U.S. patent application number 10/943772 was filed with the patent office on 2005-08-25 for implantable wireless sensor.
Invention is credited to Allen, Mark, Fonseca, Michael, Kroh, Jason, O'Brien, David, Stern, David, White, Jason.
Application Number | 20050187482 10/943772 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34375390 |
Filed Date | 2005-08-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050187482 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
O'Brien, David ; et
al. |
August 25, 2005 |
Implantable wireless sensor
Abstract
The progress of a endovascular aneurysm repair can be monitored
by inserting a pressure transducer sensor using a catheter into the
sac during endovascular aneurysm repair and then using a small,
hand-held read out device to measure pressure easily, safely,
inexpensively and accurately. In one aspect a sensor is introduced
into the body by the steps of loading the sensor into a catheter,
and deploying into the aneurysm sac. This invention also has other
applications for measuring physical properties in patients or in
other sites.
Inventors: |
O'Brien, David; (Norcross,
GA) ; White, Jason; (Atlanta, GA) ; Fonseca,
Michael; (Atlanta, GA) ; Kroh, Jason; (Villa
Rica, GA) ; Allen, Mark; (Atlanta, GA) ;
Stern, David; (Grayson, GA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
REED SMITH, LLP
ATTN: PATENT RECORDS DEPARTMENT
599 LEXINGTON AVENUE, 29TH FLOOR
NEW YORK
NY
10022-7650
US
|
Family ID: |
34375390 |
Appl. No.: |
10/943772 |
Filed: |
September 16, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60503745 |
Sep 16, 2003 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
600/486 ;
128/903; 600/561 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 5/076 20130101;
A61B 5/02014 20130101; Y10T 29/49069 20150115; Y10T 29/49071
20150115; Y10T 29/49073 20150115; Y10T 29/49016 20150115; A61B
5/0031 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
600/486 ;
600/561; 128/903 |
International
Class: |
A61B 005/00; A61B
005/02 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A sensor for wirelessly determining a physical property, which
sensor comprises: a self-contained resonant circuit comprising a
capacitor and an inductor, and two substrates, at least one of
which substrates has a recess therein, wherein the circuit is
variable in response to the physical property and wherein the
substrates are hermetically sealed together.
2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the hermetically sealed
substrates form a pressure sensitive chamber.
3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the substrates are comprised of
glass, fused silica, sapphire, quartz, or silicone.
4. The sensor of claim 3, wherein the substrates are comprised of
fused silica.
5. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the physical property is
pressure.
6. The sensor of claim 1, wherein there are no conductive
connections or via holes to provide a direct physical conduit or
connection between an upper inductor coil and a lower inductor
coil.
7. The sensor of claim 1, wherein each substrate has an inductor
coil arranged therein in planar fashion.
8. The sensor of claim 7, wherein the inductor coil of one
substrate is in a plane parallel to the plane of the inductor coil
in the second substrate.
9. The sensor of claim 8, wherein the inductor coils are
coextensive.
10. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the inductor coil of the
substrate with a recess is positioned in the recess.
11. The sensor of claim 10, wherein each substrate has a recess and
an inductor coil is positioned in each recess.
12. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the inductor comprises to
inductor coils and each inductor coil is a wire spiral.
13. The sensor of claim 12, wherein each wire spiral is formed by
electrodeposition.
14. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor is from about 0.5 in.
to about 1 in. in length and from about 0.1 in. to about 0.5 in. in
width.
15. The sensor of claim 14, wherein the sensor has a thickness of
from about 0.05 in. to about 0.30 in.
16. The sensor of claim 1, wherein a stabilizer is arranged around
the sensor.
17. The sensor of claim 16, wherein the stabilizer stabilizes
position, location, and/or orientation.
18. The sensor of claim 16, wherein the stabilizer is a metal
basket arranged around the outer surface of the sensor.
19. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the physical property is
measured in a patient.
20. A system for delivering a sensor, which comprises a sensor of
claim 1 and a delivery guidewire or catheter.
21. The system of claim 21, wherein the sensor is removable from
the guidewire or catheter.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the sensor is removably
attached to the guidewire or catheter.
23. The system of claim 21 which also comprises an instrument for
measuring signals from the sensor.
24. A method for measuring a physical property which comprises the
steps of inserting a sensor of claim 1 into a desired location and
then measuring any signals generated by said sensor.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein a physical property in a
patient is measured.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is based upon co-pending, commonly assigned
U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/503,745, filed Sep.
16, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The application is directed to an implantable wireless
sensor. More particularly, this invention is directed to a
wireless, unpowered, micromechanical sensor that can be delivered
using endovascular techniques, to measure a corporeal parameter
such as pressure or temperature.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Abdominal aortic aneurysms represent a dilatation and
weakening of the abdominal aorta which can lead to aortic rupture
and sudden death. Previously, the medical treatment of abdominal
aortic aneurysms required complicated surgery with an associated
high risk of injury to the patient. More recently, endografts
(combining stents and grafts into a single device) have been
developed that can be inserted through small incisions in the
groin. Once in place, these endografts seal off the weakened
section of the aorta. The aneurysms can then heal, eliminating the
risk of sudden rupture. This less invasive form of treatment for
abdominal aortic aneurysms has rapidly become the standard of care
for this disease. An example of an endograft device is disclosed in
Kornberg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,932.
