U.S. patent application number 11/055575 was filed with the patent office on 2005-10-06 for pakages with active agents.
Invention is credited to Belias, William P., Chen, Paul N., Kolovich, Nathan A., Thomas, Toby R..
Application Number | 20050220375 11/055575 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46303878 |
Filed Date | 2005-10-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050220375 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Thomas, Toby R. ; et
al. |
October 6, 2005 |
Pakages with active agents
Abstract
Packages with active agents are described. Generally, each
disclosed package has a pair of opposing body panels joined
together along a pair of opposing sides and a bottom bridging the
sides, a reclosable fastener extending along a mouth formed
opposite the bottom, and at least one active agent. The at least
one active agent is associated with at least one of the body panels
and includes a freshness-extension agent to inhibit spoilage of
perishable product disposed in the package, an odor management
agent to reduce, mask, or neutralize odors from garbage or waste
disposed in the package, or another type of agent.
Inventors: |
Thomas, Toby R.; (Pleasant
Prairie, WI) ; Belias, William P.; (Pittsford,
NY) ; Chen, Paul N.; (Canandaigua, NY) ;
Kolovich, Nathan A.; (Round Lake, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
WINSTON & STRAWN LLP
1700 K STREET, N.W.
WASHINGTON
DC
20006
US
|
Family ID: |
46303878 |
Appl. No.: |
11/055575 |
Filed: |
February 10, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11055575 |
Feb 10, 2005 |
|
|
|
10375188 |
Feb 26, 2003 |
|
|
|
60359874 |
Feb 27, 2002 |
|
|
|
60543344 |
Feb 10, 2004 |
|
|
|
60543345 |
Feb 10, 2004 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
383/105 ; 383/40;
383/42; 383/6 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65F 1/0006 20130101;
B31B 70/8123 20170801; B65D 31/04 20130101; B65D 33/2591 20130101;
B65D 81/28 20130101; B65D 2203/12 20130101; B65D 31/02
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
383/105 ;
383/040; 383/042; 383/006 |
International
Class: |
B65D 033/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A reclosable package comprising: a pair of opposing body panels
joined together along a pair of opposing sides and a bottom
bridging the sides; a reclosable fastener extending along a mouth
formed opposite the bottom; and a freshness-extension agent
associated with at least one of the body panels for communication
with an interior of the reclosable package and to inhibit spoilage
of perishable product disposed therein.
2. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is included in at least one of a coating,
a patch, a pouch, and a tape applied to the at least one of the
body panels.
3. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is distributed in the at least one of the
body panels.
4. The reclosable package of claim 3, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is distributed in the at least one of the
body panels in the form of microcapsules.
5. The reclosable package of claim 1, further comprising: a
structure to selectively initiate release of the
freshness-extension agent.
6. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is released by humidity.
7. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent includes an isothiocyanate compound.
8. The reclosable package of claim 7, wherein the
freshness-extension agent further includes an acid.
9. The reclosable package of claim 7, wherein the
freshness-extension agent further includes a fragrant.
10. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is included in a permeable
freshness-extension layer having a release agent.
11. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is included in a freshness-extension
layer, the reclosable package further comprising: a removable cover
removably attached to at least a portion of the freshness-extension
layer.
12. The reclosable package of claim 11, wherein the
freshness-extension layer is secured to one of the body panels and
the removable cover is secured to the other of the body panels.
13. The reclosable package of claim 1, further comprising: a
barrier layer associated with the at least one of the body
panels.
14. The reclosable package of claim 13, wherein the barrier layer
is attached to the at least one of the body panels via at least one
of an adhesive, a co-extrusion, a heat seal, and a weld.
15. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is included in a freshness-extension
layer, the reclosable package further comprising: a diffusion layer
disposed adjacent to the freshness-extension layer.
16. The reclosable package of claim 15, wherein the diffusion layer
is located closer to the interior than the freshness-extension
layer.
17. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is included in a freshness-extension
layer and the at least one of the body panels defines a perforation
extending therethrough, the freshness-extension layer being
disposed on the exterior of the at least one of the body panels
adjacent the perforation.
18. The reclosable package of claim 1, wherein the
freshness-extension agent is included in a freshness-extension
layer attached to one of the body panels, the freshness-extension
layer including a one-time breakable element extending between and
secured to the opposing body panels.
19. A reclosable package comprising: a first opposing body panel
having an inner surface and an outer surface, a second opposing
body panel having an inner surface and an outer surface, the first
and second body panels being joined along a pair of opposing sides
and a bottom bridging the sides so as to form an open mouth at one
end, the joined first and second body panels forming an interior
space, a reclosable polymeric seal extending along the one end of
the inner surface of the first and second opposing body panels, at
least one polymeric freshness-extension structure including a first
polymeric layer being a barrier layer and a second polymeric layer
being a diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension agent,
the second polymeric layer being adjacent to the first polymeric
layer, the first polymeric layer being attached to the package such
that the freshness-extension agent of the second layer is in
communication with the interior space.
20. A freshness-extension structure comprising: a first polymeric
layer being a barrier layer, a second polymeric layer being a
diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension ingredient, the
second polymeric layer being adjacent to the first polymeric layer,
and a removable cover removably attached to at least a portion of
the second polymeric layer.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/375,188 filed on Feb. 26, 2003 and
now pending, which application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/359,874 filed
on Feb. 27, 2002.
[0002] The present application also claims the benefit under 35
U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Patent Application Nos. 60/543,344 and
60/543,345, each filed on Feb. 10, 2004 and now pending.
[0003] Each of the foregoing applications is expressly incorporated
by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention relates to packages and structures and
methods for releasing active agents in such packages. More
specifically, the present invention relates to active agents, such
as freshness-extension agents, odor management agents, and other
functional agents, and structures and methods for releasing such
active agents to extend the freshness of perishable products and
manage or control the odor related to such products disposed within
such packages.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The use of packages for a number of household and industrial
purposes has gained wide acceptance. For example, bags and
containers are commonly used by commercial entities and consumers
to store perishable products and items. Also for example, bags or
liners are commonly used in industrial settings and households to
collect garbage or waste.
[0006] Reclosable packages, such as food containers with fitted or
hinged lids, and bags with push to close or slider fasteners, are a
great convenience to suppliers and consumers of pre-packaged
perishables, especially for products such as luncheon meats and
cheeses where, typically, only a portion of the product is used at
any given time. Reclosable packages are also especially convenient
for in-home use to store leftover perishable products. A problem
with these reclosable packages, however, is that they do not
contain any feature that serves to extend the time period that the
perishable can be stored in the package and remain fresh. Thus, the
contents of the package may spoil sooner and, if so, the contents
will be no longer suitable for human consumption. The cost of
perishable spoilage is a significant problem for both consumers and
commercial users of reclosable packages.
[0007] One attempt to address the problem of perishable spoilage
has involved using layered tamper resistant seals that are
substantially impermeable to oxygen. In this type of system, as
soon as the packaging is first opened, the seal is broken and does
not further inhibit spoilage of the perishable. This type of system
thus addresses only the issue of perishable spoilage before the
package is initially opened, and does not serve the in-home user
who is placing leftover perishable products into the storage bags.
A need therefore exists for a package with a feature that inhibits
perishable spoilage.
[0008] Packages such as thermoplastic bags or liners are also
commonly used as waste or garbage bags. Generally, such bags are
constructed from a structure having two layers of thermoplastic
film joined along three sides and having a mouth formed along the
fourth side. This basic structure has been adapted to a range of
sizes and configurations that vary with the intended use of the
bag.
[0009] A garbage bag or liner is often used to collect waste that
can and often does produce unpleasant odors. To address this
problem, manufacturers have combined a scented resin with one or
more polymeric resins during formation of such bags. The scented
resin is therefore distributed uniformly throughout the bag. Such a
waste bag assists in masking, neutralizing, and/or reducing at
least some of the odors.
[0010] However, such waste bags can present a number of
disadvantages. For instance, because the scented resin is
distributed throughout the bag, the scent is not concentrated where
a user is likely to encounter the unpleasant odors (e.g., the mouth
of the bag). Further, manufacturing difficulties can arise from
such bags. For example, to obtain a desired amount of scent
proximate the mouth of the bag, an excess of scent material may
need to be distributed throughout the remainder of the bag, which
can result in an overpowering scent. Of course, if an insufficient
amount of scent material is used, the scent provided may not be
suitable to mask, neutralize, or reduce the unpleasant odors.
Additionally, because the scented resin used in such garbage bags
is likely to be more expensive than other polymeric resins used in
forming the garbage bags, it can be economically undesirable to
distribute relatively equal amounts of scented resin throughout the
bag. A need therefore exists for a package with a feature that
manages odor without such disadvantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] Packages with active agents are disclosed herein.
