U.S. patent application number 11/128508 was filed with the patent office on 2005-09-15 for interleukin-2 mutants with reduced toxicity.
This patent application is currently assigned to University of Southern California. Invention is credited to Epstein, Alan L., Hu, Peisheng.
Application Number | 20050201979 11/128508 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23210934 |
Filed Date | 2005-09-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050201979 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Epstein, Alan L. ; et
al. |
September 15, 2005 |
Interleukin-2 mutants with reduced toxicity
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) mutants having reduced toxicity, which
include full-length IL-2, truncated forms of IL-2 and forms of IL-2
that are linked to another molecule are disclosed herein.
Particular substitutions within IL-2, particularly within the
permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2 achieve substantial
reduction of vasopermeability activity as compared to a wildtype
form of the mutant IL-2 while retaining many of the immune
activating properties of IL-2. Invention IL-2 mutants can be used
to stimulate the immune system of an animal and may be used in the
treatment of various disorders and conditions.
Inventors: |
Epstein, Alan L.; (La
Canada, CA) ; Hu, Peisheng; (Covina, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FOLEY & LARDNER
P.O. BOX 80278
SAN DIEGO
CA
92138-0278
US
|
Assignee: |
University of Southern
California
|
Family ID: |
23210934 |
Appl. No.: |
11/128508 |
Filed: |
May 12, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11128508 |
May 12, 2005 |
|
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10218197 |
Aug 12, 2002 |
|
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60312326 |
Aug 13, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/85.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 31/18 20180101;
A61P 37/00 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 37/04 20180101; C07K
14/55 20130101; Y10S 514/885 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/085.2 |
International
Class: |
A61K 038/20 |
Claims
That which is claimed is:
1. A method for stimulating the immune system of a subject in need
thereof, said method comprising administering an effective amount
of an interleukin-2 (IL-2) mutant to said subject, said mutant
comprising a at least one mutation in the permeability enhancing
peptide region of IL-2, said mutant characterized by substantially
reduced vasopermeability activity and substantially similar binding
affinity for an IL-2 receptor compared to a wildtype form of the
IL-2 mutant.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mutant further comprises a
mutation outside the permeability enhancing peptide region of
IL-2.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said IL-2 mutant is derived from
human IL-2.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said mutation comprises a
substitution of one or more non-wildtype amino acid residues
located in position 22-58 of IL-2.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein said IL-2 mutant comprises a
substitution of a non wildtype amino acid residue at any one or
more of amino acids positions 38, 39, 42, or 55 of IL-2, wherein
said non-wildtype residue at position 38 is not alanine or
glutamine while said non-wildtype residue at position 42 is not
lysine.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein said IL-2 mutant is selected from
the group consisting W.sub.38, G.sub.38, Y.sub.38, L.sub.39,
K.sub.42 and Y.sub.55.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein said IL-2 mutant is selected from
the group consisting of W.sub.38R.sub.88, G.sub.38 R.sub.88,
Y.sub.38 R.sub.88, L.sub.39 R.sub.88, K.sub.42 R.sub.88 and
Y.sub.55 R.sub.88.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein said mutant further comprises a
mutation at one or more of positions 1-21 or 59-133 of IL-2.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said mutation results in a lysine
at position 88.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject has cancer.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said cancer is renal cell
carcinoma or melanoma.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject suffers from an
immune deficiency.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said immune deficiency results
from a human immunodeficiency virus.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the immune deficiency results
from chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject suffers from an
autoimmune disorder.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject suffers from
chronic infection.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said IL-2 mutant is administered
in combination with a therapeutic agent.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein said IL-2 mutant is administered
as a component of a vaccine.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/218,197, filed Aug. 12, 2002, which is a non-Provisional of
U.S. Application 60/312,326, filed Aug. 13, 2001, from each of
which priority is claimed, and each of which is fully incorporated
by reference in their entirety, including any figures, tables, and
drawings.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to the use of interleukin-2
(IL-2) as an immunotherapeutic agent and to IL-2 mutants that
exhibit reduced vasopermeability and reduced toxicity compared to
native IL-2.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Cytokines play a. role in the growth and differentiation of
all cells in the body but are especially important to cells of the
immune system. A category of cytokines are called interleukins, of
which 18 have been identified thus far. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an
important cytokine for the regulation of T-cell function in the
immune system. Because of its important involvement in both the
cellular and humoral arms of the immune system, IL-2 has been
investigated extensively for a potential role in the treatment of
disease. Although the primary function of IL-2 is to stimulate the
growth and proliferation of T lymphocytes, IL-2 is also known to
have diverse stimulatory effects on a variety of immune cells,
including natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer
(LAK) cells, monocytes, and macrophages. In regulating the immune
system, IL-2 also may trigger the production of secondary
cytokines, such as interferons and TNF-.alpha., to further
stimulate an immune response. Interferons, interleukins and
TNF-.alpha. can be made in mass quantities through recombinant
techniques for therapeutic applications.
[0004] IL-2 administration is a therapeutic treatment in cancer and
other diseases. For example, IL-2 is approved for the treatment of
metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. In this setting,
intravenous IL-2 produces a 20% rate of remission. However the
efficacy of IL-2 has been restricted by the relatively severe
toxicities associated with therapeutic dosages. The native, form of
IL-2 exhibits toxic side effects that may include myocardial
infarction, renal failure requiring dialysis, fluid retention,
nausea and neuropathy. In addition, IL-2 administration is
associated with generalized inflammatory changes which include the
development of dose limiting capillary leak syndrome. The short
half-life of i.v. administered IL-2 (about 22 minutes) requires the
higher dosing that leads to toxicity.
[0005] Attempts to reduce the unwanted toxicity associated with the
therapeutic use of IL-2 have focused on increasing the half-life of
the molecule. This has been achieved by increasing the molecular
size by linking IL-2 to another molecule such as a protein or
polymer, or by linking IL-2 to a targeting molecule such as an
antibody. Attempts to direct IL-2 to the site of disease by a
targeting molecule have been somewhat effective and have resulted
in increased levels of therapeutic efficacy, including control of
malignant effusions, prevention of the growth of established
tumors, and even a reduction in the size of established tumors.
However, such approaches cannot be used in all anatomic locations
and are not applicable to disseminated disease.
[0006] IL-2 molecules that have a mutated amino acid sequence
through substitution of amino acid residues present in the wildtype
IL-2 molecule have been reported to have reduced toxicity. However,
such mutants are associated with altered biological function such
as reduced binding affinity to forms of the IL-2 cellular receptor
and altered cytokine functions, including T cell stimulation, LAK
or natural killer cell activation, or secondary cytokine
production. Therefore, there remains a need in the art for a low
toxicity variant of IL-2 to minimize toxicities associated with
treatment.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In accordance with the present invention, novel IL-2 mutants
with reduced toxicity as compared to native IL-2 are presented.
Such mutants are characterized by substantially reduced
vasopermeability activity and substantially similar binding
affinity for an IL-2 receptor compared to a wildtype form of the
IL-2 mutant. By reducing the vasopermeability activity of the IL-2,
the present invention meets the need in the art for a low toxicity
variant of IL-2 that avoids toxic side effects such as vascular
leak syndrome. Thus, in one aspect of the present invention, the
IL-2 mutant can be used to stimulate the immune system of an animal
to achieve maximal therapeutic benefit with reduced side
effects.
[0008] Invention IL-2 mutants comprise at least one mutation in the
permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2. In one embodiment,
the IL-2 mutant is derived from human IL-2. In another embodiment,
the IL-2 mutant comprises one or more non-wildtype amino acid
residues located at positions 22-58 of IL-2. Preferred
substitutions include W.sub.38, G.sub.38, Y.sub.38, L.sub.39,
K.sub.42 and Y.sub.55. The invention IL-2 mutants may be full
length IL-2 or fragments of IL-2 and may be linked to another
molecule. The above IL-2 mutants also may include select mutations
outside the permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2.
[0009] Also provided is a method for identifying interleukin-2
(IL-2) mutants with reduced toxicity, the method comprising
assaying IL-2 mutants comprising a mutation in the permeability
enhancing peptide region of IL-2 for vasopermeability activity and
for binding affinity for an IL-2 receptor, the mutants with reduced
toxicity characterized by substantially reduced vasopermeability
and similar binding affinity for an IL-2 receptor as compared to a
wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant.
[0010] Further provided is a method of producing a low toxicity
IL-2 in a form suitable for administration in vivo, the method
comprising:
[0011] a) obtaining a mutant IL-2 characterized by substantially
reduced vasopermeability activity and substantially similar binding
affinity for an IL-2 receptor compared to a wildtype form of the
IL-2 mutant; and
[0012] b) formulating the mutant IL-2 with at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, whereby a preparation of low
toxicity IL-2 is formulated for administration in vivo.
[0013] Still further provided is method for stimulating the immune
system of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising
administering an effective amount of an interleukin-2 (IL-2) mutant
to the subject, the mutant comprising a mutation in the
permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2, the mutant
characterized by substantially reduced vasopermeability activity
and substantially similar binding affinity for an IL-2 receptor
compared to a wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant. Such mutants can be
used as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancers such
as renal cell carcinoma or melanoma, in the treatment of immune
deficiencies such as from viral infection including infection by an
immunodeficiency virus, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, or
in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] These and other features, aspect, and advantages of the
present invention will become better understood with regard to the
detailed description, claims and figures provided herein.
[0015] FIG. 1 is a schematic of the IL-2 molecule demonstrating the
location of the cytokine (shown as solid; approximately amino acids
40-70, and at approximately amino acids 90-116) and
vasopermeability (shown as stippled; amino acids 22-58)
activities.
[0016] FIG. 2 is a schematic showing the nucleotide sequence (SEQ
ID NO:1) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of a linker within
the bordering sequence of human IgG1 heavy chain and human IL-2
that make up a chimeric antibody (chTNT-3 heavy chain)/IL-2 fusion
protein).
[0017] FIG. 3 shows SDS-PAGE analysis (10% polyacrylamide
tris-glycine reduced gel) of chTNT-3 antibody, chTNT-3/native IL-2
fusion protein and chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins. The gel was
stained with Coomassie Blue. Samples are as follows: biotinylated
chTNT-3 (lane 1), chTNT-3/IL-2 (lane 2), chTNT-3/D20K (lane 3),
chTNT-3/R38G(lane 4), chTNT-3/R38W (lane 5), chTNT-3/M39V (lane 6),
chTNT-3/M39L (lane 7), chTNT-3/F42K (lane 8), chTNT-3/H55Y (lane
9), and molecular weight markers (lane 10).
[0018] FIGS. 4A-4C profile secondary cytokine secretion by
stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated with
chTNT-3 antibody, chTNT-3/native IL-2, or chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant
fusion proteins in serum free media. Cytokine levels representative
for the two PBMC donors were determined by indirect ELISA of
culture media for the days of culture indicated. FIG. 4A represents
interleukin-1.beta. (IL-1.beta.) production. FIG. 4B represents
interferon-.gamma. (IFN-.gamma.) production. FIG. 4C represents
tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF-.alpha.) production.
[0019] FIGS. 5A-5C depict lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell
activity generated by activation of PBMC with chTNT-3 antibody
alone, recombinant human IL-2 alone (rhulL-2), chTNT-3/native IL-2
fusion protein, or chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins. LAK
activity was determined by four hour cytotoxicity activity against
Daudi lymphoma cells. FIG. 5A depicts the R38 mutants. FIG. 5B
depicts the M39 mutants. FIG. 5C depicts the D20, F42, and H55
mutants.
[0020] FIGS. 6A-6B show tumor therapy using various antibody-IL-2
fusion constructs. FIG. 6A shows mice receiving chTNT-3/IL-2 (5-20
.mu.g) as compared to no treatment. FIG. 6B shows mice receiving
chTNT-3/IL-2 (5-50 .mu.g) as compared to no treatment.
[0021] FIGS. 7A-7B show tumor therapy using various antibody-IL-2
fusion constructs. FIG. 7A shows mice receiving chTNT-3/R38W
protein (5-20 .mu.g) as compared to no treatment. FIG. 7B shows
mice receiving chTNT-3/R38W protein (20-50 .mu.g) as compared to no
treatment.
[0022] FIGS. 8 shows tumor therapy using chTNT-3/N88R protein (5-50
.mu.g) as compared to no treatment.
[0023] FIG. 9 shows the amino acid sequence of full length native
human IL-2 (SEQ ID NO:3).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided
a method for identifying IL-2 mutants with reduced toxicity, said
method comprising assaying IL-2 mutants comprising a mutation in
the permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2 for
vasopermeability activity and for binding affinity for an IL-2
receptor, said mutants with reduced toxicity characterized by
substantially reduced vasopermeability and similar binding affinity
for an IL-2 receptor as compared to a wildtype form of the IL-2
mutant. In one embodiment, the mutation comprises a substitution in
at least one non-wildtype amino acids residue located in the
permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2.
[0025] As shown in FIG. 9, mature, native human IL-2 has a 133
amino acid sequence. As used herein, the permeability enhancing
peptide region for human IL-2 represents residues 22 to 58 (see
U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,319).
[0026] Vasopermeability activity as seen in FIG. 1 maps to a region
of the IL-2 that partly overlaps the amino acids believed to be
responsible for IL-2's cytokine activity (residues 40-70 and
90-116) (LeBerthon et al., Cancer Res. 51:2694, 1991; Cotran et
al., J. Immunol. 140:1883, 1988). Mutations in the vasopermeability
region of IL-2 that are outside of the cytokine region of IL-2,
specifically residues 22-39, are preferred. Other segments of the
vasopermeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2 that are suitable
for mutation as disclosed herein include 33 to 58, 37 to 58, or 37
to 72.
[0027] A substantial reduction in vasopermeability is achieved when
the IL-2 mutant induces less than approximately 75% of the
vasopermeability activity of a wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant.
IL-2 mutants of the invention may induce less than about 50% and
even less than about 25% of such vasopermeability activity.
[0028] As used herein, a "wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant" is a
form of IL-2 that is otherwise the same as the IL-2 mutant except
that the wildtype form has a wildtype IL-2 amino acid at each amino
acid position of the IL-2 mutant. For example, if the IL-2 mutant
is the full-length IL-2 (i.e., IL-2 not fused or conjugated to any
other molecule), the wildtype form of this IL-2 mutant is full
length native IL-2. If the IL-2 mutant is a fusion between IL-2 and
another polypeptide encoded downstream of IL-2 (e.g., and antibody
chain), the wildtype form of this IL-2 mutant is IL-2 with a
wildtype amino acid sequence fused to the same downstream
polypeptide. Furthermore, if the IL-2 mutant is a truncated form of
IL-2 (the mutated or modified sequence within the non-truncated
portion of IL-2), then the wildtype form of this IL-2 mutant is a
similarly truncated IL-2 that has a wild type sequence.
[0029] The ability of an IL-2 mutant to substantially decrease
vasopermeability can be examined in a pretreatment vasopermeability
animal model. In general, the IL-2 mutant (or the suitable wildtype
form of IL-2 mutant) is administered to a suitable animal and, at a
later time, the animal is injected i.v. with a vascular leak
reporter molecule whose dissemination from the vasculature reflects
the extent of vascular permeability. The vascular leak reporter
molecule is preferably large enough to reveal permeability with the
wildtype form of the IL-2 used for pretreatment. An example of a
vascular leak reporter molecule can be a serum protein such as
albumin or an immunoglobulin. The vascular leak reporter molecule
preferably is detectably labeled such as with a radioisotope to
facilitate quantitative determination of the molecule's tissue
distribution. Vascular permeability may be measured for vessels
present in any of a variety of internal body organs such as liver,
lung, and the like, as well as a tumor, including a tumor that is
xenografted. Lung is a preferred organ for measuring
vaospermeability of full-length IL-2 mutants.
[0030] The Examples appended herewith provide a suitable
vasopermeability assay for testing IL-2 mutants of the invention,
particularly where IL-2 is linked to an antibody polypeptide or
antibody molecule. In this model, mice xenografted with LS174T
human colon adenocarcinoma cells that form a growing solid tumor
are pretreated with the mutant IL-2 fused to the DNA targeting
antibody TNT-3 that has targeting activity for human tumor cells.
The animals are later administered .sup.125I-labeled B72.3
monoclonal antibody (a vascular leak reporter molecule), which
recognizes the tumor associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG72) on the
LS174T tumor cells. Following injection, the percent of the dose of
antibody per gram of tumor is determined and compared to
pretreatment with native IL-2 fused to the same antibody. Results
are expressed as the percent of tumor uptake of B72.3 per gram of
tumor in native IL-2 versus mutant forms of IL-2 (see, e.g.,
summary in Table 5). A decrease in general vasopermeability
indicated by a decrease in the percentage dose per gram tumor
uptake signifies a potential for a reduced toxicity of the IL-2
mutant (such potential being fully realized in conjunction with the
IL-2 mutant's immune activating properties).
[0031] IL-2 mutants which maintain substantially similar affinity
for IL-2 receptors as compared to a wildtype form of the IL-2
mutant are preferred. Substantially similar binding to the IL-2
receptor is achieved when the IL-2 mutant exhibits greater than
approximately 75% of the affinity of the wildtype form of IL-2
mutant for at least one form of the IL-2 receptor. IL-2 mutants
that exhibit no more than about 50% of the receptor binding
activity compared to a wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant may be
useful for particular clinical applications.
[0032] The affinity of the mutant IL-2 for various forms of the
IL-2 receptor (see Theze et al., Immunol Today, 17:481-486, 1996)
can be determined in accordance with well established methods.
Binding affinity for the low-affinity IL-2 receptor (.alpha.; p55)
and binding to the intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor (.gamma.;
p70, p75) can be determined in accordance with the method set forth
in the Examples using MT-1 and YT-2C2 cell lines, respectively.
Binding affinity of IL-2 mutants for high-affinity IL-2 receptor
(.alpha. .gamma.; p55, p70, p75), may be evaluated using HT-2 cells
or other cells known to express this form of the IL-2 receptor.
Other forms of the receptor such as the .alpha., .alpha..gamma. and
also may be evaluated for affinity to the mutants. Alternatively,
affinity can be determined using receptor subunits such as may be
obtained by recombinant expression (see e.g., Shanafelt et al.,
Nature Biotechnology 18:11 97-1202, 2000). Binding of IL-2 mutants
to such receptor subunits and combinations thereof can be
determined by standard instrumentation such as a BIAcore instrument
(Pharmacia).
[0033] The ability of an IL-2 mutant to bind to IL-2 receptors may
be indirectly measured by assaying the effects of immune activation
that occur downstream of receptor binding. Such assays include IL-2
induced cell proliferation (e.g., proliferation of the
IL-2-dependent HT-2 murine T cell lymphoma cells), tumor
regression, viral inhibition, immunomodulating activity (e.g.,
secondary cytokine induction, such as IL-1.beta., IFN-.gamma., and
TNF-.alpha. from human PBMC), lymphokine-activated lymphocyte
activity, T cell growth, natural killer cell activity (e.g.,
measured against Daudi cells), treatment of infections, and the
like. A variety of methods are well known in the art for
determining these immunological activities of IL-2. Also, details
for many of these methods are disclosed in the Examples.
[0034] The term "IL -2 mutant" or "mutant IL-2" as used herein is
intended to encompass any mutant forms of various forms of the IL-2
molecule including full length IL-2, truncated forms of IL-2 and
forms where IL-2 is linked to another molecule such as by fusion
or. chemical conjugation. "Full-length" when used in reference to
IL-2 is intended to mean the natural length IL-2 molecule. For
example, full length human IL-2 refers to a molecule that has 133
amino acids (see FIG. 9). These various forms of IL-2 mutants are
characterized in having a mutation affecting at least one amino
acid position in the permeability enhancing peptide region of IL-2.
This mutation may involve substitution, deletion, truncation or
modification of the wildtype amino acid residue normally located at
that position. Mutants obtained by amino acid substitution are
preferred. Unless otherwise indicated, an IL-2 mutant may be
referred to herein as an IL-2 mutant peptide sequence, an IL-2
mutant polypeptide, IL-2 mutant protein or IL-2 mutant analog.
[0035] A single IL-2 mutant or a mixture of IL-2 mutants may be
assayed as described to identify low toxicity mutants. Such
mixtures of mutants may include a library of mutants that may be
randomized or partially randomized at one or more amino acid
positions. Mutant libraries can be prepared by randomizing
nucleotides or codons if recombinant expression of IL-2 is
contemplated or by randomizing animo acids if synthetic IL-2 is
contemplated. Methods for preparing such mutant libraries are well
known in the art (see, e.g., Ladner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,500; Shatz
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,530; Huse et al. Science 246:1275-1281,
1989; and Lam et al., Nature 354:82-84, 1991).
[0036] The present invention also provides IL-2 mutants
characterized by substantially reduced vasopermeability activity
and substantially similar binding affinity for an IL-2 receptor
compared to a wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant. Such IL-2 mutants
comprise at least one mutation in the permeability enhancing
peptide region of the IL-2 molecule, the mutation preferably
involving substitution of one or more wildtype amino acid residue
in that region. Designation of various forms of IL-2 herein is made
with respect to the sequence shown and numbered as in FIG. 9,
noting only modifications thereof at the subscripted positions.
Various designations may be used herein to indicate the same
mutation. For example, a mutation from arginine at position 38 to
tryptophan can be indicated as W.sub.38, W38, 38W or R38W.
[0037] IL-2 mutants with decreased vasopermeability may be mutated
by substitution at amino acid 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55 or combinations thereof. In a
more preferred embodiment, the IL-2 mutant has a mutation at amino
acid 38, 39, 42, or 55, wherein said non-wildtype residue at
position 38 is not alanine or glutamine while said non-wildtype
residue at position 42 is not lysine. In an even more preferred
embodiment, the IL-2 mutant is W.sub.38, G.sub.38, Y.sub.38,
L.sub.39, K.sub.42 and Y.sub.55. These mutants exhibit
substantially similar binding affinity to low-affinity and
intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptors and have substantially reduced
vasopermeability activity as compared to a wildtype form of the
IL-2 mutant.
[0038] Preferable mutations may actually display increased binding
affinity for the low- and intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptors.
Other characteristics of useful mutants may include the ability to
induce proliferation of IL-2 receptor bearing T cells, a reduced
ability to induce elaboration of secondary cytokines by peripheral
blood mononuclear cells, particularly IL-1.beta. and TNF-.alpha.,
and a reduced toxicity profile in vivo. Mutants 38G and 55Y, which
exhibit substantially reduced vasopermeability activity, but which
substantially retain the ability to generate IFN-.alpha. as a
secondary cytokine also represent IL-2 mutants of the invention. A
particularly preferred IL-2 mutant polypeptide is 38W, which
exhibits substantially reduced vasopermeability, retains
substantial affinity for the low- and intermediate-affinity IL-2
receptor, and retains 50% or more of the IL-2 dependent cell line
HT-2 proliferative activity of native IL-2 (Table 3).
[0039] IL-2 mutants of the invention, in addition to having a
mutation in the vasopermeability region of IL-2, also may have one
or more mutations in the amino acid sequence outside this region.
Mutations in human IL-2 affecting position 1-21 and 59-133 can
provide additional advantages such as increased expression or
stability. For example, the cysteine at position 125 may be
replaced with a neutral amino acid such as serine, alanine,
threonine or valine, yielding S.sub.125IL-2, A.sub.125IL-2,
T.sub.125IL-2 or V.sub.125IL-2 respectively, as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,518,584 (RE 33,653). As described therein, one may also
delete the N-terminal alanine residue of IL-2 yielding such mutants
as des-A.sub.1S.sub.125 or des-A.sub.1A.sub.125. A cysteine residue
may be substituted for any non-cysteine residue at positions 1-20
and particularly at position 3 as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,206,344. Alternatively or conjunctively, the IL-2 mutant include
mutation whereby methionine normally occurring at position 104 of
wild-type IL-2 is replaced by a neutral amino acid such as alanine
(see U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,344). The resulting mutants, e.g.,
des-A.sub.1A.sub.104 IL-2, des-A.sub.1A.sub.104S.sub.125 IL-2,
A.sub.104IL-2, A.sub.104A.sub.125IL-2,
des-A.sub.1A.sub.104A.sub.125IL-2, or A.sub.104S.sub.125IL-2 may be
used to conjunction with the preferred IL-2 mutations of the
invention that substantially reduced vasopermeability activity
while retaining substantially similar binding affinity for an IL-2
receptor compared to a wildtype form of the IL-2 mutant. Also, a
threonine at position 3 of the native molecule can be replaced by
cysteine to yield e.g., des-A.sub.1C.sub.3A.sub.104IL-2,
des-A.sub.1C.sub.3A.sub.104 S.sub.125IL-2, C.sub.3A.sub.104IL-2,
C.sub.3A.sub.104 A.sub.125IL-2, des-A.sub.1C.sub.3A.sub.104
A.sub.125IL-2, or C.sub.3A.sub.104 S.sub.125IL-2, each of which may
be used to conjunction with the preferred IL-2 mutations of the
invention. In these mutants substitution removes the glycosylation
site at position 3 without eliminating biological activity (see
Japanese Patent Application No. 235,638 filed Dec. 13, 1983). These
and other mutants may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,943 (see
claim 5) and in Weiger et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 180:295-300
(1989).
[0040] Mutations of the invention that substantially reduce
vasopermeability activity while retaining substantially similar
binding affinity for an IL-2 receptor compared to a wildtype form
of the IL-2 mutant also may be combined with other toxicity
reducing mutations such as when asparagine at position 88 is
replaced by arginine (i.e., R.sub.88IL-2, also known as BAY
50-4798), described by Shanafelt et al., Nature Biotech.
18:1197-1202 (2000). As shown in the Examples, the N88R mutant has
reduced toxicity but this does not occur by reduced
vasopermeability. According to Shanafelt et al., reduced toxicity
for this mutant results from decreased binding to the intermediate
affinity (NK) IL-2 receptor. Thus, an IL-2 mutant that contains
both a vasopermeability reducing mutation in the vasopermeability
enhancing peptide region of IL-2 as well as the N88R mutation that
reduces toxicity by reducing binding to the intermediate IL-2
receptor will provide an IL-2 mutant with unique and useful
therapeutic efficacy.
[0041] IL-2 mutants of the invention can be prepared by deletion,
substitution, insertion or modification using genetic or chemical
methods well known in the art. Genetic methods may include
site-directed mutagenesis, PCR, gene synthesis, and the like. In
this regard, the nucleotide sequence of native IL-2 has been
described by Taniguchi et al. (Nature 302:305, 1983) and nucleic
acid encoding human IL-2 is available from public depositories such
as the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville Md.).
Substitution or insertion may involve natural as well as
non-natural amino acid residues. Amino acid modification includes
well known methods of chemical modification such as the addition of
glycosylation sites or carbohydrate attachments, and the like.
[0042] Mutant IL-2 may be prepared by recombinant expression
methods such as in bacteria and yeast as described previously (see
U.S. Pat. No 5,116,943). In general, nucleic acid encoding the
mutant IL-2 can be cloned into an expression vector for high yield
expression of the encoded product. The expression vector can be
part of a plasmid, virus, or may be a nucleic acid fragment. The
expression vector includes an expression cassette into which the
nucleic acid encoding the IL-2 mutant is cloned in operable
association with a promoter. The expression cassette may also
include other features such as an origin of replication, and/or
chromosome integration elements such as retroviral LTRs, or adeno
associated viral (AAV) ITRs. If secretion of the IL-2 mutant is
desired, DNA encoding a signal sequence may be placed upstream of
the nucleic acid encoding the mature amino acids of the mutant
IL-2. DNA encoding a short protein sequence that could be used to
facilitate later purification (e.g., a histidine tag) or assist in
labeling the IL-2 mutant may be included within or at the ends of
the IL-2 mutant encoding nucleic acid. The expression vector pEE
12/chTNT-3 HC/hulL-2 (mutant or native) described in the Examples
and which encodes a fusion protein comprising human IL-2 (mutant or
native) coupled to the carboxy-terminus of chTNT-3 heavy chain via
a non-cleavable seven amino acid linker is one example of a useful
expression vector.
[0043] Cells suitable for replicating and for supporting expression
of IL-2 mutants are well known in the art. Such cells may be
transfected or transduced as appropriate with the particular
expression vector and large quantities of vector containing cells
can be grown for seeding large scale fermenters to obtain
sufficient quantities of the IL-2 mutant for clinical applications.
Such cells may include prokaryotic microorganisms, such as E. coli,
or various other eukaryotic cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary
cells (CHO), insect cells, or the like. Standard technologies are
known in the art to express foreign genes in these systems. For
example, the NSO murine myeloma cell line, which was transfected
with expression vector pEE 12/chTNT-3 HC/hulL-2 (mutant or native)
as described in the Examples, is suitable for supporting expression
of an antibody mutant IL-2 fusion protein.
[0044] An IL-2 mutant can be prepared where the IL-2 polypeptide
segment is linked to one or more molecules such as a polypeptide,
protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, polynucleotide or
molecules that are combinations of these molecules (e.g.,
glycoproteins, glycolipids etc). The IL-2 mutant also may be linked
to organic moiety, inorganic moiety or pharmaceutical drug. As used
herein, a pharmaceutical drug is an organic containing compound of
about 5,000 daltons or less.
[0045] The IL-2 mutant may also be linked to multiple molecules of
the same type or to more than one type of molecule. In some cases,
the molecule that is linked to IL-2 can confer the ability to
target the IL-2 to specific tissues or cells in an animal. In this
embodiment, the other molecule may have affinity for a ligand or
receptor in the target tissue or cell, thereby directing the IL-2
to the target tissue or cell. Targeting molecules include, for
example, antibodies specific for cell surface or intracellular
proteins, ligands of biological receptors, and the like. Such
antibodies may be specific for well known tumor associated antigens
such as carcinoembryonic antigen, the TAG-72 antigen, the EGF
receptor, and the like. Antibodies to DNA such as the TNT antibody
described in the Examples is an example of a useful targeting
molecule that can be fused or conjugated to mutant IL-2.
[0046] The IL-2 mutant also may be linked to any biological agent
including therapeutic compounds such as anti-neoplastic agents
include paclitaxel, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, carminomycin,
4'-epiadriamycin, 4-demethoxy-daunomycin, 11-deoxydaunorubicin,
13-deoxydaunorubicin, adriamycin-14-benzoate,
adriamycin-14-octanoate, adriamycin- 14-naphthaleneacetate,
vinblastine, vincristine, mitomycin C,N-methyl mitomycin C,
bleomycin A.sub.2, dideazatetrahydrofolic acid, aminopterin,
methotrexate, cholchicine and cisplatin, and the like.
Anti-microbial agents include aminoglycosides including gentamicin,
antiviral compounds such as rifampicin, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine
(AZT) and acylovir, antifungal agents such as azoles including
fluconazole, plyre macrolides such as amphotericin B, and
candicidin, anti-parasitic compounds such as antimonials, and the
like. Hormones may include toxin such as diphtheria toxin, cytokine
such as CSF, GSF, GMCSF, TNF, erythropoietin, immunomodulators or
cytokines such as the interferons or interleukins, a neuropeptide,
reproductive hormone such as HGH, FSH, or LH, thyroid hormone,
neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, hormone receptors such as
the estrogen receptor. Also included are non-steroidal
anti-inflammatories such as indomethacin, salicylic acid acetate,
ibuprofen, sulindac, piroxicam, and naproxen, and anesthetics or
analgesics. Also included are radioisotopes such as those useful
for imaging as well as for therapy.
[0047] An IL-2 mutant which is a fusion between IL-2 and another
polypeptide can be designed such that the IL-2 sequence is fused
directly to the polypeptide or indirectly through a linker
sequence. The composition and length of the linker may be
determined in accordance with methods well known in the art and may
be tested for efficacy. An example of a linker sequence between
IL-2 and an antibody heavy chain is shown in FIG. 2. Additional
sequences may also be included to incorporate a cleavage site to
separate the individual components of the fusion if desired, for
example an endopeptidase recognition sequence. In addition, an IL-2
mutant may also be synthesized chemically using methods of
polypeptide synthesis as is well known in the art (e.g., Merrifield
solid phase synthesis).
[0048] As used herein, "antibody" is intended to include all forms
of an antibody, including all natural and unnatural antibody forms.
This includes the typical antibody that consists of four subunits
including two heavy chains and two light chains, domain-deleted
antibodies, Fab fragments, Fab' 2 fragments, Fv fragments, single
chain Fv antibodies, and the like. An antibody also includes the
heavy chain alone or the light chain alone. Methods to produce
polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies are well known in
the art (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane, "Antibodies, a laboratory
manual." Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988). Non-naturally
occurring antibodies can be constructed using solid phase peptide
synthesis, can be produced recombinantly or can be obtained, for
example, by screening combinatorial libraries comprising variable
heavy chains and variable light chains (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,969,108 to McCafferty).
[0049] IL-2 may be genetically fused to single polypeptide antibody
forms or may be chemically conjugated to any of the antibody forms.
Fusion of IL-2 to an antibody heavy chain is described in the
Examples. Any animal species of antibody can be linked to a mutant
IL-2. If the mutant IL-2/antibody conjugate or fusion is intended
for human use, a chimeric form of the antibody may be used wherein
the constant regions of the antibody are from a human. A fully
humanized form of the antibody can also be prepared in accordance
with methods well known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,565,332 to Winter). Cells expressing a mutant-IL-2 fused to
either the heavy or the light antibody chain may be engineered so
as to also express the other of the antibody chains such that the
expressed mutant IL-2 fusion product is an antibody that has both a
heavy and a light chain.
[0050] Mutant IL-2 may be chemically conjugated to another molecule
using well known chemical conjugation methods. Bi-functional
cross-linking reagents such as homofunctional and heterofunctional
cross-linking reagents well known in the art can be used for this
purpose. The type of cross-linking reagent to use depends on the
nature of the molecule to be coupled to IL-2 and can readily be
identified by those skilled in the art. Alternatively, or in
addition, mutant IL-2 and/or the molecule to which it is intended
to be conjugated may be chemically derivatized such that the two
can be conjugated in a separate reaction as is also well known in
the art.
[0051] IL-2 mutants prepared as described herein may be purified by
biochemical methods well known in the art. Such methods may include
affinity chromatography such as binding and elution to a ligand or
antigen to which the fusion protein is reactive. For example,
sequential Protein A affinity chromatography, and ion-exchange
chromatography can be used to isolate a fusion protein (or
conjugate) essentially as described in the Examples. The purity of
the mutant IL-2 fusion protein can be determined by any of a
variety of well known analytical methods including gel
electrophoresis, high pressure liquid chromatography, and the like.
For example, the chimeric heavy chain fusion proteins expressed as
described in the Examples were shown to be intact and properly
assembled as demonstrated by reducing SDS-PAGE (FIG. 3). Two bands
were resolved for chTNT-3/hulL-2 at approximately M.sub.r 25,000
and M.sub.r 70,000, corresponding to the predicted molecular
weights of the immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain/IL-2
fusion protein.
[0052] Further chemical modification of the IL-2 mutant polypeptide
may be desirable. For example, problems of immunogenicity and short
half-life may be improved by conjugation to substantially straight
chain polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene
glycol (PPG) (see, e.g., PCT WO87/00056).