[0004] A significant problem with endografts is that, due to
inadequate sealing of the graft with the aorta, leaks can develop
that allow blood to continue to fill the aneurysmal sac. Left
undiscovered, the sac will continue to expand and potentially
rupture. To address this situation, patients who have received
endograft treatment for their abdominal aortic aneurysms are
subjected to complex procedures that rely on injection of contrast
agents to visualize the interior of the aneurysm sac. These
procedures are expensive, not sensitive, and painful. In addition,
they subject the patient to additional risk of injury. See, for
example, Baum R A et al., "Aneurysm sac pressure measurements after
endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms", The Journal of
Vascular Surgery, January 2001, and Schurink G W et al.,
"Endoleakage after stent-graft treatment of abdominal aneurysm:
implications on pressure and imaging--an in vitro study", The
Journal of Vascular Surgery, August 1998. These articles provide
further confirmation of the problem of endograft leakage and the
value of intra-sac pressure measurements for monitoring of this
condition.
[0005] Thus, there is a need for a method of monitor the pressure
within an aneurysm sac that has undergone repair by implantation of
an endograft to be able to identify the potential presence of
endoleaks. Furthermore, this method should be accurate, reliable,
safe, simple to use, inexpensive to manufacture, convenient to
implant and comfortable to the patient.
[0006] An ideal method of accomplishing all of the above objectives
would be to place a device capable of measuring pressure within the
aneurysm sac at the time of endograft insertion. By utilizing an
external device to display the pressure being measured by the
sensor, the physician will obtain an immediate assessment of the
success of the endograft at time of the procedure, and outpatient
follow-up visits will allow simple monitoring of the success of the
endograft implantation.
[0007] An example of an implantable pressure sensor designed to
monitor pressure increases within an aneurysmal sac is shown in Van
Bockel, U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,156. While some of the above objectives
are accomplished, this device has multiple problems that would make
its use impractical. For example, the sensor system disclosed in
the Van Bockel patent relies on a mechanical sensing element that
cannot be practically manufactured in dimensions that would allow
for endovascular introduction. In addition, this type of pressure
sensor would be subject to many problems in use that would limit
its accuracy, stability and reliability. One example would be the
interconnection of transponder and sensor as taught by Van Bockel,
such interconnection being exposed to body fluids which could
disrupt its function. This would impact the device's ability to
maintain accurate pressure reading over long periods of time. A
fundamental problem with sensors is their tendency to drift over
time. A sensor described in the Van Bockel patent would be subject
to drift as a result of its failure to seal the pressure sensing
circuit from the external environment. Also, by failing to take
advantage of specific approaches to electronic component
fabrication, allowing for extensive miniaturization, the Van Bockel
device requires a complex system for acquiring data from the sensor
necessary for the physician to make an accurate determination of
intra-aneurysmal pressure.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0008] It is an object of this invention to provide an implantable
wireless sensor.
[0009] It is also an object of this invention to provide a
wireless, unpowered, micromechanical sensor that can be delivered
endovascularly.
[0010] It is a further object of this invention to provide an
implantable, wireless, unpowered sensor that can be delivered
endovascularly to measure pressure and/or temperature.
[0011] It is a yet further object of this invention to provide a
method of preparing a micromechanical implantable sensor.
[0012] It is a yet further object of this invention to provide a
micromechanical sensor with a hermetically sealed, unbreached
pressure reference for enhanced stability.
[0013] These and other objects of the invention will become more
apparent from the discussion below.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] The present invention comprises a device that can be
implanted into the human body using non-surgical techniques to
measure a corporeal parameter such as pressure, temperature, or
both. Specific target locations could include the interior of an
abdominal aneurysm or a chamber of the heart. This sensor is
fabricated using MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology,
which allows the creation of a device that is small, accurate,
precise, durable, robust, biocompatible, radiopaque and insensitive
to changes in body chemistry, biology or external pressure. This
device will not require the use of wires to relay pressure
information externally nor need an internal power supply to perform
its function.
[0015] The MEMS approach to sensor design lends itself to the
fabrication of small sensors that can be formed using biocompatible
materials as substrate materials. The pressure sensor described
above can be introduced into the sac of an abdominal aneurysm at
the time an endograft is deployed within the aorta by using
standard endovascular catheter techniques. Appropriately
biocompatible coatings may be applied to the surface of the sensor
to prevent adhesion of biological substances or coagulated blood to
the sensor that could interfere with its proper function.
