U.S. patent application number 11/111401 was filed with the patent office on 2005-09-22 for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
Invention is credited to Ito, Hidetoshi, Nirasawa, Takao, Omaru, Atsuo.
Application Number | 20050208385 11/111401 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26590648 |
Filed Date | 2005-09-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050208385 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Nirasawa, Takao ; et
al. |
September 22, 2005 |
Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery
Abstract
A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive
electrode having a positive electrode active material, a negative
electrode containing a negative electrode active material capable
of being doped/undoped with lithium, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
The nonaqueous electrolyte contains at least one of thiols,
thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and the derivatives thereof. The capacity of the battery
is not significantly degraded after cycling and its cycle life is
significantly long.
Inventors: |
Nirasawa, Takao; (Fukushima,
JP) ; Ito, Hidetoshi; (Miyagi, JP) ; Omaru,
Atsuo; (Fukushima, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
SONNENSCHEIN NATH & ROSENTHAL LLP
P.O. BOX 061080
WACKER DRIVE STATION, SEARS TOWER
CHICAGO
IL
60606-1080
US
|
Family ID: |
26590648 |
Appl. No.: |
11/111401 |
Filed: |
April 21, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11111401 |
Apr 21, 2005 |
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09837847 |
Apr 18, 2001 |
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6913856 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
429/340 ;
429/303; 429/326; 429/339; 429/341; 429/94 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01M 10/0525 20130101;
H01M 10/0567 20130101; Y02E 60/10 20130101; H01M 2300/0025
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
429/340 ;
429/339; 429/341; 429/326; 429/303; 429/094 |
International
Class: |
H01M 010/40 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 18, 2000 |
JP |
P2000-122417 |
Oct 31, 2000 |
JP |
P2000-333571 |
Claims
1. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive
electrode having a positive electrode active material, a negative
electrode containing a negative electrode active material capable
of being doped/undoped with lithium, and a nonaqueous electrolyte,
wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte comprises at least one of
thiols, thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and the derivatives thereof, and wherein a layer of said
negative electrode active material layer is formed as a solid by a
chemical vapor deposition process, a sputtering process or a hot
processing.
2. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the content of at least one of thiols, thiophenes,
thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic sulfones, and the
derivatives thereof is in the range of 0.03 percent by weight to 10
percent by weight of the entire electrolyte.
3. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to one of
claims 1 and 2, wherein the thiols are selected from the group
consisting of methanethiol, ethanethiol, thiophenol,
4-fluorothiophenol, 2-chlorothiophenol, 4-t-butylthiophenol,
4-t-butyl-1,2-benzenethiol, and derivatives thereof.
4. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the positive electrode active material comprises one of a
lithium-containing metal oxide and an intercalation compound
containing lithium.
5. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 4,
wherein the positive electrode active material comprises a
composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal represented by
the general formula LiMxOy, wherein M is at least one selected from
the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Al, V, and Ti.
6. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the negative electrode active material comprises a
carbonaceous material or at least one metal which alloys with
lithium.
7. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the negative electrode active material comprises at least
one selected from a carbonaceous material, a crystallized metal
oxide, and an amorphous metal oxide.
8. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the negative electrode active material comprises a
carbonaceous material selected from the group consisting of a
graphitizable carbonaceous material, a nongraphitizable
carbonaceous material, and a graphite material.
9. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,
wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte is one selected from a liquid
nonaqueous electrolyte prepared by dissolving an electrolyte salt
into a nonaqueous solvent, a gelified electrolyte prepared by
gelifying the nonaqueous electrolyte liquid by using a gelatinizer,
a polymer gel electrolyte containing an electrolyte salt dissolved
in a nonaqueous electrolyte which is held in a polymer matrix, and
a solid electrolyte containing an electrolyte salt dissolved in a
polymer matrix.
10. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim
9, wherein the polymer matrix comprises one selected from the group
consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride), copolymers of vinylidene
fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, polyamides, aromatic polyamides,
polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyimides,
poly(met)acrylates, and polyacrylonitrile.
11. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim
9, wherein the electrolyte salt comprises at least one lithium salt
selected from the group consisting of LiClO4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiBF4,
LiB(C6H5)4, CH3SO3Li, CF3SO3Li, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiC(CF3SO2)3, LiCl,
and LiBr.
12. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim
1, further comprising a separator and an exterior casing, wherein
the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode sheet
comprising a positive electrode collector and positive electrode
active material layers containing the positive electrode active
material formed on the positive electrode collector, wherein the
negative electrode comprises a negative electrode sheet comprising
a negative electrode collector and negative electrode active
material layers containing the negative electrode active material
formed on the negative electrode collector, wherein the positive
electrode and the negative electrode are stacked with the separator
therebetween and the resulting stack is rolled in the longitudinal
direction to form spirally-wound electrodes, and wherein the
spirally-wound electrodes are accommodated in the exterior casing.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION DATA
[0001] The present application claims priority to Japanese
Applications Nos. P2000-122417 filed Apr. 18, 2000 and P2000-333571
filed Oct. 31, 2000, which application is incorporated herein by
reference to the extent permitted by law.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte
battery comprising a positive electrode having a positive electrode
active material, a negative electrode containing a negative
electrode active material capable of being doped/undoped with
lithium, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
[0003] Progress in electronic technology has led to the development
of various types of small and portable high-performance electronic
devices. Accordingly, batteries for operating these electronic
devices are required to be light-weight and of high-capacity, and
energy density thereof needs to be further improved.
[0004] As the batteries for driving these electronic devices,
secondary batteries such as nickel-cadmium batteries, lead
batteries, and so forth have been conventionally used. However,
these batteries have a low discharge potential and fail to obtain a
desired energy density.
[0005] Presently, research and development on the nonaqueous
electrolyte secondary battery having a negative electrode composed
of lithium or a lithium alloy is being conducted widely.
[0006] This type of battery has a high energy density and a low
self-discharge, and is light-weight because a lithium containing
composite oxide having a high discharge voltage, typically
LiCoO.sub.2, is used as the material of the positive electrode.
However, when the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has a
negative electrode composed of lithium or a lithium alloy, lithium
dendrite grows and reaches the positive electrode during repeated
charge/discharge cycles, causing short-circuits inside the battery.
