U.S. patent application number 11/111949 was filed with the patent office on 2005-08-25 for repositioning device, garment, and posture molding method and training instruction method using them.
This patent application is currently assigned to Hidekazu Ogawa. Invention is credited to Chijimatsu, Yoshihiro, Mori, Kenjiro, Ogino, Takeshi, Yamashita, Tetsuhiro.
Application Number | 20050187071 11/111949 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32171005 |
Filed Date | 2005-08-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050187071 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Yamashita, Tetsuhiro ; et
al. |
August 25, 2005 |
Repositioning device, garment, and posture molding method and
training instruction method using them
Abstract
A repositioning device and a garment (101), to be used in daily
activities or exercise, correct one's posture to a proper ideal one
and create superior body balance. A posture molding method and a
training instruction method utilize the repositioning device and
the garment. The repositioning device contains a vibration
generator inside a case. From the vibration generator, vibratory
stimulation is provided to the skin on a human body surface,
thereby promoting neurotransmission in muscles. The garment (101)
is equipped with point stimulation parts (10a) and/or surface
stimulation parts (10b) for promoting facilitation and inhibition
of neurotransmission in muscles, respectively. In molding a posture
or giving training instructions, a practitioner/trainer utilizes
the repositioning device and the garment (101) to facilitate and/or
inhibit neurotransmission in muscles.
Inventors: |
Yamashita, Tetsuhiro;
(Hyogo, JP) ; Chijimatsu, Yoshihiro; (Hyogo,
JP) ; Ogino, Takeshi; (Osaka, JP) ; Mori,
Kenjiro; (Osaka, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HELLER EHRMAN WHITE & MCAULIFFE LLP
1717 RHODE ISLAND AVE, NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20036-3001
US
|
Assignee: |
Hidekazu Ogawa
Hyogo
JP
651-1204
Tetsuhiro Yamashita
Hyogo
JP
653-0852
|
Family ID: |
32171005 |
Appl. No.: |
11/111949 |
Filed: |
April 22, 2005 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
482/1 ;
434/247 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61H 39/002 20130101;
D10B 2403/02 20130101; A61H 23/0218 20130101; A61H 2201/1253
20130101; A61H 23/0263 20130101; A61H 2015/0064 20130101; D04B
1/102 20130101; A41D 27/00 20130101; A61H 2201/1654 20130101; A61H
23/0236 20130101; A61H 23/02 20130101; A61H 23/0254 20130101; A61H
2201/1261 20130101; D10B 2403/0114 20130101; A41D 13/1236 20130101;
D04B 1/243 20130101; A41D 2400/32 20130101; A61H 2201/165 20130101;
A61H 2201/1697 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
482/001 ;
434/247 |
International
Class: |
A63B 015/02; A63B
022/14; A63B 022/16 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 29, 2003 |
WO |
PCT/JP03/12456 |
Oct 24, 2002 |
JP |
20020309422 |
Claims
1. A repositioning device which comprises a case applicable to a
human body surface and having a hollow chamber therein, and one or
more pieces contained in the case, wherein a space for permitting
rolling and bouncing movements of the one or more pieces is defined
in the hollow chamber of the case, the one or more pieces vibrate
the case by rolling and bouncing inside the hollow chamber in
response to body movements, and the case is made in such a size as
to secure a space for generating such vibrations in the space
inside the hollow chamber, to provide vibratory stimulation to a
part of the skin corresponding to a human body surface to which the
case is applied, and to facilitate neurotransmission in at least
one muscle at said part.
2. A repositioning device which comprises a case applicable to a
human body surface, a vibration generator arranged to generate
vibrations in a range of 3 Hz to 5 MHz, a power source for
supplying power to the vibration generator, and a controller for
controlling generation of vibrations by the vibration generator,
wherein the case is made in such a size that vibratory stimulation
by the vibration generator is transmitted to a part of the skin
corresponding to a human body surface to which the case is applied,
and that the vibratory stimulation facilitates neurotransmission in
at least one muscle at said part.
3. A repositioning device according to claim 2, wherein the
vibration generator generates vibrations in a range of 100 Hz to
200 Hz.
4. A repositioning device according to claim 1, wherein the
controller is arranged to control the stimulation to the skin in
such a manner as to prevent neurotransmission facilitated in at
least one muscle from being accustomed and adapted to the
stimulation.
5. A garment which comprises at least either of a point stimulation
part or a surface stimulation part, with a proviso that muscles
involved in antigravitational exercise are classified into groups,
according to the degree of muscle tone which is affected by
postural difference and by laterality-related difference in
neurotransmission, wherein the point stimulation part is formed at
a location corresponding to a skin surface within an area ranging
from an origin to an insertion of at least one muscle selected from
said muscle groups, and with a person wearing the garment, the
point stimulation part facilitates neurotransmission in the at
least one muscle, and the surface stimulation part is formed at a
location corresponding to a functional skin area of at least one
muscle selected from said muscle groups, and with a person wearing
the garment, the surface stimulation part inhibits
neurotransmission in the at least one muscle.
6. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the point stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a skin surface within
an area ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least one
multiarticular muscle, said muscle being selected from a group of
multiarticular muscles having high muscle tone, in such a manner as
to mold an ideal exercise posture.
7. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the point stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a skin surface within
an area ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least one
monoarticular muscle, said muscle being selected from a group of
monoarticular muscles having high muscle tone, in such a manner as
to mold an ideal exercise posture.
8. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the point stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a skin surface within
an area ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least one
multiarticular muscle, said muscle being selected from a group of
multiarticular muscles having low muscle tone, in such a manner as
to mold an ideal exercise posture.
9. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the point stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a skin surface within
an area ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least one
monoarticular muscle, said muscle being selected from a group of
monoarticular muscles having low muscle tone, in such a manner as
to mold an ideal exercise posture.
10. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the surface stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a functional skin
area of at least one multiarticular muscle, said muscle being
selected from a group of multiarticular muscles having high muscle
tone, in such a manner as to mold an ideal exercise posture.
11. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the surface stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a functional skin
area of at least one monoarticular muscle, said muscle being
selected from a group of monoarticular muscles having high muscle
tone, in such a manner as to mold an ideal exercise posture.
12. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the surface stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a functional skin
area of at least one multiarticular muscle, said muscle being
selected from a group of multiarticular muscles having low muscle
tone, in such a manner as to mold an ideal exercise posture.
13. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the surface stimulation
part is formed at a location corresponding to a functional skin
area of at least one monoarticular muscle, said muscle being
selected from a group of monoarticular muscles having low muscle
tone, in such a manner as to mold an ideal exercise posture.
14. A garment according to claim 5, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part is
positioned asymmetrically in such a manner as to improve generation
and use of power in muscle activity, with said muscle activity
being considered in terms of a sagittal plane, a frontal plane, a
horizontal plane, and the human anatomical position which involves
said planes altogether.
15. A garment according to claim 5, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part is
positioned asymmetrically in such a manner as to improve skill in
muscle activity, with said muscle activity being considered in
terms of a sagittal plane, a frontal plane, a horizontal plane, and
the human anatomical position which involves said planes
altogether.
16. A garment according to claim 5, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part is provided
with respect to at least either one of a pair of muscles which are
three-dimensionally antagonistic to each other.
17. A garment according to claim 5, wherein the point stimulation
part generates stimulation which is strong enough to be recognized
by receptors in the skin, the surface stimulation part generates
stimulation which is strong enough to be recognized by C-fibers,
and stimulation generated by the point stimulation part and
stimulation generated by the surface stimulation part are designed
to be more intense than stimulation generated by any other
part.
18. A garment according to claim 17, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part generates
stimulation by one or more projections made on a skin side of a
fabric.
19. A garment according to claim 17, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part is a
projecting pattern formed on a skin side of a fabric, the
projecting pattern being formed at a corresponding part after the
fabric is manufactured.
20. A garment according to claim 17, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part generates
heat stimulation or cold stimulation.
21. A garment according to claim 17, wherein at least either of the
point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part derives from
a fabric composition.
22. A garment according to claim 17, wherein a fiber which
constitutes at least either of the point stimulation part or the
surface stimulation part is different from a fiber which
constitutes a fabric composition for the rest of the garment.
23. A garment according to claim 17, which is formed to fit closely
on a body of a person who wears it, such that the surface
stimulation part applies a greater clothing pressure than the rest
of the garment.
24. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture which
comprises: using a garment according to claim 5; promoting
facilitation of neurotransmission and raising awareness of a
desired muscle by a point stimulation part which is formed at a
location corresponding to a skin surface within an area ranging
from an origin to an insertion of at least one muscle selected from
said muscle groups; and/or promoting inhibition of
neurotransmission and decreasing awareness of a desired muscle by a
surface stimulation part which is formed at a location
corresponding to a functional skin area of at least one muscle
selected from said muscle groups.
25. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture which
comprises: with a proviso that muscles involved in
antigravitational exercise are classified into groups, according to
the degree of muscle tone which is affected by postural difference
and by laterality-related difference in neurotransmission,
providing a point stimulator and/or a surface stimulator at a
location corresponding to a skin surface within an area ranging
from an origin to an insertion of at least one muscle selected from
said muscle groups, wherein said point stimulator promotes
facilitation of neurotransmission in the muscle and raises
awareness of the muscle, and said surface stimulator promotes
inhibition of neurotransmission in the muscle and decreases
awareness of the muscle.
26. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture according
to claim 25, wherein the point stimulator is provided for an
agonist and facilitates muscle activity of the agonist, and said
facilitation improves generation and use of power in muscle
activity.
27. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture according
to claim 25, wherein the surface stimulator is provided for an
antagonist which is antagonistic to an agonist, and inhibits muscle
activity of the antagonist, and said inhibition improves generation
and use of power in muscle activity.
28. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture according
to claim 25, wherein the point stimulator is provided for an
agonist and facilitates muscle activity of the agonist, the surface
stimulator is provided for an antagonist which is antagonistic to
the agonist, and inhibits muscle activity of the antagonist, and a
combination of said facilitation and inhibition improves generation
and use of power in muscle activity.
29. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture according
to claim 25, wherein the surface stimulator is provided for an
agonist and inhibits muscle activity of the agonist, and said
inhibition improves skill in muscle activity.
30. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture according
to claim 25, wherein the point stimulator is provided for an
antagonist which is antagonistic to an agonist, and enhances muscle
activity of the antagonist, and said enhancement improves skill in
muscle activity.