[0016] In one embodiment of the invention an implantable wireless
sensor comprises two substrates, at least one of which has a
recess. The sensor comprises a self-contained resonant circuit
comprising a capacitor and an inductor, where the circuit is
variable in response to a physical property, or changes in a
physical property, of a patient. The substrates are sealed together
to form a hermetically scaled chamber, preferably one that is
pressure sensitive.
[0017] In another embodiment of the invention one surface of each
substrate comprises an inductor coil such as a wire spiral arranged
in planar fashion. When the substrates are sealed together, the
wire spirals are in planes parallel to each other.
[0018] In another embodiment of the invention each inductor coil is
connected by a wire to a capacitor plate arranged in the middle of
the respective coil. The capacitor plates are substantially planar
to the respective inductor coils and are substantially arranged
parallel to each other.
[0019] In another embodiment of the invention the sensor may
comprise a metallic basket arranged exterior to the substrates.
[0020] Delivery of the device of the invention to an aneurysm may
be accomplished as follows: Using the standard Seldinger technique,
the physician gains access to the patient's femoral artery and
places a vessel introducer with a hemostatic valve. Under direct
fluoroscopic visualization, a flexible guidewire is inserted
through the introducer catheter and maneuvered such that its tip is
stationed within the sac of the aortic aneurysm. A standard vessel
introducer is inserted over the guidewire and through the
introducer and advanced distally until its tip is within the
aneurysmal sac. The inner dilator of the vessel introducer is
removed and a sensor delivery vehicle is inserted the inner lumen
of introducer. The delivery vehicle consists of a polymer support
tube with two channels that run through its length, a metal or
rigid sensor support capsule in which the sensor is placed and
atraumatic tip.
[0021] The sensor is attached to a tethering system consisting of a
hollow tube with small diameter flexible wire disposed within. Near
the terminal end of the hollow tube, a small break in the tube's
surface is made. The flexible tether wire emerges out of this
break, is threaded through a small hole in the rear section of the
sensor, placed over the sensor, inserted through an identical hole
in the forward segment of the sensor and re-inserted back into the
hollow tube in a similar break in the tube's surface. In this
configuration, the sensor remains secured to the tether wire after
the delivery vehicle is removed from the patient. Following the
insertion and deployment of the stent-graft, the sensor is detached
from the tether wire by simply retracting the wire from the hollow
tube. Once the wire has been pulled through the two holes in the
sensor, the sensor is released into the aneurysm sac and the wire
and hollow tube are removed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1 is an oblique perspective view of an embodiment of
the invention;
[0023] FIG. 2 is a top, partly cross-sectional view of the
embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1;
[0024] FIG. 3 is a top, partly cross-sectional view of another
embodiment of the invention;
[0025] FIG. 4 is an oblique, cross-sectional view of the embodiment
of the invention shown in FIG. 2;
[0026] FIG. 5 is an oblique, cross-sectional view of the embodiment
of the invention shown in FIG. 3;
[0027] FIG. 6 is a exposed cross-sectional view of the embodiment
of the invention shown in FIG. 5;
[0028] FIG. 7 shows part of the sensor tethering system;
[0029] FIG. 8 shows the further details of the tethering
system;
[0030] FIGS. 9 to 12 show additional details of the tethering
system;
[0031] FIGS. 13 to 15 show details of the delivery system;
[0032] FIGS. 16 to 26 show details of the manufacturing process
used to fabricate the invention;
[0033] FIG. 27 represents an additional embodiment of the
invention; and
[0034] FIG. 28 is a schematic of a control system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] The invention can perhaps be better understood by referring
to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an oblique, perspective view of a sensor
2, an embodiment of the invention. Sensor 2 preferably has an outer
coating of biocompatible silicone.
[0036] FIG. 2 is a top, partial cross-section of a schematic
representation of sensor 2 where a wire spiral inductor coil 4 is
positioned in planar fashion in a substrate 6. Optionally sensor 2
may have recesses 8, each with a hole 10, to receive a tether wire
(not shown here) for delivery of the device into a human patient,
as described below.
[0037] In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3, a wire
12 connects coil 4 to a capacitor plate 14 positioned within coil
4.
[0038] FIG. 4 is a slightly oblique cross-section across its width
of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2, where it can be
seen that sensor 2 is comprised of a lower substrate 20 and an
upper substrate 22. Lower substrate 20 and upper substrate 22 are
constructed from a suitable material, such as glass, fused silica,
sapphire, quartz, or silicon. Fused silica is the preferred
material of construction. Lower substrate 20 has on its upper
surface 24 an induction coil 26, and upper substrate 22 has a
recess 28 with a surface 30 having an induction coil 32 thereon.
The top surface of upper substrate 22 forms a membrane 34 capable
of mechanically responding to changes in a patient's physical
property, such as pressure. The end 36 of sensor 2 has a notch or
recess 38.
[0039] In similar fashion, FIG. 5 is a slightly oblique
cross-section across its width of the embodiment of the invention
shown in FIG. 3. The primary difference between FIGS. 4 and 5 is
the presence of upper capacitor plate 42 and lower capacitor plate
44 on surfaces 24 and 30, respectively. In the embodiment of FIG.