Moreover, when quick a charge/discharge is performed as in the case
of actual use, dendrite is generated inside the battery, making the
battery unusable.
[0007] Consequently, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery using a
negative electrode active material which is capable of occluding
lithium ions in an intercalation compound, such as a metal oxide or
carbon, and which is capable of being doped/undoped with lithium
without depositing lithium on the negative electrode, i.e., a
so-called lithium-ion battery, has drawn wide attention. In this
lithium-ion secondary battery, lithium dendrite does not
precipitate, even when the charge/discharge cycle is repeated, and
superior charge/discharge cycle characteristics can be
obtained.
[0008] Because of these advantages, lithium-ion secondary batteries
have come to be used in various fields as the power sources of
various electronic devices, especially portable devices.
[0009] Among portable electronic devices, cellular phones, for
example, are used repetitively and perpetually consume electricity.
Consequently, the secondary batteries used as the power sources of
these portable electronic devices undergo a frequent charge and
discharge.
[0010] When the lithium-ion secondary battery is frequently charged
and discharged, the battery capacity thereof is degraded due to the
irreversible reactions occurring between the negative electrode and
the nonaqueous electrolyte. As a result, the lithium-ion secondary
battery suffers from a short cycle life.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to
provide a nonaqueous electrolyte battery in which the capacity
after cycling is significantly improved, thereby achieving a longer
cycle life.
[0012] In order to achieve the above object, the nonaqueous
electrolyte battery according to one aspect of the present
invention includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode
active material, a negative electrode containing a negative
electrode active material capable of being doped/undoped with
lithium, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The nonaqueous electrolyte
contains at least one of thiols, thiophenes, thioanisoles,
thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic sulfones, and the derivatives
thereof.
[0013] Because a film composed of the above-described organic
compound contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is formed on the
surfaces of the negative electrode of the secondary battery,
irreversible reactions between the negative electrode and the
nonaqueous electrolyte are prevented in the nonaqueous electrolyte
battery of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery according to an aspect of the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0015] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be
described in detail below.
[0016] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present
invention is applied to what is known as a lithium-ion secondary
battery. The lithium-ion secondary battery comprises a positive
electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary structure of a nonaqueous
electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention.
The battery is of a cylindrical shape and is formed by stacking a
sheet-shaped positive electrode 2, a sheet-shaped negative
electrode 4, and a separator 5 provided therebetween, rolling or
spirally winding the stack in a longitudinal direction, placing the
rolled electrodes into a battery case 6, and filling the battery
case 6 with a nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode 2 is
prepared by forming positive electrode active material layers
containing a positive electrode active material on the surfaces of
a positive electrode collector 1. The negative electrode 4 is
prepared by forming negative electrode active material layers
containing a negative electrode active material on the surfaces of
a negative electrode collector 3.
[0018] The nonaqueous electrolyte contains at least one of thiols,
thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and the derivatives thereof.
[0019] Examples of the thiols are aliphatic thiols such as
methanethiol and ethanethiol; aromatic thiols such as thiophenol,
4-fluorothiophenol, 2-chlorothiophenol, 4-t-butylthiophenol, and
4-t-butyl-1,2-benzenethiol; and derivatives thereof.
[0020] Examples of the thiophenes are thiophene, 2-acetylthiophene,
3-acetylthiophene, 2,5-diacetylthiophene,
2-thiophenecarbonylchloride, 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene,
2,5-bismethoxycarbonylthiophene, and the derivatives thereof.
[0021] Examples of the thioanisoles are thioanisole,
4-methylthiobenzonitrile, 4-methylthioacetophenone,
2-methlthiobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorothioanisole, 4-bromothioanisole,
and the derivatives thereof.
[0022] Examples of the thiazoles are thiazole, 1,2-benzisothiazole
and derivatives thereof.
[0023] Examples of the thioacetates are methyl thioacetate, ethyl
thioacetate, phenyl thioacetate, methyl fluoromethylthioacetate,
methyl difluoromethylthioacetate, ethyl difluoromethylthioacetate,
and the derivatives thereof.
[0024] Examples of the aromatic sulfones are methyl phenyl sulfone,
4-methylsulfonylacetophenone, tribromomethylphenylsulfone, and
their derivatives.
[0025] During a charge/discharge, a film composed of the
above-described organic compound contained in the nonaqueous
electrolyte is formed on the surfaces of the negative electrode of
the nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
[0026] This film prevents the irreversible reactions between the
negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte and reduces the
capacity degradation which would otherwise occur when a
charge/discharge is performed repetitively.
[0027] The content of at least one of thiols, thiophenes,
thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic sulfones, and the
derivatives thereof is preferably in the range of 0.03 percent by
weight to 10 percent by weight of the entire nonaqueous electrolyte
and, more preferably, in the range of 0.05 percent by weight to 10
percent by weight.
[0028] When the content of the above-described organic compound is
less than 0.03 percent by weight, the resulting film may not have a
desired thickness. In contrast, when the content of the
above-described organic compound exceeds 10 percent by weight, the
film formed on the surfaces of the negative electrode may be
excessively thick and may prevent lithium doping/undoping at the
negative electrode.
[0029] By setting the content of at least one of thiols,
thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and the derivatives thereof in the range of 0.05 percent
by weight to 10 percent by weight, the irreversible reactions
between the negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte can
be effectively prevented.
[0030] The negative electrode is prepared by forming negative
electrode active material layers containing a negative electrode
active material on a negative electrode collector. The negative
electrode collector is composed of, for example, nickel foil.
[0031] As the negative electrode active materials, materials
capable of being doped/undoped with lithium, i.e., carbonaceous
materials, crystallized or amorphous metal oxides, etc., are used.
Examples of the carbonaceous materials are graphitizable
carbonaceous materials, nongraphitizable carbonaceous materials,
and graphite materials.
[0032] As the negative electrode active material, a carbonaceous
material may be used. Alternatively, at least one material capable
of being doped/undoped with lithium, such as a metal capable of
alloying with lithium or an alloy compound of such a metal may be
used.
