the signal sequence is deleted; (d) nucleotides
that encode chimeric fusion proteins containing all or a portion of
a coding region of a NHP, or one of its domains (e.g., a receptor
or ligand binding domain, accessory protein/self-association
domain, etc.) fused to another peptide or polypeptide; or (e)
therapeutic or diagnostic derivatives of the described
polynucleotides such as oligonucleotides, antisense
polynucleotides, ribozymes, dsRNA, or gene therapy constructs
comprising a sequence first disclosed in the Sequence Listing. As
discussed above, the present invention includes: (a) the human DNA
sequences presented in the Sequence Listing (and vectors comprising
the same) and additionally contemplates any nucleotide sequence
encoding a contiguous NHP open reading frame (ORF) that hybridizes
to a complement of a DNA sequence presented in the Sequence Listing
under highly stringent conditions, e.g., hybridization to
filter-bound DNA in 0.5 M NaHPO.sub.4, 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS), 1 mM EDTA at 65.degree. C., and washing in
0.1.times.SSC/0.1% SDS at 68.degree. C. (Ausubel F. M. et al.,
eds., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. I, Green
Publishing Associates, Inc., and John Wiley & sons, Inc., New
York, at p. 2.10.3) and encodes a functionally equivalent gene
product. Additionally contemplated are any nucleotide sequences
that hybridize to the complement of the DNA sequence that encode
and express an amino acid sequence presented in the Sequence
Listing under moderately stringent conditions, e.g., washing in
0.2.times.SSC/0.1% SDS at 42.degree. C. (Ausubel et al., 1989,
supra), yet still encode a functionally equivalent NHP product.
Functional equivalents of NHP include naturally occurring NHPs
present in other species and mutant NHPs whether naturally
occurring or engineered (by site directed mutagenesis, gene
shuffling, directed evolution as described in, for example, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,837,458 herein incorporated by reference). The invention
also includes degenerate nucleic acid variants of the disclosed NHP
polynucleotide sequence.
[0010] Additionally contemplated are polynucleotides encoding NHP
ORFs, or their functional equivalents, encoded by polynucleotide
sequences that are about 99, 95, 90, or about 85 percent similar or
identical to corresponding regions of the nucleotide sequences of
the Sequence Listing (as measured by BLAST sequence comparison
analysis using, for example, the GCG sequence analysis package
using standard default settings).
[0011] The invention also includes nucleic acid molecules,
preferably DNA molecules, that hybridize to, and are therefore the
complements of, the described NHP gene nucleotide sequences. Such
hybridization conditions may be highly stringent or less highly
stringent, as described above. In instances where the nucleic acid
molecules are deoxyoligonucleotides ("DNA oligos"), such molecules
are generally about 16 to about 100 bases long, or about 20 to
about 80, or about 34 to about 45 bases long, or any variation or
combination of sizes represented therein that incorporate a
contiguous region of sequence first disclosed in the Sequence
Listing. Such oligonucleotides can be used in conjunction with the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen libraries, isolate
clones, and prepare cloning and sequencing templates, etc.
[0012] Alternatively, such NHP oligonucleotides can be used as
hybridization probes for screening libraries, and assessing gene
expression patterns (particularly using a micro array or
high-throughput "chip" format). Additionally, a series of the
described NHP oligonucleotide sequences, or the complements
thereof, can be used to represent all or a portion of the described
NHP sequences. An oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence first
disclosed in at least a portion of one or more of the sequences of
SEQ ID NOS: 1-3 can be used as a hybridization probe in conjunction
with a solid support matrix/substrate (resins, beads, membranes,
plastics, polymers, metal or metallized substrates, crystalline or
polycrystalline substrates, etc.). Of particular note are spatially
addressable arrays (i.e., gene chips, microtiter plates, etc.) of
oligonucleotides and polynucleotides, or corresponding
oligopeptides and polypeptides, wherein at least one of the
biopolymers present on the spatially addressable array comprises an
oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence first disclosed in at
least one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, or an amino acid
sequence encoded thereby. Methods for attaching biopolymers to, or
synthesizing biopolymers on, solid support matrices, and conducting
binding studies thereon are disclosed in, inter alia, U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,700,637, 5,556,752, 5,744,305, 4,631,211, 5,445,934,
5,252,743, 4,713,326, 5,424,186, and 4,689,405 the disclosures of
which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0013] Addressable arrays comprising sequences first disclosed in
SEQ ID NOS:1-3 can be used to identify and characterize the
temporal and tissue specific expression of a gene. These
addressable arrays incorporate oligonucleotide sequences of
sufficient length to confer the required specificity, yet be within
the limitations of the production technology. The length of these
probes is within a range of between about 8 to about 2000
nucleotides. Preferably the probes consist of 60 nucleotides and
more preferably 25 nucleotides from the sequences first disclosed
in SEQ ID NOS:1-3.