4, the spiral coil 4 itself acts as the capacitive element of the
LC circuit that describes the operation of the sensor.
[0040] FIG. 6 is a variation of FIG. 5 where the outline of upper
substrate 22 is shown but the details of lower substrate 20 can be
seen more clearly, including individual coils of inductor coil 26.
A wire 46 connects lower capacitor plate 44 to induction coil
26.
[0041] The size of the sensors of the invention will vary according
to factors such as the intended application, the delivery system,
etc. The oval sensors are intended to be from about 0.5 in. to
about 1 in. in length and from about 0.1 in. to about 0.5 in. in
width, with a thickness of from about 0.05 in. to about 0.30
in.
[0042] As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, upper substrate 22 can be
significantly thinner than lower substrate 20. By way of example,
upper substrate 22 may be from about 100 to about 300 microns
thick, whereas lower substrate 20 may be from about 500 to about
1500 microns thick. In an alternate embodiment of the invention,
both substrates may be of the same thickness ranging from about 100
to about 1000 microns.
[0043] In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 7, a sensor
50 is attached to a hollow tube 52 that has a flexible tip 54.
[0044] FIG. 8 shows the sensor 50 and specific features of the
tethering system, namely proximal holes 56 and distal holes 58
disposed in a hollow tube 52.
[0045] FIG. 9 shows a tether wire 60 that is attached to sensor 50
at sensor holes 62 and hollow tube holes 56 and 58, and a tether
wire 60 is positioned slidably within a hollow tube 52.
[0046] A better appreciation of certain aspects of the invention,
especially of a delivery system, can be obtained from FIG. 10 which
shows a vessel introducer 66 and the delivery system 68.
[0047] Further details of the delivery system are shown in FIG. 11.
A double lumen tube 70 has one channel that accepts a guidewire 72
and a second channel that accepts the sensor tether wire. The
guidewire 72 can be advanced through hub 74. A rigid delivery
capsule 78 is disposed at the far end of the delivery catheter and
flexible tip 80 is connected to the catheter via a hollow tube 81
extending through the delivery capsule 78. A sensor 82 is
positioned inside a slot in the delivery capsule 78 proximal to
flexible tip 80.
[0048] FIG. 12 shows a lateral, cross-sectional view of this
arrangement where the sensor 82 is inside the slot of delivery
capsule 78 and the flexible tip 84 of the tether wire is disposed
between the end of delivery capsule 78 and flexible tip 80.
[0049] FIG. 13 shows delivery catheter 68 loaded into the
previously placed vessel introducer 66 prior to introduction of the
sensor into the body.
[0050] FIG. 14 shows that the sensor 82 on tether tube 52 has been
advanced out of delivery capsule 78 and the delivery catheter has
been removed.
[0051] In FIG. 15, the tether wire has been retracted into the
hollow tether tube, releasing the sensor. The tether wire, tether
tube and vessel introducer 66 are then all removed.
[0052] The pressure sensor of the invention can be manufactured
using Micro-machining techniques that were developed for the
integrated circuit industry. An example of this type of sensor
features an inductive-capacitive (LC) resonant circuit with a
variable capacitor, as is described in Allen et al., U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,111,520 and 6,278,379, all of which are incorporated herein by
reference. The sensor contains two types of passive electrical
components, namely, an inductor and a capacitor. The sensor is
constructed so that the fluid pressure at the sensor's surface
changes the distance between the capacitor's substantially parallel
plates and causes a variation of the sensor's capacitance.
[0053] In a preferred embodiment the sensor of the invention is
constructed through a series of steps that use standard MEMS
manufacturing techniques.
[0054] FIG. 16 shows the first step of this process in which a thin
layer of metal (Protective mask) 90 is deposited onto the top and
bottom surface of a fused silica wafer 92 (alternative materials
would be glass, quartz, silicon or ceramic). Wafer diameters can
range from about 3 to about 6 in. Wafer thickness can range from
about 100 to about 1500 microns. A pattern mask is then created on
one side of the wafer to define the location of cavities that need
to be etched into the surface.
[0055] FIG. 17 shows trenches or cavities 94 are etched into one
surface of the wafer 92 to depths ranging from about 20 to about
200 microns. This etching is accomplished using any combination of
standard wet and dry etching techniques (acid etch, plasma etch,
reactive ion etching) that are well known in the MEMS industry. The
protective metal mask is removed using standard metal etching
techniques.
[0056] In FIG. 18, a thin metal seed layer 96 (typically chromium)
is deposited on the etched side of the wafer using standard metal
deposition techniques such as sputtering, plating or metal
evaporation.
[0057] In FIG. 19 a layer of photo-resistive material 98 is applied
to the etched surface of the wafer using standard spin coating
procedures.
[0058] FIG. 20 shows that a mask aligner and UV light 102 is used
in a photolithographic processes to transfer a pattern from a mask
104 to the photoresist coating on the wafer.