[0033] The alloy compound is a compound represented by the formula
M.sub.xM'.sub.yLi.sub.z (wherein M' is at least one of the metal
elements other than Li and M, the value of x is greater than zero,
and the values of y and z are greater than or equal to zero,
respectively). In this invention, semiconductive elements such as
Bi, Si, and As are included in the metal elements.
[0034] Examples of the metals which alloy with lithium are metals
such as Mg, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, Ag, Zn, Hf,
and Y. Examples of the alloy compounds are alloy compounds
containing the above-described metal elements, for example, Li--Al,
Li--Al--M (wherein M is at least one of Groups 2A, 3B, and 4B
transition metals), AlSb, and CuMgSb.
[0035] Among the above-described elements, it is preferable to use
a Group 3B normal element, elemental Si, elemental Sn, or alloys
thereof. The alloys of Si and Sn are especially preferable. As the
Si or Sn alloy, a compound described as M.sub.xSi or M.sub.xSn,
wherein M is at least one metal element other than Si or Sn, is
used. More specifically, SiB.sub.4, SiB.sub.6, Mg.sub.2Si,
Mg.sub.2Sn, Ni.sub.2Si, TiSi.sub.2, MoSi.sub.2, CoSi.sub.2,
NiSi.sub.2, CaSi.sub.2, CrSi.sub.2, Cu.sub.5Si, FeSi.sub.2,
MnSi.sub.2, NbSi.sub.2, TaSi.sub.2, VSi.sub.2, WSi.sub.2,
ZnSi.sub.2, or the like is used.
[0036] Moreover, Group 4B elements other than carbon, including at
least one nonmetallic element may be used as the negative electrode
active material. In this material, at least one of the Group 4B
elements may be included. Furthermore, a metal element not of Group
4B, particularly lithium, may be included. Examples are SiC,
Si.sub.3N.sub.4, Si.sub.2N.sub.2O, Ge.sub.2N.sub.2O, SiO.sub.x
(wherein 0<x.ltoreq.2), LiSiO, and LiSnO.
[0037] Group 4B elements other than carbon and including at least
one nonmetallic element are required to be able to
electrochemically intercalate and deintercalate lithium. The
charge/discharge capacity is preferably 400 mAh/cm.sup.3 or more,
and more preferably 500 mAh/cm.sup.3 or more. In calculating the
charge/discharge capacity per unit volume, the true specific
gravity of the above-described compound is used.
[0038] The method for preparing the above-described metal capable
of forming an alloy with lithium and the alloy compound of such a
metal is not limited. A mechanical alloying process, a process of
thermally treating mixed material compounds in an inert atmosphere
or a reducing atmosphere, or the like may be employed.
[0039] Intercalation of lithium into the negative electrode active
material comprising a metal capable of forming an alloy with
lithium or an alloy compound of such a metal may occur
electrochemically inside the battery after the battery is formed;
alternatively, lithium may be supplied from the positive electrode
2 or a source other than the positive electrode 2 to be
electrochemically intercalated during and after the battery is
made. Moreover, the raw material may be formed as a
lithium-containing material so as to form the negative electrode 4
containing lithium when the battery is made.
[0040] When a metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium or an
alloy compound of such a metal is used as the negative electrode
active material, the metal or the alloy may or may not be
pulverized.
[0041] When a metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium and an
alloy compound of such a metal are to be pulverized, they only need
to be pulverized to an extent that the maximum particle diameter
thereof is less than a predetermined thickness of the negative
electrode active material layer. There is no limit as to the method
of pulverization. Typically, ball-milling or jet-milling is
employed. The negative electrode active material comprising the
metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium and the alloy
compound of such a metal is preferably pulverized to an average
particle diameter (volume mean particle diameter) of 50 .mu.m or
less and, more preferably, 20 .mu.m or less.
[0042] When a metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium and an
alloy compound of such a metal are not to be pulverized, the
negative electrode active material layer is formed as a solid by a
chemical vapor deposition process, a sputtering process, a hot
pressing, or the like.
[0043] When a carbonaceous material is used as the negative
electrode active material, such as a nongraphitizable carbonaceous
material, carbonized materials obtained by baking a furan resin
made of homopolymers/copolymers of furfuryl alcohol/furfural and
copolymers of furfuryl alcohol/furfural with other resins may be
used. The nongraphitizable carbonaceous material preferably has a
(002) interplanar distance of 0.37 nm or more, a true density of
less than 1.70 g/cm.sup.3, and an exothermic peak of less than
700.degree. C. in a differential thermal analysis (DTA), as its
physical parameters. The nongraphitizable carbonaceous material
which complies with the above physical parameters will make a
negative electrode active material having a large capacity.
[0044] In preparing the nongraphitizable carbonaceous material,
phenol resin, acrylic resin, vinyl halide resin, polyimide resin,
polyamide-imide resin, polyamide resin, conjugated resin such as
polyacetylene or poly(p-phenylene), cellulose and its derivative,
or any polymeric organic compound may be used as the starting
organic material.
[0045] As in the case with the above-described furan resin, the
material prepared by introducing a functional group including
oxygen into a petroleum pitch having a specific H/C atomic ratio so
as to form an oxygen crosslink, does not melt during the process of
carobonization at a temperature of 400.degree. C. or more and makes
the nongraphitizable carbonaceous material into its final
solid-state.
[0046] The petroleum pitch is prepared by chemical
polycondensation, extraction, thermal polycondensation,
distillation (for example, vacuum distillation, atmospheric
distillation, steam distillation), or the like, of coal tar, tars
obtained by the high-temperature decomposition of ethylene bottom
oil, petroleum, or the like, or asphalt. The H/C atomic ratio in
the petroleum pitch is important and is required to be in the range
of 0.6 to 0.8 in order to make nongraphitizable carbon.
[0047] As the method for introducing a functional group including
oxygen into the petroleum pitch, there are, a wet process using an
aqueous solution of nitric acid, the mixed acid, sulfuric acid,
hypochlorous acid, or the like, a dry process using an oxidizing
gas (for example, oxygen), and a method utilizing reactions due to
a solid reagent such as sulfur, ammonium nitrate, ammonium
persulfate, ferric chloride, or the like. The oxygen content in the
petroleum pitch is not limited; however, as disclosed in Japanese
Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. Hei 3-252053, the
content is preferably 3% or more, and more preferably, 5% or more.