[0053] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a method for stimulating the immune system of an
animal by administering the IL-2 mutants of the invention. The
method is useful to treat disease states where the host immune
response is deficient. In treating a subject, a therapeutically
effective dose of compound (i.e., active ingredient) is
administered. A therapeutically effective dose refers to that
amount of the active ingredient that produces amelioration of
symptoms or a prolongation of survival of a subject. An effective
dose will vary with the characteristics of the IL-2 mutant to be
administered, the physical characteristics of the subject to be
treated, the nature of the disease or condition, and the like. A
single administration can range from about 50,000 IU/kg to about
1,000,000 IU/kg or more, more typically about 600,000 IU/kg. This
may be repeated several times a day (e.g., 2-3.times.), for several
days (e.g., about 3-5 consecutive days) and then may be repeated
one or more times following a period of rest (e.g., about 7-14
days). Thus, an effective dose may comprise only a single
administration or many administrations over a period of time (e.g.,
about 20-30 individual administrations of about 600,000 IU/kg each
given over about a 10-20 day period).
[0054] Disease states for which the mutant IL-2 can be administered
comprise, for example, a tumor or infection where a cellular immune
response would be a critical mechanism for specific immunity.
Stimulation of the immune system may include any one or more of a
general increase in immune function, an increase in T cell
function, a restoration of lymphocyte function, an increase in the
expression of IL-2 receptors, an increase in T cell responsiveness,
an increase in natural killer cell activity or lymphokine-activated
killer cell activity, and the like. Illustrative of specific
disease states for which IL-2 mutants of the present invention can
be employed include cancer, specifically renal cell carcinoma or
melanoma; immune deficiency, specifically in HIV-positive patients,
immunosuppresed patients, and autoimmune disorders, chronic
infection and the like.
[0055] The IL-2 mutant may be administered in combination with one
or more therapeutic agents, for example, a cytokine, antiviral or
antifungal agent. The term "therapeutic agent" encompasses any
agent administered to treat a symptom or disease in an animal in
need of such treatment. The IL-2 mutant may also be administered as
a component of a vaccine, i.e. combined with essentially any
preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
[0056] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of an IL-2 mutant can be
determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell culture or
experimental animals (see, e.g. Example 3B). Cell culture assays
and animal studies can be used to determine the LD.sub.50 (the dose
lethal to 50% of a population) and the ED.sub.50 (the dose
therapeutically effective in 50% of a population). The dose ratio
between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index,
which can be expressed as the ratio LD.sub.50/ED.sub.50. IL-2
mutants that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The
data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can
be used in formulating a range of dosages suitable for use in
humans. The dosage of such mutants lies preferably within a range
of circulating concentrations that include the ED.sub.50 with
little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range
depending upon a variety of factors, e.g., the dosage form
employed, the route of administration utilized, the condition of
the subject, and the like.
[0057] A therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially
from cell culture assays by determining an IC.sub.50. A dose can
then be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma
concentration range that includes the IC.sub.50 as determined in
cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately
determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured,
for example, by HPLC. The exact formulation, route of
administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician
in view of the patient's condition.
[0058] The attending physician for patients treated with IL-2
mutants would know how and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust
administration due to toxicity, organ dysfunction, and the like.
Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust
treatment to higher levels if the clinical response were not
adequate (precluding toxicity). The magnitude of an administered
dose in the management of the disorder of interest will vary with
the severity of the condition to be treated, with the route of
administration, and the like. The severity of the condition may,
for example, be evaluated, in part, by standard prognostic
evaluation methods. Further, the dose and perhaps dose frequency
will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of
the individual patient.
[0059] IL-2 mutants of the invention may be administered to an
individual alone as a pharmaceutical preparation appropriately
formulated for the route of delivery and for the condition being
treated. Suitable routes may include oral, rectal, transdermal,
vaginal, transmucosal, or intestinal administration; parenteral
delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary
injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular,
intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular
injections, and the like. For transmucosal administration,
penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in
the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the
art.
[0060] IL-2 mutants may be manufactured as a formulation with one
or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipient(s) as is
well known in the art. Techniques for formulation and
administration may be found in "Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences," (18th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990).
Specific examples of IL-2 formulations are described in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,604,377 and 4,766,106. The IL-2 mutant may be formulated as
a liquid with carriers that may include a buffer and or salt such
as phosphate buffered saline. Alternatively, the IL-2 mutant may be
formulated as a solid with carriers or fillers such as lactose,
binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or
magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
[0061] For oral delivery, the formulated end product may be a
tablet, pill, capsule, dragee, liquid, gel, syrup, slurry,
suspension, and the like. Also, push-fit capsules made of gelatin,
as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer,
such as glycerol or sorbitol may be used. The push-fit capsules can
contain the active ingredients in admixture with fillers as above
while in soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or
suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin,
or liquid polyethylene glycols.
[0062] Formulation for oral delivery may involve conventional
mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating,
emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, lyophilizing processes, and
the like. The IL-2 mutant also may be mixed with a solid excipient,
optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the
mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired,
to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in
particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose,
mannitol, sorbitol, and the like; cellulose preparations such as,
for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato
starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the like, as well as mixtures of
any two or more thereof. If desired, disintegrating agents may be
added, such as cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic
acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate, and the like.
[0063] If injection is desired, the IL-2 mutant may be formulated
in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible
buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or
physiological saline buffer. Additionally, suspensions of the
active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection
suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty
oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as
ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection
suspensions may contain compounds which increase the viscosity of
the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol,
dextran, or the like. Optionally, the suspension may also contain
suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the
compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated
solutions.
[0064] The present invention also provides a method of producing a
low toxicity IL-2 in a form suitable for administration in vivo,
said method comprising:
[0065] a) obtaining a mutant IL-2 characterized by substantially
reduced vasopermeability activity and substantially similar binding
affinity for an IL-2 receptor compared to a wildtype form of the
IL-2 mutant; and
[0066] b) formulating the mutant IL-2 with at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, whereby a preparation of low
toxicity IL-2 is formulated for administration in vivo. In this
aspect, the mutant IL-2 may be obtained by culturing a recombinant
organism containing nucleic acid encoding the mutant IL-2 or by
producing the mutant IL-2 by in vitro chemical synthesis.
[0067] The invention will now be described in greater detail by
reference to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Reagents
[0068] This example provides the preferred reagents for practice of
the embodied invention. One skilled in the art can readily
appreciate comparable materials that can be substituted in place of
these reagents.
[0069] The Glutamine Synthase Gene Amplification System, including
the expression plasmids pEE6/hCMV-B and pEE 12 as well as the NSO
murine myeloma expression cell line, were purchased from Lonza
Biologics (Slough, UK). Restriction endonucleases, T4 DNA ligase,
Vent polymerase, and other molecular biology reagents were
purchased from either New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mass.) or
Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, Ind.). Dialysed fetal bovine
serum, crude DNA from salmon testes, single-stranded DNA from calf
thymus, chloramine T, and
2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium
salt (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis,
Mo.). Recombinant human interleukin-2 was purchased from Chiron
(Emeryville, Calif.). The Griess Reagent System, containing
sulfanilamide solution, N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride
solution, and nitrite standards, was purchased from the Promega
Corporation (Madison, Wis.). .sup.125I was obtained from DuPont New
England Nuclear (North Billerica, Mass.) as sodium iodide in 0.1 N
sodium hydroxide. BALB/c mice were obtained from Harlan
Sprague-Dawley (Indianapolis, Ind.). Sulfosuccinimidyl
6-(biotinamido) hexanoate (Sulfo-NHS-LC biotin) was purchased from
Pierce (Rockford, Ill.). HRPO-conjugated secondary reagents
(goat-anti-human IgG (FcSp) and streptavidin) were purchased from
CalTag (Burlingame, Calif.).
[0070] The Daudi lymphoma cell line (Ohsugi et al., J. Nat. Cancer
Inst. 65:715. 1980), HT-2 lymphoma line (Shipley et al., Cell.
Immunol. 93:459, 1985), and LS174T human colorectal carcinoma cell
line (Tom et al., In Vitro I12:180, 1976) were obtained from the
American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). The Madison 109
murine lung adenocarcinoma (Marks et al., Cancer Treatment Reports
61:1459, 1977) was obtained from the National Cancer Institute
(Frederick, Md.). The MT-1 human T lymphotropic virus-I-transformed
T cell line (Tsudi et al., J. Immunol. 143:4039, 1 989) and YT-2C2
cell line, a subclone of the acute lymphoblastic lymphoma cell line
YT (Yodoi et al., J. Immunol. 134:1 623, 1985), were generous gifts
of Thomas L. Ciardelli (Dartmouth Medical School).
Example 2
Development and Characterization of IL-2 Mutant Polypeptides
[0071] This example provides methods of creating IL-2 mutant
polypeptides and chimeric antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins (mutant or
native). In addition, this example provides methods for determining
the cytokine function and binding properties of resultant IL-2
molecules in vitro.
[0072] A. Construction and Expression of IL-2 and Antibody/IL-2
Fusion Proteins.
[0073] The construction of the chimeric monoclonal antibody TNT-3
(chTNT-3, IgG.sub.1, .kappa.) and the fusion protein of this
antibody with IL-2 have been previously described (Hornick et al.,
Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals 13:255, 1998; Hornick
et al., J. Nucl. Med. 41:355, 2000).
[0074] IL-2 mutant cDNA was prepared by site-directed mutagenesis
to mutate amino acid 20 from aspartic acid to lysine (D20K), amino
acid 38 from arginine to glycine (R38G) or tryptophan (R38W), amino
acid 39 from methionine to valine (M39V) or leucine (M39L), amino
acid 42 from phenylalanine to lysine (F42K), and amino acid 55 from
histidine to tyrosine (H55Y) using the following 5' and 3' primer
pairs, respectively:
1 D20K - (SEQ ID NO. 4) 5' - TTACTGCTGA AATTACAGA TG - 3', and (SEQ
ID NO. 5) 5' - CATCTGTAAT TTCAGCAGTA A - 3'; R38G/W - (SEQ ID NO.
6) 5' -AAACTCACC(G/T) GGATGCTCAC A - 3', and (SEQ ID NO. 7) 5' -
TGTGAGCATC C(A/C)GGTGAGTT T - 3'; M39V/L - (SEQ ID NO. 8) 5' -
CTCACCAGG(G/C) TGCTCACATT T - 3', and (SEQ ID NO. 9) 5' -
AAATGTGAGC A(G/C)CCTGGTGA G - 3'; F42K - (SEQ ID NO. 10) 5' -
ATGCTCACAA AGAAGTTTTA C - 3', and (SEQ ID NO. 11) 5' - GTAAAACTTC
TTTGTGAGCA T - 3'; and H55Y - (SEQ ID NO. 12) 5' - GAACTGAAAT
AATCTTCAGT GT - 3', and (SEQ ID NO. 13) 5' - ACACTGAAGA TATTTCAGTT
C - 3'.
[0075] IL-2 mutant cDNA was similarly prepared to mutate amino acid
38 from arginine to tyrosine (R38Y) or to glutamic acid (R38E).
[0076] The full-length IL-2 mutant was then amplified by PCR with
the following primers:
2 (SEQ ID NO. 14) 5' - GGTAAAGCGG CCGCAGGAGG TGGTAGCGCA CCTACTTCAA
GTTCTACA - 3'; and (SEQ ID NO. 15) 5' - TCATGCGGCC GCTCAAGTTA
GTGTTGAGAT GATGCT - 3',
[0077] which appended a NotI restriction site and codons for a
polypeptide linker to the 5' end, and a stop codon and NotI site at
the 3' end of the IL-2 mutant cDNA.
[0078] The resulting PCR product was then restricted with Not I and
cloned into the Not I restricted pEE 12/chTNT-3 HC expression
vector to produce the chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant fusion construct (see
FIG. 2). Constructs were introduced in to target cells using
standard electroporation techniques. These fusion proteins were
expressed from NS0 murine myeloma cells for long term stable
expression according to the manufacturer's protocol (Lonza
Biologics). The highest producing clone was scaled up for
incubation in a 3 L stir flask bioreactor and the fusion protein
purified from the spent culture medium by sequential Protein A
affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography, using
methods known in the art. The fusion protein was analyzed by sodium
dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under
reducing conditions and stained with Coomassie blue to demonstrate
proper assembly and purity (see FIG. 3).
[0079] chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant-secreting clones were initially
identified by indirect ELISA analysis of supernatants using
microtiter plates coated with crude DNA preparations from calf
thymus at 50 .mu.g/mL to detect binding of the TNT antibody portion
of the fusion protein. Following this initial screening, production
rate assays were performed by incubating 1.times.10.sup.6 cells in
1 mL of selective medium for 24 hours, after which the supernatants
were analyzed by indirect ELISA analysis using microtiter plates
coated with single-stranded DNA preparations from salmon testes at
100 .mu.g/mL. Detection of chTNT-3 and chTNT-3 fusion proteins
bound to the DNA antigen was accomplished with
horse-radish-peroxidase-conjugated goat-anti-human IgG (FcSp)
followed by color development produced by enzymatic cleavage of
ABTS. Dilutions of chTNT-3 were used to generate a standard curve
using a 4-parameter fit by an automated ELISA reader (Bio-Tek
Instruments, Winooski, Vt.), from which concentrations of unknowns
were estimated and expressed as .mu.g/mL/10.sup.6 cells/24
hours.
[0080] B. Determination of IL-2 Receptor Binding.
[0081] The purified antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins were examined for
their ability to bind to different forms of the IL-2 receptor using
various available cell lines. Table 1 shows the characteristics of
IL-2 receptors and expressing cell lines.
3TABLE 1 Interleukin-2 Receptors and Native IL-2 Binding Affinity
Receptor Protein Affinity Cell Line Low-Affinity .alpha. (p55)
K.sub.d = 10.sup.-8M MT-1 Intermediate- .beta..gamma. (p70, p75
complex) K.sub.d = 10.sup.-9M YT-2C2 Affinity High-Affinity
.alpha..beta..gamma. (p55 and p70, p75 K.sub.d = 10.sup.-11M HT-2
complex)
[0082] Relative binding studies were performed on MT-1 and YT-2C2
cell lines using the method of Frankel and Gerhard (Mol. Immunol.
16:101, 1979) to determine the avidity constant of the
antibody/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins to the low- and
intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptors, respectively. The MT-1 cell
line is an HTLV-I-transformed T cell line that lacks IL-2R.beta.
expression (i.e., only expresses IL-2R.alpha. and .gamma.) (Oda et
al., Intl. Immunol. 9:1303, 1997). In contrast, the YT-2C2 cell
line, a subclone of the acute lymphoblastic lymphoma YT cell line,
is an NK-like cell line that lacks IL-2R.alpha. expression and thus
only expresses IL-2R.beta. and .gamma. (Yodoi et al., J. Immunol.
134:1623, 1985; Farner et al., Blood 8:4568, 1995).
[0083] Cells were harvested and dead cells were removed by
Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation to remove cells with exposed
DNA that could bind to the TNT-3 portion of the antibody/IL-2
fusion protein. The purified viable cells were then used in IL-2
binding studies within one hour of purification. These target cells
were incubated with 10 to 100 ng of .sup.125I-labeled chTNT-3/IL-2
fusion protein or mutant fusion protein in PBS for 30 minutes at
room temperature with constant mixing. This short incubation period
was chosen to allow sufficient time for the binding and
internalization of the IL-2 containing proteins, but insufficient
time for the cell to metabolize these proteins. To minimize
contribution of the antibody moiety to fusion protein binding to
the target cells, a 10-fold molar excess of unlabelled antibody was
used to prevent binding of the TNT-3 portion of the fusion protein
to the cells. The activity in the supernatants after cell removal
was then measured in a gamma counter and the amount of bound
radioactivity (cpm) determined by subtractive analysis. The amount
of bound fusion protein was then calculated from the cell-bound
radioactivity and the specific activity (cpm/ng) of the
radiolabeled antibody preparation. Scatchard plot analysis was used
to obtain the slope. The equilibrium or avidity constant K.sub.a
was calculated by the equation K.sub.a(slope/n), where n is the
valence of the fusion protein (2 for IgG fusion protein).
4TABLE 2 IL-2 Receptor Binding Affinity of chTNT-3/IL-2 and
chTNT-3/IL-2 Mutant Fusion Proteins ChTNT-3 Antibody/IL-2
*Low-affinity IL-2 #Intermediate- Fusion Protein Receptor affinity
IL-2 Receptor IL-2 Native 1.18 .times. 10.sup.9 1.18 .times.
10.sup.9 D20K IL-2 Mutant 1.61 .times. 10.sup.9 0.57 .times.
10.sup.9 R38G IL-2 Mutant 1.35 .times. 10.sup.9 1.56 .times.
10.sup.9 R38W IL-2 Mutant 1.20 .times. 10.sup.9 1.63 .times.
10.sup.9 M39V IL-2 Mutant 1.18 .times. 10.sup.9 1.37 .times.
10.sup.9 M39L IL-2 Mutant 1.02 .times. 10.sup.9 1.43 .times.
10.sup.9 F42K IL-2 Mutant 1.50 .times. 10.sup.9 0.90 .times.
10.sup.9 H55Y IL-2 Mutant 0.90 .times. 10.sup.9 1.34 .times.
10.sup.9 *Performed using MT-1 cells. #Performed using YT-2C2
cells.