[0059] In FIG. 21, the non-masked portions of the Photoresist are
removed chemically creating a mold 106 of the desired coil
pattern.
[0060] FIG. 22 shows copper 108 electroplated into the mold to the
desired height, typically from about 5 to about 35 microns.
[0061] In FIG. 23, the Photoresist 110 and seed layer 112 are
etched away leaving the plated copper coils 114.
[0062] This process is then repeated with a second wafer.
[0063] In FIG. 24, the two processed wafers 118 and 120 are aligned
such that the cavities 122 and 124 with plated coils are precisely
orientated in over one another and temporarily bonded to each
other.
[0064] FIGS. 25 and 26 show that by using a CO.sub.2 laser 126 (or
other appropriate laser type), the individual sensors 130 are cut
from the glass wafer. The laser cutting process results in a
permanent, hermetic seal between the two glass wafers. The laser
energy is confined to a precise heat effect zone 128 in which the
hermetic seal is created.
[0065] FIG. 27 represents an embodiment of the invention wherein a
sensor 132 attached to a delivery catheter 134 has a stabilizer or
basket 136. The stabilizer can be any appropriate device or
structure that can be fixedly attached to a sensor of the invention
to assist the sensor in maintaining position, location, and/or
orientation after the sensor is delivered to an intended site. The
stabilizer can comprise any appropriate physiologically acceptable
rigid or slightly flexible material, such as stainless steel,
nitinol, or a radiopaque metal or alloy.
[0066] This sensor design provides many important benefits to
sensor performance. The hermetic seal created during the laser
cutting process, coupled with the design feature that the conductor
lines of the sensor are sealed within the hermetic cavity, allows
the sensor to remain stable and drift free during long time
exposures to body fluids. In the past, this has been a significant
issue to the development of sensors designed for use in the human
body. The manufacturing methodology described above allows many
variations of sensor geometry and electrical properties. By varying
the width of the coils, the number of turns and the gap between the
upper and lower coils the resonant frequency that the device
operates at and the pressure sensitivity (i.e., the change in
frequency as a result of membrane deflection) can be optimized for
different applications. In general, the design allows for a very
small gap between the coils (typically between about 3 and about 35
microns) that in turn provides a high degree of sensitivity while
requiring only a minute movement of the coils to sense pressure
changes. This is important for long term durability, where large
membrane deflection could result in mechanical fatigue of the
pressure sensing element.
[0067] The thickness of the sensor used can also be varied to alter
mechanical properties. Thicker wafers are more durable for
manufacturing. Thinner sensors allow for creating of thin pressure
sensitive membranes for added sensitivity. In order to optimize
both properties the sensors may be manufactured using wafers of
different thicknesses. For example, one side of the sensor may be
constructed from a sensor of approximate thickness of 200 microns.
This wafer is manufactured using the steps outlined above.
Following etching, the thickness of the pressure sensitive membrane
(i.e., the bottom of the etched trench) is in the range of from
about 85 to about 120 microns. The matching wafer is from about 500
to about 1000 microns thick. In this wafer, the trench etching step
is eliminated and the coils are plated directly onto the flat
surface of the wafer extending above the wafer surface a height of
from about 20 to about 40 microns. When aligned and bonded, the
appropriate gap between the top and bottom coils is created to
allow operation preferably in a frequency range of from 30 to 45
MHz and have sensitivity preferably in the range of from 5 to 15
kHz per millimeter of mercury. Due to the presence of the from
about 500 to about 1000 micron thick wafer, this sensor will have
added durability for endovascular delivery and for use within the
human body.
[0068] The sensor exhibits the electrical characteristics
associated with a standard LC circuit. An LC circuit can be
described as a closed loop with two major elements, a capacitor and
an inductor. If a current is induced in the LC loop, the energy in
the circuit is shared back and forth between the inductor and
capacitor. The result is an energy oscillation that will vary at a
specific frequency. This is termed the resonant frequency of the
circuit and it can be easily calculated as its value is dependent
on the circuit's inductance and capacitance. Therefore, a change in
capacitance will cause the frequency to shift higher or lower
depending upon the change in the value of capacitance.
[0069] As noted above, the capacitor in the assembled pressure
sensor consists of the two circular conductive segments separated
by an air gap. If a pressure force is exerted on these segments it
will act to move the two conductive segments closer together. This
will have the effect of reducing the air gap between them which
will consequently change the capacitance of the circuit. The result
will be a shift in the circuit's resonant frequency that will be in
direct proportion to the force applied to the sensor's surface.