By controlling the oxygen content to the above-described range, the
resulting carbonaceous material has a crystal structure having the
aforementioned physical parameters.
[0048] Moreover, the compound containing phosphorous, oxygen, and
carbon as the main components disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open
Patent Application Publication No. Hei 3-137010 exhibits the same
physical parameters as the nongraphitizable carbonaceous material
and can be used as the negative electrode active material.
[0049] Any other organic material can also be used as the starting
material as long as the material can be made into a
nongraphitizable carbon by an oxygen crosslinking and solid phase
carbonization process. There is no limit as to the method of the
oxygen crosslinking.
[0050] In preparing the nongraphitizable carbonaceous material,
after the above-described organic material is carbonized at a
temperature in the range of 300 to 700.degree. C., the temperature
is elevated at a rate of 1 to 100.degree. C. per minute to a target
polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds such as naphthalene, phenanthrene,
anthracene, triphenylene, pyrene, perylene, pentaphene, pentacene,
etc., the derivatives thereof (for example, carboxylic acid,
carboxylic acid anhydride, and carboxylic imide), the mixture
thereof, condensed heterocyclics such as acenaphthylene, indole,
isoindole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine,
carbazole, acridine, phenazine, phenanthridine, etc., and the
derivatives thereof may also be used.
[0051] In preparing the artificial graphite, the above-described
organic material is carbonized at a temperature in the range of 300
to 700.degree. C. in an inert gas such as nitrogen, the temperature
is then elevated at a rate of 1 to 100.degree. C. per minute until
a target temperature in the range of 900 to 1,500.degree. C. is
reached, and is maintained thereat for 0 to 30 hours in order to
perform a heat treatment (that subjected to the process up to this
point is referred to as the graphitizable carbonaceous material).
Next, thermal treatment is performed at a temperature of
2,000.degree. C. or more, preferably, 2,500.degree. C. or more. The
process of carbonization and heat treatment may be omitted in some
instances.
[0052] The resulting artificial graphite is pulverized and
classified to make a negative electrode active material. The
pulverization may be performed before or after carbonization or
heat treatment, or during the elevation of the temperature. The
thermal treatment for graphitization is performed in the pulverized
state, ultimately.
[0053] The true density of the graphite material is preferably 2.1
g/cm.sup.3 or more, and more preferably, 2.18 g/cm.sup.3 or more.
In order to achieve such a true density, a (002) interplanar
distance determined by X-ray diffraction analysis is preferably
less than 0.340 nm and, more preferably, in the range of 0.335 nm
to 0.337 nm. The c-axis crystallite thickness is required to be
14.0 nm or more.
[0054] In order to overcome the degradation of the capacity during
cycling and to achieve a longer cycle life of a battery, the bulk
density, the average value of the shape parameter X (the average
shape parameter X.sub.ave), and specific surface area are
important.
[0055] To be specific, the graphite material preferably has a bulk
density, determined by the method described in Japanese Industrial
Standard (JIS) K-1469, of 0.4 g/cm.sup.3 or more, more preferably,
0.5 g/cm.sup.3 or more, and most preferably 0.6 g/cm.sup.3 or more.
When the negative electrode 4 contains the graphite material having
a bulk density of 0.4 g/cm.sup.3 or more, the negative electrode
material does not separate from the negative electrode active
material layers, thus achieving an improved electrode
configuration. Accordingly, the nonaqueous electrolyte battery
having such a negative electrode has a longer cycle life.
[0056] Preferably, the graphite material having an average value of
the shape parameter X, represented by the formula below, of 125 or
less in addition to satisfying the above-described bulk density, is
used in order to achieve a further increased cycle life.
X=(W/T).times.(L/T)
[0057] X: shape parameter
[0058] T: thickness of the thinnest portion of the particle
[0059] L: length of the particle in the longitudinal direction
[0060] W: length of the particle in a direction perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis
[0061] The shape parameter of the graphite material particles
having the shape of a flat cylinder or rectangle is the product X
obtained by multiplying the value of L divided by T and the value
of W divided by L, wherein T is the thickness of the thinnest
portion of the particle, L is the length in the longitudinal
direction, and W is the length in a direction perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis. If the shape parameter X is smaller, the height
relative to the area of the base is increased and the powder has a
reduced flatness.
[0062] The negative electrode comprising the graphite material
having the bulk density in the above-described range and the
average shape parameter X.sub.ave of 125 or less has an excellent
electrode configuration and achieves a longer cycle life.
[0063] The average shape parameter X.sub.ave is preferably in the
range of 2 to 115, more particularly, in the range of 2 to 100.
[0064] The graphite material preferably has the bulk density and
the average shape parameter X.sub.ave in the above-described
ranges. Moreover, the graphite material preferably has a specific
surface area, determined by a nitrogen-adsorption
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, of 9 m.sup.2/g or less, more
preferably 7 m.sup.2/g or less, and most preferably 5 m.sup.2/g or
less. It is considered that submicron particles adhering to the
graphite particles are causing the bulk density to decrease. When
the particles adhere, the specific surface area is increased.
Accordingly, a higher bulk density is achieved if the graphite
material having a smaller specific surface is used, even when the
particle sizes are comparable. Thus, the nonaqueous electrolyte
battery comprising the negative electrode 4 containing such a
graphite material has improved cycle characteristics.
[0065] Preferably, in a particle size distribution determined by a
laser diffraction analysis, the graphite material has a 10%
cumulative particle diameter of 3 .mu.m or more, a 50% cumulative
particle diameter of 10 .mu.m or more, and a 90% cumulative
particle diameter of 70 .mu.m or less. Initial failures of the
nonaqueous electrolyte battery are significantly reduced when the
90% cumulative particle diameter is 60 .mu.m or less.
[0066] When the particle size has a range of values, it becomes
possible to efficiently fill the electrode with the graphite
material. Preferably, the particle size distribution coincides with
a normal distribution. When the distribution number of the
particles having smaller diameters is increased, the exothermic
temperature generated from an abnormal situation such as overcharge
may be elevated. In contrast, when the distribution number of the
particles having larger diameters is increased, failures such as
short circuits may occur inside the battery at the time of initial
charging. This is because when lithium is intercalated into the
graphite layers constituting the negative electrode during
charging, the size of crystallites of the graphite are expanded by
approximately 10%, causing the negative electrode to press against
the positive electrode 2 and the separator 5.