[0084] The results of IL-2 receptor binding to the various
antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins shown in Table 2 indicate that the
majority of antibody/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins demonstrated
similar binding profiles with minor variability compared to the
native fusion protein. The R38W mutant IL-2/antibody fusion protein
displayed increased affinity for both the low- and
intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptors. The D20K and F42K mutant
IL-2/antibody fusion proteins displayed decreased affinity for the
intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor and an increased affinity to
the low-affinity IL-2 receptor relative to the native fusion
protein. In contrast, the H55Y mutant IL-2/antibody fusion protein
showed reduced affinity to the low-affinity IL-2 receptor with
minimal alteration in intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor
binding.
[0085] C. Determination of IL-2 Proliferation Activity.
[0086] The purified antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins were examined for
their ability to stimulate proliferation in cell-based assays
utilizing the murine IL-2-dependent cell line HT-2 (Buttke et al.,
J. Immunol. Meth. 157:233, 1993; Gieni et al., J. Immunol. Meth.
187:85, 1995). Briefly, freshly harvested HT-2 cells were washed
three times with sterile PBS to remove residual IL-2. The cells
were placed in sterile 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates
in duplicate at 1.times.10.sup.5 cells/mL with complete RPMI medium
or RPMI medium supplemented with a recombinant IL-2 standard (rhu
IL-2), chTNT-3, chTNT-3/IL-2 fusion protein or chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant
fusion protein, and incubated in a 5% CO.sub.2, 37.degree. C.
humidified atmosphere. After 72 hours, relative IL-2-dependent
cellular proliferation was determined utilizing the CellTiter
96.RTM. AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega,
Madison, Wis.), a one-step calorimetric method that determines the
relative conversion of the tetrazolium compound MTS to a colored
formazan product. The absorbance of each sample at 490 nm was
determined using a Bio-Tek plate reader and the results were
graphed to determine the specific activities (IU/mg) of the fusion
proteins.
5TABLE 3 Relative ability of chTNT-3/IL-2 and chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant
fusion proteins stimulate the IL-2 dependent HT-2 cell line.
ChTNT-3 Antibody/IL-2 Fusion IL-2 Proliferation Protein Activity
(HT-2) ChTNT-3 - ChTNT-3/IL-2 Native ++++ ChTNT-3/D20K IL-2 Mutant
- ChTNT-3/38G IL-2 Mutant + ChTNT-3/R38W IL-2 Mutant +++
ChTNT-3/R38Y IL-2 Mutant ++ ChTNT-3/R38E IL-2 Mutant - ChTNT-3/M39V
IL-2 Mutant + ChTNT-3/M39L IL-2 Mutant + ChTNT-3/F42K IL-2 Mutant +
ChTNT-3/H55Y IL-2 Mutant + ChTNT-3/N88R IL-2 Mutant +++ Expressed
as percent of native IL-2 activity: - = no activity, + = less than
25% activity, ++ = 25-50% activity, +++ = 51-75% activity, ++++ =
76-100%.
[0087] The results presented in Table 3 show that the majority of
the antibody/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins retained their ability to
stimulate proliferation of HT-2 cells, with the exception of the
D20K and R38E mutant IL-2/antibody fusion proteins. Notably, the
R38W mutant IL-2/antibody fusion protein exhibited 51-75% activity
in comparison to the native IL-2/antibody fusion protein. It also
is noted that the N88R IL-2 mutant showed strong IL-2 proliferative
activity, similar in magnitude to that seen for the R38W IL-2
mutant.
[0088] D. Quantitation Of Secondary Cytokine Induction.
[0089] The purified antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins were examined for
their ability to induce the expression of the cytokines
interleukin-1.beta. (IL-1.beta.), interferon-.gamma. (IFN-.gamma.),
and tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF-.alpha.) from human
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using indirect ELISA
analysis. Freshly purified human PBMC were isolated from healthy
normal donors by leukopheresis and fractionated on Histopaque 1077
(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) by centrifugation at 450 g for 30
minutes. Cells were stimulated with 1 nM chTNT-3, chTNT-3/IL-2
fusion protein, or chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant fusion protein at
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL in a 5% CO.sub.2 humidified 37.degree. C.
incubator. AIM-V serum-free lymphocyte media (Life Technologies,
Rockville, Md.) was utilized to eliminate the effect of serum on
cytokine induction. Supernatants were collected after one, three,
five, and seven days, centrifuged to remove remaining cells, and
cytokine concentrations determined by ELISA following the
manufacturer's protocol (Endogen, Inc., Woburn, Mass.). Absorbance
was detected by spectrophotometry, and the concentration of
cytokine was determined from a standard curve. The mean cytokine
secretion was determined by standardizing the mutant-stimulating
cytokine secretion as a percentage of the mean rhulL-2-induced
secretion for each day in each individual experiment. The
sensitivity of each ELISA varied from 3-10 pg/mL. The results are
summarized in Table 4 and in FIGS. 4A-4C.
6TABLE 4 Relative ability of chTNT-3/IL-2 and chTNT-3/IL-2 mutant
fusion proteins to induce secondary cytokine production. Secondary
Cytokine Production IL-1.beta. IFN-.gamma. TNF-.alpha. ChTNT-3 - -
- ChTNT-3/Native IL-2 ++++ ++++ ++++ ChTNT-3/D20K IL-2 Mutant -/+
-/+ -/+ ChTNT-3/R38G IL-2 Mutant ++ ++ ++ ChTNT-3/R38W IL-2 Mutant
++ ++++ ++ ChTNT-3/M39V IL-2 Mutant +++ +++ +++ ChTNT-3/M39L IL-2
Mutant ++ +++ ++ ChTNT-3/F42K IL-2 Mutant -/+ + - ChTNT-3/H55Y IL-2
Mutant ++ ++++ ++ ChTNT-3/N88R IL-2 Mutant + +++ + Expressed as
percent of native activity: - = no activity, + = less than 25%
activity, ++ = 25-50% activity, +++ = 51-75% activity, ++++ =
76-100%.
[0090] The results show that the D20K and F42K mutant IL-2/antibody
fusion proteins were unable to elicit the production of the
cytokines IL-1.beta., IFN-.gamma., and TNF-.beta., while the R38G,
R38W, M39V, M39L, H55Y and N88R mutant IL-2/antibody fusion
proteins retained 50% of the activity of the native IL-2/antibody
fusion protein in inducing secondary cytokine production. The
choice of replacement amino acid at the same position also effected
secondary cytokine production. For example, the R38W mutant
retained 76-100% of the activity of the native IL-2 fusion protein
in inducing IFN-.gamma. production, while the R38G mutant retained
only 25-50% of the activity of the native IL-2 fusion protein.
[0091] E. Determination of Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cell
Activity.
[0092] The purified antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins were examined for
their bility to stimulate LAK cell activity. PBMC were cultured at
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL in AIM-V medium in the presence of 1 nM
chTNT-3, rhulL-2, chTNT-3/IL-2 fusion protein, or chTNT-3/IL-2
mutant fusion protein and incubated at 37.degree. C. in a
humidified 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. AIM-V (Life Technologies, Inc.,
Rockville, Md.) is a chemically defined serum-free media designed
to support the growth of lymphocytes in the absence of serum,
thereby avoiding the serum-induced activation of PBMC. After 72
hours, the cells were harvested, washed, and incubated with Daudi
lymphoma cells in four hour cytotoxicity assays. Lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured with the Promega CytoTox96
Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay. Spontaneous LDH release from
target and effector cells were both subtracted from the measured
values and the final results were expressed in percent specific
cytotoxicity. The results shown in FIGS. 5A-5C indicate that the
R38G and the R38W antibody/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins were capable
of activating PBMC to generate LAK activity.
[0093] Example 3
Characterization of IL-2 Mutant Polypeptide Activities In Vivo.
[0094] This example provides methods of determining the in vivo
activity of chimeric antibody/IL-2 fusion proteins (mutant or
native). Specifically, this example provides methods for
determining the toxicity and immunotherapeutic properties of IL-2
fusion proteins.
[0095] A. Determination of IL-2 Vasopermeability Activity.
[0096] In order to determine whether the IL-2 mutant polypeptides
exhibited reduced toxicity, vasopermeability activity was monitored
in vivo. Six-week old BALB/c nu/nu mice were inoculated
subcutaneously in the left flank with approximately
1.times.10.sup.7 LS174T human colorectal carcinoma cells.
Approximately 10 days later, when the tumors had reached
approximately 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter, the mice were injected
intravenously with a 0.1 mL inoculum containing 25 .mu.g of chTNT-3
antibody alone, chTNT-3/native IL-2 fusion protein, or chTNT-3/IL-2
mutant fusion protein (n=5/group). Two hours later, the animals
were injected with a 0.1 mL inoculum of .sup.125I-B72.3, an
antibody that recognizes TAG-72, a tumor associated glycoprotein
highly expressed on human colorectal carcinoma. Animals were
sacrificed by sodium pentobarbital overdose three days
post-injection and blood, tumor, and various organs were removed
and weighed. The radioactivity in the samples was then measured in
a gamma counter and the data for each mouse were expressed as
median percent injected dose/gram (% ID/g) and median tumor:organ
ratio (cpm per gram tumor/cpm per gram organ). Vasopermeability was
expressed as the percent of the pretreatment-mediated increase in
B72.3 uptake (%ID/g) over pretreatment with chTNT-3 antibody alone.
Wilcoxon rank sum analysis was performed to detect statistically
significant differences in the biodistribution of the molecules (p
0.05).
7TABLE 5 Vasopermeability Analysis of chTNT-3/IL-2 and chTNT-
3/IL-2 Mutant Fusion Proteins. Vasopermeability Induction
Pretreatment (% .+-. sd) chTNT-3 0 .+-. 5 chTNT-3/IL-2 Native 100
.+-. 15 chTNT-3/D20K IL-2 Mutant -28 .+-. 6 chTNT-3/R38G IL-2
Mutant -7 .+-. 15 chTNT-3/R38W IL-2 Mutant 4 .+-. 16 chTNT-3/R38Y
IL-2 Mutant 42 .+-. 8 chTNT-3/R38E IL-2 Mutant -5 .+-. 6
chTNT-3/M39V IL-2 Mutant 99 .+-. 27 chTNT-3/M39L IL-2 Mutant 52
.+-. 23 chTNT-3/F42K IL-2 Mutant 97 .+-. 31 chTNT-3/H55Y IL-2
Mutant -6 .+-. 6 chTNT-3/N88R IL-2 Mutant 98
[0097] The results summarized in Table 5 show that the D20K, R38G,
R38W, R38E and H55Y antibody/IL-2 mutant fusion proteins exhibit
substantially reduced vasopermeability activity in vivo as compared
to the native IL-2 antibody fusion protein. This is in contrast to
the N88R mutant which retains full vasopermeability activity.
[0098] B. Determination of Toxicity of Native And R38W Mutant IL-2
Antibody Fusion Proteins.
[0099] The general comparative toxicity of the R38W mutant antibody
fusion protein as compared to the native IL-2 antibody fusion
protein was determined in normal 8 week-old female BALB/c mice.
Mice are much less susceptible to IL-2 toxicity than humans. For
these studies, groups of 5 mice received increasing concentrations
of fusion protein (10-75 .mu.g) by daily intravenous 0.1 mL
inoculums for five consecutive days. Acute toxicity was measured by
the death of the mice.
8TABLE 6 Toxicity of native and mutant IL-2 antibody fusion
proteins in BALB/c mice treated intravenously for five consecutive
days. Fusion Protein* 10 .mu.g 25 .mu.g 50 .mu.g 75 .mu.g 100 .mu.g
ChTNT-3/IL-2 (wt) 0/5 2/5 5/5 5/5 5/5 ChTNT-3/R38W 0/5 0/5 0/5 2/5
5/5 ChTNT-3/N88R 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 *Data expressed as number of
mice dead over total number injected.
[0100] The results in Table 6 show that the native IL-2 antibody
fusion protein was acutely toxic in animals receiving the 25 .mu.g
dose and the higher doses of 50 .mu.g and 75 .mu.g resulted in the
death of all 5 mice in each group. By contrast, the R38W mutant
antibody fusion protein exhibited decreased toxicity since only 2/5
mice died at the highest dose of 75 .mu.g. These data demonstrate
that the R38W mutant IL-2 shows significantly lower general
toxicity than native IL-2. The N88R IL-2 mutant was even less toxic
that R38W, with all animals surviving even at a dose of 100
.mu.g.
[0101] In addition, the half-life of the antibody/IL-2 fusion
protein was approximately 12-18 hours compared to free IL-2 which
has a half-life of about 20 minutes after intravenous
administration. This shows that the IL-2 mutant antibody fusion
protein is capable of prolonged administration in vivo while
remaining less toxic than native IL-2.
[0102] C. Immunotherapy of Solid Tumor with Native and R38W Mutant
IL-2 Antibody Fusion Proteins.
[0103] In order to determine the comparative immunotherapeutic
effect of the R38W mutant antibody fusion protein compared to the
native IL-2 antibody fusion protein, the proteins were administered
to normal 6 week-old female BALB/c mice which had been inoculated
subcutaneously with 10.sup.7 viable MAD 109 lung carcinoma cells.
After 5 days, when the tumors reached approximately 0.5 cm in
diameter, groups of 5 mice received intravenous treatment for four
consecutive days with increasing doses of either chTNT-3/native
IL-2 or chTNT-3/R38W mutant IL-2 fusion protein using a 0.1 mL
inoculum given once on days 5-8. Control mice received no treatment
or antibody alone. Volumetric measurements of tumor size were made
three times a week starting at the time of the first therapeutic
dose.
[0104] The results are shown in FIGS. 6-8. As shown in FIGS. 6A and
6B, the native IL-2 antibody fusion protein administered to MAD 109
tumor bearing BALB/C mice showed a marked and similar decrease in
tumor size at the all doses up through days 5-9. Thereafter, the
tumors began to increase in size at roughly the same rate as
untreated controls except at the highest dose (50 .mu.g).
[0105] FIG. 7A show that groups of mice receiving lower doses
(5-20) of the R38W mutant IL-2/antibody fusion protein also showed
similar curves as the mice treated with the native IL-2 antibody
fusion protein. In contrast, FIG. 7B shows that mice treated with
higher doses of R38W (20-50 .mu.g) showed a slower rate of growth
compared to the control mice after discontinuation of therapy (see
decreased slope in FIG. 7B versus that of FIG. 6B).
[0106] FIG. 8 shows tumor immunotherapy for the N88R IL-2 mutant at
the 5, 20 and 50 .mu.g dose. Slightly improved therapeutic affect
was observed for this mutant at the 50 .mu.g dose as compared to
native IL-2 fusion protein. Thus, these data demonstrate that
significantly higher doses of the R38W and N88R mutant IL-2 fusion
protein can be used to achieve a tumor immunotherapeutic effect
that are possible with native IL-2 fusion protein. The ability to
use increased doses with reduced toxicity allowed greater tumor
therapeutic effect with the low vasopermeability IL-2 mutants than
the native IL-2.
[0107] While the invention has been described in detail with
reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be
understood that modifications and variations are within the spirit
and scope of that which is described and claimed. The present
invention may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element
or limitation not specifically disclosed herein. The terms and
expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description
to facilitate enablement and not of limitation, and there is no
intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any
equivalents of the features shown and described or portions
thereof. Any cited references, to the extent that they provide
exemplary procedural or supplementary information to that provided
within this written description, are specifically incorporated
herein by reference.
Sequence CWU 1
1
15 1 32 DNA Artificial Sequence CDS (1)..(32) Description of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic linker oligonucleotide 1 ggt aaa gcg
gcc gca gga ggt ggt agc gca cc 32 Gly Lys Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly
Ser Ala Pro 1 5 10 2 11 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic linker peptide 2 Gly Lys Ala Ala Ala
Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Pro 1 5 10 3 133 PRT Homo sapiens 3 Ala Pro Thr
Ser Ser Ser Thr Lys Lys Thr Gln Leu Gln Leu Glu His 1 5 10 15 Leu
Leu Leu Asp Leu Gln Met Ile Leu Asn Gly Ile Asn Asn Tyr Lys 20 25
30 Asn Pro Lys Leu Thr Arg Met Leu Thr Phe Lys Phe Tyr Met Pro Lys
35 40 45 Lys Ala Thr Glu Leu Lys His Leu Gln Cys Leu Glu Glu Glu
Leu Lys 50 55 60 Pro Leu Glu Glu Val Leu Asn Leu Ala Gln Ser Lys
Asn Phe His Leu 65 70 75 80 Arg Pro Arg Asp Leu Ile Ser Asn Ile Asn
Val Ile Val Leu Glu Leu 85 90 95 Lys Gly Ser Glu Thr Thr Phe Met
Cys Glu Tyr Ala Asp Glu Thr Ala 100 105 110 Thr Ile Val Glu Phe Leu
Asn Arg Trp Ile Thr Phe Cys Gln Ser Ile 115 120 125 Ile Ser Thr Leu
Thr 130 4 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial
Sequence Primer 4 ttactgctga aattacagat g 21 5 21 DNA Artificial
Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 5 catctgtaat
ttcagcagta a 21 6 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of
Artificial Sequence Primer 6 aaactcacck ggatgctcac a 21 7 21 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 7
tgtgagcatc cmggtgagtt t 21 8 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description
of Artificial Sequence Primer 8 ctcaccaggs tgctcacatt t 21 9 21 DNA
Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 9
aaatgtgagc ascctggtga g 21 10 21 DNA Artificial Sequence
Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 10 atgctcacaa agaagtttta
c 21 11 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial
Sequence Primer 11 gtaaaacttc tttgtgagca t 21 12 22 DNA Artificial
Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 12 gaactgaaat
aatcttcagt gt 22 13 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of
Artificial Sequence Primer 13 acactgaaga tatatttcag ttc 23 14 48
DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer
14 ggtaaagcgg ccgcaggagg tggtagcgca cctacttcaa gttctaca 48 15 36
DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer
15 tcatgcggcc gctcaagtta gtgttgagat gatgct 36
* * * * *