[0070] Because of the presence of the inductor, it is possible to
electromagnetically couple to the sensor and induce a current in
the circuit. This allows for wireless communication with the sensor
and the ability to operate it without the need for an internal
source of energy such as a battery. Thus, if the sensor is located
within the sac of an aortic aneurysm, it will be possible to
determine the pressure within the sac in a simple, non-invasive
procedure by remotely interrogating the sensor, recording the
resonant frequency and converting this value to a pressure
measurement. The readout device generates electromagnetic energy
that penetrates through the body's tissues to the sensor's
implanted location. The sensor's electrical components absorb a
fraction of the electromagnetic energy that is generated by the
readout device via inductive coupling. This coupling induces a
current in the sensor's circuit that oscillates at the same
frequency as the applied electromagnetic energy. Due to the nature
of the sensor's electromechanical system there exists a frequency
of alternating current at which the absorption of energy from the
readout device is at a maximum. This frequency is a function of the
capacitance of the device. Therefore, if the sensor's capacitance
changes, so will the optimal frequency at which it absorbs energy
from the readout device. Since the sensor's capacitance is
mechanically linked to the fluid pressure at the sensor's surface,
a measurement of this frequency by the readout device gives a
relative measurement of the fluid pressure. If calibration of the
device is performed, then an absolute measurement of pressure can
be made. See, for example, the extensive discussion in the Allen et
al. patent, again incorporated herein by reference, as well as
Gershenfeld et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,725, incorporated herein by
reference. Alternative readout schemes, such as phase-correlation
approaches to detect the resonant frequency of the sensor, may also
be employed.
[0071] The pressure sensor is made of completely passive components
having no active circuitry or power sources such as batteries. The
pressure sensor is completely self-contained having no leads to
connect to an external circuit or power source. Furthermore, these
same manufacturing techniques can be used to add additional sensing
capabilities, such as the ability to measure temperature by the
addition of a resistor to the basic LC circuit or by utilizing
changes in the back pressure of gas intentionally sealed within the
hermetic pressure reference to change the diaphragm position and
therefore the capacitance of the LC circuit.
[0072] It is within the scope of the invention that the frequency
response to the sensor will be in the range of from about 1 to
about 200 MHz, preferably from about 1 to about 100 MHz, and more
preferably from about 2 to about 90 MHz, and even more preferably
from about 30 to about 45 MHz, with a Q factor of from about 5 to
about 150, optimally from about 5 to about 80, preferably from
about 40 to about 100, more preferably from about 50 to about
90.
[0073] In a further embodiment of the invention there is no direct
conductor-based electrical connection between the two sides of the
LC circuit. Referring again to the sensor described in the Allen et
al. patents, the device is constructed using multiple layers upon
lie the necessary circuit elements. Disposed on the top and bottom
layer are metal patterns constructed using micro-machining
techniques which define a top and bottom conductor and a spiral
inductor coil. To provide for an electrical contact between the top
and bottom layers small vias or holes are cut through the middle
layers. When the layers are assembled, a metal paste is forced into
the small vias to create direct electrical connections or conduits.
However, experimentation has shown that due to additional
capacitance that is created between the top and bottom inductor
coils, a vialess operational LC circuit can be created. This
absence of via holes represents a significant improvement to the
sensor in that it simplifies the manufacturing process and, more
importantly, significantly increases the durability of the sensor
making it more appropriate for use inside the human body.
[0074] Further, the invention is not limited to the implantation of
a single sensor. Multiple pressure sensors may be introduced into
the aneurysm space, each being positioned at different locations.
In this situation, each sensor may be designed with a unique
signature (obtained by changing the resonant frequency of the
sensor), so that the pressure measurement derived from one sensor
can be localized to its specific position within the aneurysm.
[0075] A significant design factor that relates to the performance
of the sensor and the operation of the system is the Quality factor
(Q) associated with the sensor. The value of Q is one of the key
determinates as to how far from the sensor the external read-out
electronics can be located while still maintaining effective
communication. Q is defined as a measure of the energy stored by
the circuit divided by the energy dissipated by the circuit. Thus,
the lower the loss of energy, the higher the Q.
[0076] Additional increases in Q can be achieved by removing the
central capacitive plate and using capacitive coupling between the
copper coils to act as the capacitor element.
[0077] In operation, energy transmitted from the external read-out
electronics will be stored in the LC circuit of the sensor. This
stored energy will induce a current in the LC loop which will cause
the energy to be shared back and forth between the inductor and
capacitor. The result is an oscillation that will vary at the
resonant frequency of the LC circuit. A portion of this
ocscillating energy is then coupled back to the receiving antenna
of the read-out electronics. In high Q sensors, most of the stored
energy is available for transmission back to the electronics, which
allows the distance between the sensor and the receiving antenna to
be increased. Since the transmitted energy will decay exponentially
as it travels away from the sensor, the lower the energy available
to be transmitted, the faster it will decay below a signal strength
that can be detected by the receiving antenna and the closer the
sensor needs to be situated relative to the receiving electronics.
In general then, the lower the Q, the greater the energy loss and
the shorter the distance between sensor and receiving antenna
required for sensor detection.
[0078] The Q of the sensor will be dependent on multiple factors
such as the shape, size, diameter, number of turns, spacing between
turns and cross-sectional area of the inductor component. In
addition, Q will be greatly affected by the materials used to
construct the sensors. Specifically, materials with low loss
tangents will provide the sensor with higher Q factors.