[0067] Accordingly, by using a graphite material having a
well-balanced particle size distribution of small to large
diameters, highly reliable batteries can be manufactured.
[0068] Preferably, the average fracture strength of the graphite
particles is 6 kgf/mm.sup.2 or more. Generally, in graphite
materials having a high crystallinity, graphite hexagonal net faces
are developed in the direction of the a axis and are stacked to
make crystallites in the c axis. The bonds between the carbon
hexagonal faces are yielded by van der Waals forces, are weak, and
easily suffer from deformations due to stresses. Accordingly, when
the graphite material is press-formed to make the electrode, the
graphite material is more likely to suffer from fractures than a
carbonaceous material formed by a low-temperature heat treatment,
and it is difficult to secure open pores. Since the nonaqueous
electrolyte is held in the open pores, an increase in the number of
open pores results in an increase in the amount of the electrolyte.
Thus, diffusion of ions in the electrode is smooth, improving the
discharge characteristics.
[0069] Preferably, a pulverized and classified graphitized molded
material formed by thermally treating and graphitizing a molded
carbonaceous material is used as the negative electrode active
material. The molded graphitized material has a higher bulk density
and higher fracture strength compared to the above-described
graphite material.
[0070] The molded graphitized material is formed by mixing coke,
which is used as a filler, and binder pitch, which is used as a
binder or sintering agent, so as to carbonize the binder pitch,
impregnating the carbonized binder pitch with a pitch to perform
carbonization, and further performing graphitization.
Alternatively, the filler itself may be a material having
bondability and sinterability. The same molded graphitized material
can still be obtained.
[0071] When coke, which is used as a filler, and binder pitch are
used, the resulting substance after the graphitization exhibits a
polycrystalline structure. Furthermore, because elements such as
sulfur and nitrogen contained therein are gasified and emitted
during the thermal treatment, the passages thereof form micro
pores. As a consequence, lithium doping/undoping at the negative
electrode material is promoted. There is also a commercial
advantage of high process efficiencies.
[0072] The graphitizable material is formed using the same starting
materials as those of the above-described artificial graphite.
During the carbonization, the coal and the pitch, existing as a
liquid at a temperature of approximately 400.degree. C. at the
most, are kept at that temperature so that aromatic rings are
condensed to be polycyclic and are aligned. Subsequently, when the
temperature reaches 500.degree. C. or more, a solid
carbon-precursor, that is, semicoke, is formed. This process is a
typical process for making graphitizable carbon and is called a
liquid-phase carbonization process.
[0073] As the metal oxide, it is preferable to use an oxide
containing a transition metal. Crystallized or amorphous compounds
primarily containing iron oxide, ruthenium oxide, molybdenum oxide,
tungsten oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, silicon oxide, or the
like may be used as such an oxide. It is especially preferable to
use a compound having a charge/discharge potential similar to that
of metallic lithium.
[0074] The positive electrode is prepared by forming positive
electrode active material layers containing a positive electrode
active material on the surfaces of a positive electrode collector.
The positive electrode collector is composed of, for example, an
aluminum foil.
[0075] As the positive electrode active material, a lithium-based
metal oxide, an intercalation compound containing lithium, or the
like may be used. More specifically, it is preferable to use a
composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal
represented by the general formula LiM.sub.xO.sub.y, wherein M
includes at least one of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Al, V, and Ti).
[0076] The positive electrode in a charged state preferably
contains lithium at an amount corresponding to the charge/discharge
capacity of 250 mAh or more, more preferably 300 mAh or more, per
gram of the negative electrode carbonaceous material after
undergoing a charge/discharge cycle for approximately five times.
Alternatively, lithium may be supplied from sources other than
positive electrode, typically from the electrolyte. It is
sufficient if there is lithium at an amount corresponding to a
charge/discharge capacity of 250 mAh or more per gram of the
negative electrode carbonaceous material in the entire battery
system. It should be noted here that the amount of lithium is
determined based on the discharge capacity of the nonaqueous
electrolyte battery.
[0077] Although the present invention is described above in terms
of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery using the liquid nonaqueous
electrolyte, the scope of invention is not limited to this. A gel
electrolyte prepared by gelifying the above-described nonaqueous
electrolyte using gelatinizer, a solid polymer electrolyte prepared
by dissolving or mixing an electrolyte salt into a polymer matrix,
or a polymer gel electrolyte prepared by stabilizing the
above-described nonaqueous electrolyte in a polymer matrix may be
used in the nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
[0078] In the liquid electrolyte, the nonaqueous solvent contains a
high-dielectric-coefficient solvent highly capable of dissolving an
electrolyte salt as the main solvent and a low-viscosity solvent
highly capable of transferring electrolyte ions as the
additive.
[0079] Examples of the high-dielectric-coefficient solvents are
propylene carbonate (hereinafter referred to as "PC"), ethylene
carbonate (hereinafter referred to as "EC"), butylene carbonate
(hereinafter referred to as "BC"), vinylene carbonate (hereinafter
referred to as "VC"), sulfolanes, butyrolactones, and
valerolactones. Examples of the low-viscosity solvents are
symmetrical and asymmetrical chain carbonic esters such as diethyl
carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (hereinafter referred to as "DMC"),
methylethyl carbonate, and methylpropyl carbonate; carboxylate
ester such as methyl propionate and ethyl propionate; and
phosphoester such as trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate.
These nonaqueous solvents may be used alone or in combination.
[0080] It should be noted that when PC is used as the main solvent
of the nonaqueous solvent in combination with graphite as the
negative electrode active material, the PC may be decomposed by the
graphite and, as a consequence, the capacity of the nonaqueous
electrolyte battery may be degraded. Accordingly, when graphite is
used as the negative electrode active material, the type of EC
which withstands the decomposition by graphite or an EC compound in
which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with at least one
halogen atom may be used as the main solvent of the nonaqueous
solvent.
[0081] More preferably, a portion of the EC which withstands the
decomposition by graphite or a compound with at least one halogen
atom replacing at least one hydrogen atom may be replaced by a
second component solvent. In this manner, the nonaqueous
electrolyte battery exhibits further superior characteristics.
[0082] Examples of second component solvents are PC, BC, VC,
1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, .gamma.-butyrolactone,
valerolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran,
1,3-dioxolane, 4-methy-1,3-dioxolane, and sulfolane,
methylsulfolane. It is especially preferable to use a carbonic
ester based solvent such as PC, BC, VC, or the like at an amount of
40 percent by volume or less and more preferably 20 percent by
volume or less.
[0083] There is no limit imposed as to the types of electrolyte
salts as long as the electrolyte salt is a lithium salt exhibiting
ion conductivity. Examples are LiClO.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6,
LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiB(C.sub.6H.sub.5).sub.4,
CH.sub.3SO.sub.3Li, CF.sub.3SO.sub.3Li,
LiN(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2, LiC(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).su- b.3, LiCl,
and LiBr. These electrolyte salts may be used alone or in
combination.
[0084] When the gel electrolyte or the polymer gel electrolyte is
used as the nonaqueous electrolyte, poly(vinylidene fluoride),
copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene,
polyamides, aromatic polyamides, polyolefins, polyesters,
polycarbonates, polyimides, poly(met)acrylates, polyacrylonitrile,
or the like may be used as the gelatinizer or as the polymer
material for stabilizing the nonaqueous electrolyte.
[0085] It should be noted that although the present invention is
described in terms of a cylindrical nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery as shown in FIG. 1, the shape of the nonaqueous
electrolyte secondary battery is not limited to this and may be
square-shaped, laminate-shaped, card-shaped, etc.
EXAMPLES
[0086] The present invention is described below by way of examples.
A plurality of lithium-ion secondary batteries were prepared as the
examples and as the comparative examples of the nonaqueous
electrolyte secondary batteries.
EXPERIMENT 1
[0087] In Experiment 1, liquid nonaqueous electrolytes containing
various types of organic compounds were prepared to examine the
differences in battery characteristics according to the types of
the organic compounds added.
Example 1
[0088] Preparation of Negative Electrode
[0089] A graphitized-material powder was prepared as a negative
electrode active material.
[0090] First, 30 parts by weight of a coal-tar-based pitch as a
binder was added to 100 parts by weight of a coal-based coke as a
filler. After mixing at a temperature of approximately 100.degree.
C., the mixture was press-formed using a press so as to make a
precursor of a molded carbonaceous material.
[0091] The resulting precursor was then thermally-treated at a
temperature of 1,000.degree. C. or less to form a molded
carbonaceous material.
[0092] The molded carbonaceous material was impregnated with a melt
of binder pitch at a temperature of 200.degree. C. or less and was
then thermally treated at a temperature of 1,000.degree. C. or
less. This pitch-impregnation/baking process is repeated several
times. Subsequently, the molded carbonaceous material was thermally
treated in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 2,800.degree. C.
so as to form a molded graphitized material. The molded graphitized
material was pulverized and classified to make a
graphitized-material powder.
[0093] The graphitized-material powder was subjected to an X-ray
diffraction analysis. The results showed that the interplanar
distance of the (002) plane was 0.337 nm and the thickness of the
c-axis crystallite calculated from the (002) diffraction lines was
50.0 nm. The true density obtained by using a pycnometer was 2.23
g/cm.sup.3, and the bulk density obtained by a method described in
JIS K-1469 was 0.83 g/cm.sup.3. The average shape parameter
X.sub.ave was 31.2 .mu.m average diameter. The specific surface
area measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method was 4.4
m.sup.2/g. The average particle diameter in the particle size
distribution determined by a laser diffraction method was 31.2
.mu.m, the 10% cumulative grain diameter was 12.3 .mu.m, the 50%
cumulative grain diameter was 29.5 .mu.m, the 90% cumulative grain
diameter was 53.7 .mu.m, and the mean value of the fracture
strength of the graphite particles was 7.1 kgf/mm.sup.2. The bulk
density and the average shape parameter X.sub.ave were determined
as follows.
[0094] Method for Determining Bulk Density
[0095] The bulk density was determined by the method described in
JIS K-1469. To be specific, a sample powder of a
molded-graphitized-material powder was gradually put into a
measuring cylinder having a capacity of 100 g/cm.sup.3. The mass of
the cylinder had been determined in advance. The mass of the
measuring cylinder and the sample powder was determined as a whole
with an accuracy of 0.1 g and the mass of the measuring cylinder
was subtracted therefrom so as to determine the mass (M) of the
powder sample. The measuring cylinder containing the sample powder
was corked and dropped 50 times onto a rubber plate from a height
of 5 cm so as to compress the sample powder contained in the
measuring cylinder. The volume (V) of the compressed sample powder
was then determined. The bulk density (g/cm.sup.3) is calculated
according to the formula below.
[0096] D=M/V
[0097] D: bulk density (g/cm.sup.3)
[0098] M: mass (g) of the sample powder in the measuring
cylinder
[0099] V: volume (cm.sup.3) of the sample powder in the measuring
cylinder after dropping 50 times
[0100] Average Shape Parameter X.sub.ave
[0101] The average shape parameter X.sub.ave, that is, the average
of the shape parameter X, was obtained as follows. First, a sample
powder of the graphite material was examined using a scanning
electron microscope and ten particles having the length in the
longitudinal axis of .+-.30% of the average grain diameter
determined by using a grain size distribution measuring apparatus
such as laser diffraction method were selected. The thickness (T)
of the thickest portion, the length (L) in the longitudinal
direction, and the length (W) in the direction orthogonal to the
longitudinal direction were determined for each of the selected
particles, the shape parameter X was calculated using the formula
below, and the average value thereof was calculated to obtain the
average shape parameter X.sub.ave.
X=(W/T).times.(L/T)
[0102] X: shape parameter
[0103] T: the thickness of the thickest portion of the particle
[0104] L: the length in the longitudinal direction of the
particle
[0105] W: the length in the direction orthogonal to the
longitudinal direction of the particle
[0106] Next, 90 parts by weight of a molded-graphitized-material
powder as the negative electrode active material was mixed with 10
parts by weight of poly(vinylidene fluoride) as the binder to
prepare a negative electrode mixture. The mixture was dispersed
into N-methylpyrrolidone to make a negative electrode mixture
slurry. The negative electrode mixture slurry was evenly applied
onto both surfaces of a copper foil which is used as a negative
electrode collector and has a thickness of 10 .mu.m, was dried, was
press-formed at a predetermined pressure, and was slit so as to
form a sheet-shaped negative electrode.
[0107] Preparation of Positive Electrode
[0108] A mixture of lithium carbonate 0.5 molar and cobalt
carbonate 1 molar was sintered in air at a temperature of
900.degree. C. for five hours so as to synthesize LiCoO.sub.2 to be
used as a positive electrode active material. The resulting
substance was subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysis and it was
confirmed that the results coincided with the data of LiCoO.sub.2
registered in JCPDS file. Then LiCoO.sub.2 was pulverized to make a
LiCoO.sub.2 powder. The LiCoO.sub.2 powder was also pulverized so
that the 50% cumulative particle diameter thereof was 15 .mu.m in
the grain size distribution determined by a laser diffraction
method.
[0109] 95 parts by weight of LiCoO.sub.2 powder and 5 parts by
weight of lithium carbonate powder were mixed to make a mixture
powder. 91 parts by weight of the mixture powder, 6 parts by weight
of the graphite flakes as a conductant agent, and 3 parts by weight
of poly(vinylidene fluoride) as a binder were mixed to prepare a
positive electrode mixture. The positive electrode mixture was then
dispersed into N-methylpyrrolidone to make a positive electrode
mixture slurry. The positive electrode mixture slurry was evenly
applied onto both surfaces of an aluminum foil which is used as a
positive electrode collector and has a thickness of 20 .mu.m, was
dried, was press-formed at a predetermined pressure, and was slit
so as to form a sheet-shaped positive electrode.
[0110] Preparation of Nonaqueous Electrolyte Liquid
[0111] 2 percent by weight of thiophenol of Chemical Formula 1 was
added as thiols to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC.
Then LiPF.sub.6 was dissolved at a proportion of 1.5 mol/l to
prepare a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid. 1
[0112] The negative electrode sheet and the positive electrode
sheet formed as in the above were stacked with a separator composed
of a microporous polypropylene film having a thickness of 25 .mu.m
therebetween in the order of the negative electrode, the separator,
the positive electrode, and the separator. The stack was rolled a
number of times so as to form spirally-wound electrodes having an
outer diameter of 18 mm.
[0113] The spirally-wound electrodes were then inserted into an
iron battery case plated with nickel. Insulation plates were
provided on the top face and the bottom face of the spirally-wound
electrodes. A nickel negative electrode lead was led out from the
negative electrode collector and was welded to the battery case.
The battery case connected with the negative electrode functions as
an external negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery. An aluminum positive electrode lead was led out
from the positive electrode collector and was welded to a battery
lid with a current blocking plate for blocking electronic current
in response to the battery-inner-voltage therebetween. The battery
lid connected with the positive electrode functions as an external
positive electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary
battery.
[0114] After filling the battery case with the nonaqueous
electrolyte liquid prepared as above, the battery lid was fixed by
caulking the battery case through a sealing gasket on which asphalt
is applied.
[0115] It is to be noted that in the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery, center pins for forming connections with the
negative electrode lead and the positive electrode lead are
provided. Moreover, a safety valve for releasing inner gas when the
pressure inside the battery became higher than a preset value and a
PTC element for preventing temperature elevation inside the battery
were provided.
[0116] Thus, the cylindrical nonaqueous electrolyte secondary
battery having a diameter of 18 mm and height of 65 mm was
formed.
Example 2
[0117] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 4-t-butyl-1,2,-benzenethiol shown
in Chemical Formula 2 to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and
DMC as an aromatic thiol and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion
of 1.5 mol/l was used. 2
Example 3
[0118] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 4-methylsulfonylacetophenone shown
in Chemical Formula 3 to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and
DMC as an aromatic sulfone and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a
proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used. 3
Example 4
[0119] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of ethyl difluoromethylthioacetate as
a thioacetate to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC as an
aromatic thiol and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of 1.5
mol/l was used.
Example 5
[0120] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of phenyl thioacetate to an
equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC as a thioacetate and
dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
Example 6
[0121] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene shown
in Chemical Formula 4 to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and
DMC as a thiophene and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of 1.5
mol/l was used. 4
Example 7
[0122] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 1,2-benzisothiazole shown in
Chemical Formula 5 to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC
as a thiazole and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of 1.5
mol/l was used. 5
Example 8
[0123] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 4-methylthioacetophenone shown in
Chemical Formula 6 to an equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC
as a thianisole and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of 1.5
mol/l was used. 6
Comparative Example 1
[0124] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of 1.5 mol/l in an
equivolume mixture solvent of EC and DMC without adding anything
else was used.
Comparative Example 2
[0125] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of diethylsulfon to an equivolume
solvent mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a
proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
Comparative Example 3
[0126] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of ethylmethylsulfon to an equivolume
solvent mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a
proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
Comparative Example 4
[0127] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of ethylene glycol sulfite to an
equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6
at a proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
Comparative Example 5
[0128] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of methylphenylsulfite to an
equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6
at a proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
Comparative Example 6
[0129] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 1,3-propanesultone to an
equivolume solvent mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6
at a proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
Comparative Example 7
[0130] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of sulfolane to an equivolume solvent
mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a proportion of
1.5 mol/l was used.
Comparative Example 8
[0131] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 1 except that a nonaqueous electrolyte liquid prepared
by adding 2 percent by weight of 3-methylsulfolane to an equivolume
solvent mixture of EC and DMC and dissolving LiPf.sub.6 at a
proportion of 1.5 mol/l was used.