[0014] For example, a series of the described oligonucleotide
sequences, or the complements thereof, can be used in chip format
to represent all or a portion of the described sequences. The
oligonucleotides, typically between about 16 to about 40 (or any
whole number within the stated range) nucleotides in length can
partially overlap each other and/or the sequence may be represented
using oligonucleotides that do not overlap. Accordingly, the
described polynucleotide sequences shall typically comprise at
least about two or three distinct oligonucleotide sequences of at
least about 8 nucleotides in length that are each first disclosed
in the described Sequence Listing. Such oligonucleotide sequences
can begin at any nucleotide present within a sequence in the
Sequence Listing and proceed in either a sense (5'-to-3')
orientation vis-a-vis the described sequence or in an antisense
orientation.
[0015] Microarray-based analysis allows the discovery of broad
patterns of genetic activity, providing new understanding of gene
functions and generating novel and unexpected insight into
transcriptional processes and biological mechanisms. The use of
addressable arrays comprising sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID
NOS:1-3 provides detailed information about transcriptional changes
involved in a specific pathway, potentially leading to the
identification of novel components or gene functions that manifest
themselves as novel phenotypes.
[0016] Probes consisting of sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID
NOS:1-3 can also be used in the identification, selection and
validation of novel molecular targets for drug discovery. The use
of these unique sequences permits the direct confirmation of drug
targets and recognition of drug dependent changes in gene
expression that are modulated through pathways distinct from the
drugs intended target. These unique sequences therefore also have
utility in defining and monitoring both drug action and
toxicity.
[0017] As an example of utility, the sequences first disclosed in
SEQ ID NOS:1-3 can be utilized in microarrays or other assay
formats, to screen collections of genetic material from patients
who have a particular medical condition. These investigations can
also be carried out using the sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID
NOS:1-3 in silico and by comparing previously collected genetic
databases and the disclosed sequences using computer software known
to those in the art.
[0018] Thus the sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-3 can be
used to identify mutations associated with a particular disease and
also as a diagnostic or prognostic assay.
[0019] Although the presently described sequences have been
specifically described using nucleotide sequence, it should be
appreciated that each of the sequences can uniquely be described
using any of a wide variety of additional structural attributes, or
combinations thereof. For example, a given sequence can be
described by the net composition of the nucleotides present within
a given region of the sequence in conjunction with the presence of
one or more specific oligonucleotide sequence(s) first disclosed in
the SEQ ID NOS: 1-3. Alternatively, a restriction map specifying
the relative positions of restriction endonuclease digestion sites,
or various palindromic or other specific oligonucleotide sequences
can be used to structurally describe a given sequence. Such
restriction maps, which are typically generated by widely available
computer programs (e.g., the University of Wisconsin GCG sequence
analysis package, SEQUENCHER 3.0, Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor,
Mich., etc.), can optionally be used in conjunction with one or
more discrete nucleotide sequence(s) present in the sequence that
can be described by the relative position of the sequence relative
to one or more additional sequence(s) or one or more restriction
sites present in the disclosed sequence.
[0020] For oligonucleotide probes, highly stringent conditions may
refer, e.g., to washing in 6.times.SSC/0.05% sodium pyrophosphate
at 37.degree. C. (for 14-base oligos), 48.degree. C. (for 17-base
oligos), 55.degree. C. (for 20-base oligos), and 60.degree. C. (for
23-base oligos). These nucleic acid molecules may encode or act as
NHP gene antisense molecules useful, for example, in NHP gene
regulation (for and/or as antisense primers in amplification
reactions of NHP gene nucleic acid sequences). With respect to NHP
gene regulation, such techniques can be used to regulate biological
functions. Further, such sequences may be used as part of ribozyme
and/or triple helix sequences that are also useful for NHP gene
regulation.
[0021] Inhibitory antisense or double stranded oligonucleotides can
additionally comprise at least one modified base moiety which is
selected from the group including but not limited to
5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil,
hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)
uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine,
5-carboxymethylaminomethyluraci- l, dihydrouracil,
beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine,
1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine,
2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine,
5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine,
5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil,
beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil,
5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopenten- yladenine,
uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine,
2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil,
5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester,
uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil,
3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl)uracil, (acp3)w, and
2,6-diaminopurine.
[0022] The antisense oligonucleotide can also comprise at least one
modified sugar moiety selected from the group including but not
limited to arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose.
[0023] In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide
will comprise at least one modified phosphate backbone selected
from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a
phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a
phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester,
and a formacetal or any combination or analog thereof.
[0024] In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide is
an .alpha.-anomeric oligonucleotide. An .alpha.-anomeric
oligonucleotide forms specific double-stranded hybrids with
complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual .beta.-units, the
strands run parallel to each other (Gautier et al., 1987, Nucl.
Acids Res. 15:6625-6641). The oligonucleotide is a
2'-0-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res.
15:6131-6148), or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al., 1987,
FEBS Lett. 215:327-330). Alternatively, double stranded RNA can be
used to disrupt the expression and function of a targeted NHP.
[0025] Oligonucleotides of the invention can be synthesized by
standard methods known in the art, e.g. by use of an automated DNA
synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch,
Applied Biosystems, etc.). As examples, phosphorothioate
oligonucleotides can be synthesized by the method of Stein et al.
(1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16:3209), and methylphosphonate
oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass
polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
85:7448-7451), etc.
[0026] Low stringency conditions are well known to those of skill
in the art, and will vary predictably depending on the specific
organisms from which the library and the labeled sequences are
derived. For guidance regarding such conditions see, for example,
Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (and
periodic updates thereof), Cold Springs Harbor Press, N.Y.; and
Ausubel et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green
Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y.
[0027] Alternatively, suitably labeled NHP nucleotide probes can be
used to screen a human genomic library using appropriately
stringent conditions or by PCR. The identification and
characterization of human genomic clones is helpful for identifying
polymorphisms (including, but not limited to, nucleotide repeats,
microsatellite alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms, or coding
single nucleotide polymorphisms), determining the genomic structure
of a given locus/allele, and designing diagnostic tests. For
example, sequences derived from regions adjacent to the intron/exon
boundaries of the human gene can be used to design primers for use
in amplification assays to detect mutations within the exons,
introns, splice sites (e.g., splice acceptor and/or donor sites),
etc., that can be used in diagnostics and pharmacogenomics.
[0028] Further, a NHP gene homolog can be isolated from nucleic
acid from an organism of interest by performing PCR using two
degenerate or "wobble" oligonucleotide primer pools designed on the
basis of amino acid sequences within the NHP products disclosed
herein. The template for the reaction may be total RNA, mRNA,
and/or cDNA obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA prepared from
human or non-human cell lines or tissue known or suspected to
express an allele of a NHP gene. The PCR product can be subcloned
and sequenced to ensure that the amplified sequences represent the
sequence of the desired NHP gene. The PCR fragment can then be used
to isolate a full length cDNA clone by a variety of methods. For
example, the amplified fragment can be labeled and used to screen a
cDNA library, such as a bacteriophage cDNA library. Alternatively,
the labeled fragment can be used to isolate genomic clones via the
screening of a genomic library.
[0029] PCR technology can also be used to isolate full length cDNA
sequences. For example, RNA can be isolated, following standard
procedures, from an appropriate cellular or tissue source (i.e.,
one known, or suspected, to express a NHP gene, such as, for
example, testis tissue). A reverse transcription (RT) reaction can
be performed on the RNA using an oligonucleotide primer specific
for the most 5' end of the amplified fragment for the priming of
first strand synthesis. The resulting RNA/DNA hybrid may then be
"tailed" using a standard terminal transferase reaction, the hybrid
may be digested with RNase H, and second strand synthesis may then
be primed with a complementary primer. Thus, cDNA sequences
upstream of the amplified fragment can be isolated. For a review of
cloning strategies that can be used, see e.g., Sambrook et al.,
1989, supra.
[0030] A cDNA encoding a mutant NHP gene can be isolated, for
example, by using PCR. In this case, the first cDNA strand may be
synthesized by hybridizing an oligo-dT oligonucleotide to mRNA
isolated from tissue known or suspected to be expressed in an
individual putatively carrying a mutant NHP allele, and by
extending the new strand with reverse transcriptase. The second
strand of the cDNA is then synthesized using an oligonucleotide
that hybridizes specifically to the 5' end of the normal gene.
Using these two primers, the product is then amplified via PCR,
optionally cloned into a suitable vector, and subjected to DNA
sequence analysis through methods well known to those of skill in
the art. By comparing the DNA sequence of the mutant NHP allele to
that of a corresponding normal NHP allele, the mutation(s)
responsible for the loss or alteration of function of the mutant
NHP gene product can be ascertained.
[0031] Alternatively, a genomic library can be constructed using
DNA obtained from an individual suspected of or known to carry a
mutant NHP allele (e.g., a person manifesting a NHP-associated
phenotype such as, for example, obesity, high blood pressure, an
inflammatory disorder, etc.), or a cDNA library can be constructed
using RNA from a tissue known, or suspected, to express a mutant
NHP allele. A normal NHP gene, or any suitable fragment thereof,
can then be labeled and used as a probe to identify the
corresponding mutant NHP allele in such libraries. Clones
containing mutant NHP gene sequences can then be purified and
subjected to sequence analysis according to methods well known to
those skilled in the art.
[0032] Additionally, an expression library can be constructed
utilizing cDNA synthesized from, for example, RNA isolated from a
tissue known, or suspected, to express a mutant NHP allele in an
individual suspected of or known to carry such a mutant allele. In
this manner, gene products made by the putatively mutant tissue can
be expressed and screened using standard antibody screening
techniques in conjunction with antibodies raised against a normal
NHP product, as described below (for screening techniques, see, for
example, Harlow, E. and Lane, eds., 1988, "Antibodies: A Laboratory
Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
[0033] Additionally, screening can be accomplished by screening
with labeled NHP fusion proteins, such as, for example,alkaline
phosphatase-NHP or NHP-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins. In
cases where a NHP mutation results in an expressed gene product
with altered function (e.g., as a result of a missense or a
frameshift mutation), polyclonal antibodies to a NHP are likely to
cross-react with a corresponding mutant NHP gene product. Library
clones detected via their reaction with such labeled antibodies can
be purified and subjected to sequence analysis according to methods
well known in the art.
[0034] The invention also encompasses (a) DNA vectors that contain
any of the foregoing NHP coding sequences and/or their complements
(i.e., antisense); (b) DNA expression vectors that contain any of
the foregoing NHP coding sequences operatively associated with a
regulatory element that directs the expression of the coding
sequences (for example, baculovirus as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,869,336 herein incorporated by reference); (c) genetically
engineered host cells that contain any of the foregoing NHP coding
sequences operatively associated with a regulatory element that
directs the expression of the coding sequences in the host cell;
and (d) genetically engineered host cells that express an
endogenous NHP gene under the control of an exogenously introduced
regulatory element (i.e., gene activation). As used herein,
regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, inducible and
non-inducible promoters, enhancers, operators and other elements
known to those skilled in the art that drive and regulate
expression. Such regulatory elements include but are not limited to
the cytomegalovirus (hCMV) immediate early gene, regulatable, viral
elements (particularly retroviral LTR promoters), the early or late
promoters of SV40 adenovirus, the lac system, the trp system, the
TAC system, the TRC system, the major operator and promoter regions
of phage lambda, the control regions of fd coat protein, the
promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), the promoters of acid
phosphatase, and the promoters of the yeast .alpha.-mating
factors.
[0035] The present invention also encompasses antibodies and
anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments), antagonists
and agonists of the NHP, as well as compounds or nucleotide
constructs that inhibit expression of a NHP gene (transcription
factor inhibitors, antisense and ribozyme molecules, or gene or
regulatory sequence replacement constructs), or promote the
expression of a NHP (e.g., expression constructs in which a NHP
coding sequence is operatively associated with expression control
elements such as promoters, promoter/enhancers, etc.).
[0036] The NHP or NHP peptides, NHP fusion proteins, NHP nucleotide
sequences, antibodies, antagonists and agonists can be useful for
the detection of mutant NHPs or inappropriately expressed NHPs for
the diagnosis of disease. The NHP or NHP peptides, NHP fusion
proteins, NHP nucleotide sequences, host cell expression systems,
antibodies, antagonists, agonists and genetically engineered cells
and animals can be used for screening for drugs (or high throughput
screening of combinatorial libraries) effective in the treatment of
the symptomatic or phenotypic manifestations of perturbing the
normal function of NHP in the body. The use of engineered host
cells and/or animals may offer an advantage in that such systems
allow not only for the identification of compounds that bind to the
endogenous receptor for a NHP, but can also identify compounds that
trigger NHP-mediated activities or pathways.
[0037] Finally, the NHP products can be used as therapeutics. For
example, soluble derivatives such as a mature NHP, or NHP
peptides/domains corresponding to the NHP, NHP fusion protein
products (especially NHP-Ig fusion proteins, i.e., fusions of a
NHP, or a domain of a NHP, to an IgFc), NHP antibodies and
anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments), antagonists or
agonists (including compounds that modulate or act on downstream
targets in a NHP-mediated pathway) can be used to directly treat
diseases or disorders. For instance, the administration of an
effective amount of soluble NHP, or a NHP-IgFc fusion protein or an
anti-idiotypic antibody (or its Fab) that mimics the NHP could
activate or effectively antagonize the endogenous NHP receptor.
Soluble NHP can also be modified by proteolytic cleavage to active
peptide products (e.g., any novel peptide sequence initiating at
any one of the amino acids presented in the Sequence Listing and
ending at any downstream amino acid). Such products or peptides can
be further subject to modification such as the construction of NHP
fusion proteins and/or can be derivatized by being combined with
pharmaceutically acceptable agents such as, but not limited to,
polyethylene glycol (PEG).
[0038] Nucleotide constructs encoding such NHP products can be used
to genetically engineer host cells to express such products in
vivo; these genetically engineered cells function as "bioreactors"
in the body delivering a continuous supply of a NHP, a NHP peptide,
or a NHP fusion protein to the body. Nucleotide constructs encoding
a functional NHP, mutant NHPs, as well as antisense and ribozyme
molecules can also be used in "gene therapy" approaches for the
modulation of NHP expression. Thus, the invention also encompasses
pharmaceutical formulations and methods for treating biological
disorders.
[0039] Various aspects of the invention are described in greater
detail in the subsections below.
5.1 The NHP Sequences
[0040] The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the corresponding
deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the described NHP are
presented in the Sequence Listing. The NHP nucleotides were
obtained by aligning cDNAs from adipose and esophagus mRNA
(Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) and human genomic DNA sequence.
[0041] An additional application of the described novel human
polynucleotide sequences is their use in the molecular
mutagenesis/evolution of proteins that are at least partially
encoded by the described novel sequences using, for example,
polynucleotide shuffling or related methodologies. Such approaches
are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,830,721 and 5,837,458 which are
herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0042] NHP gene products can also be expressed in transgenic
animals. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to,
worms, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, micro-pigs, birds,
goats, and non-human primates, e.g., baboons, monkeys, and
chimpanzees may be used to generate NHP transgenic animals.
[0043] Any technique known in the art may be used to introduce a
NHP transgene into animals to produce the founder lines of
transgenic animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to
pronuclear microinjection (Hoppe, P. C. and Wagner, T. E., 1989,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191); retrovirus mediated gene transfer into
germ lines (Van der Putten et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
USA 82:6148-6152); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson
et al., 1989, Cell 56:313-321); electroporation of embryos (Lo,
1983, Mol Cell. Biol. 3:1803-1814); and sperm-mediated gene
transfer (Lavitrano et al., 1989, Cell 57:717-723); etc. For a
review of such techniques, see Gordon, 1989, Transgenic Animals,
Intl. Rev. Cytol. 115:171-229, which is incorporated by reference
herein in its entirety.
[0044] The present invention provides for transgenic animals that
carry the NHP transgene in all their cells, as well as animals
which carry the transgene in some, but not all their cells, i.e.,
mosaic animals or somatic cell transgenic animals. The transgene
may be integrated as a single transgene or in concatamers, e.g.,
head-to-head tandems or head-to-tail tandems. The transgene may
also be selectively introduced into and activated in a particular
cell type by following, for example, the teaching of Lasko et al.,
1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236. The regulatory
sequences required for such a cell-type specific activation will
depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be
apparent to those of skill in the art.
[0045] When it is desired that a NHP transgene be integrated into
the chromosomal site of the endogenous NHP gene, gene targeting is
preferred. Briefly, when such a technique is to be utilized,
vectors containing some nucleotide sequences homologous to the
endogenous NHP gene are designed for the purpose of integrating,
via homologous recombination with chromosomal sequences, into and
disrupting the function of the nucleotide sequence of the
endogenous NHP gene (i.e., "knockout" animals).
[0046] The transgene can also be selectively introduced into a
particular cell type, thus inactivating the endogenous NHP gene in
only that cell type, by following, for example, the teaching of Gu
et al., 1994, Science, 265:103-106. The regulatory sequences
required for such a cell-type specific inactivation will depend
upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to
those of skill in the art.
[0047] Once transgenic animals have been generated, the expression
of the recombinant NHP gene may be assayed utilizing standard
techniques. Initial screening may be accomplished by Southern blot
analysis or PCR techniques to analyze animal tissues to assay
whether integration of the transgene has taken place. The level of
mRNA expression of the transgene in the tissues of the transgenic
animals may also be assessed using techniques which include but are
not limited to Northern blot analysis of tissue samples obtained
from the animal, in situ hybridization analysis, and RT-PCR.
Samples of NHP gene-expressing tissue, may also be evaluated
immunocytochemically using antibodies specific for the NHP
transgene product.
5.2 NHP and NHP Polypeptides
[0048] The described NHP, NHP polypeptides, NHP peptide fragments,
mutated, truncated, or deleted forms of the NHP, and/or NHP fusion
proteins can be prepared for a variety of uses. These uses include
but are not limited to, as secreted therapeutics, the generation of
antibodies, as reagents in diagnostic assays, the identification of
other cellular gene products related to a NHP, as reagents in
assays for screening for compounds that can be used as
pharmaceutical reagents useful in the therapeutic treatment of
mental, biological, or medical disorders and diseases.
[0049] The Sequence Listing discloses the amino acid sequences
encoded by the described NHP genes. The NHP displays an initiator
methionine in a DNA sequence context consistent with a translation
initiation site, and incorporates an atypical hydrophobic leader
sequence similar to those found in secreted or membrane proteins.
Sequence homology also indicates that the NHP may be a nuclear
protein.
[0050] The NHP amino acid sequence of the invention includes the
amino acid sequence presented in the Sequence Listing as well as
analogues and derivatives thereof. Further, corresponding NHP
homologues from other species are encompassed by the invention. In
fact, any NHP product encoded by the NHP nucleotide sequences
described above are within the scope of the invention, as are any
novel polynucleotide sequences encoding all or any novel portion of
an amino acid sequence presented in the Sequence Listing. The
degenerate nature of the genetic code is well known, and,
accordingly, each amino acid presented in the Sequence Listing, is
generically representative of the well known nucleic acid "triplet"
codon, or in many cases codons, that can encode the amino acid. As
such, as contemplated herein, the amino acid sequences presented in
the Sequence Listing, when taken together with the genetic code
(see, for example, Table 4-1 at page 109 of "Molecular Cell
Biology", 1986, J. Darnell et al. eds., Scientific American Books,
New York, N.Y., herein incorporated by reference) are generically
representative of all the various permutations and combinations of
nucleic acid sequences that can encode such amino acid
sequences.
[0051] The invention also encompasses proteins that are
functionally equivalent to the NHP encoded by the presently
described nucleotide sequences as judged by any of a number of
criteria, including, but not limited to, the ability to bind and
cleave a substrate of a NHP, or the ability to effect an identical
or complementary downstream pathway, or a change in cellular
metabolism (e.g., proteolytic activity, ion flux, tyrosine
phosphorylation, etc.). Such functionally equivalent NHP proteins
include, but are not limited to, additions or substitutions of
amino acid residues within the amino acid sequence encoded by the
NHP nucleotide sequences described above, but which result in a
silent change, thus producing a functionally equivalent gene
product. Amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of
similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity,
hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues
involved. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include
alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine,
tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acids include
glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and
glutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine,
lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acids
include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
[0052] A variety of host-expression vector systems can be used to
express the NHP nucleotide sequences of the invention. Where, as in
the present instance, the NHP peptide or polypeptide is thought to
be a soluble or secreted molecule, the peptide or polypeptide can
be recovered from the culture media. Such expression systems also
encompass engineered host cells that express a NHP, or functional
equivalent, in situ. Purification or enrichment of a NHP from such
expression systems can be accomplished using appropriate detergents
and lipid micelles and methods well known to those skilled in the
art. However, such engineered host cells themselves may be used in
situations where it is important not only to retain the structural
and functional characteristics of the NHP, but to assess biological
activity, e.g., in drug screening assays.
[0053] The expression systems that may be used for purposes of the
invention include but are not limited to microorganisms such as
bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant
bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors
containing NHP nucleotide sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces,
Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors
containing NHP nucleotide sequences; insect cell systems infected
with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus)
containing NHP sequences; plant cell systems infected with
recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic
virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with
recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid)
containing NHP nucleotide sequences; or mammalian cell systems
(e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3) harboring recombinant expression
constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of
mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian
viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus
7.5K promoter).
[0054] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be
advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the NHP
product being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such
a protein is to be produced for the generation of pharmaceutical
compositions of or containing NHP, or for raising antibodies to a
NHP, vectors that direct the expression of high levels of fusion
protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Such
vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression
vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., 1983, EMBO J. 2:1791), in which a NHP
coding sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in
frame with the lacZ coding region so that a fusion protein is
produced; pIN vectors (Inouye & Inouye, 1985, Nucleic Acids
Res. 13:3101-3109; Van Heeke & Schuster, 1989, J. Biol. Chem.
264:5503-5509); and the like. PGEX vectors (Pharmacia or American
Type Culture Collection) can also be used to express foreign
polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase
(GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily
be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose
beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The
PGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease
cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be
released from the GST moiety.
[0055] In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear
polyhidrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign
genes. The virus grows in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. A NHP gene
coding sequence may be cloned individually into non-essential
regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of the virus and placed
under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example the polyhedrin
promoter). Successful insertion of NHP gene coding sequence will
result in inactivation of the polyhedrin gene and production of
non-occluded recombinant virus (i.e., virus lacking the
proteinaceous coat coded for by the polyhedrin gene). These
recombinant viruses are then used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda
cells in which the inserted gene is expressed (e.g., see Smith et
al., 1983, J. Virol. 46: 584; Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,051).
[0056] In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression
systems can be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an
expression vector, the NHP nucleotide sequence of interest may be
ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex,
e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This
chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in
vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region
of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a
recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing a NHP
product in infected hosts (e.g., See Logan & Shenk, 1984, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659). Specific initiation signals may
also be required for efficient translation of inserted NHP
nucleotide sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation
codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where an entire NHP gene or
cDNA, including its own initiation codon and adjacent sequences, is
inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional
translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases
where only a portion of a NHP coding sequence is inserted,
exogenous translational control signals, including, perhaps, the
ATG initiation codon, must be provided. Furthermore, the initiation
codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding
sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These
exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can
be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The
efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of
appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription
terminators, etc. (See Bitter et al., 1987, Methods in Enzymol.
153:516-544).
[0057] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen that modulates
the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes
the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such
modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage)
of protein products may be important for the function of the
protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific
mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification
of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host
systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and
processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end,
eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for
proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and
phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian
host cells include, but are not limited to, CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa,
COS, MDCK, 293, 3T3, WI38, and in particular, human cell lines.
[0058] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant
proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines
which stably express the NHP sequences described above can be
engineered. Rather than-using expression vectors which contain
viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with
DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g.,
promoter, enhancer sequences, transcription terminators,
polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following
the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be
allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are
switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the
recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows
cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and
grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into
cell lines. This method may advantageously be used to engineer cell
lines which express the NHP product. Such engineered cell lines may
be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds
that affect the endogenous activity of the NHP product.
[0059] A number of selection systems may be used, including but not
limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler, et
al., 1977, Cell 11:223), hypoxanthine-guanine
phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, 1962, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:2026), and adenine
phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy, et al., 1980, Cell 22:817) genes
can be employed in tk.sup.-, hgprt.sup.- or aprt.sup.- cells,
respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the
basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers
resistance to methotrexate (Wigler, et al., 1980, Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 77:3567; O'Hare, et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid
(Mulligan & Berg, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072);
neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418
(Colberre-Garapin, et al., 1981, J. Mol. Biol. 150:1); and hygro,
which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre, et al., 1984,
Gene 30:147).
[0060] Alternatively, any fusion protein can be readily purified by
utilizing an antibody specific for the fusion protein being
expressed. For example, a system described by Janknecht et al.
allows for the ready purification of non-denatured fusion proteins
expressed in human cell lines (Janknecht, et al., 1991, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 88:8972-8976). In this system, the gene of interest
is subcloned into a vaccinia recombination plasmid such that the
gene's open reading frame is translationally fused to an
amino-terminal tag consisting of six histidine residues. Extracts
from cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus are loaded onto
Ni.sup.2+.nitriloacetic acid-agarose columns and histidine-tagged
proteins are selectively eluted with imidazole-containing
buffers.
[0061] Also encompassed by the present invention are fusion
proteins that direct the NHP to a target organ and/or facilitate
transport across the membrane into the cytosol. Conjugation of NHPs
to antibody molecules or their Fab fragments could be used to
target cells bearing a particular epitope. Attaching the
appropriate signal sequence to the NHP would also transport the NHP
to the desired location within the cell. Alternatively targeting of
NHP or its nucleic acid sequence might be achieved using liposome
or lipid complex based delivery systems. Such technologies are
described in "Liposomes:A Practical Approach", New, R.R.C., ed.,
Oxford University Press, New York and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,595,
5,459,127, 5,948,767 and 6,110,490 and their respective disclosures
which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Additionally embodied are novel protein constructs engineered in
such a way that they facilitate transport of the NHP to the target
site or desired organ, where they cross the cell membrane and/or
the nucleus where the NHP can exert its functional activity. This
goal may be achieved by coupling of the NHP to a cytokine or other
ligand that provides targeting specificity, and/or to a protein
transducing domain (see generally U.S. applications Ser. No.
60/111,701 and 60/056,713, both of which are herein incorporated by
reference, for examples of such transducing sequences) to
facilitate passage across cellular membranes and can optionally be
engineered to include nuclear localization.
5.3 Antibodies to NHP Products
[0062] Antibodies that specifically recognize one or more epitopes
of a NHP, or epitopes of conserved variants of a NHP, or peptide
fragments of a NHP are also encompassed by the invention. Such
antibodies include but are not limited to polyclonal antibodies,
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), humanized or chimeric antibodies,
single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab').sub.2 fragments,
fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic
(anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the
above.
[0063] The antibodies of the invention may be used, for example, in
the detection of NHP in a biological sample and may, therefore, be
utilized as part of a diagnostic or prognostic technique whereby
patients may be tested for abnormal amounts of NHP. Such antibodies
may also be utilized in conjunction with, for example, compound
screening schemes for the evaluation of the effect of test
compounds on expression and/or activity of a NHP gene product.
Additionally, such antibodies can be used in conjunction gene
therapy to, for example, evaluate the normal and/or engineered
NHP-expressing cells prior to their introduction into the patient.
Such antibodies may additionally be used as a method for the
inhibition of abnormal NHP activity. Thus, such antibodies may,
therefore, be utilized as part of treatment methods.
[0064] For the production of antibodies, various host animals may
be immunized by injection with the NHP, an NHP peptide (e.g., one
corresponding to a functional domain of an NHP), truncated NHP
polypeptides (NHP in which one or more domains have been deleted),
functional equivalents of the NHP or mutated variant of the NHP.
Such host animals may include but are not limited to pigs, rabbits,
mice, goats, and rats, to name but a few. Various adjuvants may be
used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host
species, including but not limited to Freund's adjuvant (complete
and incomplete), mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide or
aluminum phosphate, surface active substances such as chitosan,
lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil
emulsions, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG
(bacille Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum.
Alternatively, the immune response could be enhanced by combination
and or coupling with molecules such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin,
tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, ovalbumin, cholera toxin or
fragments thereof. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous
populations of antibody molecules derived from the sera of the
immunized animals.
[0065] Monoclonal antibodies, which are homogeneous populations of
antibodies to a particular antigen, can be obtained by any
technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules
by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not
limited to, the hybridoma technique of Kohler and Milstein, (1975,
Nature 256:495-497; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110), the human B-cell
hybridoma technique (Kosbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72;
Cole et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2026-2030), and
the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., 1985, Monoclonal
Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). Such
antibodies may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM,
IgE, IgA, IgD and any subclass thereof. The hybridoma producing the
mAb of this invention may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo.
Production of high titers of mAbs in vivo makes this the presently
preferred method of production.
[0066] In addition, techniques developed for the production of
"chimeric antibodies" (Morrison et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci., 81:6851-6855; Neuberger et al., 1984, Nature, 312:604-608;
Takeda et al., 1985, Nature, 314:452-454) by splicing the genes
from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity
together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate
biological activity can be used. A chimeric antibody is a molecule
in which different portions are derived from different animal
species, such as those having a variable region derived from a
murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Such
technologies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,181 and
5,877,397 and their respective disclosures which are herein
incorporated by reference in their entirety. Also encompassed by
the present invention is the use of fully humanized monoclonal
antibodies as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,584 and respective
disclosures which are herein incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
[0067] Alternatively, techniques described for the production of
single chain antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird, 1988,
Science 242:423-426; Huston et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 85:5879-5883; and Ward et al., 1989, Nature 341:544-546) can be
adapted to produce single chain antibodies against NHP gene
products. Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the heavy
and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid
bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide.
[0068] Antibody fragments which recognize specific epitopes may be
generated by known techniques. For example, such fragments include,
but are not limited to: the F(ab').sub.2 fragments which can be
produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab
fragments which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges
of the F(ab').sub.2 fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression
libraries may be constructed (Huse et al., 1989, Science,
246:1275-1281) to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal
Fab fragments with the desired specificity.
[0069] Antibodies to a NHP can, in turn, be utilized to generate
anti-idiotype antibodies that "mimic" a given NHP, using techniques
well known to those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., Greenspan &
Bona, 1993, FASEB J 7(5):437-444; and Nissinoff, 1991, J. Immunol.
147(8):2429-2438). For example antibodies which bind to a NHP
domain and competitively inhibit the binding of NHP to its cognate
receptor can be used to generate anti-idiotypes that "mimic" the
NHP and, therefore, bind and activate or neutralize a receptor.
Such anti-idiotypic antibodies or Fab fragments of such
anti-idiotypes can be used in therapeutic regimens involving a NHP
signaling pathway.
[0070] Additionally given the high degree of relatedness of
mammalian NHPs, the presently described knock-out mice (having
never seen NHP, and thus never been tolerized to NHP) have a unique
utility, as they can be advantageously applied to the generation of
antibodies against the disclosed mammalian NHP (i.e., NHP will be
immunogenic in NHP knock-out animals).
[0071] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the
specific embodiments described herein, which are intended as single
illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and
functionally equivalent methods and components are within the scope
of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention,
in addition to those shown and described herein will become
apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing
description. Such modifications are intended to fall within the
scope of the appended claims. All cited publications, patents, and
patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
3 1 132 DNA homo sapiens 1 atggcacaca aactagacct ggaagaaatt
gccagcttgg ataaggccaa gctgaaggcc 60 acagagatgc agaagaacac
tctgatgacc aaagagacca cagagcagga gaagtggagt 120 gaaatttcct ga 132 2
43 PRT homo sapiens 2 Met Ala His Lys Leu Asp Leu Glu Glu Ile Ala
Ser Leu Asp Lys Ala 1 5 10 15 Lys Leu Lys Ala Thr Glu Met Gln Lys
Asn Thr Leu Met Thr Lys Glu 20 25 30 Thr Thr Glu Gln Glu Lys Trp
Ser Glu Ile Ser 35 40 3 919 DNA homo sapiens 3 aaaaaaggcc
agctcactgc cagtgctcat ttaattttac agaaacaggc tctttgaggc 60
tgaagcaaat ctgactgact tttgatgtga aaataaaata taaaaaccgt tcctgaagtt
120 atttctaaac agaactaaca taaaaatagt ctgaatcatc agaatcatct
atttcggaaa 180 aaccggattt gtcaaatcaa tcttcgggca acaactgttt
gagaacgatg ttcacatccc 240 atgtaggaat gctatgtttt ctaggatctg
gcattttcag tgattgagaa tcgctatatt 300 ttgcaaatgg aaatagcact
actaaaaaca aaatgctatg aacagagtga tgtcttttgt 360 ttccaaagtc
aatattctag aaccacgtga aaatagtaat aaaagtgaga tattttgtgg 420
caaagttgtg ggtaaacgct gcagccacaa gccccgctgg agagtattct cagggcaaat
480 gggaaagtgg gtaagaaaat ggcacacaaa ctagacctgg aagaaattgc
cagcttggat 540 aaggccaagc tgaaggccac agagatgcag aagaacactc
tgatgaccaa agagaccaca 600 gagcaggaga agtggagtga aatttcctga
gagcctcgag gattctctat gactgtcatc 660 tgtgagcccc gacttgagat
gtggaggaac agccacctgc aaggtggaca tgccccacaa 720 gctgcgctgt
gaacctgggc tctccgaacc atgccaccga cctgtgagtc tccgagggga 780
cccgcaatgg gactgccaaa ttctctggct tgccccagga tattatagaa aattatttgt
840 ggccgggcgc tgtggctcac gcctatagtc ccagcacttt gggaagctaa
ggcaggtgaa 900 tcacctgaga tcaggagtt 919
* * * * *