[0079] The implantable sensor ascending to the invention is
preferably constructed of various glasses or ceramics including but
not limited to fused silica, quartz, pyrex and sintered zirconia,
that provide the required biocompatibility, hermeticity and
processing capabilities. Preferably the materials result in a high
Q factor. These materials are considered dielectrics, that is, they
are poor conductors of electricity, but are efficient supporters of
electrostatic or electroquasiatatic fields. An important property
of dielectric materials is their ability to support such fields
while dissipating minimal energy. The lower the dielectric loss
(the proportion of energy lost), the more effective the dielectric
material in maintaining high Q. For a lossy dielectric material,
the loss is described by the property termed "loss tangent." A
large loss tangent reflects a high degree of dielectric loss.
[0080] With regard to operation within the human body, there is a
second important issue related to Q, namely, that blood and body
fluids are conductive mediums and are thus particularly lossy. The
consequence of this fact is that when a sensor is immersed in a
conductive fluid, energy from the sensor will dissipate,
substantially lowering the Q and reducing the sensor-to-electronics
distance. For example, the sensors described above were immersed in
saline (0.9% salt solution), and the measured Q decreased to
approximately 10. It has been found that such loss can be minimized
by further separation of the sensor from the conductive liquid.
This can be accomplished, for example, by encapsulating the sensor
in a suitable low-loss-tangent dielectric material. However,
potential encapsulation material must have the flexibility and
biocompatibility characteristics of the sensor material and also be
sufficiently compliant to allow transmission of fluid pressure to
the pressure sensitive diaphragm. A preferred material for this
application is polydimethylsiloxane (silicone).
[0081] As an example, a thin (i.e., 200 micron) coating of silicone
was applied to the sensor detailed above. This coating provided
sufficient insulation to maintain the Q at 50 in a conductive
medium. Equally important, despite the presence of the silicone,
adequate sensitivity to pressure changes was maintained and the
sensor retained sufficient flexibility to be folded for
endovascular delivery. One additional benefit of the silicone
encapsulation material is that it can be optionally loaded with a
low percentage (i.e., 10-20%) of radio-opaque material (e.g.,
barium sulfate) to provide visibility when examined using
fluoroscopic x-ray equipment. This added barium sulfate will not
affect the mechanical and electrical properties of the
silicone.
[0082] As described above, it is desirable to increase the Q factor
of a sensor, and the Q factor can be increased by suitable
selection of sensor materials or a coating, or both. Preferably
both are used, because the resulting high Q factor of a sensor
prepared in this fashion is especially suitable for the
applications described.
[0083] When introduced into the sac of an abdominal aorta, the
pressure sensor can provide pressure related data by use of an
external measuring device. As disclosed in the Allen et al.
patents, several different excitation systems can be used. The
readout device generates electromagnetic energy that can penetrate
through the body's tissues to the sensor's implanted location. The
sensor's electrical components can absorb a fraction of the
electromagnetic energy that is generated by the readout device via
inductive coupling. This coupling will induce a current in the
sensor's circuit that will oscillate at the same frequency as the
applied electromagnetic energy. Due to the nature of the sensor's
electromechanical system there will exist a frequency of
alternating current at which the absorption of energy from the
readout device is at a minimum. This frequency is a function of the
capacitance of the device. Therefore, if the sensor's capacitance
changes so will the frequency at which it minimally absorbs energy
from the readout device. Since the sensor's capacitance is
mechanically linked to the fluid pressure at the sensor's surface,
a measurement of this frequency by the readout device can give a
relative measurement of the fluid pressure. If calibration of the
device is performed then an absolute measurement of pressure can be
made.
[0084] The circuitry used to measure and display pressure is
contained within a simple to operate, portable electronic unit 400,
as shown in FIG. 28. This unit 400 also contains the antenna needed
to perform the electromagnetic coupling to the sensor. The antenna
may be integrated into the housing for the electronics or it may be
detachable from the unit so that it can be positioned on the
surface of the body 402 in proximity to the implanted sensor and
easily moved to optimize the coupling between antenna and sensor.
The antenna itself may consist of a simple standard coil
configuration or my incorporate ferrous elements to maximize the
coupling efficiency. The electronic device would feature an LCD or
LED display 404 designed to clearly display the recorded pressure
in physiologically relevant units such as mm Hg. In an alternative
embodiment, the display may be created by integrating a
commercially available hand-held computing device such as a
Palm.RTM. or micro-PC into the electronic circuitry and using this
device's display unit as the visual interface between the equipment
and its operator. A further advantage of this approach is that the
hand-held computer could be detached from the read-out unit and
linked to a standard desktop computer. The information from the
device could thus be downloaded into any of several commercially
available data acquisition software programs for more detailed
analysis or for electronic transfer via hard media or the internet
to a remote location.