[0012] Generally, each of the disclosed packages of the present
invention has a pair of opposing body panels joined together along
a pair of opposing sides and a bottom bridging the sides, a
reclosable fastener extending along a mouth formed opposite the
bottom, and at least one active agent.
[0013] In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a reclosable
package is provided with a freshness-extension agent that is
associated with at least one of the body panels of the package for
communication with an interior of the package and to inhibit
spoilage of perishable product disposed therein. The
freshness-extension agent is included in at least one of a coating,
a patch, a pouch, and a tape applied to the at least one of the
body panels. Alternatively, the freshness-extension agent is
distributed in the at least one of the body panels. For example,
the freshness-extension agent can be distributed in the form of
microcapsules in the at least one of the body panels. An
isothiocyanate compound, such as allyl isothiocyanate, can be
included as the freshness-extension agent. The freshness-extension
agent can further include an acid and/or a fragrant.
[0014] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a structure to selectively initiate release of the
freshness-extension agent is provided. Alternatively, the
freshness-extension agent is released by humidity.
[0015] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a permeable freshness-extension layer includes the
freshness-extension agent. The permeable freshness-extension layer
includes a release agent. In some embodiments, a removeable cover
that is removably attached to at least a portion of the
freshness-extension layer is provided, in which the
freshness-extension layer is secured to one of the body panels of a
reclosable package and the removeable cover is secured to the other
of the body panels of the reclosable package.
[0016] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a barrier layer associated with at least one of the body panels of
a reclosable package is provided The barrier layer is attached to
the at least one of the body panels via at least one of an
adhesive, a co-extrusion, a heat seal, and a weld.
[0017] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a
diffusion layer is provided and disposed adjacent to a
freshness-extension layer that includes the freshness-extension
agent. The diffusion layer is located closer to an interior of a
reclosable package than the freshness-extension layer.
[0018] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, at least
one of the body panels of a reclosable package defines a
perforation extending therethrough, and a freshness-extension layer
including the freshness-extension agent is disposed on the exterior
of the at least one of the body panels adjacent the
perforation.
[0019] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a
freshness-extension layer including the freshness-extension agent
is attached to one of the body panels of a reclosable package. The
freshness-extension layer includes a one-time breakable element
that extends between and that is secured to the opposing body
panels of the reclosable package.
[0020] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a
reclosable package is provided with a first opposing body panel
having an inner surface and an outer surface, a second opposing
body panel having an inner surface and an outer surface, a
reclosable polymeric seal, and a polymeric freshness-extension
structure. The opposing body panels are joined along a pair of
sides and a bottom bridging the sides so as to form an open mouth
at one end and an interior space. The reclosable polymeric seal
extends along the one end of the inner surface of the first and
second opposing body panels. The polymeric freshness-extension
structure includes a first polymeric layer being a barrier layer
and a second polymeric layer being a diffusion layer and including
a freshness-extension agent. The second polymeric layer is adjacent
to the first polymeric layer. The first polymeric layer is attached
to the package such that the freshness-extension agent of the
second layer is in communication with the interior space.
[0021] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a freshness-extension structure is provided with a first polymeric
layer being a barrier layer, a second polymeric layer being a
diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension agent, and a
removable cover removably attached to at least a portion of the
second polymeric layer. The second polymeric layer is adjacent to
the first polymeric layer.
[0022] These and other features of the disclosed packages of the
present invention can be more fully understood by referring to the
following detailed description and accompanying drawings. The
drawings are not drawn to scale, but show only relative
dimensions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a mouth portion of a
reclosable package or bag with the opposing body panels attached to
respective fin portions according to one embodiment of the present
invention;
[0024] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the reclosable package
incorporating the mouth portion depicted in FIG. 1 in which the
reclosable fastener or zipper has a slider mechanism being opened
and the one-time breakable element being partially opened according
to another embodiment;
[0025] FIG. 3a is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag comprising a polymeric structure with one
layer according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0026] FIG. 3b is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag comprising a polymeric structure with two
layers according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 3c is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag comprising a polymeric structure with
three layers according to one embodiment of the present
invention;
[0028] FIG. 3d is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag comprising a polymeric structure with two
layers according to another embodiment of the present
invention;
[0029] FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag according to another embodiment of the
present invention;
[0030] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag according to a further embodiment of the
present invention;
[0031] FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag according to yet another embodiment of
the present invention;
[0032] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag according to yet a further embodiment of
the present invention;
[0033] FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag according to another embodiment of the
present invention;
[0034] FIG. 9a is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag that includes a polymeric structure with
four layers according to one embodiment of the present
invention;
[0035] FIG. 9b is a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a
reclosable package or bag that includes a polymeric structure with
six layers according to one embodiment of the present
invention;
[0036] FIG. 10a is a partial cross-section view of two sides of a
reclosable package or bag that includes two polymeric structures
that each comprise two layers according to one embodiment of the
present invention;
[0037] FIG. 10b is a partial cross-section view of two sides of a
reclosable package or bag that includes two polymeric structures
that each comprise two layers according to another embodiment of
the present invention;
[0038] FIG. 10c is a partial cross-section view of two sides of a
reclosable package or bag that includes two polymeric structures
that each comprise three layers according to one embodiment of the
present invention;
[0039] FIG. 11a is a partial cross-section view of two sides of a
reclosable package or bag with a polymeric structure disposed
therebetween, in which the polymeric structure includes a one-time
breakable element.
[0040] FIG. 11b is a partial cross-section view showing the
reclosable package or bag of FIG. 11a after breakage of the
one-time breakable element;
[0041] FIG. 12a is a partial cross-section view of two sides of a
reclosable package or bag, in which one side includes a polymeric
structure that comprises two layers, and in which the polymeric
structure is connected to the other side by a removable element;
and
[0042] FIG. 12b is a partial cross-section view showing the
reclosable package or bag of FIG. 12a after removal of the
removable element.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0043] The present invention relates to packages, packaging
materials, and other related structures with an active agent
incorporated therein. As such, the invention has applications for
various flexible and rigid containers and packages, such as
reclosable plastic bags, waste bags and liners, rigid trash
containers, air-tight containers, lunch boxes, and packaging wraps
and foils commonly used for perishable packaging or perishable
covering.
[0044] As used herein, the term "package" can be understood to
include any kind of package or container, such as flexible plastic
bags and rigid containers, as well as foils or wraps commonly used
to package or store perishable items.
[0045] As used herein, the term "active agent" can be understood to
include any agent, ingredient, or composition that provides an
enhancing or beneficial effect within a package or container. An
active agent can include a "freshness-extension" agent for
extending the freshness or shelf life of food products or other
perishables stored in a package, an "odor management" agent for
masking, neutralizing and/or reducing odors from the package, or
another functional agent.
[0046] Each of the active agents of the present invention can be
used in combination with a package. More specifically, each
freshness-extension agent of the present invention can be used to
inhibit spoilage of food products or other perishables in the
package, and each odor management agent of the present invention
can be used to reduce, neutralize, and/or mask odors from the
package. Each of the active agents of the present invention can be
disposed in the environment of the package, e.g., disposed in the
form of a coating, patch, pouch, or tape that is attached to a
component of the package; extruded with a component of the package;
sprayed, brushed, coated, laminated, or stamped onto a component of
the package; impregnated into a component of the package; and/or
distributed in the material of a component of the package, such as
in the form of microcapsules.
[0047] For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the
freshness-extension agents of the present invention can be disposed
in the environment of a polymeric bag for storing perishable items.
The polymeric bag can be intended for consumer storage of food
products (e.g., leftover food products) or applications, such as
"form, fill, and seal" food packaging operations. The polymeric
bags can include non-reclosable and reclosable polymeric bags.
Reclosable polymeric bags are typically made to be reclosable via
reclosable elements or fasteners, such as resealable adhesive or
cohesive seals, mated tracks, and mated dimples. The mated tracks
can be opened and closed by applying finger pressure or by using an
auxiliary device, such as a slider. Some examples of reclosable
polymeric bags include the bags disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,067,208 and 6,147,588 and U.S. patent application Publication No.
2004/0066985, the contents of which documents are expressly
incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
[0048] Further for purposes of illustration and not limitation, the
freshness-extension agents of the present invention can also be
disposed in the environment of a rigid package for storing
perishables, such as bakery containers, deli containers, fruit
containers, lunch boxes, and roaster containers. Some examples of
containers include containers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,042,586, 6,257,401, 6,349,857, 6,644,494, 6,845,878 and U.S.
patent pplication Publication Nos. 2004/0074902 and 2005/0000966,
the contents of which documents are expressly incorporated by
reference herein in their entireties.
[0049] Additionally for purposes of illustration and not
limitation, the odor management agents of the present invention can
be used in the environment of bags, liners and rigid trash
containers for collecting garbage or waste and other containers for
collecting items with undesirable odors, such as laundry and
diapers. Such waste bags can include a tie feature that assists in
closing the bag or liner securely, forming a handle for carrying
the bag or liner to be disposed, and/or facilitating the opening of
the bag or the liner. Some examples of waste bags include the bags
disclosed in U.S. patent application Publication No. 2003/0223657,
the contents of which document are expressly incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety.
[0050] Illustrative embodiments will now be described to provide an
overall understanding of the disclosed packages and related
structures and active agents. For purposes of illustration and not
limitation, the packages of the present invention are described in
the context of reclosable polymeric bags. One or more examples of
the illustrative embodiments are shown in the drawings. Those of
ordinary skill in the art will understand that each disclosed bag
having an active agent can be adapted and modified to provide
alternative embodiments of bags, containers, and other packages
with active agents for other applications, and that other additions
and modifications can be made to the disclosed packages and active
agents without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
For example, features of the illustrative embodiments can be
combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged to generate
other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended
to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0051] Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a mouth portion
of a reclosable package 10 with an agent structure 50 containing an
active agent. The agent structure 50 is located below a reclosable
closure arrangement such as a fastener or zipper 14. FIG. 2 shows
the reclosable package 10 with the mouth portion depicted in FIG. 1
in a partial open position.
[0052] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the mouth portion of the
reclosable package 10 includes a pair of first and second opposing
body or wall panels 16, 18 that make up a package body 20 and
define an interior space 22. Connected to the first body panel 16
is a first track 24 having a first profile 26 and a first fin
portion 28 extending generally downward from the first profile 26.
The first body panel 16 has an outer surface 16a and an inner
surface 16b. Connected to the second body panel 18 is a second
track 30 having a second profile 32 and a second fin portion 34
extending generally downward from the second profile 32. The second
body panel 18 has an outer surface 18a and an inner surface 18b.
The inner surface 16b is attached to the first fin portion 28. The
inner surface 18b is attached to the second fin portion 34. It is
contemplated that one or more of the fin portions can be attached
to the outer surfaces 16a, 18a.
[0053] The first and second profiles 26, 32 are releasably
engageable with each other to provide a reclosable seal to the
package 10. An optional breakable element 12 that initially extends
from the first fin portion 28 to the second fin portion 34 can be
used. The breakable element 12 of FIG. 1 is depicted with an
optional one-time breakable preferential area of weakness or
preferential tear area 38 to form a one-time breakable tamper
evident feature. It is not necessary that the breakable element 12
have the one-time breakable preferential area of weakness 38. For
example, in some embodiments, the breakable element 12 includes a
resealable adhesive or cohesive seal. The one-time breakable
preferential area of weakness 38 can be a score line, a series of
perforations, or a highly oriented region. Additionally, the
preferential area of weakness 38 can be made in a manner to
separate by cutting therethrough. The preferential area of weakness
38 inhibits tampering with the reclosable package 10 prior to being
opened.
[0054] The reclosable package 10 can further include an optional
slider mechanism 36 (FIG. 2) slidably mounted to the fastener 14
for movement between a closed position and an open position.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the first and second profiles 26, 32
are engaged to each other while the slider mechanism 36 is in the
closed position, and movement of the slider mechanism 36 from the
closed position to the open position disengages the profiles 26, 32
from each other.
[0055] The package 10 of FIG. 2 also includes end terminations 37.
End terminations can have various purposes such as (a) preventing
or inhibiting the slider mechanism 36 from going past the ends of
the fastener 14, (b) interacting with the slider 36 to give a
tactile indication of being closed, (c) assisting in inhibiting or
preventing leakage from the package 10, and (d) holding the first
and second profiles 26, 32 together and providing additional
strength in resisting stresses applied to the profiles 26, 32
during normal use of the package 10. Further details concerning the
construction and operation of the slider mechanism 36 and the end
terminations 37 can be obtained from U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,208 to
Herrington, Jr. et al., which is incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.
[0056] It is contemplated that other end terminations can be used
instead of the above-described end terminations 37. For example, an
end weld can be formed by heated bars pressed against the end of
the fastener, ultrasonic welding, or other ways known in the
art.
[0057] As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the reclosable package 10
of the present invention is opened by having a consumer grip the
slider mechanism 36 and move it such that the first and second
profiles 26, 32 of the respective first and second tracks 24, 30
are detached from each other. Next, the consumer tears open the
breakable element 12 (if present) along the preferential area of
weakness 38. Alternatively, the consumer may open the breakable
element 12, if used, by cutting therethrough. The package can be
resealed utilizing the fastener 14 and slider mechanism 36.
Specifically, the consumer grips the slider mechanism 36 and moves
it from the open position to the closed position so as to engage
the complementary first and second profiles 26, 32.
[0058] A one-time breakable element 12 not only provides a consumer
with the assurance that a newly purchased package has not been
opened before, but also provides a good initial seal that preserves
the freshness of the perishable contents of the package prior to
its initial opening and can inhibit or prevent the active agent
from being activated by an activation-triggering condition, such as
moisture. Since the reclosable closure arrangements of FIG. 1 are
located above the one-time breakable element, (i.e., the reclosable
closure arrangement is further from the interior space), the
operation of the reclosable closure arrangement is not hampered by
the presence of the one-time breakable element.
[0059] Connected to the first body panel inner surface 16b is the
agent structure 50 that contains at least one active agent as
schematically depicted in FIG. 1. The active agent can include a
substance known to provide a desired function or effect on a
package or contents thereof. In some embodiments, the active agent
includes a freshness-extension agent, which functions to extend the
life or freshness of food products or other perishables disposed in
the package. In other embodiments, the active agent includes an
odor management agent, which functions to mask, neutralize, and/or
reduce an undesirable odor or to produce an aromatic odor in the
package.
[0060] The agent structure 50 can be provided in a form and
structure suitable for the desired effect of the agent and the
structure of the package. For example, in some embodiments, the
agent structure 50 can be in the form of a coating, a patch, a
tape, a pouch, a combination thereof, or in any other form that can
be incorporated or integrated into the structure of the package 10.
The selection of a coating, patch, or pouch, or tape is often
dependent on the type of active agent being used. For example, an
active agent in a powder form (e.g., minerals containing chemistry)
can be placed in an air-permeable pouch, rather than a patch
because it is often difficult to embed powders in a patch.
Alternatively, an active agent in a powder form can be dusted onto
a component of the package, such as a body panel. Non-limiting
examples of powdery active agents that can be incorporated into the
agent structure 50 include perlite, calcium carbonate, kaolin, and
ASEPTROL.RTM. antimicrobial manufactured by Engelhard.
[0061] If a tape or patch is used to support the agent structure
50, the tape or patch can include an adhesive, a patch-like
component, and/or a release system such as a slip additive which
assists in inhibiting or preventing the agent structure from
sticking to the adhesive. For example, the release system can be
located on a surface of the tape or patch that is located distally
from the surface that contacts the body panel to which the tape or
patch is to be attached, so that sticking is inhibited or prevented
when the package is wound into a roll. Materials such as siloxane
and glycerol monostearate can be among the components of such a
release system.
[0062] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the active agent can be extruded with the body panel 16. For
example, the active agent can be blended into the body panel
material in oil or powder form, or can be distributed in the form
of microcapsules in the material of the body panel 16. In a
preferred embodiment, the active agent is microencapsulated prior
to being integrated into the package structure. Microencapsulation
encloses the active agent within a polymeric material that can
withstand heat during package processing and manufacturing, but
which degrades, dissolves, or otherwise breaks open and releases
the active agent upon contact with pre-determined environmental
factors such as moisture. The active agent can be encapsulated into
microcapsules, and the microcapsules can be interspersed with the
molten material of the body panel and extruded into body panel 16
during bulk production.
[0063] The body panel 16 can be otherwise impregnated with the
active agent. It is also contemplated that the active agent can be
sprayed, brushed, coated, laminated, stamped, or otherwise applied
onto the body panel 16.
[0064] In some embodiments, the active agent includes one or more
freshness-extension agents. The freshness-extension agent can be,
for example, a natural oil, an anti-microbial, a modified
atmosphere, or another substance that can extend the freshness or
shelf life of food products or other perishables. For example, some
non-limiting examples of freshness-extension ingredients include
isothiocyanate such as allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) from natural
sources, d-limonene, eugenol, allicin, isothymol, thymol, chlorine
dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, ascorbic acid,
citric acid, cinnamic aldehyde, mustard, cinnamon, peppermint,
spearmint, triclosan, Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), cinnamon
(Cinnamomum cassia), comi fructus (Cornus officinalis), allyl
cyanide, 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane, allyl thiocyanate,
Lactobacillus reuteri, methyl isothiocyanate, cinnamon bark oil,
lemon grass oil, thyme oil, methyl jasmonate, tea tree oil, ethyl
alcohol, Salicylaldehyde, carvacrol, cymene, essential oil extracts
of various onions, essential oil extract of garlic, berry phenolic
extracts from cranberry, cloudberry, raspberry, strawberry, and
bilberry, ellagitannins from cranberry, cloudberry, raspberry,
strawberry, and bilberry, essential oils from nutmeg, mint, clove,
oregano, cinnamon, sassafras, sage, thyme and rosemary, vanillin,
vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, diacetyl, natural honey, fluorine
dioxide, carbon dioxide, modified atmospheres and combinations
thereof. The modified atmosphere can include nitrogen, oxygen,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and combination
thereof.
[0065] AIT, which can be naturally obtained from plants or
perishables such as mustard and wasabi, is particularly
advantageous as a freshness-extension agent for its anti-microbial
properties. Preferably, the AIT is produced from plants such as
mustard, which contains glucosinolate and myrosinase enzyme.
Myrosinase and glucosinolate react with each other to produce AIT
and, because the reaction involves hydrolysis, humidity activates
AIT production. AIT has been shown to exhibit anti-bacterial and
anti-microbial properties and, as it is released in a gaseous form
throughout the package atmosphere, it enhances the atmosphere so as
to inhibit bacterial growth and therefore extend perishable
freshness. Hence, AIT-producing products, including wasabi,
horseradish and mustard in various forms, such as extract, powder,
oil, or ground seed, can be used as the freshness-extension agent
in embodiments of the present invention.
[0066] In some embodiments, an AIT-containing freshness-extension
agent can also be used in combination with another functional
agent. For example, in one such embodiment, AIT is combined with an
acid, which greatly enhances the production of AIT from mustard
and, thus, the anti-microbial effect of mustard. Thus, if ground
mustard seed is used as the freshness-extension agent, it can be
combined, in a desired ratio, with anhydrous acid such as anhydrous
citric acid for increased AIT production and, thus, enhanced
freshness-extension function.
[0067] The freshness-extension agent can also provide other
enhancement functions, and therefore can be used for such other
purposes. In some embodiments, the freshness-extension agent can
include a freshness component for extending food freshness and an
odor component for masking, reducing, and/or neutralizing only a
pungent odor of the freshness component, but not other odors of the
contents stored in a package. Preferably, the odor component does
not mask the odors of the contents stored in the package, such as
food odors or food spoilage odors, so that decay or spoilage of the
contents can be detected by smell. For example, a
freshness-extension agent including an AIT freshness component can
also include a fragrant component, such as vanilla, cinnamon, or
citrus oil, which can mask the pungent odor of AIT, but not mask or
otherwise affect the odor of the stored contents. Preferably, the
freshness-extension agent does not impart its own organoleptic
properties to the stored contents, and thus permits a user to
readily detect decay or spoilage of stored contents by smell.
[0068] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the agent structure 50
includes one or more odor management agents. Advantageously, the
odor management agent can be incorporated into packages configured
for collecting garbage or waste to mask, neutralize, and/or reduce
undesirable odors. Alternatively, the odor management agent can be
used to provide or create an odor to a package. An odor management
agent can thus be incorporated into thermoplastic bags or liners
and other containers, such as garbage or waste bags, diaper
containers, laundry bags, storage bags, and disposable medical bags
or containers.
[0069] Non-limiting examples of odor management agents include AIT,
d-limonene, mustard, natural oils, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, citronella, pine, flowery, and
substituted esters such as METAZENE.RTM..
[0070] A preferred embodiment of an odor management agent includes
AIT, which agent can be provided by incorporating, for example,
mustard in the agent structure 50. Mustard, whether in the form of
ground mustard seed, powder, oil, or paste, can be provided alone
or in combination with an acid (such as citric acid) to catalyze
the production of AIT from mustard and enhance the anti-microbial
and odor management properties of the mustard. Because of its
effectiveness in extending perishable freshness as previously
described herein, AIT can provide multiple functions when
incorporated into a perishable package, e.g., AIT can perform both
freshness-extension and odor-management functions.
[0071] In some embodiments, the odor management agent can include
an additional ingredient for providing a pleasant or desired odor
or scent to a user. For example, a natural oil such as lemon grass
oil can be used to manage odors emanating from a package, to mask
the odor of the primary odor management agent itself, or to make
the odor of the odor management more pleasant to a user. It has
been shown that a composition comprising ground mustard seed and
anhydrous citric acid mixed with about 5% by weight of lemon grass
oil is particularly effective at managing unpleasant odors.
[0072] If an agent structure 50 includes an aromatic or perfumery
ingredient for providing a desired scent to a package, an
additional material for enhancing scent concentration in the
interior of the package can be included. For example, the agent
structure 50 can include perlite to increase the scent
concentration. Perlite is desirable for use because of its ability
to retain scent, its stability, and its surface area. Non-limiting
examples of other materials for enhancing scent include
microspheres, talc, silicon, silicate such as aluminum silicate,
vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, or combinations thereof.
[0073] Further in accordance with the invention, the agent
structure 50 can be provided with an activation system that is
triggered when the reclosable package is opened or filled with
contents. The activation system can be mechanical in nature, such
as a perforation or a peel apart system that once separated
initiates the release of the active agent. Another activation
method can be based on the humidity or moisture level that is
present in the package (e.g., which correlates to water activity of
the contents). For example, a high amount of humidity can initiate
a chemical or other reaction that subsequently releases a volatile
chemical such as carbon dioxide or chlorine dioxide. In such an
example, a greater amount of active agent is added when the
humidity is higher in the reclosable package. Examples of reactions
that are activated by a high humidity level are salt and acid
reactions, such as sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, or sodium
hypochlorite and citric acid. The release of AIT is also aided by
humidity as previously explained. In such examples, a greater
amount of active agent is released into the package atmosphere when
the humidity increases.
[0074] During a method of operation of a reclosable package with a
humidity-activated freshness extension agent, for example,
perishables are placed in the interior of the package, and the
humidity or moisture level in the perishables activates the
freshness-extension agent. Additionally, if the agent structure is
disposed proximate the mouth of a bag-like package or proximate the
rim of a container-like package, selective activation or release
can be accomplished. For example, the humidity or moisture level of
the perishables can activate the agent as the perishables travel in
the vicinity of the agent (e.g., through the mouth or past the rim
of the package during the initial placement of the perishable
products into the interior), while the perishable products remain
disposed in the interior, and upon entry of air into the interior
(e.g., during an opening of the package). Disposing the agent
structure proximate the mouth or rim of a package can also be
advantageous when maximum display of the contents is desired in a
transparent package.
[0075] A humidity activation method can further be controlled by
providing a barrier layer material. For example, it is preferable
that the body panels provide a barrier layer or be formed of a
barrier material so as to create an enclosed environment to prevent
or inhibit the introduction of humidity and the release of active
agent when the package is closed. As used herein, the terms
"barrier layer" and "barrier material" include layers or materials
that inhibit or otherwise control the release of an active agent
into a package atmosphere, rather than layers or materials that
completely block or prevent such release.
[0076] An example of such a material is polyethylene glycol (PEG)
incorporated into low density polyethylenes (LDPE). Other materials
providing a barrier to transfer of water, water vapor, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethylene, volatile or non-volatile active
agents include but are not limited to polymers, copolymers, blends,
extrusions, co-extrusions, coatings, metalization or laminations
of: low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density
polyethylene (LLDPE), linear medium-density polyethylene (LMDPE),
high density polyethylene (HDPE), very low density polyethylene
(VLDPE), metallocene (mPE), polypropylene (PP), oriented
polypropylene (OPP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),
acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), acrylonitrile-EPDM-styrene
(AES), ASA/AES copolymers, polyamide 6, polyamide 66 and their
copolyamides, poly vinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic, polybutylene
terephthalate (PBT), thermoplastic polyester (TPE), ethylene/ethyl
acrylate (EEA), ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA), polystyrene (PS),
high impact polystyrene (HIPS), modified polystyrene,
ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVAL or EVOH), polyvinylidene chloride
(PVDC), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyamides, polyacrylic acid
(PAA), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), saran, ceramic filled
polymers, nanocomposite polymers, polychlorotrifluoroethylene
(PCTFE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), acrylonitrile-methyl
acrylate (AC-MA), polyphenylene ether (PPB), polyphenylene oxide
(PPO), thermoplastic elastomer, cellophane, nylon, polycarbonate
(PC), modified polyolefins with barrier properties, cyclic olefin
copolymeres, polyacrylonitriles, acrylonitrile copolymers,
polyacetals, modified polyesters, acrylic derivatives, and
inorganic barrier coatings.
[0077] It is also contemplated that other barrier materials such as
foils and metallized polymers such as metallized oriented
polypropylenes (OPP) can be used. The barrier layer is
substantially impermeable to at least water vapor and active
agents, and, in some embodiments, also to oxygen, nitrogen, and
carbon dioxide, or combinations thereof. The barrier layer thus
inhibits or prevents water vapor (and, in some embodiments, oxygen,
nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) from entering the interior of the
package, while inhibiting or preventing the active agent from
escaping the interior of the package. An example of a cyclic olefin
copolymer that can be used in forming the barrier layer is
TOPAS.RTM. 8007. Useful cyclic olefin copolymers are believed to be
available from several companies. For example, Ticona, a business
of Celanese AG, in Summit N.J. has cyclic olefin copolymers
available. Other companies that are believed to have cyclic olefin
copolymers available include Nippon Zeon (Japan), Mitsui Chemical
(Japan) and JSR (Japan), formerly know as Japan Synthetic Rubber.
Ticona, a business of Celanese AG, has commercially available
cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) under the designation TOPAS.RTM..
These cyclic olefin copolymers are believed to be prepared with
feedstocks of norbornene and ethylene and the use of a metallocene
catalyst. There are believed to be at least four grades of
TOPAS.RTM. resins available (TOPAS.RTM. 8007, TOPAS.RTM. 6013,
TOPAS.RTM. 6015 and TOPAS.RTM. 6017). The four grades of TOPAS.RTM.
resins available have glass transition temperatures, T.sub.g, of
80, 140, 160 and 180.degree. C., respectively. The corresponding
norbornene levels of the four grades of TOPAS.RTM. resins are 35,
48, 55 and 59 mole %.
[0078] The agent structure 50 can be made of polymeric materials
including thermoplastic materials. Alternatively, if formed as part
of the package, a polymeric matrix layer can be provided for
impregnating or supporting a microencapsulated active agent into a
component of the package, e.g., a body panel. The matrix layer of
the agent structure 50 can be made of polyolefinic materials such
as polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations
thereof. Non-limiting examples of the matrix layer materials
include polymers, copolymers or blends of: low density polyethylene
(LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), linear
medium-density polyethylene (LMDPE), high density polyethylene
(HDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), metallocene (mPE),
polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 polyamide 66 and their copolyamide,
poly vinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic, thermoplastic polyester (TPE),
ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA), polystyrene (PS), high impact
polystyrene (HIPS), modified polystyrene, liquid crystal polymer
(LCP), polyamides, polyacrylic acid (PAA), polylactic acid (PLA),
polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA), polyphenylene ether (PPE), thermoplastic elastomer, and
cellulose and filled plastics. These materials generally provide a
good barrier to water vapor, but allow permeation of oxygen and
active agents. It may be desirable to have a patch, tape, or pouch
that comprises polyethylene because of its recyclability. Another
example of a material that can be used to form a patch, tape, or
pouch structures is ethyl methyl acrylate (EMA). A surface of the
patch, tape, or pouch can be formed of a porous non-woven material
(e.g., gauze) that allows the active agent such as freshness
extension or odor management agent to be released. For odor
management, one of the layers of the odor management structure can
further include a fragrance (e.g., a liquid fragrance), a
scent-enhancing mineral, and/or a polymeric resin (e.g.,
LLDPE).
[0079] As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art,
the amount of agent to be used in combination with a package will
depend on the environment in which the agent is in use, e.g., the
loss and release rates of the agent. The release rate refers to the
rate at which the agent is released into the interior of the
package, and the loss rate refers to the rate at which the released
agent escapes from the interior of the package. Preferably, the
agents of the present invention are disposed in amounts such that
the release rate of the agent is greater than the loss rate of the
agent during a pre-determined "shelf life" or duration of use, so
that the presence of agent in the interior of a package is
replenished faster than it is lost, thus ensuring effective
performance of the agent. The loss rate of the agent depends upon a
variety of factors related to package design, construction, and
use.
[0080] It is contemplated that additional layers can be added to
the coating, patch, pouch, or tape. For example, a barrier layer
can be added to assist in keeping the freshness-extension agent in
communication with the interior of the reclosable package and,
thus, assist in preventing or inhibiting the freshness-extension
agent from permeating through the body panel.
[0081] For example, and with reference to the package embodiment of
FIG. 1, each of the opposing body panels 16, 18 forms a barrier
layer that is substantially impermeable to at least water vapor and
active agents and, in some embodiments, also to oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, or combinations thereof. The opposing body panels
16, 18 thus can include, i.e., be at least partially formed from
one or more of, the foregoing materials. The opposing body panels
16, 18 can include barrier layers located on exterior and/or
interior surfaces of the packages.
[0082] For purposes of illustration, the disclosed packages of the
present invention will now be further described herein with respect
to freshness-extension agents. Those of ordinary skill in the art
will understand that the disclosed packages can be suitably
modified to include other types of active agents.
[0083] In one such embodiment, the barrier layer can be located on
an inner surface of a freshness-extension structure as shown in,
for example, FIG. 3a. In FIG. 3a, one side of a package 210 is
depicted with a body panel 212 that includes a freshness-extension
structure 214, and a second body panel (not shown in FIG. 3a). The
freshness-extension agent of the freshness-extension structure 214
is in communication with the interior space, while one surface of
the freshness-extension structure 214 is attached to a surface 212a
of the body panel 212 via an adhesive, a heat seal, or a weld,
e.g., an ultrasonic weld. It is contemplated that other attachment
methods can be used. For example, the freshness-extension structure
can be attached to at least one surface of the body panels using
mechanical methods such as clips or staples. Thus, the
freshness-extension structure can be provided as a coextrusion
structure or as a laminate. Alternatively, it can be coated on a
layer of film.
[0084] One example depicted in FIG. 3b includes a reclosable
package 230 comprising a first body panel 212, a second body panel
(not shown in FIG. 3b), and a freshness-extension structure 234.
The structure 234 comprises a first layer 216 that is a barrier
layer and a second polymeric layer 218 that includes a
freshness-extension agent. The first layer 216 can be a polymeric
barrier layer using one of the previously mentioned barrier
materials. One example of a polymer that can be used in the second
polymeric layer 218 is a polyolefin such as a linear low density
polyethylene (LLDPE). An outer surface 216a of the first layer 216
of FIG. 3b is attached to an inner surface 212a of the first body
panel 212. The second polymeric layer 218 is directly adjacent to
the first layer 216 so that the freshness-extension agent is in
communication with the interior space. Depending on the materials
that form the first and second layers 216, 218, it may not be
necessary to adhesively attach the layers together. Rather, for
example, the first and second layers can be co-extruded together if
the materials for forming the first and second layers are
compatible.
[0085] It is also contemplated that information can be printed on
the freshness-extension structure 234 such as on the barrier layer.
It is contemplated that the printing can occur on different
locations of the structure. For enhanced visibility and readability
of the printing, it may be desirable to print on the surface of the
freshness-extension structure that is closest to the body panel
when the structure is located in the interior of the reclosable
package. For example, in FIG. 3b, the printing would be desirably
located between the first body panel 212 and the first layer 216.
If adhesive is used to attach the first layer 216 of FIG. 3b to the
surface 212a, then the printing can be located between the adhesive
and the first layer 216. It is contemplated that other attachment
methods can be used such as a heat seal or mechanical methods.
[0086] Referring to FIG. 3c, a reclosable package 250 comprises a
first body panel 212, a second body panel (not shown in FIG. 3c),
and a freshness-extension structure 254 in the form of a patch or
tape. It is contemplated that the structure can be in the form of a
pouch or a coating. The freshness-extension structure 254 comprises
a first layer 216 that is a barrier layer, and a second polymeric
layer 218 that includes a freshness-extension agent, and a third
polymeric layer 220 that is a diffusion layer. The first layer 216,
as discussed above, can be a polymeric layer. The second polymeric
layer 218 that includes the freshness-extension agent is located
between the first and third layers 216, 220. One example of a
polymer that can be used in the second polymeric layer 218 is a
polyolefin, such as a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The
freshness-extension agent is in communication with the interior
space of the reclosable package via the third polymeric layer 220
that is permeable. Thus, the third polymeric layer 220 controls the
permeability and must be permeable to the extent that the
freshness-extension agent can enter the interior of the reclosable
package therethrough.
[0087] It is contemplated that the third polymeric layer 220 can
comprise a cyclic olefin copolymer. The third polymer layer can
comprise from about 10 to about 80 wt. % or, more specifically,
from about 20 to about 40 wt. % cyclic olefin copolymer to assist
in reducing curling of the polymeric structure. While not being
bound by theory, curling tends to be caused when the materials
forming the polymeric-structure layers are not as compatible with
each other because of, for example, their different shrink rates.
The barrier layer can comprise a more crystalline material that
does not shrink much, if any, over time as compared to the
diffusion layer that can comprise a material, such as polyethylene,
that tends to shrink over time. The disadvantage of such structure
curl is that the edges tend to curl in a transverse direction upon
itself and therefore cause processing problems. The curling of the
polymeric structure can be reduced or inhibited by using a cyclic
olefin copolymer in the third polymeric layer, whereby the first
layer and the third polymeric layer become more compatible. The
addition of a cyclic olefin copolymer to the third polymeric layer
220 also slows the permeation of the freshness extension agent into
the interior of the reclosable package 250.
[0088] As discussed above, it is contemplated that the
freshness-extension structure 254 of FIG. 3c can have a release
agent (e.g., a slip additive) that assists in preventing or
inhibiting the polymeric structure from sticking to itself. It is
also contemplated that information can be printed on the structure
254. The first layer 216 can be attached to the surface of the body
panel(s) via an adhesive, heat seal or other methods.
[0089] Referring to FIG. 3d, a reclosable package 270 comprises a
first body panel 212, a second body panel (not shown in FIG. 3d),
and a freshness-extension structure 274 in the form of a patch or
tape. It is contemplated that the structure 274 can be a pouch. The
freshness-extension structure 274 comprises a first layer 216 being
a barrier layer, and a second polymeric layer 219 being a diffusion
layer and including a freshness-extension agent. The
freshness-extension agent must be able to communicate with the
interior space of the reclosable package or bag. The first layer
216 can be attached to the body panel 212 via an adhesive, a heat
seal, a weld, or other methods.
[0090] The reclosable package can include more than one
freshness-extension structure that includes a freshness-extension
agent therein. For example, the reclosable package can include two
or three freshness-extension structures that each contain a
freshness-extension agent.
[0091] A freshness-extension structure (e.g., a freshness-extension
agent containing patch, tape, pouch, or coating) can vary in size
and is dependent on factors such as the desired amount of
freshness-extension, the particular freshness-extension agent being
used, the number of freshness-extension structures being used in
the reclosable package, and the size of the reclosable package. The
dimensions of the freshness-extension structure are generally from
about 1/2 inch or 1 inch to about 12 inches. Non-limiting examples
of freshness-extension structure dimensions include 1/2
inch.times.1 inch, 1 inch by 1 inch, 1/2 inch.times.2 inches, 1
inch.times.6 inches, 2.times.4 inches, and 4.times.12 inches. The
thicknesses of the freshness-extension structures can vary in the
present invention but are generally less than about 20 mils,
preferably from about 12 to 16 mils, and more preferably from about
14 to 15 mils.
[0092] According to another embodiment, the freshness-extension
structure of the reclosable package is delivered in a non-woven
matrix. The non-woven matrix can be impregnated after the non-woven
matrix has been formed. The impregnation of the non-woven matrix
can be accomplished by a freshness-extension agent coating.
Alternatively, the non-woven matrix can be initially formed with
the freshness-extension agent therein. According to a further
embodiment, the freshness-extension agent of the reclosable package
can be micro-encapsulated in a freshness-extension structure.
[0093] The freshness-extension structure being a patch, tape,
pouch, or coating in one embodiment is located in the interior of a
reclosable package or bag, such as the reclosable package 10. For
example in FIG. 3a, a partial cross-sectional view of one side of
the reclosable package 210 is depicted with the body panel 212 and
the freshness-extension structure 214. The structure 214 is
attached to an interior surface 212a of the body panel 212 in which
the interior surface 212a forms an interior portion of the
reclosable package 210.
[0094] Alternatively, the freshness-extension structure being a
coating, patch, pouch, or tape can be located on an exterior
surface of an article or within layers of an article such that the
freshness-extension agent is able to permeate into or communicate
with the interior of the reclosable package. For example, the
freshness-extension structure being a coating, patch, pouch, or
tape can be located on an exterior surface of a reclosable package
in which a portion of the body panel is removed such that the
freshness-extension agent from the freshness-extension structure
can permeate into the interior of the reclosable package. For
example, referring to FIG. 4, a partial cross-sectional view of one
side of a reclosable package 310 is shown with a
freshness-extension structure 314 attached to an exterior surface
316a of a body panel 316. The body panel 316 has at least one
opening 318 that allows the freshness-extension agent from the
freshness-extension structure 314 to permeate into the interior of
the reclosable package 310. The opening(s) 318 can be one large
opening or a plurality of smaller openings that extends from and
through the body panel 316 of the reclosable package 310. The
opening(s) 318 can be formed by processes known in the art
including a perforation process.
[0095] In another example, FIG. 5 depicts a partial cross-sectional
view of one side of a reclosable package or bag 410. The reclosable
package or bag 410 comprises an exterior layer 412, a
freshness-extension structure 414, and an interior layer 416 with
opening(s) 418. The freshness-extension structure 414 is located
between and attached to the exterior layer 412 and the interior
layer 416. The opening(s) 418 allows the freshness-extension agent
from the structure 414 to be in communication with the interior of
the reclosable package or bag 410.
[0096] It is contemplated that a layer of a reclosable package can
be permeable to the freshness-extension agent of the
freshness-extension structure such that the freshness-extension
agent is in communication with the interior of the reclosable
package. FIG. 6 depicts such an example where a partial
cross-sectional view of a reclosable package 510 is shown. The
reclosable package 510 comprises a freshness-extension structure
514 and a diffusion layer 516. The diffusion layer 516 allows the
freshness-extension agent from the freshness-extension structure
514 to enter the interior of the reclosable package.
[0097] The diffusion layer 516 can be made of a suitable material
that allows the freshness-extension agent to reach the interior of
the reclosable package in a relatively quick fashion. Thus,
materials providing permeation of water, water vapor, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethylene, volatile actives or nonvolatile
active agents can be used for the diffusion layer. Examples of a
diffusion layer 516 include polymers, copolymers, blends,
extrusions, co-extrusions, coatings or laminations of: low density
polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), very
low density polyethylene (VLDPE), metallocene (mPE), polypropylene
(PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide 6, polyamide
66 and their copolyamides, poly vinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic,
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), thermoplastic polyester (TPE),
ethylene/ethyl acrylate (EEA), ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA),
polystyrene (PS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), modified
polystyrene, ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVAL or EVOH), polyacrylic
acid (PAA), polylactic acid (PLA), filled polymers, hydrophilic
nanocomposite polymers, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),
thermoplastic elastomers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),
polymethylpentene (PMP), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinyl alcohol
(PVAL), and cellulose acetate (CA), all of which have general
affinity for moisture.
[0098] As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art,
the same type of polymer material can be used in forming either the
matrix, barrier, or diffusion layer, depending on the percentage
ratio of the material in the layer composition, the quantity of the
material in the layer composition (e.g., the thickness of the layer
composition), and/or the method of fabrication. Thus, the use of a
particular polymer material as a component for the matrix, barrier,
or diffusion layer depends on its amount and manner of use.
[0099] FIG. 7 depicts another embodiment with a partial
cross-sectional view of one side of a reclosable package 530 that
includes an additional layer (exterior layer 512) as compared to
the reclosable package 510 of FIG. 6.
[0100] It is contemplated that additional layers can be added in
forming the reclosable packages shown in FIGS. 3-7. For example, an
ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer or polyvinylidene chloride
layer (PVDC) can be used in forming the body panels of the
reclosable package, or in forming a barrier layer of the package.
Such a barrier layer assists in keeping the freshness extension
ingredient in communication with the interior of the reclosable
package. Other layers, such as a freshness-extension enhancing
layer, are also contemplated. A freshness-extension enhancing layer
can operate to enhance delivery of the freshness extension agent
with increasing humidity. Such a freshness-extension enhancing
layer is particularly advantageous, since increased humidity often
results in a corresponding increase in bacterial growth that leads
to increased perishable spoiling. One example of a freshness
extension enhancing layer is polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).
[0101] The freshness-extension structure 214 can include a peelable
cover. An example of such an embodiment is depicted in FIG. 8 where
a partial cross-sectional view of one side of a reclosable package
610 comprises a body panel 612, a freshness-extension structure
614, and a peelable cover 622. The peelable cover 622 covers at
least a portion of the freshness-extension structure 614 and may
cover the entire freshness-extension structure 614 that is exposed
in the interior of the reclosable package 610. The peelable cover
622 prevents or inhibits the freshness-extension agent from
escaping the freshness-extension structure 614 in its initial
position shown in FIG. 8. The peelable cover can be attached to the
body panel 612 and/or the freshness-extension structure 614. The
peelable cover 622 is removed by a user from the
freshness-extension structure 614 to enhance or begin the release
of the freshness-extension agent from the freshness-extension
structure 614. Typically, the removal of the peelable cover 622 by
the user occurs when a package is going to have perishable placed
into it. One example of the peelable cover 622 is a barrier layer
such as EVOH or PVDC. It is contemplated that a peelable cover can
be used with any of the freshness-extension structures that are in
the form of a patch, tape, or pouch.
[0102] According to one embodiment, a reclosable package is adapted
to store items and comprises a first thermoplastic body panel, a
second thermoplastic body panel, and at least one polymeric
freshness-extension structure adapted to extend the freshness of
items by increasing the time items can be stored in the article
without spoiling. The first and second body panels are joined along
a pair of opposing sides and a bottom bridging the sides so as to
form an open mouth. The joined first and second body panels form an
interior space for storing items. The polymeric freshness-extension
structure is attached to a surface of one or more the first and
second body panels and is in communication with the interior space.
The freshness-extension structure further includes a peelable cover
in which the peelable cover is adapted to initially cover at least
a portion of the polymeric freshness-extension structure.
[0103] According to another embodiment, a reclosable package can be
used that includes two freshness-extension structures. For example,
referring to FIG. 9a, a reclosable package 710 comprises a first
thermoplastic body panel 712, a second thermoplastic body panel
(not shown in FIG. 9a) a first freshness-extension structure 714a,
and a second freshness-extension structure 714b. As discussed
above, the first and second body panels are joined along a pair of
opposing sides and a bottom bridging the sides so as to form an
open mouth. The joined first and second body panels form an
interior space for storing items.
[0104] The first freshness-extension structure 714a comprises two
layers and is a patch or tape. It is contemplated that the first
and second freshness-extension structures can form a pouch. The
first freshness-extension structure 714a comprises a first layer
716a being a barrier layer, and a second polymeric layer 719a being
a diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension agent. The
first layer 716a can be a polymeric layer. The second polymeric
layer 719a is directly adjacent to the first layer 716a. The first
layer 716a is shown in FIG. 9a as being attached to the first body
panel 712 via an adhesive, heat seal or other methods.
[0105] Similarly, the second freshness-extension structure 714b
comprises two layers and is a patch or tape. The second
freshness-extension structure 714b comprises a third layer 716b
being a barrier layer, and a fourth polymeric layer 719b being a
diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension agent. The
fourth polymeric layer 719b is directly adjacent to the third layer
716b. The third layer 716b can be a polymeric layer. The second
polymeric layer 719a is releasably heat sealed at selected
locations to the fourth polymeric layer 719b such that the
respective freshness-extension agent permeates into the interior of
the reclosable package 710 via interior area 717.
[0106] The interior area 717 can be formed by having the first and
second freshness-extension structures 714a,b curl with respect to
each other. As shown in FIG. 9a, the interior area 717 is formed
between the second and fourth polymeric layers 719a, b. A slight
curl of the freshness-extension structures enables the
freshness-extension agent to be in communication with the interior
of the reclosable package. It is desirable to have some curl in the
embodiment depicted in FIG. 9a to assist in enabling the
freshness-extension agent to be in communication with the interior
of the reclosable package or bag. As discussed above, the curling
of the freshness-extension structures can be formed from using
materials for forming the freshness-extension structures that are
less compatible (i.e., the shrink rates of the materials
differ).
[0107] It is contemplated that additional layers can be used in
forming the two freshness-extension structures. For example, in
FIG. 9b, a reclosable package 730 comprises a first thermoplastic
body panel 712, a second thermoplastic body panel (not shown in
FIG. 9b), a first freshness-extension structure 734a, and a second
freshness-extension structure 734b. The first and second body
panels are joined along a pair of opposing sides and a bottom
bridging the sides so as to form an open mouth. The joined first
and second body panels form an interior space for storing
items.
[0108] The first freshness-extension structure 734a comprises three
layers and is a patch or tape. It is contemplated that the first
and second freshness-extension structures can form a pouch or a
coating. The first freshness-extension structure 734a comprises a
first layer 716a being a barrier layer, a second polymeric layer
718a comprising a freshness-extension agent, and a third polymeric
720a being a diffusion layer. The first layer 716a can be a
polymeric layer. The second polymeric layer 718a is located between
the first and third layers 716a, 720a. The first layer 716a is
shown in FIG. 9b as being attached to the first body panel 712 via
an adhesive or heat seal such that the freshness-extension agent is
in communication with the interior space. It is contemplated that
other attaching methods can be used such as mechanical devices like
clips or staples.
[0109] Similarly, the second freshness-extension structure 734b
comprises three layers and is a patch or tape. The second
thermoplastic freshness-extension structure 734b comprises a fourth
layer 716b being a barrier layer, a fifth polymeric layer 718b
comprising a freshness-extension agent, and a sixth polymeric layer
720b being a diffusion layer. The fourth layer 716b can be a
polymeric layer. The fifth polymeric layer 718b is located between
the fourth and sixth polymeric layers 716b, 720b. The third
polymeric layer 720a is heat sealed at selected locations to the
sixth polymeric layer 720b such that the respective
freshness-extension agent of the second polymeric layer 718a and
the fifth polymeric layer 718b is adapted to enter the interior
space of the reclosable package between the third polymeric layer
720a and the sixth polymeric layer 720b.
[0110] As discussed above, an interior area 727 can be formed by
having the first and second freshness-extension structures 734a,b
curl with respect to each other. As shown in FIG. 9b, the interior
area 727 is formed between the third and sixth polymeric layers
720a, b.
[0111] According to another embodiment, a reclosable package 810 is
shown in FIG. 10a comprising a first thermoplastic body panel 812a,
a second thermoplastic body panel 812b, a first freshness-extension
structure 814a, and a second freshness-extension structure 814b.
The first and second body panels 812a, 812b are joined along a pair
of opposing sides and a bottom bridging the sides so as to form an
open mouth. The joined first and second body panels form an
interior space for storing items.
[0112] The first freshness-extension structure 814a comprises two
layers and is a patch or tape. It is contemplated that the first
and second freshness-extension structures can be in the form of a
pouch. The first freshness-extension structure 814a comprises a
first layer 816a being a barrier layer, and a second polymeric
layer 819a being a diffusion layer and including a
freshness-extension agent. The first layer 816a can be a polymeric
layer. The second polymeric layer 819a is directly adjacent to the
first layer 816a. The first layer 816a is shown in FIG. 10a as
being attached to the first body panel 812a via an adhesive or heat
seal. It is contemplated that other attachment methods may be used.
To adhere to the first body panel 812a, the first layer 816a can
include a coating that is not sticky or tacky at room temperature.
Such a coating may become sticky, for example, at higher
temperatures, or upon exposure to infrared radiation or heat.
[0113] Similarly, the second freshness-extension structure 814b
comprises two layers and is a patch or tape. The second
freshness-extension structure 814b comprises a third layer 816b
being a barrier layer, and a fourth polymeric layer 819b being a
diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension agent. The
third layer 816b can be a polymeric layer. The fourth polymeric
layer 819b is directly adjacent to the third layer 816b. The third
layer 816b is shown in FIG. 10a as being attached to the second
body panel 812b via an adhesive or heat seal. It is contemplated
that other attachment methods may be used. To adhere to the second
body panel 812b, the third layer 816b may include a coating that is
not sticky or tacky at room temperature. Such a coating may become
s sticky, for example, at higher temperatures, or upon exposure to
infrared radiation or heat.
[0114] It is contemplated that the first freshness-extension
structure and the second freshness-extension structure can be
formed of different compositions. For example, the first structure
can include a first freshness-extension agent, while the second
structure may be a second freshness-extension agent. In forming
such an embodiment, the first and second freshness-extension
structures can, for example, be formed by extruding two different
patches, tapes, pouches, or by applying two different coatings.
[0115] Alternatively, the reclosable package can be formed by other
than two or more layer structures. For example, a barrier layer
need not be provided if the body panels 812 are formed of a
suitable material to define a barrier layer. Furthermore, as shown
in FIG. 10b, a reclosable package 830 includes a first
freshness-extension structure 834a that comprises a first layer
816a that comprises a freshness-extension agent, and a second
polymeric layer 818a that is a diffusion layer. The reclosable
package 830 also includes a second freshness-extension structure
834b that comprises a third layer 816b that comprises a
freshness-extension agent, and a fourth polymeric layer 818b that
is a diffusion layer. It is contemplated that the first and second
freshness-extension structures can be made of different
compositions, such as being made of different freshness-extension
agents or diffusion layers.
[0116] According to yet another embodiment, the reclosable package
can be formed by three of more layers. For example, as shown in
FIG. 10c, a reclosable package 850 includes a first
freshness-extension structure 854a that comprises a first layer
816a that is a barrier layer, a second polymeric layer 818a that
comprises a freshness-extension agent, and a third polymeric layer
820a that is a diffusion layer. The reclosable package 850 includes
a second freshness-extension structure 854b that comprises a fourth
layer 816b that is a barrier layer, a fifth polymeric layer 818b
that comprises a freshness-extension agent, and a sixth polymeric
layer 820b that is a diffusion layer. The first and second
freshness-extension structures 854a,b are attached to first and
second body panels 812a, 812b, respectively, via an adhesive or
heat seal. It is contemplated that the first and second structures
can be made of different compositions, such as being made of
different barrier materials or freshness-extension agents.
[0117] As previously described, the freshness-extension agents of
the present invention can contain an activation system that is
triggered by a user opening a reclosable package or placing
contents therein. In some embodiments, such as the embodiment shown
and described with respect to FIG. 8, the activation system of the
freshness-extension agents of the present invention is mechanical
in nature. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 8, the activation
system includes a perforation or a peel-apart system which, once
separated, initiates the release of the freshness-extension
agent.
[0118] In accordance with another such aspect of the invention, a
reclosable package 910 is shown in FIG. 11a comprising a first
thermoplastic body panel 912a, a second thermoplastic body panel
912b, and a freshness-extension structure 914 disposed
therebetween. The first and second body panels 912a, 912b are
joined along a pair of opposing sides and a bottom bridging the
sides so as to form an open mouth. The joined first and second body
panels form an interior space for storing items. The
freshness-extension structure 914 can be in the form of a patch or
tape as embodied herein, and comprises three layers. Particularly,
the freshness-extension structure 914 depicted in FIG. 11 a
comprises a first layer 916a being a barrier layer, a second
polymeric layer 919 being a frangible diffusion layer with a
freshness-extension agent, and a third layer 916b being a barrier
layer.
[0119] As shown in FIG. 11a, the second layer 919 is a one-time
breakable element extending between the first barrier layer 916a
and the second barrier layer 916b. The one-time breakable element
of the second layer 919 therefore inhibits or prevents the
freshness-extension agent from escaping into the package while in
its initial position shown in FIG. 11a.
[0120] The one-time breakable element 921 can include one or more
polymeric resins and polyolefins, and can be used with any of the
previously-described freshness-extension structures. Polyolefins
used as one-time breakable element include, but are not limited to,
polyethylenes, polypropylenes, and combinations thereof. Some
non-limiting types of polyethylenes include low density
polyethylenes (LDPE), linear low density polyethylenes (LLDPE),
high density polyethylenes (HDPE), medium density polyethylenes
(MDPE) and combinations thereof. Other non-limiting examples
include plastomers, elastomers, ethylene vinyl acetates (EVA),
ethyl methacrylates, polymethylpentene copolymers,
polyisobutylenes, polyolefin ionomers, cyclic olefin copolymers
(COCs), or combinations thereof, including with polyethylenes
and/or polypropylenes.
[0121] The one-time breakable element of the second layer 919 can
include a one-time breakable preferential area of weakness or
preferential tear area similar to the preferential areas of
weakness or tear areas previously described herein or a one-time
breakable adhesive or cohesive seal. Alternatively, the second
layer 919 can be formed by selectively cross-linking the diffusion
material to define the one-time breakable element. Generally, the
bond between the second layer 919 and the adjacent layers must be
stronger than the frangible portion of the one-time breakable
element that joins portions 919a and 919b as described further
below.
[0122] As shown in FIG. 1 b, breakage of the one-time breakable
element divides the second layer 919 into a first portion 919a and
a second portion 919b, each having a surface exposed, and thereby
begins or enhances the release of freshness-extension agent
thereto. Typically, breakage of the one-time breakable element by a
user occurs when the package is initially opened to place contents
therein.
[0123] In another such embodiment having a mechanical release
mechanism, a reclosable package 1010 is shown in FIG. 12a
comprising a first thermoplastic body panel 1012a, a second
thermoplastic body panel 1012b, a freshness-extension structure
1014, and a removable or peelable cover 1021. The first and second
body panels 1012a, 1012b are joined along a pair of opposing sides
and a bottom bridging the sides so as to form an open mouth. The
joined first and second body panels form an interior space for
storing items. The freshness-extension structure 1014 is in the
form of a patch or tape and comprises two layers, e.g., a first
layer 1016 being a barrier layer and a second polymeric layer 1019
being a diffusion layer and including a freshness-extension
agent.
[0124] As shown in FIG. 12a, the removable cover 1021 is similar to
that of FIG. 8, but is securely attached to panel 1012b. The
removable cover 1021 covers at least a portion of the second layer
1019, and, as shown, preferably covers the entire second layer 1019
that is otherwise exposed in the interior of the package 1010. As
shown in FIG. 12b, removal of the cover 1021 exposes the
freshness-extension layer 1019 to the interior of the package 1010
and thereby begins or enhances release of freshness-extension agent
thereto at least while the package is open. This embodiment of
FIGS. 12a and 12b is particularly suitable for waste bags and
liners or the like.
[0125] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the removable cover 1021
can cooperate with a slider of the fastener of the reclosable
package 1010, so that the removable cover can be removed from the
freshness-extension layer when the reclosable package 1010 is
opened via the slider.
[0126] The freshness-extension structures of the present invention,
such as a patch, tape, or pouch, can be attached to a package such
as a reclosable bag by a pressure-sensitive self-adhesive. The
pressure-sensitive self-adhesive can be any suitable adhesive that
attaches the freshness-extension structure to the reclosable
package. Non-limiting examples of pressure-sensitive adhesives that
can be used include acrylic or rubber-based adhesives.
[0127] The freshness-extension structure being a tape or pouch can
be roll fed onto a layer(s) of the reclosable package. The roll-fed
freshness-extension structure being a tape or pouch can also
initially include a release liner that assists in preventing or
inhibiting the freshness-extension agent from sticking to itself
before delivery to the reclosable package. The release liner, if
used, is separated from the roll-fed freshness-extension tape or
pouch before the tape or pouch is attached to the reclosable
package or bag. Examples of release liners include silicon-coated
paper. Release liners, however, may be undesirable because of the
additional cost associated therewith. It is contemplated that the
freshness-extension structure can be roll fed without the use of a
release liner before being attached to the reclosable package or
bag.
[0128] Alternatively, the freshness-extension structure being a
patch or pouch can be magazine fed during attachment to the
reclosable package. The patch is preferably magazine fed, while the
pouch can be magazine or roll fed. The tape is preferably roll fed
during attachment to the reclosable package. For example, the tape
can be unwound, cut to length and attached to the reclosable
package.
[0129] According to another embodiment, the freshness-extension
structure patch, tape, or pouch can be heat sealed or welded (e.g.,
ultrasonically welded) directly to the reclosable package or bag.
The freshness extension structure can be roll fed or magazine fed
before being heat sealed or welded to the reclosable package. In a
heat-sealing embodiment, a release liner would not likely be used
because the freshness-extension structure without any adhesive
should not stick to itself and the release liner adds an
unnecessary cost. The freshness-extension structure can be attached
to the reclosable package at several locations. The
freshness-extension structure can be attached to the body panels
during the formation of the heat seals. For example, the
freshness-extension structure may be located between a side seal
formed between the first and second body panels. It is contemplated
that other attaching methods can be used.
[0130] The reclosable packages, such as reclosable package 10, can
be formed of any suitable material, such as by a thermoplastic
material suitable for storing or collecting items, including
perishables storage. This, of course, includes common-sized
reclosable packages such as pint storage and freezer bags, quart
storage and freezer bags, and gallon storage and freezer bags. The
reclosable packages are typically formed from polymeric materials
such as polyolefinic materials. Non-limiting examples of
polyolefinic materials include polyethylenes, polypropylenes,
polystyrene, and combinations thereof For example, some types of
polyethylenes materials include high density polyethylenes (HDPE),
low density polyethylenes (LDPE), linear low density polyethylenes
(LLDPE), and combinations thereof. It is also contemplated that
materials such as plastomers, elastomers, ethylene vinyl acetates
(EVA), ethyl methacrylates, polymethylpentene copolymers,
polyisbutylenes, polyolefin ionomers, cyclic olefin copolymers
(COCs) or combinations thereof, including polyethylenes, and/or
polypropylenes may be used in forming the reclosable packages of
the present invention. The thicknesses of the reclosable packages
can vary in the present invention, but are generally from about 0.5
mil to about 5 mils and, more specifically, from about 1 mil to
about 3 mils.
[0131] As previously described herein, the freshness-extension
agents of the present invention can be used in combination with a
body panel of a package. Alternatively and/or in combination, the
freshness-extension agents of the present invention can be used in
combination with fin portions of a fastener of a reclosable
package, as further described in co-pending U.S. patent application
No. [Attorney Docket No. 086012-38600-USPT], the contents of which
application are expressly incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety.
[0132] While the disclosed packages with active agents have been
shown and described with reference to the illustrated embodiments,
those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and/or be able to
ascertain many equivalents to those embodiments. Such equivalents
are encompassed by the scope of the present disclosure and the
appended claims.
[0133] For example, those of ordinary skill in the art will
understand that the present invention has applications to various
types of packages and containers, including unreclosable bags and
liners, rigid containers such as plastic containers, lunch boxes,
and rigid trash containers, and perishable packaging wraps and
foils. Similarly, those of ordinary skill in the art will
understand that the present invention has applications to active
agents other than freshness-extension agents, such as odor
management agents and other agents providing a desired function or
effect on a package or the contents disposed therein.
[0134] Unless otherwise provided, when the articles "a" or "an" are
used herein to modify a noun, they can be understood to include one
or more than one of the modified noun.
* * * * *