[0132] The thus prepared Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1
to 8 of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries were subjected
to a constant-current charge at a charging voltage of 1.0 A to a
limited voltage of 4.2 V. After reaching 4.2 V, a constant-voltage
charge was performed. Subsequently, a constant-current discharge
was performed at a discharging current of 1.0 A to a terminal
voltage of 3.0 V in order to determine the initial capacity. Charge
and discharge were repetitively performed under the above-described
conditions and a discharge capacity after 200 cycles was measured
so as to determine the rate of capacity retention, which is the
ratio of the capacity after 200 cycles to the initial capacity.
[0133] The initial capacity and the rate of capacity retention of
the batteries as well as the types of organic compounds added to
the nonaqueous electrolytes are shown in Table 1.
1 TABLE 1 Content Rate of Capacity Organic Sulfur Compound (wt. %)
initial Capacity retention (%) Example 1 thiophenol 2 1802 90
Example 2 4-t-butyl-1,2-benzenethiol 2 1803 90 Example 3
4-methylsulfonylacetophenone 2 1800 90 Example 4 ethyl
diofluoromethylthioacetate 2 1801 92 Example 5 phenyl thioacetate 2
1804 91 Example 6 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene 2 1806 92 Example 7
1,2-benzisothiazole 2 1804 91 Example 8 4-methylthioacetophenone 2
1802 90 Comparative NONE 0 1720 71 Example 1 Comparative
diethylsulfon 2 1733 74 Example 2 Comparative ethylmethylsulfon 2
1732 74 Example 3 Comparative ethylene glycol sulfite 2 1740 75
Example 4 Comparative methylphenylsulfite 2 1738 74 Example 5
Comparative 1,3-propanesultone 2 1748 76 Example 6 Comparative
sulfolane 2 1724 72 Example 7 Comparative 3-methylsulfolane 2 1728
72 Example 8
[0134] As is apparent from Table 1, Examples 1 to 8 of the
nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries to which at least one of
thiols, thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and their derivatives was added, had a high initial
capacity exceeding 1,800 mAh and an improved rate of capacity
retention of approximately 90%.
[0135] In contrast, Comparative Example 1 which does not include
any of thiols, thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates,
aromatic sulfones, or their derivatives, had a low initial capacity
and a poor rate of capacity retention.
[0136] Comparative Examples 2 to 8 of the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary batteries which contains sulfur but none of thiols,
thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and their derivatives, had a low initial capacity of
1,740 mAh or less and a poor rate of capacity retention of less
than 80%.
[0137] In view of the above results, by adding at least one of
thiols, thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and their derivatives to the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery, the capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery is significantly improved during cycling, thereby
achieving a longer cycle life.
EXPERIMENT 2
[0138] In Experiment 2, an amount of at least one of thiols,
thiophenes, thioanisoles, thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic
sulfones, and their derivatives added to a nonaqueous electrolyte
was varied to examine the differences in initial capacity and rate
of capacity retention of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary
battery.
Example 9
[0139] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 6 except that the content of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene
was 0.03 percent by weight.
Example 10
[0140] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 6 except that the content of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene
was 0.05 percent by weight.
Example 11
[0141] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 6 except that the content of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene
was 10 percent by weight.
Example 12
[0142] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared as
in Example 6 except that the content of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene
was 12 percent by weight.
[0143] The initial capacities and the rates of capacity retention
of the thus prepared Examples 9 to 12 of the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary batteries were determined by the same above-described
method. The initial capacities and the rates of capacity retention
are shown in Table 2 as well as the contents of the
2-methoxycarbonylthiophene.
2 TABLE 2 Content Rate of Capacity Organic Sulfur Compound (wt. %)
Initial Capacity retention (%) Example 9 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene
0.03 1745 75 Example 10 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene 0.05 1803 88
Example 11 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene 10 1802 89 Example 12
2-methoxycarbonylthiophene 12 1730 73
[0144] Comparing Examples 9 and 10, Example 10 containing 0.05
percent by weight of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene had a higher
initial capacity and a higher rate of capacity retention than did
Example 9 containing less than 0.05 weight percent of the same.
Comparing Examples 11 and 12, Example 11 containing 10 percent by
weight of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene had a higher initial capacity
and a higher rate of capacity retention than did Example 12
containing more than 10 of the same.
Example 13
[0145] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a
nonaqueous electrolyte containing 4-methylthioacetophenone was
prepared as in Example 3 except that 45 parts by weight of a
molded-graphitized-material powder made as in Example 1, 45 parts
by weight of Mg.sub.2Si which is an alloy compound capable of
forming an alloy with lithium, and 10 parts by weight of
poly(vinylidene fluoride) as a binder were mixed to make a negative
electrode mixture.
Comparative Example 9
[0146] A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a
nonaqueous electrolyte not containing even a trace of organic
sulfur compound such as 4-methylthioacetophenone was prepared as in
Comparative Example 1 except that a negative electrode mixture was
prepared as in Example 13.
[0147] The initial capacity and the rates of capacity retention of
the thus prepared Example 13 and the Comparative Example 9 of the
nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries were determined by the
same process as the above. The determined initial capacities and
the rates of capacity retention are shown in Table 3.
3 TABLE 3 Content Rate of Capacity Organic Sulfur Compound (wt. %)
Initial Capacity retention (%) Example 13 4-methylthioacetophenone
2 2100 70 Comparative None 0 2010 63 Example 9
[0148] It is apparent from Table 3 that Example 13 of the
nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing an aromatic
sulfone in the nonaqueous electrolyte liquid has a significantly
high initial capacity and a superior rate of capacity
retention.
[0149] It is apparent from the above results that by setting the
content of thiophene in the range of 0.05 percent by weight to 10
percent by weight, the capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte
secondary battery after cycling is significantly improved,
achieving a longer cycle life. The same effects can be achieved by
setting the content of at least one of thiols, thioanisole,
thiazole, thioacetates, aromatic sulfones, and the derivatives
thereof in the range of 0.03 percent by weight to 10 percent by
weight.
[0150] As described above, the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of
the present invention comprising a nonaqueous electrolyte
containing at least one of thiols, thiophenes, thioanisoles,
thiazoles, thioacetates, aromatic sulfones, and the derivatives
thereof has a longer cycle life since the capacity after cycling is
significantly improved. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary
battery of the present invention contributes to significant
improvements of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
* * * * *