[0085] Accordingly, the present invention provides for an impedance
system and method of determining the resonant frequency and
bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor. The
system includes a loop antenna, which is coupled to an impedance
analyzer. The impedance analyzer applies a constant voltage signal
to the loop antenna scanning the frequency across a predetermined
spectrum. The current passing through the transmitting antenna
experiences a peak at the resonant frequency of the sensor. The
resonant frequency and bandwidth are thus determined from this peak
in the current.
[0086] The method of determining the resonant frequency and
bandwidth using an impedance approach may include the steps of
transmitting an excitation signal using a transmitting antenna and
electromagnetically coupling a sensor having a resonant circuit to
the transmitting antenna thereby modifying the impedance of the
transmitting antenna. Next, the step of measuring the change in
impedance of the transmitting antenna is performed, and finally,
the resonant frequency and bandwidth of the sensor circuit are
determined.
[0087] In addition, the present invention provides for a transmit
and receive system and method for determining the resonant
frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular
sensor. According to this method, an excitation signal of white
noise or predetermined multiple frequencies is transmitted from a
transmitting antenna, the sensor being electromagnetically coupled
to the transmitting antenna. A current is induced in the resonant
circuit of the sensor as it absorbs energy from the transmitted
excitation signal, the current oscillating at the resonant
frequency of the resonant circuit. A receiving antenna, also
electromagnetically coupled to the transmitting antenna, receives
the excitation signal minus the energy which was absorbed by the
sensor. Thus, the power of the received signal experiences a dip or
notch at the resonant frequency of the sensor. The resonant
frequency and bandwidth are determined from this notch in the
power.
[0088] The transmit and receive method of determining the resonant
frequency and bandwidth of a sensor circuit includes the steps of
transmitting a multiple frequency signal from transmitting antenna,
and, electromagnetically coupling a resonant circuit on a sensor to
the transmitting antenna thereby inducing a current in the sensor
circuit. Next, the step of receiving a modified transmitted signal
due to the induction of current in the sensor circuit is performed.
Finally, the step of determining the resonant frequency and
bandwidth from the received signal is executed.
[0089] Yet another system and method for determining the resonant
frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular
sensor includes a chirp interrogation system. This system provides
for a transmitting antenna which is electromagnetically coupled to
the resonant circuit of the sensor. An excitation signal of white
noise or predetermined multiple frequencies, or a time-gated single
frequency is applied to the transmitting antenna for a
predetermined period of time, thereby inducing a current in the
resonant circuit of the sensor at the resonant frequency. The
system then listens for a return signal which is coupled back from
the sensor. The resonant frequency and bandwidth of the resonant
circuit are determined from the return signal.
[0090] The chirp interrogation method for determining the resonant
frequency and bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular
sensor includes the steps of transmitting a multi-frequency signal
pulse from a transmitting antenna, electromagnetically coupling a
resonant circuit on a sensor to the transmitting antenna thereby
inducing a current in the sensor circuit, listening for and
receiving a return signal radiated from the sensor circuit, and
determining the resonant frequency and bandwidth from the return
signal.
[0091] The present invention also provides an analog system and
method for determining the resonant frequency of a resonant circuit
within a particular sensor. The analog system comprises a
transmitting antenna coupled as part of a tank circuit which in
turn is coupled to an oscillator. A signal is generated which
oscillates at a frequency determined by the electrical
characteristics of the tank circuit. The frequency of this signal
is further modified by the electromagnetic coupling of the resonant
circuit of a sensor. This signal is applied to a frequency
discriminator which in turn provides a signal from which the
resonant frequency of the sensor circuit is determined.
[0092] The analog method for determining the resonant frequency and
bandwidth of a resonant circuit within a particular sensor includes
the steps of generating a transmission signal using a tank circuit
which includes a transmitting antenna, modifying the frequency of
the transmission signal by electromagnetically coupling the
resonant circuit of a sensor to the transmitting antenna, and
converting the modified transmission signal into a standard signal
for further application.
[0093] The invention further includes an alternative method of
measuring pressure in which a non-linear element such as a diode or
polyvinylidenedifloride piezo-electric polymer is added to the LC
circuit. A diode with a low turn-on voltage such as a Schottky
diode can be fabricated using micro-machining techniques. The
presence of this non-linear element in various configurations
within the LC circuit can be used to modulate the incoming signal
from the receiving device and produce different harmonics of the
original signal. The read-out circuitry can be tuned to receive the
particular harmonic frequency that is produced and use this signal
to reconstruct the fundamental frequency of the sensor. The
advantage of this approach is two-fold; the incoming signal can be
transmitted continuously and since the return signal will be at
different signals, the return signal can also be received
continuously.
[0094] The above methods lend themselves to the creation of small
and simple to manufacture hand-held electronic devices that can be
used without complication.
[0095] The preceding specific embodiments are illustrative of the
practice of the invention. It is to be understood, however, that
other expedients known to those skilled in the art or disclosed
herein, may be employed without departing from the spirit of the
invention of the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *