U.S. patent application number 11/119831 was filed with the patent office on 2005-09-22 for solid phase native chemical ligation of unprotected or n-terminal cysteine protected peptides in aqueous solution.
Invention is credited to Canne, Lynne, Kent, Stephen B.H., Simon, Reyna J..
Application Number | 20050209440 11/119831 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 21960431 |
Filed Date | 2005-09-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050209440 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Canne, Lynne ; et
al. |
September 22, 2005 |
Solid phase native chemical ligation of unprotected or N-terminal
Cysteine protected peptides in aqueous solution
Abstract
The present invention provides methods, apparatus and kits for
synthesizing assembled peptides and proteins on a solid phase with
sequential ligation of three or more unprotected peptide segments
using chemoselective and mild ligation chemistries in aqueous
solution. Also provided are methods of monitoring solid phase
sequential ligation reactions using MALDI or electrospray
ionization mass spectrometry of reaction products.
Inventors: |
Canne, Lynne; (Pacifica,
CA) ; Kent, Stephen B.H.; (San Francisco, CA)
; Simon, Reyna J.; (Los Gatos, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BERENATO, WHITE & STAVISH, LLC
6550 ROCK SPRING DRIVE
SUITE 240
BETHESDA
MD
20817
US
|
Family ID: |
21960431 |
Appl. No.: |
11/119831 |
Filed: |
May 3, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11119831 |
May 3, 2005 |
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09987655 |
Nov 15, 2001 |
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09987655 |
Nov 15, 2001 |
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09097094 |
Jun 12, 1998 |
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6326468 |
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60049553 |
Jun 13, 1997 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
530/333 ;
422/299 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 1/04 20130101; C07K
1/086 20130101; C07K 1/023 20130101; C07K 1/026 20130101; C07K
1/047 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
530/333 ;
422/299 |
International
Class: |
C07K 001/02 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for producing assembled polypeptides, said
apparatus comprising a reaction vessel containing as components:
(a) an aqueous solution comprising a solid phase support, said
solid phase support having bound thereto a plurality of first
peptides comprising partially or completely unprotected peptides
having (i) an N-terminus that is bound to said solid phase support
via a cleavable handle, and (ii) a C-terminus that is unprotected
and capable of chemoselective chemical ligation; and (b) a
plurality of second peptides comprising partially or completely
unprotected peptides having a C-terminus and an N-terminus that is
(i) unprotected and (ii) capable of chemoselective ligation in said
aqueous solution to said C-terminus of said first peptides.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the C-terminus of said first
peptides comprises a thioacid or a thioester.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the C-terminus of said first
peptides comprises a thioacid.
4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the C-terminus of said first
peptides comprises a thioester.
5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the N-terminus of said second
peptides comprises an N-terminal cysteine.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the C-terminus of said second
peptides comprises a C-terminal thioacid or thioester.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the C-terminus of said second
peptides comprises a C-terminal thioacid.
8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the C-terminus of said second
peptides comprises a C-terminal thioester.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said solid phase support is a
bead resin.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first peptides and said
second peptides range in size from 5 to 99 amino acid residues.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first peptides and said
second peptides are prepared by solid phase synthesis.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of said
plurality of first peptides and said plurality of second peptides
comprises peptides having an unnatural backbone structure.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, said plurality of second
peptides is comprised of peptides having the same length, but
different amino acid sequences.
14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said plurality of second
peptides consists essentially of identical peptides.
15. An apparatus for producing assembled polypeptides, said
apparatus comprising a reaction vessel containing as components:
(a) an aqueous solution comprising a solid phase support, said
solid phase support having bound thereto a plurality of first
peptides comprising partially or completely unprotected peptides
having (i) a C-terminus that is bound to said solid phase support
via a cleavable handle, and (ii) an N-terminus that is unprotected
and capable of chemoselective chemical ligation; and (b) a
plurality of second peptides comprising partially or completely
unprotected peptides having an N-terminus and a C-terminus that is
(i) unprotected and (ii) capable of chemoselective ligation in said
aqueous solution to said N-terminus of said first peptides.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the N-terminus of said first
peptides comprises an N-terminal cysteine residue.
17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the C-terminus of said
second peptides comprises a thioacid or a thioester.
18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the C-terminus of said
second peptides comprises a thioacid.
19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the C-terminus of said
second peptides comprises a thioester.
20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the N-terminus of said
second peptides comprises an N-terminal cysteine residue.
21. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said plurality of second
peptides is comprised of peptides having the same length, but
different amino acid sequences.
22. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said plurality of second
peptides consists essentially of identical peptides.
23. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the C-terminus of said first
peptides comprises a thioacid.
24. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the C-terminus of said first
peptides comprises a thioester.
25. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said solid phase support is
a bead resin.
26. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said first peptides and said
second peptides range in size from 5 to 99 amino acid residues.
27. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said first peptides and said
second peptides are prepared by solid phase synthesis.
28. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one of said
plurality of first peptides and said plurality of second peptides
comprises peptides having an unnatural backbone structure.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 09/987,655, filed Nov. 15, 2001, which is a divisional of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/097,094, filed Jun. 12, 1998,
now U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,468, which claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Pat. Appl. No. 60/049,553, filed Jun. 13, 1997, which
applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety
BACKGROUND
[0002] Existing methods for the chemical synthesis of proteins
include stepwise solid phase synthesis, and fragment condensation
either in solution or on solid phase. The classic stepwise solid
phase synthesis of Merrifield involves covalently linking an amino
acid corresponding to the carboxy-terminal amino acid of the
desired peptide chain to a solid support and extending the
polypeptide chain toward the amino end by stepwise coupling of
activated amino acid derivatives having activated carboxyl groups.
After completion of the assembly of the fully protected solid phase
bound peptide, the peptide-solid phase covalent attachment is
cleaved by suitable chemistry and the protecting groups removed to
give the product polypeptide.
[0003] Some advantages of the stepwise solid phase synthesis method
include: incomplete reaction at the coupling and deprotection steps
in each cycle results in formation of solid-phase bound by
products. Similarly, side reactions due to imperfections in the
chemistry, and or impurities present in the reagents/protected
amino acids, all lead to a multiplicity of solid phase bound
products at each step of the chain assembly and to the formation of
complex product mixtures in the final product. Thus, the longer the
peptide chain, the more challenging it is to obtain high-purity
well-defined products. Due to the production of complex mixtures,
the stepwise solid phase synthesis approach has size limitations.
In general, well-defined polypeptides of 100 amino acid residues or
more are not routinely prepared via stepwise solid phase synthesis.
Synthesis of proteins and large polypeptides by this route is a
time consuming and laborious task.
[0004] The solid phase fragment condensation approach (also known
as segment condensation) was designed to overcome the difficulties
in obtaining long polypeptides via the solid phase stepwise
synthesis method. The segment condensation method involves
preparation of several peptide segments by the solid phase stepwise
method, followed by cleavage from the solid phase and purification
of these maximally protected segments. The protected segments are
condensed one-by-one to the first segment, which is bound to the
solid phase.
[0005] Often, technical difficulties are encountered in many of the
steps of solid phase segment condensation. See E. Atherton, et al.,
"Solid Phase Fragment Condensation--The Problems," in Innovation
and Perspectives in Solid Phase Synthesis 11-25 (R. Epton, et al.
1990). For example, the use of protecting groups on segments to
block undesired ligating reactions can frequently render the
protected segments sparingly soluble, interfering in efficient
activation of the carboxyl group. Limited solubility of protected
segments also can interfere with purification of protected
segments. See K. Akaji et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull.(Tokyo) 33:184-102
(1985). Protected segments are difficult to characterize with
respect to purity, covalent structure, and are not amenable to high
resolution analytical ESMS (electrospray mass spectrometry) (based
on charge). Racemization of the C-terminal residue of each
activated peptide segment is also a problem, except if ligating is
performed at Glycine residues. Moreover, cleavage of the fully
assembled, solid-phase bound polypeptide from the solid phase and
removal of the protecting groups frequently can require harsh
chemical procedures and long reaction times that result in
degradation of the fully assembled polypeptide.
[0006] Segment condensation can be done in solution rather than on
solid phase. See H. Muramatsu et al., Biochem. and Biophys. Res.
Commn. 203(2):1131-1139 (1994). However, segment condensation in
solution requires purification of segments prior to ligation as
well as use of protecting groups on a range of different side chain
functional groups to prevent multiple undesired side reactions.
Moreover, the ligation in solution does not permit easy
purification and wash steps afforded by solid phase ligations.
Furthermore, the limitations with respect to solubility of
protected peptide segments and protected peptide intermediate
reaction products are exacerbated.
[0007] Chemical ligating of minimally protected peptide segments
has been explored in order to overcome the solubility problems
frequently encountered with maximally protected peptide segments.
See Cheng, et al., Chemical Synthesis of Human -endorphin(1-27)
Analogs by Peptide Segment Coupling. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res.
38:70-78 (1991); J. Blake, Total Synthesis of S-Carbamoylmethyl
Bovine Apocytochrome c by Segment Coupling, Int. J. Pept. Protein
Res. 27:191-200 (1986); and H. Hojo et al., Protein Synthesis using
S-Alkyl Thioester of Partially Protected Peptide Segments,
Synthesis of DNA-Binding Protein of Bacillus stearothermophilus,
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65:3055-3063 (1992). However, this method
still requires the use of protecting groups on all Lysine side
chain amino groups, selective N-.alpha. protection of one or more
segments, and laborious purification steps, involving purification,
reprotection, and repurification.
[0008] The use of multiply protected peptide segments is
incompatible with the overall scheme of engineering proteins using
peptides produced by means of recombinant DNA expression as a
source. Protected peptide segment methods are labor-intensive, and
the protected peptide segments have unpredictable handling
properties, partly due to the solubility and ligating difficulties
of protected peptide segments. Often, large protected peptide
segments are minimally soluble in even the most powerful polar
aprotic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and
dimethylformamide (DMF). The problem of insolubility in protected
peptide segments has been addressed with limited success in several
ways, including the use of (1) partial protecting group strategy
which masks all side chains except those of Ser, Thr, and Tyr; (2)
minimal protecting group strategy that masks only thiol and amino
side chains; and (3) using reversible protection of a backbone
amide moiety to prevent aggregation/insolubility. Protecting groups
used in the latter approach alter peptide conformations. Use of
backbone protecting groups is not yet straightforward or
predictable and requires significant experimentation for each
target polypeptide chain.
[0009] There are a number of techniques for ligating unprotected
peptide segments via unnatural backbone linkages. In contrast,
there are few methods for achieving a "native chemical ligation." A
"native chemical ligation" is the chemoselective reaction of
unprotected or N-terminal Cysteine protected peptide segments with
another unprotected peptide segment resulting in the formation of a
ligated peptide with an amide bond at the ligation site. The fully
assembled target polypeptides of the invention comprise one, two or
more native chemical ligation sites.
[0010] Accordingly, there is a need in the art for rapid methods of
synthesizing assembled polypeptides via chemical ligation of two or
more unprotected peptide segments using a solid support, with
improved yields and facilitated handling of intermediate
products.
[0011] The present invention makes possible, inter alia, the rapid
solid-phase synthesis of large polypeptides with a natural peptide
backbone via native chemical ligation of two or more unprotected
peptide segments where none of the reactive functionalities on the
peptide segments need to be temporarily masked by a protecting
group. The present invention accomplishes for the first time, solid
phase sequential chemical ligation of peptide segments in an
N-terminus to C-terminus direction, with the first solid
phase-bound unprotected peptide segment bearing a C-terminal
.alpha.-thioester that reacts with another unprotected peptide
segment containing an N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal
thioacid.
[0012] Other embodiments of the invention also permit solid-phase
native chemical ligation in the C- to N-terminus direction, with
temporary protection of N-terminal cysteine residues on an incoming
(second) peptide segment. Those of ordinary skill in the art will
readily appreciate that the invention may also include the use of
normative chemical ligation to sequentially ligate peptide segments
via unnatural linkages on a solid phase. Alternatively, the
invention may include the use of native chemical ligation of
peptide segments wherein said peptide segments comprise one or more
unnatural backbone linkages.
REFERENCES
[0013] Matthys J. Janssen, "Thiolo, Thiono, and Dithio Acids and
Esters," Chptr. 15 of The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their
Esters (1969).
[0014] Schnolzer et al., Science 256:221-225 (1992)
[0015] Rose et al. J. Am Chem. Soc. 116:30-34 (1994)
[0016] Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6584-6588
(1994).
[0017] Dawson et al. Science 266:77-779 (1994).
[0018] PCT/US95/05668, WO 96/34878
[0019] Sakakibara S., Biopolymers (Peptide Science), 37:17-28
(1995).
[0020] Tam et al., PNAS USA, 92:12485-12489 (1995).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0021] The present invention provides, inter alia, novel methods of
producing large polypeptides by native chemical ligation of peptide
segments in aqueous solution to an unprotected solid phase bound
peptide without need for protecting groups on the peptide segments,
or, with temporary protection of the N-terminal cysteine of
incoming peptide segments. Among the many advantages of this
embodiment of the invention are: ease of purification of the
intermediate and final products; faster ligation reactions; rapid
synthesis of large polypeptides with a natural peptide backbone;
ease of ligating reactions due to the lack of protecting groups and
resultant enhanced solubility of peptide segments in aqueous or
mixed aqueous/organic solutions; chemoselective ligation due to the
lack of reactivity of the thioester moiety with other functional
groups present in both reactive peptide segments to form stable
co-products, resulting in a purer final product without side
reactions; adaptability to monitoring on the solid phase via MALDI
mass spectrometry or ESI MS (electrospray ionization mass
spectrometry); decreased racemization due to the use of mild
activation using a thioester and the avoidance of elevated pHs; the
polypeptide product is obtained directly in unprotected form; and
adaptability to automation and combinatorial techniques.
[0022] A significant advantage of the solid phase ligations over
solution ligations is that the solid phase ligation methods do not
require arduous HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography)
purification and lyophilization steps after each ligating reaction,
whereas ligations in solution do. Thus, the solid phase ligations
eliminate many time-consuming purification steps that decrease the
recovery of final product. Instead, the solid phase sequential
ligation methods here described only require a single HPLC
purification and lyophilization step after the final unprotected
peptide segment has been ligated and the assembled peptide is
cleaved from the solid phase. The elimination of these
time-consuming purification steps allows for faster synthesis of
the final product, i.e. the assembled peptide, than would the
analogous route in solution. Ready purification of the desired
solid phase-bound product from soluble coproducts presents a
tremendous advance in terms of the yield of the ultimate assembled
polypeptide.
[0023] Another advantage of solid phase ligations is that they
permit higher concentrations of reactants which leads to faster
reaction rates. For example, by using an excess at high
concentration of the incoming peptide segment as compared to the
solid phase-bound peptide, reactions can reach completion much
faster. The excess peptide segment can readily be washed off the
solid phase after the ligation reaction is complete. Increased
yields of final product can be accomplished by increasing
concentrations of peptide segments. For example, the solid
phase-bound polypeptide can be dried out on the solid-phase and
ressolvated in ligation solution. Alternatively, the solid
phase-bound peptide can be washed with a solution of incoming
peptide segments at high concentration.
[0024] Other advantages of the present invention are that it allows
for synthesis of much larger peptides and proteins than are
presently attainable by conventional methods, it is amenable to
automation, and the use of high resin loadings allow for easy scale
up. Moreover, ligation in the N- to C-terminal direction permits
the use of crude peptide segments without need for purification or
lyophilization, since termination products formed during stepwise
solid phase synthesis of the peptide segments will be unreactive
with the solid phase-bound peptide.
[0025] In one embodiment, the invention comprises a method of
producing an assembled peptide having a native peptide backbone by
ligating peptide segments in the N- to C-terminal direction,
comprising: a) covalently binding an unprotected first peptide
segment to a solid phase via a linker comprising a cleavable
moiety, wherein said cleavable moiety is stable under ligation
conditions and said unprotected first peptide segment is bound to
said cleavable moiety at its N-terminus and has an
.alpha.-thioester at its C-terminus; b) optionally introducing a
second unprotected peptide segment, wherein said second segment
comprises a cysteine residue at its N-terminus and a thioacid at
its C-terminus, under conditions suitable to permit ligation
between said first unprotected peptide segment and said second
unprotected peptide segment to form a natively ligated peptide
bound to said solid phase, wherein said solid phase-bound peptide
comprises a thioacid at its C-terminus, and subsequently converting
said solid phase-bound peptide thioacid to a thioester; (c)
optionally repeating step (b) with additional unprotected peptide
segments; (d) introducing a final unprotected peptide segment,
comprising a cysteine residue at its N-terminus, under conditions
suitable to permit ligation between said solid phase-bound peptide
and said final unprotected peptide segment. In a preferred
embodiment, the cleavable moiety is cleaved to release the solid
phase-bound peptide in the form of the assembled peptide. In
another preferred embodiment, cleavable moiety is a cleavable
linker capable of being cleaved for purposes of monitoring the
sequential ligation reactions. In another embodiment, the first
unprotected peptide segment is added as a peptide-.alpha.COSH
thioacid and subsequently converted to a thioester.
[0026] The sequential ligation in the N- to C-terminus direction is
a surprisingly effective and elegant means of obtaining
chemoselective ligation of unprotected peptide segments without
racemization. Before the present invention, sequential ligations
were not conducted in the N- to C-terminal direction due to
concerns regarding racemization at the .alpha.COX at the C-terminus
of the peptide (peptide-.alpha.COX). Using the present invention,
the .alpha.COSH at the C-terminus of the peptide segment is mildly
activated to a thioester and the ligating reaction is carried out
in the absence of base, in an aqueous buffered solution, resulting
in mild conditions that do not generate racemic mixtures.
[0027] The methods of the invention can be used for native chemical
ligation of peptide segments produced by stepwise solid phase
synthesis. The last peptide segment to be added at the C-terminal
end of the last solid phase-bound peptide in the reaction scheme
may be a recombinantly expressed peptide having an N-terminal
Cysteine residue (Cys-recombinant peptide). The thioacid moiety,
which is activated to a thioester moiety, can be placed anywhere a
native chemical ligation is desired, including on a side chain.
Thus, the sequential ligations of the invention are not limited to
linearly assembled peptides.
[0028] In another embodiment, there is the use of unprotected
peptide segment middle pieces each having an N-terminal cysteine
residue that participate in native chemical ligation.
[0029] In another embodiment, the invention comprises a method of
producing an assembled peptide having a native peptide backbone by
ligating peptide segments in the C- to N-terminal direction,
comprising: a) covalently binding an unprotected first peptide
segment to a solid phase via a cleavable handle comprising a
cleavable moiety, wherein said cleavable moiety is stable under
ligation conditions and said unprotected first peptide segment is
bound to said cleavable moiety at its C-terminus and has a Cysteine
at its N-terminus; b) introducing a second peptide segment, wherein
said second segment comprises a cysteine residue at its N-terminus
and an alpha-thioester at its C-terminus, and wherein said second
peptide segment has a protecting group bound to its N-terminal
cysteine residue, under conditions suitable to permit ligation
between said first peptide segment and said second N-terminally
protected peptide segment to form a natively ligated peptide bound
to said solid phase, wherein said solid phase-bound peptide
comprises a protecting group bound to an N-terminal cysteine; c)
removing said protecting group from solid phase-bound peptide; (d)
optionally repeating steps b) and c) with additional peptide
segments comprising an N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal alpha
thioester, wherein said additional peptide segments have a
protecting group bound to their N-terminal cysteine residue (e)
introducing a final peptide segment, comprising an alpha-thioester
at its C-terminus, providing that if said final peptide segment
comprises an N-terminal Cysteine, said N-terminal Cysteine is
protected by a protecting group, wherein said introducing occurs
under conditions suitable to permit ligation between said solid
phase-bound peptide and said final peptide segment; and (e)
optionally removing said protecting group from the N-terminal
cysteine of said solid phase-bound peptide.
[0030] In another embodiment, the invention comprises a method of
producing an assembled peptide having a native peptide backbone by
ligating peptide segments in the C- to N-terminal direction,
comprising: a) covalently binding an unprotected first peptide
segment to a solid phase via a cleavable handle comprising a
cleavable moiety, wherein said cleavable moiety is stable under
ligation conditions and said unprotected first peptide segment is
bound to said cleavable moiety at its C-terminus and has a Cysteine
at its N-terminus; b) optionally introducing a second peptide
segment, wherein said second segment comprises a cysteine residue
at its N-terminus and an alpha-thioester at its C-terminus, and
wherein said second peptide segment has a protecting group bound to
its N-terminal cysteine residue, under conditions suitable to
permit ligation between said first peptide segment and said second
N-terminally protected peptide segment to form a natively ligated
peptide bound to said solid phase, wherein said solid phase-bound
peptide comprises a protecting group bound to an N-terminal
cysteine, and subsequently removing said protecting group from
solid phase-bound peptide; (c) optionally repeating step (b) with
additional peptide segments comprising an N-terminal Cysteine and a
C-terminal alpha thioester, wherein said additional peptide
segments have a protecting group bound to their N-terminal cysteine
residue; (d) introducing a final peptide segment, comprising an
alpha-thioester at its C-terminus, providing that if said final
peptide segment comprises an N-terminal Cysteine, said N-terminal
Cysteine is protected by a protecting group, wherein said
introducing occurs under conditions suitable to permit ligation
between said solid phase-bound peptide and said final peptide
segment; and (e) optionally removing said protecting group from the
N-terminal cysteine of said solid phase-bound peptide.
[0031] In yet another embodiment, there is the solid phase
sequential ligation of peptide segments in either or both
directions, using a cleavable linker to monitor the ligation
reactions via mass spectrometry and to purify the assembled peptide
from the solid phase.
[0032] Another embodiment is a method of bidirectional solid phase
native chemical ligation, comprising providing a first peptide
segment bound to a solid support via one of its internal amino acid
residues, wherein said first peptide segment comprises an
N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal thioester, and ligating a
second peptide segment to either terminus.
[0033] In another embodiment, there is provided a kit comprising an
unprotected peptide segment, covalently bound via an internal amino
acid side chain functional group to a cleavable handle, wherein
said cleavable handle is linked to a solid phase via a
chemoselective functional group complementary to a chemoselective
functional group on the solid phase. Said kit can be used for solid
phase chemical ligation of unprotected or N-terminal
cysteine-protected peptide segments to the solid phase-bound
peptide. A preferred example of such a cleavable handle is a
functionalized cleavable handle,
X-aminoethylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl (wherein
X.dbd.CH3COCH2CH2CH2CONHCH2-MSC-- or X=AOA-NHCH2-MSC--.
(AOA=aminooxyacetal).
[0034] In another embodiment, there are methods of using
bromoacetic acid or iodoacetic acid to convert a peptide segment
thioacid (peptide-.alpha.COSH) to a thioester
(peptide-.alpha.COSR), on a solid phase.
[0035] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method of
monitoring the solid phase sequential ligation process on the solid
phase via MALDI or ESI mass spectrometry, using cleavable linkers.
Monitoring via ESI MS can also be accomplished using a
TFA-cleavable linker or, when MALDI is the mass spectrometric
method used, a photocleavable linker may preferably be used.
[0036] In a further embodiment, there are provided novel methods of
preparing modular large peptide or protein libraries using
combinations of the aspects of the invention described herein.
Particularly useful are the methods of solid phase sequential
ligation of peptide segments to rapidly synthesize multiple analogs
of known proteins or polypeptides.
[0037] Kits and apparatus for assembling polypeptides and
polypeptide libraries by the processes described herein are also
provided.
[0038] One of skill in the art will readily appreciate that each of
the embodiments of the invention can be combined with other
embodiments to obtain a wide range of useful inventions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0039] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a solid phase native
chemical ligation scheme, in the N- to C-terminus direction. In one
embodiment, the linker is an MSC handle, which is cleavable yet
stable under ligation conditions. In another embodiment, the
unprotected first peptide segment is covalently bound to a solid
phase (resin) via an aminooxy-ketone linkage.
[0040] FIG. 2A illustrates the stability of a 13-residue
peptide-.alpha.-COSH with a Cysteine residue at the N-terminus
under ligation conditions. The HPLC chromatogram shows that only a
small percentage of the peptide cyclized or formed larger
aggregates, even after overnight storage under ligation
conditions.
[0041] FIG. 2B illustrates the stability of the same 13-residue
peptide-.alpha.COSH in the presence of a thioester peptide having a
molecular weight of 1230.2. The HPLC chromatogram shows that the
Cys-.alpha.-COSH peptide is adequately stable to use in ligation
without significant reaction with itself. Furthermore, such
byproducts as are formed in small proportion by reaction of the
13-residue peptide-.alpha.COSH (having an N-terminal cysteine) with
itself are unreactive with a resin-bound peptide .alpha.-COSR and
are readily removed by simple filtration and washing.
[0042] FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show HPLC chromatograms of the effect of
hydrazine on the removal of the MSC handle from a peptide having an
N-terminal Cysteine residue. The peak correlating with the mass of
1708.2 represents the desired peptide with the MSC handle removed.
The peak corresponding to the mass of 1814.5 represents a reactive
side product formed upon cleavage that can react with the desired
peptide without the MSC handle. FIG. 3A shows a fairly large peak
at the 1814.5 mw when an aliquot of the peptide was placed in 6M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi, pH 7.5, then diluted into 1 N NaOH for 2
min., then quenched with 1 N HCl. FIG. 3B is an HPLC chromatogram
of the resulting product when the conditions of FIG. 3A are
repeated with the inclusion of 50 mM hydrazine in the 6 M
guanidine.HCl solution. FIG. 3C is an HPLC chromatogram of the
resulting product when the conditions of FIG. 3A are repeated with
200 mM hydrazine in the 6 M guanidine.HCl solution. Hydrazine
scavenges the side product, resulting in a purer product.
[0043] FIG. 4 is an HPLC chromatogram of the removal of a cleavable
MSC handle from a peptide that does not have an N-terminal Cysteine
residue, but rather an N-terminal Leucine residue and a Cysteine
residue in its approximate center. The molecular weight of the
peptide with the MSC handle is 4022.4 and without the MSC handle,
3745.1. An aliquot of the peptide in 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaAc,
pH 4.6 was diluted into 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaAc, pH 14 for 2
min., quenched with 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaAc, pH 2.0. The HPLC
shows that an internal reaction with the side product still occurs,
to form the peak having a mw of 3979.7 (corresponding to the
modification by the LEV-NHCH.sub.2-handle), but that the extent of
the reaction is less than that occurring with a peptide having an
N-terminal Cysteine.
[0044] FIG. 5A is a reaction scheme showing the preparation of the
PEGA resin used as the solid support in N- to C-terminal sequential
ligations. Steps A and B1 are optional steps to produce a
photolabile linker for use with MALDI analysis of the resin
samples.
[0045] FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating a generalized scheme for
preparing a solid phase (resin) for use in the solid phase
sequential ligations of the invention. Structure 1 is a cleavable
linker useful for monitoring the progress of coupling and ligation
reactions by mass spectrometry. For example, a photo-cleavable
linker can be used for on-resin monitoring by MALDI MS, whereas a
TFA cleavable linker can be used for monitoring by electrospray MS.
Once structure 1 is coupled to the resin, the protecting group (PG)
is removed and a functional moiety (structure 3) capable of
chemoselective reaction with the first peptide segment, is added to
the resin. Once 3 is coupled to the resin, the protecting group is
removed to give structure 4, which is ready for chemoselective
reaction with structure 5, a peptide modified with a cleavable
handle and a functional group capable of reaction with the now
modified resin (4). Once all subsequent ligtions are complete, the
"cleavable handle" is cleaved to release the full length peptide
(assembled peptide) from the solid phase.
[0046] FIG. 6 is a reaction scheme illustrating the derivatization
of Peptide Segment 1 (the N-terminal peptide segment).
[0047] FIGS. 7A and 7B are HPLC chromatograms of the coupling of a
first unprotected peptide segment (1) to the solid support, in this
example, an AOA-functionalized resin (PEGA). FIG. 7A is an HPLC of
the peptide solution as added to the resin. FIG. 7B is an HPLC of
the supernatant after reaction of the peptide with a molar excess
of the resin overnight. A significant amount of the peptide has
been removed from the supernatant, indicating that it has been
bound to the resin after the overnight reaction.
[0048] FIGS. 8A and 8B are HPLC chromatograms of the same
experiments reflected in FIGS. 7A and 7B, except with Isco resin
beads as the solid phase.
[0049] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are analyses of the products after step
1 of this figure, binding of the first unprotected peptide segment
to the solid phase. FIG. 9A is an analytical HPLC chromatogram of
the (base plus hydrazine) cleavage of the resin-bound peptide. FIG.
9B is a MALDI mass spectrum of the resin, showing a peak
corresponding to (1), the resin-bound peptide. FIG. 9C is a MALDI
mass spectrum after base cleavage of the linker, showing the lack
of a peak corresponding to (1), and showing that no peptide is
sticking to the solid phase (resin).
[0050] FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C are analyses of the products after
step 3 of this figure, i.e., ligating of the second unprotected
peptide segment (2) to the resin-bound peptide (1). FIG. 10A is an
analytical HPLC of the product, resin-bound peptide intermediate,
showing a large peak with mass of (1)+(2). FIG. 10B is a MALDI mass
spectrum of the resin before cleavage of the linker, and FIG. 10C
is a MALDI mass spectrum of the resin after base cleavage of the
linker.
[0051] FIG. 11 is an HPLC chromatograph of the desalted,
lyophilized peptide product (1+2+3 of Table 1) after 2 sequential
ligations on a solid phase (Isco resin) in the N- to C-terminal
direction. The tallest peak corresponds to the crude, lyophilized
product, indicating approximately 36% yield.
[0052] FIGS. 12A and 12B are ESI MS (electrospray ionization mass
spectra) of the main peak corresponding to the assembled peptide
(1+2+3 of Table 1). FIG. 12B is a reconstructed display of the mass
spectrum of FIG. 12A, showing the mass of the product ligated
peptide.
[0053] FIG. 13 is an HPLC chromatogram of the desalted, lyophilized
peptide (1+2+3) after base cleavage of the linker to remove the
assembled peptide from the solid phase (PEGA resin).
[0054] FIGS. 14A and 14B are electrospray ionization mass spectra
of the 7434 mass peak, wherein FIG. 14B is a reconstruction of the
mass spectrum of FIG. 14A.
[0055] FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15C are 3 HPLC chromatograms illustrating
that the solid support technique can be used for both purification
and ligation. FIGS. 15A and 15B show solution processing of a crude
peptide before and after removal of DNP groups, respectively. Both
HPLCs show a crude mixture of peptides. FIG. 15C is an HPLC
chromatogram of the same peptide solution shown in FIG. 15A, after
coupling to a solid support, removal of DNP groups and base
cleavage from the solid phase, resulting in a significantly purer
assembled peptide product.
[0056] FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate the reaction scheme for
synthesis of MIF(1-115) via solid phase sequential native ligations
in the N-terminal to C-terminal direction.
[0057] FIG. 17A is a reaction scheme for the modification of the
N-terminal peptide segment. FIG. 17B is a diagram illustrating the
modification of the aqueous-compatible solid phase in preparation
for coupling the first unprotected peptide segment.
[0058] FIG. 18A is a reaction scheme for the coupling of N-terminal
modified MIF(1-59) to a solid phase. FIG. 18B is an HPLC
chromatogram of the released peptide after base cleavage, having an
expected mass of 6271 Da. FIGS. 18C and 18D are electrospray mass
spectra of the main component of the released peptide after
cleavage of the cleavable handle. FIG. 18D is a reconstruction of
FIG. 18C.
[0059] FIG. 19A is a diagram of the ligation step to form
resin-bound MIF(1-80). FIG. 19B is an HPLC chromatogram of the
products after cleavage of the cleavable handle. FIGS. 19C and 19D
are mass spectra of the main components of the released peptide
after base cleavage, having an expected mass of 8502 Da FIG. 19D is
a reconstructed display of the mass spectrum of FIG. 19C.
[0060] FIG. 20A is a diagram of the ligation step to form
resin-bound MIF(1-115). FIG. 20B is an HPLC chromatogram of the
products after cleavage of the cleavable handle. FIG. 20C and FIG.
20D are mass spectra of the released products after base cleavage,
having an expected mass of 12450 Da.
[0061] FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of solid phase ligations in
the C- to N-terminus direction. The "resin" represents a solid
phase. The triangle and its sideways M-shaped partner are
complementary functional groups that chemoselectively form a
covalent bond. The "handle" is a cleavable handle that can be
cleaved to remove the assembled peptide product from the solid
phase. The undulating lines comprise amino acid residues of peptide
segments. The "PG" represents a protecting group, which can be
placed either on a side chain thiol or on the .alpha.-amino group
of the N-terminal cysteine. Steps 2 and 3 can be repeated, as
indicated by the arrow marked 4, for additional peptide segments.
Also, a cleavable linker for purposes of monitoring the coupling
and ligating reactions can be added between the "handle" and the
"resin."
[0062] FIG. 22 is a reaction scheme for solid phase sequential
ligation in the C- to N-terminal direction of PLA2G5.
[0063] FIG. 23 is a reaction scheme for synthesizing a Cam ester
derivative for solid phase sequential ligation in the C- to
N-terminal direction.
[0064] FIG. 24 is a reaction scheme for synthesizing the C-terminal
peptide segment for solid phase sequential ligation in the C- to
N-terminal direction.
[0065] FIGS. 25A, B, and C is a diagram of a scheme for
synthesizing an assembled polypeptide via bidirectional solid phase
sequential ligation of two or more peptide segments.
[0066] FIG. 26 are HPLC chromatographs following the solid phase
solid phase native chemical ligation of 3 peptide segments in the
N- to C-terminal direction, resulting in the assembled peptide, C5a
1-74.
[0067] FIG. 27 is a reaction scheme for synthesis of a C-terminal
peptide segment for use in the solid phase native chemical
ligations described herein, using a CAM ester cleavable handle to
remove the synthesized peptide segment from the solid phase.
[0068] FIG. 28 are HPLC chromatographs and reconstructed ESI MS of
the assembled peptide resulting from solid phase sequential
ligation of 3 peptide segments: peptide segment 1 (CADRKNILA)
(amino acids 19-27; SEQ ID NO:1), peptide segment 2 (CYGRLEEKG)
(amino acids 10-18; SEQ ID NO:1) and peptide segment 3 (ALTKYGFYG)
(amino acids 1-9; SEQ ID NO:1) on solid phase in the C- to
N-terminal direction, using Fmoc protecting groups.
[0069] FIG. 29 are an HPLC chromatograph and ESI MS of the final
ligation product, i.e. the first ligation product ligated to the
third peptide segment (ALTKYGFYG) (amino acids 1-9; SEQ ID NO:1),
resulting from solid phase sequential ligation of 3 peptide
segments in the C- to N-terminal direction, using ACM as the
protecting group.
[0070] FIG. 30A-H are HPLC chromatographs and reconstructed ESI MS
of the steps of synthesizing Phospholipase A2 Group 5, a 118
residue protein, using solid phase sequential native chemical
ligation of four peptide segments in the C- to N-terminal
direction. The first peptide segment is PLA2G5 88-118; the second
is PLA2G5 59-87, the third is PLA2G5 26-58, and the fourth is
PLA2G5 1-25. FIGS. 30A and B are an HPLC chromatograph and
reconstructed ESI MS of the first peptide segment, respectively.
FIGS. 30C and D are an HPLC chromatograph and reconstructed ESI MS,
respectively, of the ligation product of the first and second
peptide segments (PLA2G5 59-118). FIGS. 30E and F are an an HPLC
chromatograph and reconstructed ESI MS, respectively, of PLA2G5
26-118, the ligation product of PLA2G5 59-118 and PLA2G5 26-58 (the
third peptide segment). FIGS. 30G and H are HPLC chromatograph and
reconstructed ESI MS, respectively, of PLA2G5 1-118, the assembled
polypeptide.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
[0071] Terminology
[0072] Amino acids: Amino acids include the 20 genetically coded
amino acids, rare or unusual amino acids that are found in nature,
and any of the non-naturally occurring and modified amino
acids.
[0073] Aqueous solution: solutions containing water, including up
to 8M urea in water, up to 6M guanidine-HCl in water, up to 60%
acetonitrile in water.
[0074] Assembled Peptide: the final product of a solid phase
sequential or bidirectional ligation, after cleavage of the
cleavable handle, The assembled peptide comprises at least two
separate peptide segments sequentially ligated on a solid phase.
The assembled peptide mayor may not have biological activity.
[0075] Cleavable Handle: A cleavable moiety that is capable of
being selectively cleaved to release the assembled peptide from the
solid phase. The cleavable handle must be capable of resisting
cleavage under conditions suitable for coupling, activating,
deprotecting, ligating, washing, and other steps involved in the
formation of an assembled peptide. The cleavable handle must also
be stable to conditions used to produce the first peptide segment
that is capable of being bound to a solid phase, including, for
example, stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis. The cleavable
handle preferably is located directly adjacent to the first peptide
segment such that upon cleavage of the cleavable handle, the
desired assembled peptide is released from the solid phase. The
cleavable handle may be selected from any of the variety of
cleavable handles used by those in the field. See, e.g., L. Canne
et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 38(19):3361-3364 (1997); Ball et al.,
J. Pept. Sci, 1:288-294 (1995); Funakoshi et al, PNAS USA,
88:6981-6985 (1991); Funakoshi et al., J. Chromatog. 638:21-27
(1995); Garcia-Echeverria et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.,
779-780 (1995). A preferred cleavable handle is
Boc-HN--CH2-CH2-SO2-CH2-CH2-O--CO--ONp (Boc-HNCH2-MSC--) or a
functionalized cleavable handle,
X-aminoethylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl (wherein
X.dbd.CH3COCH2CH2CH2CONHCH2-MSC-- or X=AOA-NHCH2-MSC--).
(AOA=aminooxyacetal). Another preferred cleavable handle is a CAM
ester. See Ceccato, M. L. et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 31:6189-6192
(1990).
[0076] Cleavable Linker: A cleavable moiety that is capable of
being selectively cleaved to monitor the solid phase sequential
ligation using mass spectrometry of small samples of the reaction
mixture at any point during the ligation procedure, i.e. after
ligating of the second peptide segment, after ligating of the third
peptide segment, and so forth. The cleavable linker must be stable
under coupling and ligating conditions, deprotecting conditions (if
needed), and washing conditions. Preferred cleavable linkers
include photolabile linkers and TFA-labile linkers.
[0077] Coupling: Chemoselective reactions involving covalent
binding of a first peptide segment to a solid phase.
[0078] Ligating: Chemoselective reactions involving covalent
binding of a peptide segment to a solid phase-bound peptide.
[0079] Linker: A covalent linkage linking various moieties. For
example, a linker may link a first peptide segment and a solid
support, and such a linker may optionally comprises any number of
moieties, including a cleavable handle, a cleavable linker,
complementary functional groups capable of chemoselectively forming
a covalent bond (e.g., amino-oxy and ketone to form an oxime).
[0080] Peptide: A polymer of at least two monomers, wherein the
monomers are amino acids, sometimes referred to as amino acid
residues, which are joined together via an amide bond. For purposes
of this invention, the terms "peptide," "polypeptide," and
"protein," are largely interchangeable as all three types can be
made via the methods described herein. Peptides are alternatively
referred to as polypeptides. Amino acids include the L and D
isoforms of chiral amino acids.
[0081] Peptide segment: A peptide or polypeptide, having either a
completely native amide backbone or an unnatural backbone or a
mixture thereof, ranging in size from 2 to 1000 amino acid
residues, preferably from 2-99 amino acid residues, more preferably
from 10-60 amino acid residues, and most preferably from 20-40
amino acid residues. Each peptide segment can comprise native amide
bonds or any of the known unnatural peptide backbones or a mixture
thereof. Each peptide segment can be prepared by any known
synthetic methods, including solution synthesis, stepwise solid
phase synthesis, segment condensation, and convergent condensation.
The final peptide segment to be added to form the assembled peptide
product can be recombinantly expressed.
[0082] Protecting Group: A chemical moiety capable of protecting a
functional group from reacting with another functional group, and
removable without damage to the formed amino acid or peptide.
[0083] Sequential ligation: ligating three or more peptide segments
together in order from C-terminus to N-terminus or from the
N-terminus to C-terminus, depending on the directionality chosen,
to obtain an assembled peptide product. The directionality of the
sequential ligations will always start from the solid phase-bound
first peptide segment to the last peptide segment to be added to
form the assembled peptide product.
[0084] Solid Phase: A material having a surface and which is
substantially insoluble when exposed to organic or aqueous
solutions used for coupling, deprotecting, and cleavage reactions.
Examples of solid phase materials include glass, polymers and
resins, including polyacrylamide, PEG, polystyrene PEG-A,
PEG-polystyrene, macroporous, POROS.TM., cellulose, reconstituted
cellulose (e.g. Perloza), nitrocellulose, nylon membranes,
controlled-pore glass beads, acrylamide gels, polystyrene,
activated dextran, agarose, polyethylene, functionalized plastics,
glass, silicon, aluminum, steel, iron, copper, nickel and gold.
Such materials may be in the form of a plate, sheet, petri dish,
beads, pellets, disks, or other convenient forms. Sheets of
cellulose can be used as a solid phase in the present invention to
accomplish spot ligation in a spatially addressable array. Many of
the examples and embodiments described herein refer to resins,
which are a type of solid phase, and one of ordinary skill in the
art would understand that such examples are not meant to be limited
to resins, but to solid phases in general. The terms solid phase
and solid support are used herein interchangeably.
[0085] Solid Phase-bound Peptide: a solid phase-bound peptide
comprises at least one peptide segment bound to a solid phase via
any variety of cleavable linkers, handles or moieties. A solid
phase-bound peptide can include any of the intermediate peptide
products of the sequential ligation reactions, including the final
solid-phase bound peptide produced after the final peptide segment
is ligated to the penultimate solid phase-bound peptide.
[0086] Thioacid: An ionizable thioacid moiety, represented by
either --COSH or --COS., often referring to a peptide thioacid,
represented by "peptide .alpha.-COSH" or "peptide
.alpha.-COS.."
[0087] Thioester: A moiety represented by --COSR, often connected
to a peptide. For example, a peptide thioester may be represented
as "peptide .alpha.-COSR". The R group may be any number of groups,
including 1-15 C functionalized alkyl, straight or branched, 1-15 C
aromatic structures, 14 amino acids or derivatives thereof,
preferably wherein the R group is selected such that the
peptide-alpha-COSR is an activated thioester. In a preferred
embodiment, R=--CH3-.O slashed., -.O slashed.. The term "thioester"
is commonly used, but the true IUPAC term is "thioloester." See
Matthys J. Janssen, supra.
[0088] I. Solid Phase Sequential Native Ligation of Unprotected
Peptide Segments in The N- to C-Terminal Direction
[0089] There have been few reports of proteins synthesized by
sequential, multiple ligations of three or more unprotected peptide
segments. Such sequential ligations of free peptide segments in
solution consequently require a purification (e.g. HPLC) after each
ligation and typically require temporary protection of one of the
functionalities of the middle segments.
[0090] One aspect of the present invention is a solid phase
sequential ligation technique which avoids the need for multiple
purifications and the need to temporarily protect the middle
peptide segments. This strategy employs (1) the modification of the
N-terminal peptide segment with a cleavable handle functionalized
with a group capable of chemoselective reaction with the solid
support and (2) sequential native chemical ligations of unprotected
peptide segments in an N- to C-terminal direction. Native chemical
ligation involves reaction of an unprotected peptide segment
bearing a C-terminal .alpha.-thioester with a second unprotected
peptide segment containing an N-terminal Cysteine residue. Thiol
exchange yields a thioester-linked intermediate which spontaneously
rearranges to a native amide bond at the ligation site. We have
determined that a peptide segment bearing an N-terminal Cysteine
and a C-terminal thioacid is sufficiently stable under native
ligation conditions that it requires no temporary protection of the
C-terminal thioacid functionality. Accordingly, these peptide
segments can be used as the middle segments in a sequential
ligation scheme involving three or more peptide segments as shown
in FIG. 1. Once such a middle segment has ligated to the solid
phase-bound thioester-containing peptide to generate a solid
phase-bound peptide thioacid, the thioacid is easily converted to a
thioester and can be reacted with the N-terminal Cysteine of the
next peptide segment to be ligated. Alternatively, the incoming
peptide segment may have an internal amino acid with a nonnatural
side chain bearing amino and thiol moieties on adjacent c atoms,
i.e. in a 1,2 relation to one another, and an unreactive,
unprotected non-cysteine amino acid residue at its N-terminus,
which would lead to a nonlinear assembled peptide. Multiple
ligations of distinct peptide segments to form an assembled peptide
bound to the solid phase are contemplated. Once all ligations are
complete, the linker binding the solid phase-bound peptide to the
solid phase is cleaved, releasing the assembled peptide, i.e., the
full length peptide. This technique is applied to the total
chemical synthesis of a random peptide of artificial sequence
(Table 1 in Examples Section), and human Macrophage Migration
Inhibitory Factor (MIF), a 115 amino acid cytokine involved in
immune system function. See FIG. 16-20.
[0091] A. Peptide Synthesis
[0092] Peptide segments were synthesized in stepwise fashion by
established machine-assisted solid-phase methods on polystyrene
resins using in situ neutralization/HBTU activation protocols for
Boc chemistry (L. Canne et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 38:3361-3364
(1997)) on Boc-aminoacyl-OCH.sub.2-PAM resins, thioester-generating
resins (Hojo, et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 64:111-117(1991)), or
thioacid-generating resins. After chain assembly was complete,
peptides were deprotected and simultaneously cleaved from the resin
by treatment with anhydrous HF containing 5% p-cresol, lyophilized,
and purified by preparative HPLC. The N-terminal peptide segment
was modified prior to HF cleavage as outlined in FIG. 17A.
[0093] B. Preparation of the Solid Phase
[0094] The solid phase is prepared as depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B.
FIG. 5A is a scheme for preparing PEGA resin as a solid support.
FIG. 5B is a generalized diagram for the preparation of any solid
phase. An amino-Spherilose.TM. (Isco) affinity resin was
derivatized with Boc-aminooxyacetic acid as shown in FIG. 17B.
[0095] Other resins to be used as the solid phase include EAH
Sepharose (Pharmacia), Amino PEGA (Novabiochem), CLEAR base resin
(Peptides International), long chain alkylamine controlled pore
glass (Sigma), HCl.PEG polystyrene (PerSeptive Biosystems), Lysine
Hyper D resin (Biosepra), ArgoGel Base resin (Argonaut
Technologies). These resins are available in amino-derivatized form
or are readily converted to amino-derivatized form.
[0096] C. Coupling of Modified N-Terminal Peptide Segment to Solid
Phase.
[0097] The modified peptide, containing a ketone moiety, as
depicted in FIG. 17A, is dissolved in 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M Na
acetate, 0.15M methionine, pH 4.6 (1.6 mM) and added to the
aminooxy functionalized solid support, which had previously been
thoroughly washed in the same buffer, and allowed to react at room
temperature overnight (FIG. 16A, Step #1).
[0098] II. Ligation in the N- to C-Terminal Direction
[0099] A. Ligation Reactions. The peptide segment to be ligated to
the resin-bound peptide thioester was dissolved in 6M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1M Na acetate, 0.15M methionine, 0.5% thiophenol,
pH 7.5 (3.7-4.0 mM) and added to the resin bound peptide thioester,
which was thoroughly washed in the same buffer, and allowed to
react at room temperature overnight (FIGS. 16A and 16B, Steps #2
and 4). Preferably the concentration of the first peptide segment
can range from 1 to 150 mM; more preferably from 5-100 mM, most
preferably from 10-50 mM, depending on the particular peptide
segment.
[0100] One of skill in the art will understand that concentrations
of the first peptide segment and the second and other incoming
peptide segments can be optimized using routine experimentation.
Concentrations of the second and additional incoming peptide
segments can range from 1-200 mM, more preferably from 5-100 mM,
and most preferably from 10-59 mM, depending on the particular
peptide segment.
[0101] Excess first peptide segment and/or excess incoming peptide
segments can be readily removed from the solid phase bound peptide
by filtration and washing.
[0102] B. Conversion of Thioacid to Thioester Using Bromoacetic
Acid or Iodoacetic Acid.
[0103] The use of Bromoacetic acid or Iodoacetic acid is an
improved method of generating peptide-.alpha.COSR thioesters from
peptide-.alpha.COSH thioacids. In order to insure solubility of
long unprotected peptides, 6 M guanidine-HCL at near pH 4 is used.
Reactions is carried out near pH 4. Under such conditions, the only
group reactive with Bromoacetic acid or Iodoacetic acid is the
thioacid. Benzyl bromide, a hydrophobic compound, does not dissolve
completely in solution, resulting in slow and heterogeneous
reactions. The advantages of using bromoacetic acid or iodoacetic
acid are that both are readily soluble in 6 M guanidine-HCL (an
aqueous solution) at near pH 4, both result in quick completion of
the desired reaction, both elute in the void volume of typical
reverse-phase HPLC, and allow processing of large amounts of
peptide segments.
[0104] The resin-bound peptide thioacid is thoroughly washed in 6M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1M Na acetate, 0.15M methionine, pH 4.6 and
treated with a 50 mM solution of bromoacetic acid in the same
buffer for 15 min, followed by thorough washing with the pH 4.6
buffer (FIG. 16B, Step #3).
[0105] C. Cleavage from the Solid Phase.
[0106] Cleavable handles useful in the ligations in the N- to
C-terminal direction must be capable of being stable to ligation
conditions, stable to stepwise solid phase chemistries, able to be
covalently linked in unprotected form to the solid phase, and be
cleavable without damaging the assembled polypeptide. Any cleavable
handles satisfying these requirements can be used, including, but
not limited to: MSC handle, photolabile linkers, CAM esters
(--OCHCONH--), (--O--CH2-.O slashed.-SO--CH2-CO--),
(--O--CRH--CO-.O slashed.-O--CH2-CO--). For example, (--O--CH2-.O
slashed.-SO--CH2-CO--) may be used as a handle cleavable under any
of the following conditions: (1) HF, DMS; (2) SciCl4, TFA; or red
of Sulfoxide and TFA cleavage; (3) NaOH, water; or (4) red of
sulfoxide and TBAF in DMF. See Samamen, J. M., J. Org. Chem. 53:561
(1988). As another example, the (--O--CRH--CO-.O
slashed.-O--CH2-CO--) may be used as a cleavable handle under any
of the following conditions: (1) NaOH, water(CAM Linker); (2)
ZnCH3COOH/Water; (3) photolysis. See Tjoeng et al., Synthesis 897
(1981); Sheehan et al., J. Org. Chem. 38:3771 (1973); Serebryakov
et al., Tetrahedron 34:345 (1978); Hendrickson et al., Tetrahedron
Lett. 343 (1970); Ceccato, M. L. et al., Tetrahedron Lett.
31:6189-6192 (1990); J. Martinez et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 41:739
(1985). One of skill in the art will readily appreciate the
suitability of known cleavable handles for the purposes described
herein.
[0107] The following conditions can be used for cleavage of the
linker to release the assembled polypeptide from the solid phase,
particularly when an MSC handle is used. Aliquots of resin-bound
peptide are treated with 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M Na acetate, 0.15M
methionine, containing 200 mM hydrazine, at pH .about.14 for 2 min,
followed by washing with an equal amount of 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M
Na acetate, 0.15M methionine, pH .about.2 and an equal amount of 6M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1M Na acetate, 0.15M methionine, pH 4.6. The
combined eluants of free peptide are analyzed by analytical HPLC
and electrospray mass spectrometry (FIG. 16B, Step #5).
[0108] II. Solid Phase Ligations in the C- to N-Terminal
Direction
[0109] The discussion regarding N- to C-terminal ligations above
applies equally well to C- to N-terminal ligations, except, as
shown in FIG. 23, that: (1) the first peptide segment is bound to
the solid phase via its C-terminus, i.e. the C-terminal peptide
segment of the resulting assembled polypeptide is the one modified
with a cleavable handle and (2) the incoming (i.e. second, third,
additional) peptide segments do require temporary protection of
their N-terminal Cysteine (see steps 2-4). Optionally, all Cysteine
residues of the incoming or middle peptide segments can be
temporarily protected along with the N-terminal Cysteine.
[0110] As outlined in the scheme (FIG. 23), the C-terminal peptide
segment bearing a cleavable handle is coupled to the solid support
by reaction with a corresponding functional group on the solid
support (e.g. resin), for example, through an oxime linkage
(aminooxyacetyl group on the resin and a ketone [via levulinic
acid] on the peptide), or the reverse (aminooxyacetyl group on the
peptide and a ketone on the solid phase).
[0111] Once the first peptide segment is bound to the solid phase
as shown in step 1 of FIG. 21, the incoming (second) peptide
segment, comprising an N-terminal protected Cys (PG-Cys) and a
C-terminal thioester, reacts with the N-terminal unprotected Cys of
the resin-bound first peptide segment through the native chemical
ligation reaction. After ligation is complete, the protecting group
of the N-terminal Cys is removed (step 3 of FIG. 21), and the next
peptide segment is added (step 4/2 of FIG. 21). Once all ligations
are complete (step 5 of FIG. 21), the handle attaching the
sequentially ligated peptide to the resin is cleaved, releasing the
full length peptide. This C- to N-terminal technique is applied to
the total chemical synthesis of a random peptide of artifical
sequence and to human secretory phospholipase A2, group 5
("PLA2G5"), a 118 amino acid enzyme, as described below.
[0112] A. Peptide Synthesis
[0113] Peptide synthesis for solid phase sequential native chemical
ligation in the C- to N-terminal direction is essentially the same
as described above for solid phase sequential native chemical
ligation in the N- to C-terminal direction.
[0114] See Example 7 below for details re stepwise solid phase
peptide synthesis of the peptide segments.
[0115] B. Preparation of the Solid Phase
[0116] Preparation of the solid phase for the C- to N-terminal
direction is identical to that described for the N- to C-terminal
direction.
[0117] C. Coupling of the Modified C-Terminal Peptide Segment to
Solid Phase
[0118] Conditions for coupling the modified C-terminal peptide
segment to the solid support can be identical to that outlined for
coupling of the modified N-terminal peptide in the N- to C-terminal
ligations as described above.
[0119] D. Ligation in the C- to N-Terminal Direction
[0120] Conditions for the native chemical ligation reactions in the
C- to N-terminal direction can be identical to that outlined for N-
to C-terminal ligations as described above, except that the
N-terminal cysteine containing peptide segment is solid phase bound
and the incoming thioester containing peptide segment is in
solution.
[0121] E. Cysteine Protecting Groups and Removal
[0122] Any of the known protecting groups suitable for protecting
the N-terminal Cys of a peptide segment can be used, provided that
they are stable to ligation conditions, stable to conditions for
adding the linker, and removable from the peptide segment under
conditions that are not harmful to the solid-phase bound peptide,
the linker, the resin, or the cleavable handle, if used. The
protecting groups must also be stable to stepwise solid phase
peptide synthesis conditions. An example of a protecting group is
ACM (Acetamidomethyl), whichc provides cysteine side chain
protection (--SCH2NHCOCH3), and can be cleaved with
mercury(II)acetate, or other suitable reagents. Fmoc
(9Fluorenylmethylcarbamate) provides alpha amino protection, can be
cleaved in 20% piperidine in DMF and works well with hydrophilic
peptides. DNPE (2-(2,4-dinitriphenyl)ethyl) provides cysteine side
chain protection and cleaves in 50% piperidine in DMF.
Para-nitrobenzensulfonyl provides alpha-amino protection, and is
cleaved in 1 M DBU/1 M beta-mercaptoethanol in DMF. Additional
cysteine protecting groups include, but are not limited to,
Sulfinoc, NSC, Dde, Boc-Cys(Acm)-OH, Fmoc-Cys-(Mob)-OH,
Boc-Cys(Fm)-OH, and Boc-Cys(DNPE)-OH, wherein Acm=acetamidomethyl,
Mob=methoxybenzyl, Dnpe=2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethyl,
Fm=9-fluorenylmethyl. See Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,
Green, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M. eds, (2d Ed. 1991), particularly p.
293-294, 318-319; R. Merrifield, J. Org. Chem. 43:4808-4816 (1978);
V. V. Samukov et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 35:7821-7824 (1994); B. W.
Bycroft et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 776-777 (1993); M. Royo
et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 33:2391-2394 (1992); S. C. Miller, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 119:2301-2302 (1997). Certain protecting groups can
make peptide segments insoluble. For example, certain hydrophobic
peptide segments may become insoluble upon addition of a protecting
group. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily ascertain the
suitability of any particular protecting group for a peptide
segment.
[0123] Removal of Fmoc as a Cys Protecting Group. One embodiment
involves removal of an Fmoc protecting group from the N-terminal
Cys of a solid-phase bound peptide. After ligation with a peptide
with an N-terminal Fmoc-Cys, the resin bound peptide is washed with
6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi, 0.15 M methionine, pH 7, followed by
water, followed by DMF. The resin is then treated with two aliquots
of 20% piperidine in DMF, 5 minutes each. The resin is then washed
thoroughly with DMF, followed by water, followed by 6 M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi, 0.15 M methionine, pH 7.
[0124] Removal of ACM as a Cys Protecting Group. After ligation
with a peptide with an N-terminal Cys(ACM), the resin bound peptide
is washed with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi, 0.15 M methionine, pH
7, followed by 3% aqueous acetic acid. The resin is then treated
with a solution of mercury(II)acetate in 3% aqueous acetic acid (15
mgs/ml) for 30 minutes, followed by washing with 3% aqueous acetic
acid. The resin is then washed with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi,
0.15 M methionine, pH 7, followed by treatment with 20%
beta-mercaptoethanol in 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi, 0.15 M
methionine, pH 7 for 30 min. The resin is then washed with 6 M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M NaPi, 0.15 M methionine, pH 7.
[0125] F. Cleavage from the Solid Phase
[0126] Cleavable handles are used to cleave the solid-phase bound
peptide from the solid phase for ligations in the N- to C-terminal
direction, in the C- to N-terminal direction, and in the
bidirectional approach (both N- to C-terminal ligation and C- to
N-terminal ligation). For solid phase sequential native chemical
ligations in the C- to N-terminal direction (and for bidirectional
ligations using C- to N-terminal ligation), the requirements of
cleavable handle are the same as for those useful in the N- to
C-terminal direction, with the additional requirement that the
cleavable handle be stable under conditions used for removal of the
protecting group from the N-terminal cysteine of the solid-phase
bound peptide.
[0127] Cleavage of a peptide-CAM ester linkage to the solid phase.
Aliquots of resin-bound peptide are washed with 8M urea, 0.1M NaPi,
pH 7, followed by treatment for 2 minutes with 0.25N NaOH in the
same 8M urea buffer (resulting pH.about.14). The resin is then
washed with an equal amount of 0.25N HCl in the same 8M urea buffer
(resulting pH.about.2), followed by thorough washing with the 8M
urea buffer. The combined eluants of free peptide are analyzed by
HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry.
[0128] III. Bidirectional Solid Phase Sequential Native Chemical
Ligation
[0129] Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to
bidirectional solid phase protein synthesis that incorporates
aspects of both the N- to C-terminus and C- to N-terminus
sequential solid phase protein synthesis approaches. In the
bidirectional approach, a peptide segment having either or both an
N-terminal Cysteine and/or a C-terminal thioester is attached to a
solid phase via a side chain of one of its amino acid residues. See
FIG. 25A, B, C. The peptide segment can then be ligated at either
terminus to a second peptide segment, followed by ligation at the
other terminus to a third peptide segment. In this bidirectional
approach, if the peptide segment attached to the solid phase has
both a protected N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal thioester,
second and third peptide segments can be added at both ends in
subsequent ligations. Additional peptide segments can then be added
at either end of the ligated, solid phase bound peptide. The
ligations in either direction are accomplished using the methods
described herein for ligations in either the C- to N-terminal
direction or the N- to C-terminal direction.
[0130] Alternatively, the first peptide segment attached via one of
its internal amino acid residues to the solid phase can be used for
only uni-directional ligations. For example, the peptide segment
attached to the solid phase can be ligated to a second peptide
segment at one terminus, followed by one or more ligations to
additional peptide segments at the same terminus of the second
peptide segment. In this embodiment, the peptide segment bound to
the solid phase can be used for either sequential solid phase
native chemical ligations in the C- to N-terminal direction or for
sequential solid phase native chemical ligations in the N- to
C-terminal direction. In this embodiment, the peptide segment bound
to the solid phase can be bidirectionally capable (i.e. having both
a protected N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal thioester) while
being used for unidirectional sequential ligations (i.e. having
either a protected N-terminal Cysteine or a C-terminal
thioester).
[0131] The first peptide segment is bound to the solid phase via a
side chain of one of its amino acid residues, which is bound to a
cleavable handle, which is bound to the solid phase via a
functional chemical moiety that is capable of chemoselectively
forming a covalent bond with a complementary functional chemical
moiety on the solid phase, as illustrated in FIG. 25.
[0132] For example, the first peptide segment can be bound to the
solid phase via the side chains of a lysine, aspartic acid or
glutamic acid, in which case a cleavable handle based on
functionalities, such as allyloxycarbonyl (alloc) or Fmoc, i.e.
cleavable under orthogonal conditions, may be used to connect the
peptide segment to the solid phase via the side chain of its
lysine, aspartic acid or glutamic acid. As another example, an
oxime bond may be formed by the first peptide segment and the solid
phase, wherein the first peptide segment comprises either an
amino-oxy or ketone chemoselective functional group and the solid
phase comprises a complementary chemoselective functional group,
such as a ketone or amino-oxy, respectively.
[0133] IV. Use of Cleavable Linkers and Mass Spectrometry to
Monitor Ligation Reactions
[0134] Various known cleavable linkers can be used to monitor the
solid phase sequential ligations. These cleavable linkers are
placed between the solid phase and the first peptide segment which
is covalently bound to the cleavable handle, e.g. solid
phase--cleavable linker--cleavable handle--peptide segment. The
cleavable linkers are capable of being readily cleaved to permit
mass spectrometric analysis of a small portion of solid phase-bound
peptide to monitor the coupling and ligation reactions.
[0135] For example, when the solid phase consists of resin beads,
one can take a few resin beads from the reaction mixture after the
coupling reaction or after each ligation reaction to determine the
extent of reaction. Particularly preferred cleavable linkers
include photolabile cleavable linkers for MALDI mass spectrometry,
including 3-nitro-4(methylamino)benzoyl-. See FIG. 5A. A small
aliquot of the reaction mixture is removed for MALDI MS analysis
and dried on a slide in mixture with a matrix solution. The laser
of the MALDI mass spectrometer cleaves the photolabile linker on
the mass spectrometer's stage, permitting mass analysis of the
released peptides.
[0136] Another preferred cleavable linker is one that is cleavable
by TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), which is useful for electrospray
ionization mass spectrometry. With TFA-cleavable linkers, the
peptides are cleaved from the solid phase prior to ESI MS.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Preparation of the Solid Phase for N- to C-Terminal Ligations
[0137] The preparation of the solid phase is schematically
diagrammed in FIG. 5. The solid phase is a resin, for example,
Amino PEGA (0.2-0.4 mmol/g swelled in methanol) or an
amino-Spherilose affinity resin (15-20 Tmol/ml, 0.6-0.9 mmol/g dry
resin), available from Pharmacia, NovaSyn or Isco. The resin (PEGA
or Isco) is washed with DMF (dimethylformamide), then is washed
briefly with 10% DIEA (diisopropyl ethylamine). Two 30 sec DMF flow
washes are used. A photocleavable linker (PCL) (See FIG. 5A) is
activated with one equivalent of HBTU
(2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-t- etramethyl-uronium
hexafluorophosphate) and DIEA in DMF for 5-10 min). This activated
photocleavable linker is then added to the resin and is left
standing at room temperature for .about.3 hrs (ninhydrin can be
used with Isco).
[0138] Two 30 sec. DMF flow washes are used, followed by TFA (1
min.times.2), and two more 30 sec. DMF flow washes. The remaining
steps are in abbreviated form:
[0139] 10% DIEA (1 min.times.2)
[0140] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0141] addition of activated Boc-aminooxyacetic acid (activated
with one equivalent DIC and N-hydroxysuccinimide in DMF for 30-60
min)
[0142] left standing at room temperature for .about.1 hr (ninhydrin
can be used with Isco)
[0143] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2) [resin can be stored at this
stage]
[0144] TFA (1 min.times.30)
[0145] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0146] 10% DIEA (1 in.times.2)
[0147] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0148] thorough washing with aqueous buffer (6 M GuHCl, 0.1 M Na
Acetate, pH 4.6) (1 ml.times.5)
Example 2
Preparation of the First Unprotected Peptide Segment for N- to
C-Terminal Ligations
[0149] The following procedures are used to prepare the first
peptide segment (N-terminus), which is diagrammed in FIGS. 6, 7A
and 7B.
[0150] The peptide-resin is swelled in DMF
[0151] TFA (1 min.times.2)
[0152] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0153] 10% DIEA (1 min.times.2)
[0154] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0155] Addition of MSC handle in DMF
[0156] leave standing at room temperature for 1 hr
[0157] add DIEA and leave standing for another hr
[0158] use ninhydrin test to verify adequate coupling
[0159] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0160] TFA (1 min.times.2)
[0161] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0162] 10% DIEA (1 min.times.2)
[0163] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0164] addition of activated levulinic acid (activated as the
symmetric anhydride with 0.5 equivalents of DIC in DCM for 5-10
min)
[0165] leave standing at room temperature for 30 min
[0166] ninhydrin test to verify adequate ligating
[0167] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0168] thorough washing with DCM
[0169] dry on lyophilizer
[0170] HF cleavage at 0.degree. C. for 1 hr using p-cresol as a
scavenger
[0171] trituration and washing with cold ethyl acetate
[0172] dissolve in 50% B and lyophilize
[0173] purify by preparative HPLC
1TABLE 1 Solid Phase Sequential Ligations: N- to C- Terminal
3-Random Peptide Segment Model System
Lev-MSC-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHG-COS) (1) + 1
Resin-PCL-ONH2 1. pH 4.6, 6M GuHCl, 0.1M acetate
Resin-PCL-oxime-MSC-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHG-COS) (1) 2
2. pH 4.6, 6M GuHCl, 0.1M acetate, 50 mM BrAcOH
Resin-PCL-oxime-MSC-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHG-CO- SAc (1)
+ 3 H-CGFRVREFGDNTA-COS) (2) 3. pH 7.5, 6M GuHCl, 0.1M phosphate,
0.5% thiophenol
Resin-PCL-oxime-MSC-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHG 4
CGFRVREF-GDNTA-COS) (1 + 2) 4. pH 4.6, 6M GuHCl, 0.1M acetate, 50
mM BrAcOH Resin- PCL-oxime- MSC
-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHG CGFRVREF-GDNTA-COSAc (1 + 2) +
H-CADPSEEWVQKYVSDLELSA-OH (3) 5 5. pH 7.5, 6M GuHCl, 0.1M
phosphate, 0.5% thiophenol Resin- PCL-oxime-
MSC-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHG
CGFRVREF-GDNTACADPSEEWVQKYVSDLELSA-OH (1 + 2 + 3) 6 6. pH 14, 6M
GuHCl, 0.1M phosphate, 200 mM hydrazine
H-LTEGLHGFHVHEFGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHGCGFRVREF-
GDNTACADPSEEWYQKYVSDLELSA-OH(1 + 2 + 3) (SEQ ID NQ:2) PCL =
photocleavable linker
Example 3
Solid Phase Native Chemical Ligation of Random Peptide Segments in
Aqueous Solution in the N- to C-Terminus Direction
[0174] The following procedures are used for solid phase ligations
in the N- to C-terminus direction, as diagrammed in Table 1.
General principals of native chemical ligation are described in WO
96/34878, PCT/US95/05668, incorporated herein by reference.
[0175] The resin is washed with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na
Acetate, pH 4.6 (1 ml.times.5) and drained. The modified N-terminal
peptide segment is dissolved in 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na
Acetate, pH 4.6 and added to resin and is left standing at room
temperature overnight. (The concentration of the first segment is
at least 5 mM). The next morning, resin is washed with 6 M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 (1 ml.times.5) and drained.
A sample of resin is removed for MALDI MS analysis and is washed
with 50% B, MeOH, DCM and dried. A sample of resin is removed for
base cleavage and is treated with 200 .mu.l 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1
M Na Pi, 200 mM hydrazine, pH.about.14 for 2 min and drained, resin
is washed with 200 .mu.l 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na acetate, 200
mM hydrazine, pH.about.2 and with 200 .mu.l 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1
M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 and the combined eluants treated with TCEP
prior to injection on HPLC.
[0176] In preparation for addition of the next peptide segment, the
resin is washed with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Pi, pH 7.5 (1
ml.times.5) and drained. The second peptide segment (Cys-COSH) is
dissolved in 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Pi, pH 7.5, 0.5%
thiophenol and added to resin. This mixture is left standing at
room temperature overnight. The next morning, the resin is washed
with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 (1 ml.times.5) and
drained. Samples of resin are removed for Maldi and base cleavage
and treated as above.
[0177] The solid phase-bound peptide is then converted from COSH to
COSAc by treating the resin with 50 mM BrAcOH in 6 M guanidine.HCl,
0.1 M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 for 15 min.
[0178] The resin is washed with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na
Acetate, pH 4.6. (1 ml.times.5) and drained.
[0179] In preparation for addition of the next peptide segment, the
resin is washed with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Pi, pH 7.5 (1
ml.times.5) and drained. The final peptide segment is dissolved in
6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Pi, pH 7.5, 0.5% thiophenol and added
to resin. This reaction mixture is left standing at room
temperature overnight. The next morning, the resin is washed with 6
M guanidine.HCl, 0.1 M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 (1 ml.times.5) and
drained. A sample of resin are removed for monitoring by MALDI MS
analysis.
[0180] The assembled peptide is removed from the solid phase via
base cleavage of the cleavable handle from the remaining resin as
outlined above only on a larger scale followed by purification by
HPLC or desalting on PD-10 column and lyophilization.
Example 4
Solid Phase Native Chemical Ligation of C5a(1-74) (74aa) in the N-
to C-Terminal Direction
[0181] This example describes solid phase sequential native
chemical ligation in the N- to C-terminal direction of C5a,
Complement Factor 5A. The sequence of C5a is:
2 (SEQ ID NQ:3) TLQKKIEEEIAAKYKJSVVKKCCYDGACVNNDETCEQRAARIS-
LGPKCIK AFTECCVVASQLRANISHKDMQLGR.
[0182] This peptide is prepared using solid phase sequential native
ligation of 3 peptide segments: C5a(I-20), C5a(21-46), and
C5a(47-74). The procedures used to synthesize C5a by solid phase
ligations are identical to those described in the solid phase
sequential native ligation of MIF (See Example 5).
Example 5
Solid Phase Sequential Native Chemical Ligation of MIF(1-115) (115
aa) in the N-Terminal to C-Terminal Direction
[0183] The sequence of MIF(1-115) is:
3 (SEQ ID NO:4) MPMFIVNTNVPRASVPDGFLSELTQQLAQATGKPPQYIAVHVV-
PDQLMAF GGSSEPCALCSLHSIGKIGGAQNRSYSKLLCGLLAERLRISPDRVYINY- Y
DMNAASVGWNNSTFA
[0184] This peptide is prepared using solid phase sequential native
ligation of 3 peptide segments: MIF(1-59) (amino acid 1-59, SEQ ID
NO:4) MIF(60-80) (amino acid 60-80, SEQ ID NO:4) and MIF(81-115)
(amino acid 81-115, SEQ ID NO:4). See FIG. 16-20.
[0185] Step #1: The first unprotected peptide segment, MIF(1-59) is
coupled to a solid phase as depicted in FIG. 18. The coupling
conditions are 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaAcetate, 0.15M Methionine,
pH 4.6, 24 hours.
[0186] The MSC handle used is: 7
[0187] This cleavable handle is based on
methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl (MSC) amine protecting group. It is
easily added to unprotected amino terminus of peptide-resins,
survives HF deprotection and cleavage from the resin, is quickly
and cleanly cleaved by aqueous base, and is designed with a
protected amine which can be derivatized with a variety of
functionalities.
[0188] Step #2: The second unprotected peptide segment
(Cys60-MIF(61-80)-COSH) is then ligated to the solid phase-bound
first unprotected peptide segment, under the conditions 6 M
guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, 0.5% thiophenol, 0.15M Methionine, pH
7.5, 24 hours.
[0189] Step #3: The solid phase-bound peptide, MIF(1-80)-COSH, is
then activated to the thioester under the following conditions: 50
mM BrCH2COOH, 6M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaAcetate, 0.15M Methionine,
pH 4.6, 15 nun.
[0190] Step #4: The third unprotected peptide segment
(Cys81-MIF82-115-COOH) is ligated to the solid phase-bound peptide
with 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, 0.5% thiophenol, 0.15M
Methionine, pH 7.5, 24 hours.
[0191] Step #5: The MIF(1-115) bound to the solid phase is then
cleaved from the solid support by base cleavage of the cleavable
handle under the cleaving conditions: 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M
NaAcetate, 0.15M Methionine, 200 mM hydrazine, at pH-14 for 2 min.,
followed by 6 M guanidine.HCl, 0.1M NaAcetate, 0.15M Methionine,
200 mM hydrazine, at pH.about.2. The expected mass of the assembled
peptide MIF(1-115) released upon base cleavage is 12450 Da. FIGS.
20C and 20D are mass spectra of the assembled peptide having an
expected mass of 12450. FIG. 20D is a reconstruction of the mass
spectrum of FIG. 20C. FIG. 20B is an HPLC chromatogram of the
assembled peptide.
Example 6
Solid Phase Native Chemical. Ligation of Phospholipase A2, Group
5(1-118) (118aa) in the C- to N-Terminal Direction
[0192] The sequence of Phospholipase A2, group 5 (PLA2G5) is:
4 (SEQ ID NO:5) GLLDLKSMIEKVTGKNALTNYGFYGCYCGWGGRGTPKDGTDWC-
CWAHDHC YGRLEEKGCNIRTQSYKYRFAWGVVTCEPGPFCHVNLCACDRKLVYCLK- R
NLRSYNPQYQYFPNILCS.
[0193] This peptide is prepared using solid phase sequential native
ligation of 4 peptide segments: PLA2G5 (1-25), PLA2G5 (26-58),
PLA2G5(59-87) and PLA2G5 (88-118). The procedures used to
synthesize PLA2G5 by solid phase ligations are identical to those
used for synthesizing the random sequence using ACM protection of
the N-terminal Cys residues of the middle segments, as described in
Example 9. See FIG. 22 for the reaction scheme. The Cam ester
derivative is synthesized and incorporated into the C-terminal
peptide segment according to the diagrams in FIG. 23, 24/FIG. 27.
The assembled polypeptide, PLA2G5 (1-118), was folded and assayed
for biological activity. It had the full activity of a
recombinantly expressed PLA2G5.
Example 7
Preparation of Modified C-terminal Peptide Segment (On-Resin CAM
Linker Synthesis) (FIG. 27)
[0194] The commerical resin of choice (MBHA, any Boc-AA-OCH2-Pam
resin) is swelled in DMF
[0195] TFA (1 min.times.2) (not necessary if working with MBHA
resin)
[0196] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0197] addition of activated Boc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH (HBTU/DIEA
activation), check for completion of reaction after 10-15 minutes
by ninhydrin test
[0198] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0199] TFA (1 min.times.2)--
[0200] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0201] 10% DIEA in DMF (1 min.times.2)
[0202] addition of activated bromoacetic acid (activated as the
symmetric anhydride with 0.5 equivalents of DIC in DCM for 5-10
minutes), check for completion of reaction after 30 minutes by
ninhydrin test
[0203] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0204] addition of first Boc-protected amino acid of the
sequence(Boc-AA-OH) 2M in 20% DIEA in DMF. Leave standing at room
temperature for 3 hrs.
[0205] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0206] synthesize rest of the sequence by standard protocols for
Boc chemistry
[0207] remove Fmoc group by treating with 20% piperidine in DMF (5
min.times.2)
[0208] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0209] addition of activated levulinic acid (activated as the
symmetric anhydride with 0.5 equivalents of DIC in DCM for 5-10
min), check for completion of reaction after 30 minutes by
ninhydrin test
[0210] DMF flow wash (30 sec.times.2)
[0211] thorough washing with DCM
[0212] thoroughly dry resin
[0213] HF cleavage at 0.degree. C. for 1 hr using p-cresol as a
scavenger
[0214] trituration and washing with cold ethyl ether
[0215] dissolve in aqueous HPLC buffer and lyophilize
[0216] purify by preparative HPLC
Example 8
Solid Phase Native Chemical Ligation of Random Peptide Segments in
the C- to N-Terminal Direction using Fmoc protection (See FIG.
28)
[0217] The following procedures can be used for solid phase
ligations in the C- to N-terminal direction, as diagramed in Table
2. By example, a random peptide of:
5 ALTKYGFYGCYGRLEEKGCADRKNILA (SEQ ID NO:1)
[0218] can be ligated in three peptide segments (from C- to
N-terminal direction): segment 1=CADRKNILA (amino acids 19-27; SEQ
ID NO:1); segment 2=CYGRLEEKG (amino acids 10-18; SEQ ID NO:1); and
segment 3=ALTKYGFYG (amino acids 1-9; SEQ ID NO:1).
[0219] The resin is washed with 6M Gu.HCL, 0.1M Na Acetate, pH 4.6
(1 ml.times.5) and drained. The modified C-terminal peptide segment
(first peptide segment) is dissolved in 6MGu.HCL, 0.1M Na Acetate,
pH 4.6 (5 mM first peptide segment) and added to the resin and is
left standing at room temperature overnight. The resin is washed
with 6M Gu.HCL, 0.1M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 (1 ml.times.5) and drained.
A sample is removed for base cleavage and is treated with 8M urea,
0.1M NaPi, pH 7, treated for 2 minutes with 0.25N NaOH in the same
8M urea buffer (resulting pH.about.14), washed with an equal amount
of 0.25N HCl in the same 8M urea buffer (resulting pH.about.2), and
the combined eluants treated with TCEP prior to injection on
HPLC.
[0220] In preparation for addition of the next segment, the resin
is washed with 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 (1 ml.times.5) and
drained. The second peptide segment (Fmoc-Cys-peptide-COSR) is
dissolved in 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0, 0.5% thiophenol (to at
least 10 mM to 50 mM second peptide segment) and added to the
resin. The mixture is left standing at room temperature overnight.
The resin is washed with 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 (1
ml.times.5), water (1 ml.times.5), DMF (1 ml.times.5), and the Fmoc
protecting group removed by treating with two aliquots of 20%
piperidine in DMF (5 min each). The resin is then washed with DMF
(1 ml.times.5), water (1 ml.times.5), and 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH
7.0 (1 ml.times.5). A sample of resin is removed and base cleaved
as above.
[0221] The final peptide segment is dissolved in 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M
NaPi, pH 7.0, 0.5% thiophenol and added to the resin. This mixture
is left standing at room temperature overnight. The resin is then
washed with 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 and the assembled peptide
is removed from the solid phase via base cleavage of the cleavable
handle from the remaining resin as outlined above only on a larger
scale followed by purification by HPLC or deslating on PD-10 column
and lyophilization.
[0222] These methods can be applied to make any peptides having
cysteine residues.
Example 8A
Solid Phase Native Chemical Ligation of Random Peptide Segments in
the C- to N-Terminal Direction Using DNPE Protection
[0223] DNPE (2-(2,4-dinitrophenylethyl)) is another cysteine side
chain protecting group which can be used for ligations in the C- to
N-terminal direction. Example 8 was repeated using DNPE as the
protecting group. The conditions for solid phase chemical ligation
of random peptide segments in the C- to N-terminal direction were
identical to those used for Example 8 above except that in the
removal of the DNPE protecting group, 50% piperidine is used.
Example 9
Solid Phase Native Chemical Ligation of Random Peptide Segments in
the C- to N-Terminal Direction Using ACM Protection
[0224] The following procedures are used for solid phase ligations
in the C- to N-terminal direction, as diagramed in Table 3. The
same random polypeptide described in the Example above is
ligated.
[0225] The resin is washed with 6M Gu.HCL, 0.1M Na Acetate, pH 4.6
(1 ml.times.5) and drained. The modified C-terminal peptide segment
is dissolved in 6M Gu.HCL, 0.1M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 and added to the
resin and is left standing at room temperature overnight. The resin
is washed with 6M Gu.HCL, 0.1M Na Acetate, pH 4.6 (1 ml.times.5)
and drained. A sample is removed for base cleavage and is treated
with 8M urea, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7, treated for 2 minutes with 0.25N
NaOH in the same 8M urea buffer (resulting pH.about.14), washed
with an equal amount of 0.25N HCl in the same 8M urea buffer
(resulting pH.about.2), and the combined eluants treated with TCEP
prior to injection on HPLC.
[0226] In preparation for addition of the next segment, the resin
is washed with 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 (1 ml.times.5) and
drained. The second peptide segment (Fmoc-Cys-peptide-COSR) is
dissolved in 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0, 0.5% thiophenol (to at
least 10 mM second peptide segment) and added to the resin. The
mixture is left standing at room temperature overnight. The resin
is washed with 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 (1 ml.times.5), 3%
acetic acid in water (1 ml.times.5), and the ACM protecting group
removed by treating with mercury(II)acetate in 3% acetic acid in
water (15 mgs/ml) for 30 min. The resin is then washed with 3%
acetic acid in water (1 ml.times.5), 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0
(1 ml.times.5), and treated with 20% beta-mercaptoethanol in 6M
Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 for 30 min, followed by washing with 6M
Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 (1 ml.times.5). A sample of resin is
removed and base cleaved as above.
[0227] The final peptide segment is dissolved in 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M
NaPi, pH 7.0, 0.5% thiophenol and added to the resin. This mixture
is left standing at room temperature overnight. The resin is then
washed with 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M NaPi, pH 7.0 and the assembled peptide
is removed from the solid phase via base cleavage of the cleavable
handle from the remaining resin as outlined above only on a larger
scale followed by purification by HPLC or deslating on PD-10 column
and lyophilization.
6TABLE 2 Polymer-Supported Ligations C- to N- Terminal Direction
Fmoc Protection H-CADRKNILA-CAM-Lys(Levulinic acid)-NH2 (1) +
Resin- ONH.sub.2 8 1. pH 4.6, 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1 acetate H-CADRKNILA
-CAM- Lys-oxime-Resin (1) + Fmoc-CYGRLEEKG-COSR (2) 9 2. pH 7.5, 6M
Gu.HCl, 0.1M phosphate, 0.5% thiophenol
Fmoc-CYGRLEEKGCADRKNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin (1 + 2) 10 3. 20%
piperidine/DMF H-CYGRLEEKGCADRKNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin (1 + 2) +
H-ALTKYGFYG-COSR (3) 11 4. pH 7.5, 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M phosphate, 0.5%
thiophenol H-ALTKYGFYGCYGRLEEKGCADR- KNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin (1 +
2 + 3) 12 5. pH 14, 8M Urea, 0.1M phosphate, 0.25N NaOH
H-ALTKYGFYGCYGRLEEKGCADRKNILA-OH (SEQ ID NO: 1) ACM Protection
H-CADRKNILA-CAM-Lys(Levulinic acid)-NH2 (1) + Resin- ONH.sub.2 13
1. pH 4.6, 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1 acetate H-CADRKNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin
(1) + H-C(ACM)-COSR (2) 14 2. pH 7.5, 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M phosphate,
0.5% thiophenol H-C(ACM)YGRLEEKGCADRKNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin (1 +
2) 15 3. a. mercury(II)acetate in 3% Aq. AcOH b. 20%
mercaptoethanol in pH 7.5, 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M phosphate
H-CYGRLEEKGCADRKNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin (1 + 2) + H-ALTKYGFYG-COSR
(3) 16 4. pH 7.5, 6M Gu.HCl, 0.1M phosphate, 0.5% thiophenol
H-ALTKYGFYGCYGRLEEKGCADR- KNILA-CAM-Lys-oxime-Resin (1 + 2 + 3) 17
5. pH 14, 8M Urea, 0.1M phosphate, 0.25N NaOH
H-ALTKYGFYGCYGRLEEKGCADRKNILA-OH (SEQ ID NO: 1)
Example 10
Bidirectional Solid Phase Sequential Native Chemical Ligation
[0228] This example illustrates one of the embodiments of the
bidirectional solid phase protein ligation approach, namely the
situation starting with a first peptide segment bound to the solid
phase, wherein the first peptide segment is a "middle piece" of the
target protein desired, i.e. the first peptide segment, bound to
the solid phase, is used for ligations at both its N-terminal
Cysteine and its C-terminal thioester.
[0229] Starting with one of the middle pieces of the target
protein, a cleavable linker is added to the side chain of one of
the amino acid residues of the middle piece. The side chain of any
amino acid residue having a protectable functional group can be
used, including, preferably Aspartic Acid or Glutamic Acid. Most
preferably, a Lysine amino acid residue is used. For example, a CAM
ester cleavable handle or any other carboxylic acid protecting
group may be adapted to attach the first peptide segment to the
solid phase through the side chain of Aspartic or Glutamic Acid.
One of skill in the art will readily appreciate the necessary
chemistries for accomplishing this step.
[0230] For example, the synthesis of a first peptide segment to be
attached to the solid phase via an internal amino acid is
illustrated in FIG. 25C. Starting with an appropriate solid phase
(thioester or thiacid generating), the first peptide segment is
synthesized using standard Boc protocols until the Lysine residue
of choice is reached. Using Boc chemistry a Lysine with its side
chain amine protected with an Fmoc group (Boc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH) is
inserted at the appropriate location during solid phase stepwise
peptide synthesis, followed by continued synthesis to the end of
the first peptide segment. The Fmoc protecting group is removed at
the end of the stepwise peptide synthesis and the cleavable handle
coupled to the side chain amine (step B of FIG. 25C).
[0231] This method is much the same as the procedure outlined in
FIG. 24, with the following differences: the levulinic acid in step
4 is replaced with the cleavable handle and the 20% piperidine used
to cleave the Fmoc group (also part of step 4) is replaced with a
much smaller concentration of an alternative base such as
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), e.g. 1-2 equivalents of
DBU in DMF. The reason is the middle peptide segments, regardless
of whether they generate thioacids or thioesters upon cleavage from
the resin, are connected to the resin by a thioester which would be
cleaved in the presence of 20% piperidine.
[0232] For this particular strategy, the MSC handle is preferred,
although other cleavable handles can be used. Attachment to the
side chain amine of a lysine residue and further modification of
the linker with an appropriate functional group capable of reacting
with a corresponding group on the solid phase ligation resin would
be generally as outlined in FIG. 17A, with the exception that the
amine of the MSC handle should be protected with an Fmoc instead of
a Boc group. Since attachment to the peptide segment is through an
internal amino acid residue, the N-terminal amino acid would be Boc
protected and it is not possible for the N-terminal amino group and
the amino group of the MSC cleavable handle to be protected by the
same group. Removal of the Fmoc group on the MSC cleavable handle
would also need to be done with DBU instead of piperidine. As in
FIG. 17A, levulinic acid is preferred for coupling to the linker
with a corresponding aminooxyacetyl group on the solid support
(FIG. 17B).
[0233] Two versions of the first peptide segment to be coupled to
the resin are described below.
[0234] First Version. The first peptide segment has an unprotected
N-terminal cysteine and a C-terminal thioacid (FIG. 25A). The
second peptide segment (step 2. in FIG. 25A), to be ligated to the
first peptide segment, is a peptide with a C-terminal thioester and
optionally a protected N-terminal Cysteine (if additional C- to
N-terminal ligations are desired), wherein the C-terminal thioester
is capable of reacting with the N-terminal Cys of the first peptide
segment (i.e. in the C- to N-terminal direction). This step can be
multiply repeated with additional peptide segments added in the C-
to N-terminal direction, if desired, provided that the internal
incoming peptide segments each comprise a protected N-terminal
Cysteine, which can be deprotected according to the standard C- to
N-terminal solid phase native chemical ligation steps outlined in
FIG. 21 (the final peptide segment to be added at the N-terminus of
the resulting product need not have an N-terminal Cysteine). After
ligation is complete, the C-terminal thioacid of the resulting
solid-phase bound peptide (i.e. ligation product of first and
second peptide segments) is then converted to a thioester with
bromoacetic acid (as outlined in N- to C-terminal ligations in
Table 1 and diagrammed as step 3 of FIG. 25A). The next step (step
4 of FIG. 25A) comprises ligation of the solid-phase bound peptide
to a third peptide segment with an N-terminal Cys. This step can
optionally be repeated, to add additional incoming peptide segments
in the N- to C-terminal direction, if desired, provided that the
internal incoming peptide segments each comprise an unprotected
N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal thioacid, with conversion of
the thioacid to thioester after the ligation is complete and prior
to addition of the next peptide segment The final peptide segment
to be added at the C-terminus of the resulting product need not
have a C-terminal thioacid.
[0235] One of skill in the art will appreciate that multiple
ligations can subsequently be performed in both directions if the
appropriate protecting groups and other appropriate chemistries are
used on the middle piece or the solid-phase bound peptide. These
additional steps are identical to the strategies used for the
individual directions, i.e. N-terminal unprotected Cys plus
C-terminal thioester for the N- to C-direction and N-terminal
Cys(ACM) plus C-terminal thioester for the C- to N-terminal
direction. Assuming the MSC linker is used, cleavage of the full
length product from the resin would be in basic solution (pH 12-14)
as outlined in step 6 in Table 1. However, the preferred approach
is to complete all ligation steps necessary for one direction,
followed by the ligation steps for the other direction. As long as
the solid phase bound peptide has either a protected N-terminal
Cysteine or a C-terminal thioacid, ligations can proceed in either
direction provided that the appropriate strategies as described
herein are followed. If the solid phase bound peptide has both an
unprotected N-terminal Cysteine and a C-terminal thioester, any
attempts at ligating to an additional incoming peptide segment will
result in cyclization of the solid-phase bound peptide.
[0236] Second Version. The second version of this scheme involves
starting with ligation in the N- to C-terminal direction, followed
by ligation in the opposite direction, as shown in FIG. 25B. The
first peptide segment to be coupled to the resin comprises a
temporarily protected N-terminal Cys and a C-terminal thioester.
The ligation of a second peptide segment to the first peptide
segment is then in the N- to C-terminal direction. Any subsequent
ligations in the C- to N-terminal direction would first require
removal of the protecting group.
[0237] Except for the attachment of the first peptide segment to
the solid support, this strategy merely combines the procedures for
N- to C- and C- to N-terminal ligations (described above).
REFERENCES
[0238] S. Funakoshi et al., Chemoselective one-step purification
method for peptides synthesized by the solid-phase technique, Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:6981-6985 (August 1991).
[0239] S. Funakoshi et al., Affinity purification method using a
reversible biotinylating reagent for peptides synthesized by the
solid-phase technique, J. Chromatog. 638:21-27 (1993).
[0240] M. Mutter et al., Pseudo-prolines (psi Pro) for accessing
inaccessible peptides, Pept. Res. 8(3):145-153 (1995).
[0241] M. Baca et al., Chemical ligation of cysteine-containing
peptides: synthesis of a 22 kDa tethered dimer of HIV-1 protease,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117(7): 1881-1887 (1995).
[0242] J. Camarero et al., Chemical Ligation of Unprotected
Peptides Directly From a Solid Support, J. Peptide Res. 51: 303-316
(1998).
[0243] L. Canne et al., Total Chemical Synthesis of a Unique
Transcription Factor-Related Protein: cMyc-Max, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
117:2998-3007 (1995).
[0244] C. Cho et al., An Unnatural Biopolymer, Science
261:1303-1305 (1993).
[0245] P. Dawson et al., Synthesis of Proteins by Native Chemical
Ligation, Science 266:776-779 (1994).
[0246] N. Fotouhi et al., J. Org. Chem. 54:2803-2817 (1989).
[0247] G. Barany and R. B. Merrifield, A New Amino Protecting Group
Removal by Reduction. Chemistry of the Dithiasuccinoyl (Dts)
Function, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99(22):7363-7365 (1977).
[0248] C. Hennard and J. Tam, Sequential Orthogonal Coupling
Strategy for the Synthesis of Biotin Tagged .beta. Defensin,
Abstract P118, Fifteenth American Peptide Symposium, Jun. 14-19,
1997.
[0249] C. Hyde et al., Some difficult sequences made easy, A study
of interchain association in solid-phase peptide synthesis, Int. J.
Peptide Protein Res. 43:431-440 (1994).
[0250] W. Lu et al., Biochemistry, 36(4):673-679 (1997).
[0251] C.-F. Liu and J. Tam, Peptide segment ligation strategy
without use of protecting groups, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:
6584-6588 (1994).
[0252] C.-F. Liu and J. Tam, Chemical ligation approach to form a
peptide bond between unprotected peptide segments. Concept and
model study, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116(10):4149-4153 (1994). Schnolzer
et al., Science 256:221-225 (1992)
[0253] Rose et al. J. Am Chem. Soc. 116:30-34 (1994)
[0254] Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6584-6588
(1994).
[0255] Dawson et al. Science 266:77-779 (1994).
[0256] PCT/US95/05668, WO 96/34878
[0257] Sakakibara S., Biopolymers (Peptide Science), 37:17-28
(1995).
[0258] Tam et al., PNAS USA, 92:12485-12489 (1995).
[0259] T. Muir, A Chemical approach to the construction of
multimeric protein assemblies, Structure 3:649-652 (1995).
[0260] R. Merrifield, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: The Synthesis
of a Tetrapeptide, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85:2149-2154 (1963).
[0261] H. Muramatsu et al., Localization of Heparin-Binding,
Neurite Outgrowth and Antigenic Regions in Midkine Molecule,
Biochem. And Biophys. Res. Commn. 203 (2):1131-1139 (1994).
[0262] PCT/US94/07222, WO 95/00846, Published Jan. 5, 1995.
[0263] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this
specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same
extent as if each individual publication or patent application was
specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by
reference.
[0264] The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent
to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and
modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit
or scope of the appended claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
6 1 27 PRT Artificial Synthetic 1 Ala Leu Thr Lys Tyr Gly Phe Tyr
Gly Cys Tyr Gly Arg Leu Glu Glu 1 5 10 15 Lys Gly Cys Ala Asp Arg
Lys Asn Ile Leu Ala 20 25 2 68 PRT Artificial Synthetic 2 Leu Thr
Glu Gly Leu His Gly Phe His Val His Glu Phe Gly Asp Asn 1 5 10 15
Thr Ala Gly Cys Thr Ser Ala Gly Pro His Phe Asn Pro Leu Ser Arg 20
25 30 Lys His Gly Cys Gly Phe Arg Val Arg Glu Phe Gly Asp Asn Thr
Ala 35 40 45 Cys Ala Asp Pro Ser Glu Glu Trp Val Gln Lys Tyr Val
Ser Asp Leu 50 55 60 Glu Leu Ser Ala 65 3 73 PRT Homo sapiens 3 Thr
Leu Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Ala Ala Lys Tyr Lys Ser Val 1 5 10
15 Val Lys Lys Cys Cys Tyr Asp Gly Ala Cys Val Asn Asn Asp Glu Thr
20 25 30 Cys Glu Gln Arg Ala Ala Arg Ile Ser Leu Gly Pro Lys Cys
Ile Lys 35 40 45 Ala Phe Thr Glu Cys Cys Val Val Ala Ser Gln Leu
Arg Ala Asn Ile 50 55 60 Ser His Lys Asp Met Gln Leu Gly Arg 65 70
4 115 PRT Homo sapiens 4 Met Pro Met Phe Ile Val Asn Thr Asn Val
Pro Arg Ala Ser Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Asp Gly Phe Leu Ser Glu Leu Thr
Gln Gln Leu Ala Gln Ala Thr Gly 20 25 30 Lys Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ile
Ala Val His Val Val Pro Asp Gln Leu Met 35 40 45 Ala Phe Gly Gly
Ser Ser Glu Pro Cys Ala Leu Cys Ser Leu His Ser 50 55 60 Ile Gly
Lys Ile Gly Gly Ala Gln Asn Arg Ser Tyr Ser Lys Leu Leu 65 70 75 80
Cys Gly Leu Leu Ala Glu Arg Leu Arg Ile Ser Pro Asp Arg Val Tyr 85
90 95 Ile Asn Tyr Tyr Asp Met Asn Ala Ala Ser Val Gly Trp Asn Asn
Ser 100 105 110 Thr Phe Ala 115 5 118 PRT Homo sapiens 5 Gly Leu
Leu Asp Leu Lys Ser Met Ile Glu Lys Val Thr Gly Lys Asn 1 5 10 15
Ala Leu Thr Asn Tyr Gly Phe Tyr Gly Cys Tyr Cys Gly Trp Gly Gly 20
25 30 Arg Gly Thr Pro Lys Asp Gly Thr Asp Trp Cys Cys Trp Ala His
Asp 35 40 45 His Cys Tyr Gly Arg Leu Glu Glu Lys Gly Cys Asn Ile
Arg Thr Gln 50 55 60 Ser Tyr Lys Tyr Arg Phe Ala Trp Gly Val Val
Thr Cys Glu Pro Gly 65 70 75 80 Pro Phe Cys His Val Asn Leu Cys Ala
Cys Asp Arg Lys Leu Val Tyr 85 90 95 Cys Leu Lys Arg Asn Leu Arg
Ser Tyr Asn Pro Gln Tyr Gln Tyr Phe 100 105 110 Pro Asn Ile Leu Cys
Ser 115 6 10 PRT Artificial Synthetic 6 Asp Ser Val Ile Ser Leu Ser
Gly Asp His 1 5 10
* * * * *