31. A posture molding method for molding an ideal posture according
to claim 25, wherein the surface stimulator is provided for an
agonist and inhibits muscle activity of the agonist, the point
stimulator is provided for an antagonist which is antagonistic to
the agonist, and enhances muscle activity of the antagonist, and a
combination of said inhibition and enhancement improves skill in
muscle activity.
32. A training instruction method which comprises: using a garment
according to claim 5, and allowing a person to perform exercise
while promoting facilitation of neurotransmission and raising
awareness of a desired muscle by a point stimulation part which is
formed at a location corresponding to a skin surface within an area
ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least one muscle
selected from said muscle groups, and/or while promoting inhibition
of neurotransmission and decreasing awareness of a desired muscle
by a surface stimulation part which is formed at a location
corresponding to a functional skin area of at least one muscle
selected from said muscle groups.
33. A training instruction method which comprises: with a proviso
that muscles involved in antigravitational exercise are classified
into groups, according to the degree of muscle tone which is
affected by postural difference and by laterality-related
difference in neurotransmission, allowing a person to perform
exercise while providing a point stimulator and/or a surface
stimulator at a location corresponding to a skin surface within an
area ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least one muscle
selected from said muscle groups, wherein said point stimulator
promotes facilitation of neurotransmission in the muscle and raises
awareness of the muscle, and said surface stimulator promotes
inhibition of neurotransmission in the muscle and decreases
awareness of the muscle.
34. A training instruction method according to claim 33, wherein
the point stimulator is provided for an agonist and facilitates
muscle activity of the agonist, and said facilitation improves
generation and use of power in muscle activity.
35. A training instruction method according to claim 33, wherein
the surface stimulator is provided for an antagonist which is
antagonistic to an agonist, and inhibits muscle activity of the
antagonist, and said inhibition improves generation and use of
power in muscle activity.
36. A training instruction method according to claim 33, wherein
the point stimulator is provided for an agonist and facilitates
muscle activity of the agonist, the surface stimulator is provided
for an antagonist which is antagonistic to the agonist, and
inhibits muscle activity of the antagonist, and a combination of
said facilitation and inhibition improves generation and use of
power in muscle activity.
37. A training instruction method according to claim 33, wherein
the surface stimulator is provided for an agonist and inhibits
muscle activity of the agonist, and said inhibition improves skill
in muscle activity.
38. A training instruction method according to claim 33, wherein
the point stimulator is provided for an antagonist which is
antagonistic to an agonist, and enhances muscle activity of the
antagonist, and said enhancement improves skill in muscle
activity.
39. A training instruction method according to claim 33, wherein
the surface stimulator is provided for an agonist and inhibits
muscle activity of the agonist, the point stimulator is provided
for an antagonist which is antagonistic the agonist, and enhances
muscle activity of the antagonist, and a combination of said
inhibition and enhancement improves skill in muscle activity.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation of International Patent
Application No. PCT/JP03/12456 filed Sep. 29, 2003, which claims
priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 20020309422 filed Oct.
24, 2002, of which the contents of each are incorporated herein by
reference in their entireties
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This invention relates to repositioning devices and garments
which can correct a person's posture to a proper ideal posture by
their use in daily activities, exercises, etc. The invention also
relates to posture molding methods and training instruction methods
using these repositioning devices and garments.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] In the process of human growth, the brain of a baby
develops, first and foremost, fundamental neurotransmission
networks for basic movements of body parts, such as hands and feet.
The next step, which also starts in the infancy, is to develop
neurotransmission networks concerning asymmetrical and unequal
movements (e.g. right-handedness or left-handedness). On earth, we
live and grow up under gravity, while maintaining the laterality
(inequality between the right part and the left part of the body).
Eventually, it is difficult for us to keep superior body balance
and an ability to support the body equally in anteroposterior,
side-to-side and twisting movements. To put it differently, a human
being perceives relative positions of the body parts by usually
unconscious proprioception. Proprioception itself is inaccurate
with respect to body balance and body support ability mentioned
above. Hence, strictly speaking, the muscles and skeleton which
develop with proprioception are not perfectly equal but
unequal.
[0004] In daily activities, muscular power of the whole body
weakens with age. Therefore, in order to maintain a healty life, we
should continue moderate exercises, thereby preventing weakening of
muscular power and keeping superior body balance. If a man
habitually relies on inaccurate proprioception, some muscles weaken
and impose heavier loads on other muscles and joints. As a result,
he may develop lumbar pain, joint pain or other impairment, and in
a worst case, may be bedridden.
[0005] Regarding the youth whose muscular power is not yet
deteriorated, it is still necessary to strengthen muscles to an
advanced level and to create superior body balance and excellent
body support ability, for accomplishment of prominent athletic
performance. For this goal, they may keep on doing exercises beyond
a certain intensity or a certain range of motion of joints, or
doing intensive training by relying on proprioception. As a result
of such wrong exercises or training, however, some muscles and
joints may be overloaded and injured in the end.
[0006] Conventionally, deficit in body balance is treated by
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). In PNF,
application of stimulation to ineffective muscles facilitates
neurotransmission in these muscles and helps recovery of body
balance. To stimulate muscles, a practitioner or a trainer
instructs a patient to perform lengthening contraction (eccentric
exercises) of desired muscles. As an alternative, a skin surface is
brushed or rubbed otherwise over a desired muscle.
[0007] However, even when neurotransmission in muscles is
facilitated in the conventional manner, it takes a considerably
long time until correct post-repositioning movement is settled as
extrapyramidal exercise which depends on usually unconscious
proprioception (until pyramidal exercise shifts to extrapyramidal
reflex exercise). Accordingly, facilitation of neurotransmission in
muscles must be continued for a long period until correct movement
is effected by proprioception. Regrettably, if a patient quits the
repositioning treatment halfway, he returns to the previous manner
of exercise movement which depends on inaccurate proprioception,
causing recurrence of the same injury.
[0008] If inaccurate proprioception is settled stubbornly, the
repositioning effect disappears quickly. Even though
neurotransmission in muscles may be facilitated for a while after
repositioning, a patient soon tends to resume the previous manner
of exercise which depends on inaccurate proprioception. In this
situation, neurotransmission in muscles has to be facilitated
frequently. If there is a long interval between treatment sessions,
he returns to the previous manner of exercise which depends on
inaccurate proprioception, causing recurrence of the same
injury.
[0009] Thus, when a person gets injured due to deficit in body
balance, the patient needs not only frequent repositioning
treatment in an initial stage of treatment, but also long-term
treatment for complete recovery. Having said that, repeated visits
to the practitioner are bothering and costly.
[0010] Apart from PNF, there are other manners for preventing
muscle weakening and improving muscular power, including a variety
of exercises such as walking, running and swimming, as well as
sport-specific training. In addition, training devices utilizing
electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) have been suggested. Such
training devices apply a low-frequency electric current to the
human body via a pad which is attached to the skin surface of a
human body. The electric current causes shortening (concentric)
contraction of muscles, thereby strengthening muscular power.
[0011] As described, the conventional training devices for
strengthening muscular power are based on electrical stimulation.
Hence, for some users who have a pacemaker or other medical
equipment implanted in the body, the training devices have a risk
of troubles by resonating with the medical equipment. Similarly, if
a metal part is embedded in the body (e.g. while fractured bones
are fixed by a plate), there is a possibility of heat generation
and electric burn.
[0012] Further regarding the above conventional training devices
which apply a low-frequency electric current to the human body, a
pad has to be attached to the body surface by a gel. If the pad is
not properly attached, electricity may flow across the skin surface
and gives pain to the user. Besides, it is laborious and
uncomfortable to attach the pad by using a gel. In particular, a
person with sensitive skin is poisoned by gel or pad materials.
[0013] Furthermore, the above conventional training devices induce
muscular contraction in reponse to electrical input. However, if
they are used at an unsuitable intensity, the user feels a strong
muscle cramp or may even end with myorrhexis or moderate muscle
strain when a muscle contracts during exercise. In daily activities
and exercises, the devices give a light load to muscles and are
unlikely to cause injury during constant length (isometric)
contraction. On the other hand, during shortening (concentric)
contraction, muscles are overloaded by their inherent contraction
as well as the device-assisted contraction, so that the muscles are
likely to suffer from myorrhexis or muscle strain. Furthermore,
during lengthening (eccentric) contraction, which is always
accompanied by shortening contraction of muscles (i.e. muscle
contraction induced by operation of the EMS), muscles receive
maximum loads and are vulnerable to more serious injuries. What is
more, the user feels increased constraint and reduced mobility in
muscles, losing smoothness and efficiency in movement. Thus, the
devices adversely affect user's activity if they are used in daily
activities or exercises.
[0014] In the case of the conventional training devices, a
low-frequency current radiates from a pad. Hence, stimulation
cannot be pinpointed to a desired muscle alone.
[0015] The conventional training devices are said to strengthen
muscular power by electrically stimulating shortening exercises of
muscles. However, such exercises are passive and performed only by
muscles in a limited area where a low-frequency current diffuses
via a pad, in contrast to active exercises (e.g. running, swimming)
which involve mutual interaction of many muscles in the whole body
under the influence of gravity. Thus, the conventional devices
strengthen only limited muscles, irrespective of the influence of
gravity which is critical in keeping body balance. This factor
increases a fear of worsening body balance.
[0016] In the case where injury results from deficit in body
balance, a loaded muscle or joint is assisted by application of
taping or by using a supporter, with a view to keeping body balance
and body support ability. In addition, if a person knows through
experience which muscle or joint is loaded, he applies taping or
uses a supporter in advance as a preventive measure.
[0017] In this regard, many attempts have been made to prevent
injuries (muscle strain, and rupture or damage of ligaments and
tendons) by supporting a part of muscles and assisting joint
support power, without restricting muscle movements during
exercise. Clothes proposed therefor are arranged to apply gentle
pressure to certain muscles and strong pressure to their adjacent
edges, or to apply gentle pressure to central parts of the elbow or
knee joints and strong pressure to their periphery (see Patent
Document 1, as an example).
[0018] <Patent Document 1>
[0019] Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. H8-117382 (JP
8-117382 A)
[0020] Nevertheless, the above-mentioned conventional taping,
supporter, clothes and the like are designed to apply strong
pressure to muscles to be moved actively, so that muscle tone of
such muscles decreases. Although the conventional clothes are
originally intended to provide an effect of fixing a joint and
assisting muscular power, these items fail to do so.
[0021] Specifically speaking, when we receive severe stimulation
(e.g. bruise) to our skin or muscle, we touch and stroke the
injured area by a hand in an attempt to reduce or suppress the pain
quickly, because we instinctively know this action does soothe the
pain. In fact, Margaret Rood proves that stroking (brushing) and
other stimulation can reduce pain. Another actual effect of
stroking (brushing) is suppression of excessive sweating. To give
an example, kimono fitters or the like experimentally learn that
sweating is suppressed by tightening an obi (a belt) and a himo (a
cord), and they put this into practice. As understood by these
phenomena, surface-like pressure or touch (as opposed to point-like
pressure or touch) on the skin is found to have effects of
suppressing sympathetic nerves and exciting parasympathetic nerves.
Further, regarding promotion of blood circulation, it is known that
stroking on the skin surface can stimulate parasympathetic nerves,
can dilate blood vessels, and can increase the blood flow in
muscles. This phenomenon is often observed when muscles receive
surface pressure or touch. To give an example, for treatment of
stiff neck or the like, manual therapy (lymphatic massage, etc.) is
done to increase blood flow in muscles and to decrease their muscle
tone. Theoretically, Margaret Rood calls these phenomena "closing
of the pain gate". According to this theory, when muscles or skin
receives stimulation by stroking (brushing), the stimulation is
transmitted by a neural pathway of innocuous C fibers, and causes
presynaptic inhibition or reduction of primary afferent
depolarization. Besides, these phenomena are said to reduce pain
and decrease muscle tone. It is further known that the effect is
optimized when stimulation is applied to a functional skin area
which corresponds to a skin segment or a muscle segment.
[0022] In light of this theory, the above-mentioned conventional
taping, supporter and clothes are concerned with improper muscles
or skin and provoke over-relaxation of nerves and muscles.
Eventually, those conventional items decrease the joint support
power by muscles and inhibit smooth joint movement which is
effected by muscle contraction. In contrast, an object to be
achieved by the product of this invention is to improve balance
ability and athletic performance ability in the whole body during
exercise, by applying a muscle/nerve facilitation technique to a
location where muscle tone is so high as to inhibit smooth
movement. Thus, this object is significantly different from the one
intended by the conventional taping, supporter, and clothes.
[0023] Further, the conventional clothes are designed to assist
joint support power of certain muscles by strongly pressing
adjacent edges of these muscles. Therefore, if a healthy person
wears such clothes during exercise, the strongly supported muscles
do not receive a full load imposed by the exercises, so that the
person cannot be rewarded with a sufficient exercise effect. In
other words, the support power of the conventional clothes absorbs
a load which should be imposed on muscles. After all, even when a
person performs exercise in correct movements, the support power of
the clothes assists and bears part of a load which is generated by
correct movements and should be imposed on muscles.
[0024] In fact, because the conventional clothes are designed to
support joints and muscles at an injury-prone area, a person in
such clothes may be able to keep his body balance and body support
ability to some degree. However, while such clothes are used for
exercise, there is a difference between the load imposed on muscles
and joints which are supported by the clothes and the load imposed
on muscles and joints which are not supported by the clothes.
Hence, if a person wears such clothes and performs exercise harder,
the supported muscles/joints and the unsupported muscles/joints
will show an increasing difference in exercise effects. Eventually,
the clothes will worsen body balance and body support ability.
[0025] As mentioned, the conventional clothes are further designed
to assist joint support power by gently pressing central parts of
the elbow or knee joints and strongly pressing their periphery.
Nevertheless, the original function of a supporter is merely to
stop anteroposterior and side-to-side sway of a joint. It is true
that occurrence of injury can be reduced by suppressing sway at a
joint. However, as for the pain which results from a vertical load
(an antigravity action) during exercise, the conventional clothes
have neither an effect of suppressing sway of a joint nor an effect
of assisting joint support power for the following reasons. At the
knee joints, it is difficult to generate a drag force while they
receive positive and negative forces during exercise (to effect an
antigravity action), except for increasing the internal pressure to
the knee joints (by giving such a strong pressure as to disable
extension and flexion of the knees). Hence, an appliance for
assisting the joint support power has a limited effect. Basically,
exercise-related injuries are induced by sway and displacement of
joints relative to their joint axes while the joints are subjected
to a constant vertical load. Further, because joints are destined
to serve two conflicting functions: flexibility and toughness, such
a severe fixation of joints is impossible. Namely, the only means
for curing or avoiding injuries is to shift the vertical load to
other joints or to remove the vertical load from the joints
themselves. To summarize, when a vertical overload on the knee
joints is attributable to an extreme forward leaning posture which
results from ankle joint-concentrated exercise (i.e. the ankle
strategy-based manner of exercise, to be detailed later), it is
impossible to alleviate knee joint injuries without reducing such
vertical overloads. Besides, the conventional appliance which
merely assists the knee joints cannot cure or avoid injuries. For
the reasons mentioned above, the conventional clothes and the like
can never decrease the load on the intraarticular soft tissues
(articular disk, etc.) at the knee joints.
[0026] Additionally, the above conventional clothes are designed to
support joints and muscles where injuries are likely. In fact,
these joints and muscles are the ones which are actually injured
and not the ones which trigger injuries. Hence, use of the
conventional clothes is not a fundamental solution to prevent
injury.
[0027] Apart from the use of the taping, supporter and clothes as
above, trainers give athletes training instructions for improving
their athletic ability without injury. Generally, a trainer watches
athlete's movements and corrects his defects, or lets him prepare
for activities by training overloaded muscles as mentioned
above.
[0028] According to this conventional training instruction method,
even if a trainer watches athlete's movements and corrects his
defects, the advice is worthless unless the athlete performs
accurate movements consciously (as pyramidal movements) at all
time. If the advice is forgotten, he returns to his previous
extrapyramidal movements which depend on inaccurate proprioception.
For those who enjoy sports, since it is usually impossible to
receive training instructions personally and at all time, they have
difficulty in performing accurate movements consciously (as
pyramidal movements). Hence, they cannot throw away their previous
extrapyramidal movements which depend on inaccurate proprioception,
or cannot go on with correct movements. Even if someone is lucky
enough to have his problems spotted personally and frequently, it
still takes a considerable time to carry out correct movements
consciously (until proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, PNF,
is completed, or until controlled mobility is acquired). Needless
to say, even after a person has finally managed to carry out
correct movements consciously, it takes a further considerable time
until the correct movements are settled as extrapyramidal movements
which depend on usually unconscious proprioception (until the
correct movements shift from pyramidal movements to extrapyramidal
reflex movements).
[0029] In the above conventional training instruction method, a
trainer also lets an athlete prepare for activities by training
loaded muscles as mentioned above. Although the thus strengthened
muscles may be more resistant to injuries, this process cannot
create superior body balance and body support ability for realizing
injury-free movements (flexible movement and controlled
mobility).
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0030] The invention is made in light of the situations described
above. An object of the invention is to provide repositioning
devices and garments which can correct a person's posture to a
proper ideal one and which can create superior body balance by
their use in daily activities, exercises, etc., and also to provide
posture molding methods and training instruction methods using
these repositioning devices and garments.
[0031] A garment of the invention for solving the above problems is
equipped with at least either of a point stimulation part or a
surface stimulation part. With a proviso that muscles involved in
antigravitational exercise are classified into groups, according to
the degree of muscle tone which is affected by postural difference
and by laterality-related difference in neurotransmission, the
point stimulation part is formed at a location corresponding to a
skin surface within an area ranging from an origin to an insertion
of at least one muscle selected from the muscle groups, and with a
person wearing the garment, the point stimulation part facilitates
neurotransmission in the at least one muscle. The surface
stimulation part is formed at a location corresponding to a
functional skin area of at least one muscle selected from the
muscle groups, and with a person wearing the garment, the surface
stimulation part inhibits neurotransmission in the at least one
muscle.
[0032] A posture molding method of the invention for solving the
above problems is a method for molding an ideal posture. With a
proviso that muscles involved in antigravitational exercise are
classified into groups, according to the degree of muscle tone
which is affected by postural difference and by laterality-related
difference in neurotransmission, this method involves: providing a
point stimulator and/or a surface stimulator at a location
corresponding to a skin surface within an area ranging from an
origin to an insertion of at least one muscle selected from the
muscle groups. In this method, the point stimulator promotes
facilitation of neurotransmission in the muscle and raises
awareness of the muscle, and the surface stimulator promotes
inhibition of neurotransmission in the muscle and decreases
awareness of the muscle.
[0033] Also proposed is a training instruction method of the
invention for solving the above problems. With a proviso that
muscles involved in antigravitational exercise are classified into
groups, according to the degree of muscle tone which is affected by
postural difference and by laterality-related difference in
neurotransmission, this method involves: allowing a person to
perform exercise while providing a point stimulator and/or a
surface stimulator at a location corresponding to a skin surface
within an area ranging from an origin to an insertion of at least
one muscle selected from the muscle groups. In this method, the
point stimulator promotes facilitation of neurotransmission in the
muscle and raises awareness of the muscle, and the surface
stimulator promotes inhibition of neurotransmission in the muscle
and decreases awareness of the muscle.
[0034] A repositioning device of the invention for solving the
above problems is composed of a case applicable to a human body
surface and having a hollow chamber therein, and one or more pieces
contained in the case. A space for permitting rolling and bouncing
movements of the one or more pieces is defined in the hollow
chamber of the case. The one or more pieces vibrate the case by
rolling and bouncing inside the hollow chamber in response to body
movements. The case is made in such a size as to secure a space for
generating such vibrations in the space inside the hollow chamber,
to provide vibratory stimulation to a part of the skin
corresponding to a human body surface to which the case is applied,
and to facilitate neurotransmission in at least one muscle at the
part.
[0035] Another repositioning device of the invention for solving
the above problems is composed of a case applicable to a human body
surface, a vibration generator arranged to generate vibrations in a
range of 3 Hz to 5 MHz, a power source for supplying power to the
vibration generator, and a controller for controlling generation of
vibrations by the vibration generator. Vibrations from the
vibration generator reach the human skin surface to which the
vibration generator is applied. The case is made in such a size
that the vibrations facilitate a muscle at a part of the skin
corresponding to a human body surface to which the case is
applied.
[0036] <Laterality-Related Difference in Neurotransmission and
Postural Difference, Regarding Anti-Gravitational Exercise>
[0037] The human brain has established neurotransmission circuits
for processing asymmetrical unequal movements such as
right-handedness and left-handedness. With keeping such unequal
factors, the human brain perceives relative positions of body parts
by usually unconscious proprioception. Since the muscles, skeleton
and the like develop with proprioception, they are not perfectly
equal but unequal in a strict sense. In fact, laterality affects
all parts of the body.
[0038] In addition to the influence of laterality, a human being
living on the earth is engaged in exercise or work by maintaining a
standing, sitting or any other posture under gravity, and
permanently needs to generate an anti-gravity force for acting
against the gravity. Without the anti-gravity force, no movement
would be possible. A group of muscles which are selected
reflexively and dominantly in the antigravity state are
comprehensively called antigravity muscles, most of which are
extensors. The antigravity muscles are affected not only by
laterality as mentioned above, but also by ethnic group, lifestyle,
inheritance, and many other factors.
[0039] Let us give an example. While standing with eyes closed,
those who perform exercise in a forward leaning posture tend to
lean forward and to support their weight toward the toes (typical
to Mongoloids or nonathletic people), whereas those who perform
exercise in a backward leaning posture tend to lean backward and to
support their weight toward the heels (typical to Latin Americans
or athletically skilled people). Next, suppose that these people
stand on one leg, with eyes closed. In the forward-leaning group
(typical to Mongoloids or nonathletic people), right-handed people
tend to support the weight at the lateral side of the right toe
(when standing on the right leg only) or the medial side of the
left toe (when standing on the left leg only), and left-handed
people tend to support the weight at the lateral side of the left
toe (when standing on the left leg only) or the medial side of the
right toe (when standing on the right leg only). On the other hand,
in the backward-leaning group (typical to Latin Americans or
athletically skilled people), right-handed people tend to support
the weight at the lateral side of the left heel (when standing on
the left leg only) and the medial side of the right heel (when
standing on the right leg only), and left-handed people tend to
support the weight at the lateral side of the right heel (when
standing on the right leg only) and the medial side of the left
heel (when standing on the left leg only).
[0040] FIG. 1 depicts an average exercise posture of Japanese or
nonathletic people (right-handed), who support the weight at the
lateral side of the right toe and the medial side of the left toe.
Regarding body balance and body support ability in this posture,
the body is strongly controlled and supported by the posterior
muscles of the left lower leg, the anterior muscles of the left
thigh, the upper part of the left abdominal muscles, and the right
upper trapezius. Their body is more strongly controlled and
supported by the posterior muscles of the right lower leg, the
anterior muscles of the right thigh, the upper part of the right
abdominal muscles, and the left upper trapezium. During
anti-gravitational exercise, the above-mentioned muscle groups
notably increase muscle tone. The left-handed people show a
symmetrical pattern.
[0041] In contrast, FIG. 2 depicts an average exercise posture of
Latin Americans or athletically skilled people (right-handed), who
support the weight at the lateral side of the left heel and the
medial side of the right heel. Regarding body balance and body
support ability in this posture, the body is strongly controlled
and supported by the anterior muscles of the right lower leg, the
posterior muscles of the right thigh, the posterior part of the
right gluteal muscles, the lower part of the left abdominal
muscles, and the left erector spinae. Their body is more strongly
controlled and supported by the anterior muscles of the left lower
leg, the posterior muscles of the left thigh, the posterior part of
the left gluteal muscles, the lower part of the right abdominal
muscles, and the right erector spinae. During anti-gravitational
exercise, the above-mentioned muscle groups notably increase muscle
tone. The left-handed people show a symmetrical pattern.
[0042] Considering the fact that the degree of neurotransmission
can be weak or strong in connection with laterality, high-tone
muscles during antigravitational exercise are distributed
differently among the forward-leaning right-handed, the
forward-leaning left-handed, the backward-leaning right-handed, and
the backward-leaning left-handed. Additionally, in practice, point
stimulation or surface stimulation for facilitating or inhibiting
muscular nerves is applied to muscles which act in opposed manners
to the above-mentioned muscles which control and support the
body.
[0043] Whether forward-leaning right-handed, forward-leaning
left-handed, backward-leaning right-handed, or backward-leaning
left-handed, we perceive relative positions of body parts by
usually unconscious proprioception (i.e. by postural reflex). In
Tables 1 to 8, muscles are classified into four categories (Very
strong, Strong, Weak, Very weak) according to the degree of muscle
tone during antigravitational exercise, separately for each of the
forward-leaning right-handed, the forward-leaning left-handed, the
backward-leaning right-handed, and the backward-leaning
left-handed.
[0044] Regarding Tables 1 to 8, the degree of muscle tone is
indicated in four ranks (Weak, Very weak, Strong, Very strong) for
the following reason. First and foremost, a person is roughly
classified as right-handed or left-handed. Next, turn to the limbs,
and take an arm as an example. Then, we can see that even one arm
has two flows of muscles (i.e. radial and ulnar), either of which
is dominant over the other. Therefore, the terms "right-handed" and
"left-handed" are too rough to represent actual degree of muscle
tone. The above-defined four ranks are meant to cover strong
muscles and weak muscles on the dominant side of the body as well
as strong muscles and weak muscles on the non-dominant side of the
body. In this context, very strong muscles and strong muscles
locate on the dominant side of the body, the former being more
active than the latter. Weak muscles and very weak muscles locate
on the non-dominant side of the body, the latter being less active
than the former and being the weakest in a muscle group at a
certain area of the body.
[0045] Tables 9 and 10 classify muscles and joints into two
categories, in connection with antigravitational exercise performed
in an ideal posture. The first category encompasses major muscles
and joints concerning antigravitational exercise, and the second
category covers auxiliary muscles and joints which assist and work
in coordination with the major ones.
1TABLE 1 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a RIGHT-HANDED person with a FORWARD
LEANING posture Vety strong Strong Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS right trapezius (third and fourth cervical nerves), left
pectoralis minor (medial left trapezius (third and fourth cervical
nerves), right pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve), pectoral
nerve), right rectus femoris (femoral nerve), medial head of the
right left rectus femoris (femoral nerve), medial head of the left
gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), lateral
head of the left gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), left plantaris
(tibial nerve), right splenius capitis and right splenius cervicis
(lateral branches of right plantaris (tibial nerve), left splenius
capitis and left splenius cervicis (lateral posterior branches of
the mandibular nerve and the nerve between the maxillary and
mandibular branches of posterior branches of the mandibular nerve
and the nerve between the nerves), right rectus capitis posterior
major (suboccipital nerve) maxillary and mandibular nerves, left
rectus capitis posterior major (suboccipital nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS
right pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves), right
biceps brachii left pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral
nerves), left biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve), right
brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve),
(musculocutaneous nerve), left brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve,
radial nerve), right flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), right
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve), left flexor carpi radialis
(median nerve), left flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve), left right
palmaris longus (median nerve), right flexor digitorum
superficialis (median palmaris longus (median nerve), left flexor
digitorum superficialis (median nerve), nerve), right flexor
digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the median left
flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the
median nerve), nerve), right flexor pollicis longus (palmar branch
of the median nerve), right left flexor pollicis longus (palmar
branch of the median nerve), left gracilis gracilis (anterior
branch of the obturator nerve), left flexor hallucis longus (tibial
(anterior branch of the obturator nerve), right flexor hallucis
longus (tibial nerve), nerve), right flexor digitorum longus
(tibial nerve), right external oblique (anterior left flexor
digitorum longus (tibial nerve), left external oblique (anterior
branches branches of the lower six thoracic nerves and upper two
lumbar nerves), left of the lower six thoracic nerves and upper two
lumbar nerves), right internal internal oblique (anterior branches
of the seventh to twelfth thoracic nerves and the oblique (anterior
branches of the seventh to twelfth thoracic nerves and the first
first and second lumbar nerves), right transversus abdominis
(anterior branches of and second lumbar nerves), left transversus
abdominis (anterior branches of the the seventh to twelfth
intercostal nerves), right upper rectus abdominis (anterior seventh
to twelfth intercostal nerves), left upper rectus abdominis
(anterior branches of the lower six intercostal nerves), right
quadratus lumborum (subcostal branches of the lower six intercostal
nerves), left quadratus lumborum (subcostal nerve, first, second
and third lumbar nerves) nerve, first, second and third lumbar
nerves) Monoarticular muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS left subclavius
(fifth and sixth cervical nerves), right deltoid (axillary nerve),
left right subclavius (fifth and sixth cervical nerves), left
deltoid (axillary nerve), right rectus capitis posterior minor
(suboccipital nerve), left obliquus capitis inferior rectus capitis
posterior minor (suboccipital nerve), right obliquus capitis
inferior (first and second cervical nerves), left obliquus capitis
superior (posterior branch of (first and second cervical nerves),
right obliquus capitis superior (posterior branch the first
cervical nerve) of the first cervical nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS right
coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous nerve), right pronator teres
(median left coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous nerve), left
pronator teres (median nerve), nerve), right brachioradialis
(radial nerve), left gluteus medius (superior gluteal left
brachioradialis (radial nerve), right gluteus medius (superior
gluteal nerve), nerve), left gluteus minimus (superior gluteal
nerve), right tensor fasciae latae right gluteus minimus (superior
gluteal nerve), left tensor fasciae latae (superior (superior
gluteal nerve), right popliteus (tibial nerve), right tibialis
posterior (tibial gluteal nerve), left popliteus (tibial nerve),
left tibialis posterior (tibial nerve), left nerve), right peroneus
longus (superficial peroneal nerve), right peroneus brevis peroneus
longus (superficial peroneal nerve), left peroneus brevis
(superficial (superficial peroneal nerve) peroneal nerve) ROTATORS
ROTATORS right rhomboideus major (dorsal scapular nerve), right
rhomboideus minor (dorsal left rhomboideus major (dorsal scapular
nerve), left rhomboideus minor (dorsal scapular nerve), left
levator scapulae (dorsal scapular nerve, third and fourth scapular
nerve), right levator scapulae (dorsal scapular nerve, third and
fourth cervical nerves), left subscapularis (upper and lower
subscapular nerves), left teres cervical nerves), right
subscapularis (upper and lower subseapular nerves), right major
(lower subscapular nerve), right pronator quadratus (anterior
interosseous teres major (lower subscapular nerve), left pronator
quadratus (anterior branch of the median nerve) interosseous branch
of the median nerve)
[0046]
2TABLE 2 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a RIGHT-HANDED person with a FORWARD
LEANING posture Weak Very weak Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS right latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve), right
triceps brachii (radial nerve), left latissimus dorsi
(thoracodorsal nerve), left triceps brachii (radial nerve), left
extensor carpi right extensor carpi radialis longus (radial nerve),
right extensor carpi radialis radialis longus (radial nerve), left
extensor carpi radialis brevis (posterior interosseous branch of
brevis (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right
extensor digitorum the radial nerve), left extensor digitorum
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), (posterior
interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right extensor carpi
ulnaris left extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior interosseous branch
of the radial nerve), left biceps (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right biceps femoris (sciatic femoris (sciatic
nerve), right semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), right semimembranosus
(sciatic nerve), left semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), left
semimembranosus (sciatic nerve), nerve), left extensor hallucis
longus (anterior tibial nerve), right extensor digitorum right
extensor hallucis longus (anterior tibial nerve), left extensor
digitorum longus longus (anterior tibial nerve), (anterior tibial
nerve), erector spinae, mainly on the right side (left iliocostalis
lumborum, left iliocostalis erector spinae, mainly on the left side
(right iliocostalis lumborum, right iliocostalis thoracis, right
iliocostalis cervicis, left longissimus thoracis, right longissimus
thoracis, left iliocostalis cervicis, right longissimus thoracis,
left longissimus cervicis, right longissimus capitis, left spinalis
thoracis, right spinalis cervicis, right cervicis, left longissimus
capitis, right spinalis thoracis, left spinalis cervicis, left
spinalis capitis, left semispinalis thoracis, right semispinalis
cervicis, right spinalis capitis, right semispinalis thoracis, left
semispinalis cervicis, left semispinalis capitis, right multifidus,
right rotatores, right interspinales, right intertransversarii)
semispinalis capitis, left multifidus, left rotatores, left
interspinales, left (spinal nerves) intertransversarii) (spinal
nerves) FLEXORS FLEXORS right serratus anterior (long thoracic
nerve), right psoas major (second and third left serratus anterior
(long thoracic nerve), left psoas major (second and third lumbar
nerves), right psoas minor (first and second lumbar nerves), left
sartorius lumbar nerves), left psoas minor (first and second lumbar
nerves), right sartorius (femoral nerve), left platysma (cervical
branch of the facial nerve), left (femoral nerve), right platysma
(cervical branch of the facial nerve), right sternocleidomastoid
(accessory nerve, second cervical nerve), left longus colli
sternocleidomastoid (accessory nerve, second cervical nerve), right
longus colli (anterior branches of the second to eighth cervical
nerves), left longus capitis (first (anterior branches of the
second to eighth cervical nerves), right longus capitis to fourth
cervical nerves), left rectus capitis anterior (first and second
cervical (first to fourth cervical nerves), right rectus capitis
anterior (first and second nerves), left rectus capitis lateralis
(first and second cervical nerves), left scalenus cervical nerves),
right rectus capitis lateralis (first and second cervical nerves),
anterior (anterior branches of the fifth to eighth cervical
nerves), left scalenus right scalenus anterior (anterior branches
of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves), medius (third and fourth
cervical nerves), left scalenus posterior (third to eighth right
scalenus medius (third and fourth cervical nerves), right scalenus
posterior cervical nerves), left external intercostals (intercostal
nerves), left internal (third to eighth cervical nerves), right
external intercostals (intercostal nerves), intercostals
(intercostal nerves), left subcostales (intercostal nerves), left
right internal intercostals (intercostal nerves), right subcostales
(intercostal nerves), transversus thoracis (first to sixth thoracic
intercostal nerves), left levatores right transversus thoracis
(first to sixth thoracic intercostal nerves), right levatores
costarum (anterior branches of the thoracic nerves), left serratus
posterior superior costarum (anterior branches of the thoracic
nerves), right serratus posterior superior (first to fourth
thoracic nerves), left serratus posterior inferior (tenth to
twelfth (first to fourth thoracic nerves), right serratus posterior
inferior (tenth to twelfth thoracic nerves), left internal oblique
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), thoracic nerves),
right internal oblique (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve),
left transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal
nerve), left lower right transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric
nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), right lower rectus abdominis
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve) rectus abdominis
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve) Monoarticular muscles
EXTENSORS EXTENSORS left supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right
extensor digiti minimi (posterior right supraspinatus
(suprascapular nerve), left extensor digiti minimi (posterior
interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right anconeus (radial
nerve), right interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
anconeus (radial nerve), left abductor abductor pollicis longus
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
abductor abductor pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous
branch of the radial nerve), left extensor extensor pollicis longus
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
gluteus gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal nerve), left peroneus
tertius (anterior tibial maximus (inferior gluteal nerve), right
peroneus tertius (anterior tibial nerve), left nerve), right vastus
lateralis (femoral nerve), left vastus medialis (femoral nerve),
vastus lateralis (femoral nerve), right vastus medialis (femoral
nerve), left vastus right vastus intermedius (femoral nerve), left
soleus (tibial nerve) intermedius (femoral nerve), right soleus
(tibial nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS right brachialis (musculocutaneous
nerve, radial nerve), right iliacus (femoral left brachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve), left iliacus (femoral
nerve), nerve), right pectineus (femoral nerve), right adductor
longus (obturator nerve), left pectineus (femoral nerve); left
adductor longus (obturator nerve), left adductor right adductor
brevis (obturator nerve), right adductor magnus (posterior branch
of brevis (obturator nerve), left adductor magnus (posterior branch
of the obturator the obturator nerve, sciatic nerve), right
tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve) nerve, sciatic nerve), left
tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve) ROTATORS ROTATORS left
infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), left teres minor (axillary
nerve), right right infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right
teres minor (axillary nerve), left supinator (radial nerve), left
piriformis (first and second sacral nerves), left supinator (radial
nerve), right piriformis (first and second sacral nerves), right
obturator internus, left superior gemellus, left inferior gemellus,
left quadratus obturator internus, right superior gemellus, right
inferior gemellus, right quadratus femoris, left obturator externus
(posterior branch of the obturator nerve) femoris, right obturator
externus (posterior branch of the obturator nerve)
[0047]
3TABLE 3 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a LEFT-HANDED person with a FORWARD LEANING
posture Very strong Strong Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS left trapezius (third and fourth cervical nerves), right
pectoralis minor (medial right trapezius (third and fourth cervical
nerves), left pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve), pectoral
nerve), left rectus femoris (femoral nerve), medial head of the
left right rectus femoris (femoral nerve), medial head of the right
gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), lateral
head of the right gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), lateral head of the
left gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), right plantaris (tibial nerve),
left splenius left plantaris (tibial nerve), right splenius capitis
and right splenius cervicis (lateral capitis and left splenius
cervicis (lateral branches of posterior branches of the mandibular
nerve branches of posterior branches of the mandibular nerve and
the nerve between the and the nerve between the maxillary and
mandibular nerves), left rectus capitis posterior major maxillary
and mandibular nerves), right rectus capitis posterior major
(suboccipital (suboccipital nerve) nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS left
pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves), left biceps
brachii right pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral
nerves), right biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve), left
brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve),
(musculocutaneous nerve), right brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve,
radial nerve), left flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), left
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve), left right flexor carpi
radialis (median nerve), right flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve),
palmaris longus (median nerve), left flexor digitorum superficialis
(median nerve), right palmaris longus (median nerve), right flexor
digitorum superficialis (median left flexor digitorum profundus
(ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the median nerve), nerve), right
flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the
median left flexor pollicis longus (palmar branch of the median
nerve), left gracilis nerve), right flexor pollicis longus (palmar
branch of the median nerve), right (anterior branch of the
obturator nerve), right flexor hallucis longus (tibial nerve),
gracilis (anterior branch of the obturator nerve), left flexor
hallucis longus (tibial left flexor digitorum longus (tibial
nerve), left external oblique (anterior branches nerve), right
flexor digitorum longus (tibial nerve), right external oblique
(anterior of the lower six thoracic nerves and upper two lumbar
nerves), right internal branches of the lower six thoracic nerves
and upper two lumbar nerves), left oblique (anterior branches of
the seventh to twelfth thoracic nerves and the first internal
oblique (anterior branches of the seventh to twelfth thoracic
nerves and the and second lumbar nerves), left transversus
abdominis (anterior branches of the first and second lumbar
nerves), right transversus abdominis (anterior branches of seventh
to twelfth intercostal nerves), left upper rectus abdominis
(anterior the seventh to twelfth intercostal nerves), right upper
rectus abdominis (anterior branches of the lower six intercostal
nerves), left quadratus lumborum (subcostal branches of the lower
six intercostal nerves), right quadratus lumborum (subcostal nerve,
first, second and third lumbar nerves) nerve, first, second and
third lumbar nerves) Monoarticular muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS
right subclavius (fifth and sixth cervical nerves), left deltoid
(axillary nerve), right left subclavius (fifth and sixth cervical
nerves), right deltoid (axillary nerve), left rectus capitis
posterior minor (suboccipital nerve), right obliquus capitis
inferior rectus capitis posterior minor (suboccipital nerve), left
obliquus capitis inferior (first and second cervical nerves), right
obliquus capitis superior (posterior branch (first and second
cervical nerves), left obliquus capitis superior (posterior branch
of of the first cervical nerve) the first cervical nerve) FLEXORS
FLEXORS left coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous nerve), left
pronator teres (median nerve), right coracobrachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve), right pronator teres (median left
brachioradialis (radial nerve), right gluteus medius (superior
gluteal nerve), nerve), right brachioradialis (radial nerve), left
gluteus medius (superior gluteal right gluteus minimus (superior
gluteal nerve), left tensor fasciae latae (superior nerve), left
gluteus minimus (superior gluteal nerve), right tensor fasciae
latae gluteal nerve), left popliteus (tibial nerve), left tibialis
posterior (tibial nerve), left (superior gluteal nerve), right
popliteus (tibial nerve), right tibialis posterior (tibial peroneus
longus (superficial peroneal nerve), left peroneus brevis
(superficial nerve), right peroneus longus (superficial peroneal
nerve), right peroneus brevis peroneal nerve) (superficial peroneal
nerve) ROTATORS ROTATORS left rhomboideus major (dorsal scapular
nerve), left rhomboideus minor (dorsal right rhomboideus major
(dorsal scapular nerve), right rhomboideus minor (dorsal scapular
nerve), right levator scapulae (dorsal scapular nerve, third and
fourth scapular nerve), left levator scapulae (dorsal scapular
nerve, third and fourth cervical nerves), right subscapularis
(upper and lower subscapular nerves), right cervical nerves), left
subscapularis (upper and lower subscapular nerves), left teres
teres major (lower subscapular nerve), left pronator quadratus
(anterior major (lower subscapular nerve), right pronator quadratus
(anterior interosseous interosseous branch of the median nerve)
branch of the median nerve)
[0048]
4TABLE 4 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a LEFT-HANDED person with a FORWARD LEANING
posture Weak Very weak Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS
left latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve), left triceps brachii
(radial nerve), left right latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve),
right triceps brachii (radial nerve), right extensor extensor carpi
radialis longus (radial nerve), left extensor carpi radialis brevis
carpi radialis longus (radial nerve), right extensor carpi radialis
brevis (posterior interosseous (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), left extensor digitorum branch of the radial
nerve), right extensor digitorum (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve),
left extensor carpi ulnaris nerve), right extensor carpi ulnaris
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left biceps
femoris (sciatic biceps femoris (sciatic nerve), left
semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), left semimembranosus nerve), right
semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), right semimembranosus (sciatic
(sciatic nerve), right extensor hallucis longus (anterior tibial
nerve), left extensor digitorum nerve), left extensor hallucis
longus (anterior tibial nerve), right extensor digitorum longus
(anterior tibial nerve), longus (anterior tibial nerve), erector
spinae, mainly on the left side (right iliocostalis lumborum, right
iliocostalis erector spinae, mainly on the right side (left
iliocostalis lumborum, left iliocostalis thoracis, left
iliocostalis cervicis, right longissimus thoracis, left longissimus
thoracis, right iliocostalis cervicis, left longissimus thoracis,
right longissimus cervicis, left longissimus capitis, right
spinalis thoracis, left spinalis cervicis, left cervicis, right
longissimus capitis, left spinalis thoracis, right spinalis
cervicis, right spinalis capitis, right semispinalis thoracis, left
semispinalis cervicis, left spinalis capitis, left semispinalis
thoracis, right semispinalis cervicis, right semispinalis capitis,
left multifidus, left rotatores, left interspinales, left
semispinalis capitis, right multifidus, right rotatores, right
interspinales, right intertransversarii) (spinal nerves)
intertransversarii) (spinal nerves) FLEXORS FLEXORS left serratus
anterior (long thoracic nerve), left psoas major (second and third
right serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve), right psoas major
(second and third lumbar nerves), left psoas minor (first and
second lumbar nerves), right sartorius lumbar nerves), right psoas
minor (first and second lumbar nerves), left sartorius (femoral
nerve), right platysma (cervical branch of the facial nerve), right
(femoral nerve), left platysma (cervical branch of the facial
nerve), left sternocleidomastoid (accessory nerve, second cervical
nerve), right longus colli sternocleidomastoid (accessory nerve,
second cervical nerve), left longus colli (anterior branches of the
second to eighth cervical nerves), right longus capitis (anterior
branches of the second to eighth cervical nerves), left longus
capitis (first (first to fourth cervical nerves), right rectus
capitis anterior (first and second to fourth cervical nerves), left
rectus capitis anterior (first and second cervical cervical
nerves), right rectus capitis lateralis (first and second cervical
nerves), nerves), left rectus capitis lateralis (first and second
cervical nerves), left scalenus right scalenus anterior (anterior
branches of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves), anterior
(anterior branches of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves), left
scalenus right scalenus medius (third and fourth cervical nerves),
right scalenus posterior medius (third and fourth cervical nerves),
left scalenus posterior (third to eighth (third to eighth cervical
nerves), right external intercostals (intercostal nerves), cervical
nerves), left external intercostals (intercostal nerves), left
internal right internal intercostals (intercostal nerves), right
subcostales (intercostal nerves), intercostals (intercostal
nerves), left subcostales (intercostal nerves), left right
transversus thoracis (first to sixth thoracic intercostal nerves),
right levatores transversus thoracis (first to sixth thoracic
intercostal nerves), left levatores costarum (anterior branches of
the thoracic nerves), right serratus posterior superior costarum
(anterior branches of the thoracic nerves), left serratus posterior
superior (first to fourth thoracic nerves), right serratus
posterior inferior (tenth to twelfth (first to fourth thoracic
nerves), left serratus posterior inferior (tenth to twelfth
thoracic nerves), right internal oblique (iliohypogastric nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve), thoracic nerves), left internal oblique
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), right transversus
abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), right lower
left transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal
nerve), left lower rectus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve) rectus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve) Monoarticular muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS right
supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), left extensor digiti minimi
(posterior left supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right extensor
digiti minimi (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve),
left anconeus (radial nerve), left abductor interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right anconeus (radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
abductor abductor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous
branch of the radial nerve), left extensor abductor pollicis brevis
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
gluteus extensor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right maximus (inferior gluteal nerve), right
peroneus tertius (anterior tibial nerve), left gluteus maximus
(inferior gluteal nerve), left peroneus tertius (anterior tibial
vastus lateralis (femoral nerve), right vastus medialis (femoral
nerve), left vastus nerve), right vastus lateralis (femoral nerve),
left vastus medialis (femoral nerve), intermedius (femoral nerve),
right soleus (tibial nerve) right vastus intermedius (femoral
nerve), left soleus (tibial nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS left brachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve), left iliacus (femoral
nerve), right brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve),
right iliacus (femoral left pectineus (femoral nerve), left
adductor longus (obturator nerve), left adductor nerve), right
pectineus (femoral nerve), right adductor longus (obturator nerve),
brevis (obturator nerve), left adductor magnus (posterior branch of
the obturator right adductor brevis (obturator nerve), right
adductor magnus (posterior branch of nerve, sciatic nerve), left
tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve) the obturator nerve,
sciatic nerve), right tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve)
ROTATORS ROTATORS right infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right
teres minor (axillary nerve), left left infraspinatus
(suprascapular nerve), left teres minor (axillary nerve), right
supinator (radial nerve), right piriformis (first and second sacral
nerves), right supinator (radial nerve), left piriformis (first and
second sacral nerves), left obturator internus, right superior
gemellus, right inferior gemellus, right quadratus obturator
internus, left superior gemellus, left inferior gemellus, left
quadratus femoris, right obturator externus (posterior branch of
the obturator nerve) femoris, left obturator externus (posterior
branch of the obturator nerve)
[0049]
5TABLE 5 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a RIGHT-HANDED person with a BACKWARD
LEANING posture Weak Very weak Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS right trapezius (third and fourth cervical nerves), left
pectoralis minor (medial left trapezius (third and fourth cervical
nerves), right pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve), pectoral
nerve), right rectus femoris (femoral nerve), lateral head of the
right left rectus femoris (femoral nerve), lateral head of the left
gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), medial gastrocnemius (tibial nerve),
medial head of the left gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), head of the
right gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), right plantaris (tibial nerve),
right splenius capitis left plantaris (tibial nerve), left splenius
capitis and left splenius cervicis (lateral and right splenius
cervicis (lateral branches of posterior branches of the mandibular
nerve and branches of posterior branches of the mandibular nerve
and the nerve between the the nerve between the maxillary and
mandibular nerves), right rectus capitis posterior major maxillary
and mandibular nerves), left rectus capitis posterior major
(suboccipital (suboccipital nerve) nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS right
pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves), right biceps
brachii left pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves),
left biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve), right brachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve), (musculocutaneous nerve),
left brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve), right
flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), right flexor carpi ulnaris
(ulnar nerve), left flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), left
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve), left right palmaris longus
(median nerve), right flexor digitorum superficialis (median
palmaris longus (median nerve), left flexor digitorum superficialis
(median nerve), nerve), right flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar
nerve, palmar branch of the median left flexor digitorum profundus
(ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the median nerve), nerve), right
flexor pollicis longus (palmar branch of the median nerve), right
left flexor pollicis longus (palmar branch of the median nerve),
left gracilis gracilis (anterior branch of the obturator nerve),
left flexor hallucis longus (tibial (anterior branch of the
obturator nerve), right flexor hallucis longus (tibial nerve),
nerve), right flexor digitorum longus (tibial nerve), right
external oblique (anterior left flexor digitorum longus (tibial
nerve), left external oblique (anterior branches branches of the
lower six thoracic nerves and upper two lumbar nerves), left of the
lower six thoracic nerves and upper two lumbar nerves), right
internal internal oblique (anterior branches of the seventh to
twelfth thoracic nerves and the oblique (anterior branches of the
seventh to twelfth thoracic nerves and the first first and second
lumbar nerves), right transversus abdominis (anterior branches of
and second lumbar nerves), left transversus abdominis (anterior
branches of the the seventh to twelfth intercostal nerves), right
upper rectus abdominis (anterior seventh to twelfth intercostal
nerves), left upper rectus abdominis (anterior branches of the
lower six intercostal nerves), right quadratus lumborum (subcostal
branches of the lower six intercostal nerves), left quadratus
lumborum (subcostal nerve, first, second and third lumbar nerves)
nerve, first, second and third lumbar nerves) Monoarticular muscles
EXTENSORS EXTENSORS left subclavius (fifth and sixth cervical
nerves), right deltoid (axillary nerve), left right subclavius
(fifth and sixth cervical nerves), left deltoid (axillary nerve),
right rectus capitis posterior minor (suboccipital nerve), left
obliquus capitis inferior (first rectus capitis posterior minor
(suboccipital nerve), right obliquus capitis inferior and second
cervical nerves), left obliquus capitis superior (posterior branch
of the (first and second cervical nerves), right obliquus capitis
superior (posterior branch first cervical nerve) of the first
cervical nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS right coracobrachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve), right pronator teres (median left
coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous nerve), left pronator teres
(median nerve), nerve), right brachioradialis (radial nerve), right
gluteus medius (superior gluteal left brachioradialis (radial
nerve), right gluteus medius (superior gluteal nerve), nerve), left
gluteus minimus (superior gluteal nerve), left tensor fasciae latae
right gluteus minimus (superior gluteal nerve), left tensor fasciae
latae (superior (superior gluteal nerve), right popliteus (tibial
nerve), right tibialis posterior (tibial gluteal nerve), left
popliteus (tibial nerve), left tibialis posterior (tibial nerve),
left nerve), right peroneus longus (superficial peroneal nerve),
right peroneus brevis peroneus longus (superficial peroneal nerve),
left peroneus brevis (superficial (superficial peroneal nerve)
peroneal nerve) ROTATORS ROTATORS right rhomboideus major (dorsal
scapular nerve), right rhomboideus minor (dorsal left rhomboideus
major (dorsal scapular nerve), left rhomboideus minor (dorsal
scapular nerve), left levator scapulae (dorsal scapular nerve,
third and fourth scapular nerve), right levator scapulae (dorsal
scapular nerve, third and fourth cervical nerves), left
subscapularis (upper and lower subscapular nerves), left teres
cervical nerves), right subscapularis (upper and lower subscapular
nerves), right major (lower subscapular nerve), right pronator
quadratus (anterior interosseous teres major (lower subscapular
nerve), left pronator quadratus (anterior branch of the median
nerve) interosseous branch of the median nerve)
[0050]
6TABLE 6 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a RIGHT-HANDED person with a BACKWARD
LEANING posture Very strong Strong Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS right latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve), right
triceps brachii (radial nerve), left latissimus dorsi
(thoracodorsal nerve), left triceps brachii (radial nerve), left
extensor carpi right extensor carpi radialis longus (radial nerve),
right extensor carpi radialis radialis longus (radial nerve), left
extensor carpi radialis brevis (posterior interosseous branch of
brevis (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right
extensor digitorum the radial nerve), left extensor digitorum
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right extensor
carpi ulnaris extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior interosseous branch
of the radial nerve), right biceps femoris (posterior interosseous
branch of the radial nerve), left biceps femoris (sciatic (sciatic
nerve), left semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), left semimembranosus
(sciatic nerve), nerve), right semitendinosus (sciatic nerve),
right semimembranosus (sciatic left extensor hallucis longus
(anterior tibial nerve), right extensor digitorum longus nerve),
right extensor hallucis longus (anterior tibial nerve), left
extensor digitorum (anterior tibial nerve), longus (anterior tibial
nerve), erector spinae, mainly on the right side (left iliocostalis
lumborum, left iliocostalis erector spinae, mainly on the left side
(right iliocostalis lumborum, right iliocostalis thoracis, right
iliocostalis cervicis, left longissimus thoracis, right longissimus
thoracis, left iliocostalis cervicis, right longissimus thoracis,
left longissimus cervicis, right longissimus capitis, left spinalis
thoracis, right spinalis cervicis, right cervicis, left longissimus
capitis, right spinalis thoracis, left spinalis cervicis, left
spinalis capitis, left semispinalis thoracis, right semispinalis
cervicis, right spinalis capitis, right semispinalis thoracis, left
semispinalis cervicis, left semispinalis capitis, right multifidus,
right rotatores, right interspinales, right semispinalis capitis,
left multifidus, left rotatores, left interspinales, left
intertransversarii) (spinal nerves) intertransversarii) (spinal
nerves) FLEXORS FLEXORS right serratus anterior (long thoracic
nerve), right psoas major (second and third left serratus anterior
(long thoracic nerve), left psoas major (second and third lumbar
nerves), right psoas minor (first and second lumbar nerves), left
sartorius lumbar nerves), left psoas minor (first and second lumbar
nerves), right sartorius (femoral nerve), left platysma (cervical
branch of the facial nerve), left (femoral nerve), right platysma
(cervical branch of the facial nerve), right sternocleidomastoid
(accessory nerve, second cervical nerve), left longus colli
sternocleidomastoid (accessory nerve, second cervical nerve), right
longus colli (anterior branches of the second to eighth cervical
nerves), left longus capitis (first (anterior branches of the
second to eighth cervical nerves), right longus capitis to fourth
cervical nerves), left rectus capitis anterior (first and second
cervical (first to fourth cervical nerves), right rectus capitis
anterior (first and second nerves), left rectus capitis lateralis
(first and second cervical nerves), left scalenus cervical nerves),
right rectus capitis lateralis (first and second cervical nerves),
anterior (anterior branches of the fifth to eighth cervical
nerves), left scalenus right scalenus anterior (anterior branches
of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves), medius (third and fourth
cervical nerves), left scalenus posterior (third to eighth right
scalenus medius (third and fourth cervical nerves), right scalenus
posterior cervical nerves), left external intercostals (intercostal
nerves), left internal (third to eighth cervical nerves), right
external intercostals (intercostal nerves), intercostals
(intercostal nerves), left subcostales (intercostal nerves), left
right internal intercostals (intercostal nerves), right subcostales
(intercostal nerves), transversus thoracis (first to sixth thoracic
intercostal nerves), left levatores right transversus thoracis
(first to sixth thoracic intercostal nerves), right levatores
costarum (anterior branches of the thoracic nerves), left serratus
posterior superior costarum (anterior branches of the thoracic
nerves), right serratus posterior superior (first to fourth
thoracic nerves), left serratus posterior inferior (tenth to
twelfth (first to fourth thoracic nerves), right serratus posterior
inferior (tenth to twelfth thoracic nerves), left internal oblique
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), thoracic nerves),
right internal oblique (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve),
left transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal
nerve), left lower right transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric
nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), right lower rectus abdominis
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve) rectus abdominis
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve) Monoarticular muscles
EXTENSORS EXTENSORS left supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right
extensor digiti minimi (posterior right supraspinatus
(suprascapular nerve), left extensor digiti minimi (posterior
interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right anconeus (radial
nerve), right interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
anconeus (radial nerve), left abductor abductor pollicis longus
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
abductor abductor pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous
branch of the radial nerve), left extensor extensor pollicis longus
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right
gluteus gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal nerve), left peroneus
tertius (anterior tibial maximus (inferior gluteal nerve), right
peroneus tertius (anterior tibial nerve), left nerve), right vastus
lateralis (femoral nerve), left vastus medialis (femorai nerve),
vastus lateralis (femoral nerve), right vastus medialis (femoral
nerve), left vastus right vastus intermedius (femoral nerve), left
soleus (tibial nerve) intermedius (femoral nerve), right soleus
(tibial nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS right brachialis (musculocutaneous
nerve, radial nerve), right iliacus (femoral left brachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve), left iliacus (femoral
nerve), nerve), right pectineus (femoral nerve), left adductor
longus (obturator nerve), left left pectineus (femoral nerve),
right adductor longus (obturator nerve), right adductor brevis
(obturator nerve), left adductor magnus (posterior branch of the
adductor brevis (obturator nerve), right adductor magnus (posterior
branch of the obturator nerve, sciatic nerve), left tibialis
anterior (deep peroneal nerve) obturator nerve, sciatic nerve),
right tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve) ROTATORS ROTATORS
left infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), left teres minor
(axillary nerve), right right infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve),
right teres minor (axillary nerve), left supinator (radial nerve),
left piriformis (first and second sacral nerves), left supinator
(radial nerve), right piriformis (first and second sacral nerves),
right obturator internus, left superior gemellus, left inferior
gemellus, left quadratus obturator internus, right superior
gemellus, right inferior gemellus, right quadratus femoris, left
obturator externus (posterior branch of the obturator nerve)
femoris, right obturator externus (posterior branch of the
obturator nerve)
[0051]
7TABLE 7 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a LEFT-HANDED person with a BACKWARD
LEANING posture Weak Very weak Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS left trapezius (third and fourth cervical nerves), right
pectoralis minor (medial right trapezius (third and fourth cervical
nerves), left pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve), pectoral
nerve), left rectus femoris (femoral nerve), lateral head of the
left right rectus femoris (femoral nerve), lateral head of the
right gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), medial gastrocnemius (tibial
nerve), medial head of the right gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), head
of the left gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), left plantaris (tibial
nerve), left splenius capitis and right plantaris (tibial nerve),
right splenius capitis and right splenius cervicis left splenius
cervicis (lateral branches of posterior branches of the mandibular
nerve and the nerve (lateral branches of posterior branches of the
mandibular nerve and the nerve between the maxillary and mandibular
nerves), left rectus capitis posterior major (suboccipital between
the maxillary and mandibular nerves), right rectus capitis
posterior major nerve) (suboccipital nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS left
pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves), left biceps
brachii right pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral
nerves), right biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve), left
brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve),
(musculocutaneous nerve), right brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve,
radial nerve), left flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), left
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve), left right flexor carpi
radialis (median nerve), right flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve),
palmaris longus (median nerve), left flexor digitorum superficialis
(median nerve), right palmaris longus (median nerve), right flexor
digitorum superficialis (median left flexor digitorum profundus
(ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the median nerve), nerve), right
flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve, palmar branch of the
median left flexor pollicis longus (palmar branch of the median
nerve), left gracilis nerve), right flexor pollicis longus (palmar
branch of the median nerve), right (anterior branch of the
obturator nerve), right flexor hallucis longus (tibial nerve),
gracilis (anterior branch of the obturator nerve), left flexor
hallucis longus (tibial left flexor digitorum longus (tibial
nerve), left external oblique (anterior branches nerve), right
flexor digitorum longus (tibial nerve), right external oblique
(anterior of the lower six thoracic nerves and upper two lumbar
nerves), right internal branches of the lower six thoracic nerves
and upper two lumbar nerves), left oblique (anterior branches of
the seventh to twelfth thoracic nerves and the first internal
oblique (anterior branches of the seventh to twelfth thoracic
nerves and the and second lumbar nerves), left transversus
abdominis (anterior branches of the first and second lumbar
nerves), right transversus abdominis (anterior branches of seventh
to twelfth intercostal nerves), left upper rectus abdominis
(anterior the seventh to twelfth intercostal nerves), right upper
rectus abdominis (anterior branches of the lower six intercostal
nerves), left quadratus lumborum (subcostal branches of the lower
six intercostal nerves), right quadratus lumborum (subcostal nerve,
first, second and third lumbar nerves) nerve, first, second and
third lumbar nerves) Monoarticular muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS
right subclavius (fifth and sixth cervical nerves), left deltoid
(axillary nerve), right left subclavius (fifth and sixth cervical
nerves), right deltoid (axillary nerve), left rectus capitis
posterior minor (suboccipital nerve), right obliquus capitis
inferior rectus capitis posterior minor (suboccipital nerve), left
obliquus capitis inferior (first and second cervical nerves), right
obliquus capitis superior (posterior branch (first and second
cervical nerves), left obliquus capitis superior (posterior branch
of of the first cervical nerve) the first cervical nerve) FLEXORS
FLEXORS left coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous nerve), left
pronator teres (median nerve), right coracobrachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve), right pronator teres (median left
brachioradialis (radial nerve), right gluteus medius (superior
gluteal nerve), nerve), right brachioradialis (radial nerve), left
gluteus medius (superior gluteal right gluteus minimus (superior
gluteal nerve), left tensor fasciae latae (superior nerve), left
gluteus minimus (superior gluteal nerve), right tensor fasciae
latae gluteal nerve), left popliteus (tibial nerve), left tibialis
posterior (tibial nerve), left (superior gluteal nerve), right
popliteus (tibial nerve), right tibialis posterior (tibial peroneus
longus (superficial peroneal nerve), left peroneus brevis
(superficial nerve), right peroneus longus (superficial peroneal
nerve), right peroneus brevis peroneal nerve) (superficial peroneal
nerve) ROTATORS ROTATORS left rhomboideus major (dorsal scapular
nerve), left rhomboideus minor (dorsal right rhomboideus major
(dorsal scapular nerve), right rhomboideus minor (dorsal scapular
nerve), right levator scapulae (dorsal scapular nerve, third and
fourth scapular nerve), left levator scapulae (dorsal scapular
nerve, third and fourth cervical nerves), right subscapularis
(upper and lower subscapular nerves), right cervical nerves), left
subscapularis (upper and lower subscapular nerves), left teres
teres major (lower subscapular nerve), left pronator quadratus
(anterior major (lower subscapular nerve), right pronator quadratus
(anterior interosseous interosseous branch of the median nerve)
branch of the median nerve)
[0052]
8TABLE 8 States of muscle tone (facilitation) during antigravity
exercise In the case of a LEFT-HANDED person with a BACKWARD
LEANING posture Very strong Strong Multiarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS left latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve), left triceps
brachii (radial nerve), left right latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal
nerve), right triceps brachii (radial nerve), right extensor
extensor carpi radialis longus (radial nerve), left extensor carpi
radialis brevis carpi radialis longus (radial nerve), right
extensor carpi radialis brevis (posterior interosseous (posterior
interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left extensor digitorum
branch of the radial nerve), right extensor digitorum (posterior
interosseous branch of the radial (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), left extensor carpi ulnaris nerve), right
extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior interosseous branch of the radial
nerve), left biceps (posterior interosseous branch of the radial
nerve), right biceps femoris (sciatic femoris (sciatic nerve),
right semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), right semimembranosus
(sciatic nerve), left semitendinosus (sciatic nerve), left
semimembranosus (sciatic nerve), nerve), right extensor hallucis
longus (anterior tibial nerve), left extensor digitorum left
extensor hallucis longus (anterior tibial nerve), right extensor
digitorum longus longus (anterior tibial nerve), (anterior tibial
nerve), erector spinae, mainly on the left side (right iliocostalis
lumborum, right iliocostalis erector spinae, mainly on the right
side (left iliocostalis lumborum, left iliocostalis thoracis, left
iliocostalis cervicis, right longissimus thoracis, left longissimus
thoracis, right iliocostalis cervicis, left longissimus thoracis,
right longissimus cervicis, left longissimus capitis, right
spinalis thoracis, left spinalis cervicis, left cervicis, right
longissimus capitis, left spinalis thoracis, right spinalis
cervicis, right spinalis capitis, right semispinalis thoracis, left
semispinalis cervicis, left spinalis capitis, left semispinalis
thoracis, right semispinalis cervicis, right semispinalis capitis,
left multifidus, left rotatores, left interspinales, left
semispinalis capitis, right multifidus, right rotatores, right
interspinales, right intertransversarii) (spinal nerves)
intertransversarii) (spinal nerves) FLEXORS FLEXORS left serratus
anterior (long thoracic nerve), left psoas major (second and third
right serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve), right psoas major
(second and third lumbar nerves), left psoas minor (first and
second lumbar nerves), right sartorius lumbar nerves), right psoas
minor (first and second lumbar nerves), left sartorius (femoral
nerve), right platysma (cervical branch of the facial nerve), right
(femoral nerve), left platysma (cervical branch of the facial
nerve), left sternocleidomastoid (accessory nerve, second cervical
nerve), right longus colli sternocleidomastoid (accessory nerve,
second cervical nerve), left longus colli (anterior branches of the
second to eighth cervical nerves), right longus capitis (anterior
branches of the second to eighth cervical nerves), left longus
capitis (first (first to fourth cervical nerves), right rectus
capitis anterior (first and second to fourth cervical nerves), left
rectus capitis anterior (first and second cervical cervical
nerves), right rectus capitis lateralis (first and second cervical
nerves), nerves), left rectus capitis lateralis (first and second
cervical nerves), left scalenus right scalenus anterior (anterior
branches of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves), anterior
(anterior branches of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves), left
scalenus right scalenus medius (third and fourth cervical nerves),
right scalenus posterior medius (third and fourth cervical nerves),
left scalenus posterior (third to eighth (third to eighth cervical
nerves), right external intercostals (intercostal nerves), cervical
nerves), left external intercostals (intercostal nerves), left
internal right internal intercostals (intercostal nerves), right
subcostales (intercostal nerves), intercostals (intercostal
nerves), left subcostales (intercostal nerves), left right
transversus thoracis (first to sixth thoracic intercostal nerves),
right levatores transversus thoracis (first to sixth thoracic
intercostal nerves), left levatores costarum (anterior branches of
the thoracic nerves), right serratus posterior superior costarum
(anterior branches of the thoracic nerves), left serratus posterior
superior (first to fourth thoracic nerves), right serratus
posterior inferior (tenth to twelfth (first to fourth thoracic
nerves), left serratus posterior inferior (tenth to twelfth
thoracic nerves), right internal oblique (iliohypogastric nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve), thoracic nerves), left internal oblique
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), right transversus
abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), right lower
left transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal
nerve), left lower rectus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve) rectus abdominis (iliohypogastric nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve) Monoarticular muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS right
supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), left extensor digiti minimi
(posterior left supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right extensor
digiti minimi (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve),
left anconeus (radial nerve), left abductor interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right anconeus (radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
abductor abductor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous
branch of the radial nerve), left extensor abductor pollicis brevis
(posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), right pollicis
longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve), left
gluteus extensor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of
the radial nerve), right maximus (inferior gluteal nerve), right
peroneus tertius (anterior tibial nerve), left gluteus maximus
(inferior gluteal nerve), left peroneus tertius (anterior tibial
vastus lateralis (femoral nerve), right vastus medialis (femoral
nerve), left vastus nerve), right vastus lateralis (femoral nerve),
left vastus medialis (femoral nerve), intermedius (femoral nerve),
right soleus (tibial nerve) right vastus intermedius (femoral
nerve), left soleus (tibial nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS left brachialis
(musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve), left iliacus (femoral
nerve), right brachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve),
right iliacus (femoral left pectineus (femoral nerve), right
adductor longus (obturator nerve), right nerve), right pectineus
(femoral nerve), left adductor longus (obturator nerve), left
adductor brevis (obturator nerve), right adductor magnus (posterior
branch of the adductor brevis (obturator nerve), left adductor
magnus (posterior branch of the obturator nerve, sciatic nerve),
right tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve) obturator nerve,
sciatic nerve), left tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve)
ROTATORS ROTATORS right infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), right
teres minor (axillary nerve), left left infraspinatus
(suprascapular nerve), left teres minor (axillary nerve), right
supinator (radial nerve), right piriformis (first and second sacral
nerves), right supinator (radial nerve), left piriformis (first and
second sacral nerves), left obturator internus, right superior
gemellus, right inferior gemellus, right quadratus obturator
internus, left superior gemellus, left inferior gemellus, left
quadratus femoris, right obturator externus (posterior branch of
the obturator nerve) femoris, left obturator externus (posterior
branch of the obturator nerve)
[0053]
9TABLE 9 Muscle activity observed during antigravity exercise in an
ideal posture MAJOR MUSCLES AUXILIARY MUSCLES Multiarticular
muscles EXTENSORS EXTENSORS latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve),
biceps femoris (sciatic nerve), trapezius (third and fourth
cervical nerves), pectoralis minor (medial pectoral semitendinosus
(sciatic nerve), semimembranosus (sciatic nerve), elector spinae
nerve), gastrocnemius (tibial nerve), plantaris (tibial nerve),
splenius capitis and (iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis,
iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus splenius cervicis (lateral
branches of posterior branches of the mandibular nerve thoracis,
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, spinalis thoracis,
spinalis and the nerve between the maxillary and mandibular
nerves), rectus capitis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis
thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis posterior major
(suboccipital nerve) capitis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales,
intertransversarii) (spinal nerves, in particular, tenth, eleventh
and twelfth thoracic nerves) FLEXORS FLEXORS psoas major (second
and third lumbar nerves), sternocleidomastoid (accessory pectoralis
major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves), serratus anterior (long
nerve, second cervical nerve), serratus posterior inferior (tenth
to twelfth thoracic thoracic nerve), psoas minor (first and second
lumbar nerves), sartorius (femoral nerves), lower rectus abdominis
(iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), rectus nerve),
gracilis (anterior branch of the obturator nerve), platysma
(cervical branch femoris (femoral nerve) of the facial nerve),
longus colli (anterior branches of the second to eighth cervical
nerves), longus capitis (first to fourth cervical nerves), rectus
capitis anterior (first and second cervical nerves), rectus capitis
lateralis (first and second cervical nerves), scalenus anterior
(anterior branches of the fifth to eighth cervical nerves),
scalenus medius (third and fourth cervical nerves), scalenus
posterior (third to eighth cervical nerves), external intercostals
(intercostal nerves), internal intercostals (intercostal nerves),
subcostales (intercostal nerves), transversus thoracis (first to
sixth thoracic intercostal nerves), levatores costarum (anterior
branches of the thoracic nerves), serratus posterior superior
(first to fourth thoracic nerves), external oblique (anterior
branches of the lower six thoracic nerves and upper two lumbar
nerves), upper rectus abdominis (anterior branches of the lower six
intercostal nerves), quadratus lumborum (subcostal nerve, first,
second and third lumbar nerves), internal oblique (iliohypogastric
nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), transversus abdominis (iliohypogastric
nerve, ilioinguinal nerve), Monoarticular muscles EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), gluteus maximus
(inferior gluteal nerve), deltoid (axillary nerve), vastus
lateralis (femoral nerve), vastus intermedius gluteus medius
(superior gluteal nerve), gluteus minimus (superior gluteal nerve),
(femoral nerve), rectus capitis posterior minor (suboccipital
nerve), obliquus peroneus tertius (anterior tibial nerve), vastus
medialis (femoral nerve), soleus capitis inferior (first and second
cervical nerves), obliquus capitis superior (tibial nerve)
(posterior branch of the first cervical nerve) FLEXORS FLEXORS
iliacus (femoral nerve), tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve)
pectineus (femoral nerve), adductor longus (obturator nerve),
adductor brevis (obturator nerve), adductor magnus (posterior
branch of the obturator nerve, sciatic nerve), tensor fasciae latae
(superior gluteal nerve), tibialis posterior (tibial nerve),
peroneus longus (superficial peroneal nerve), peroneus brevis
(superficial peroneal nerve) Monoarticular muscles (ROTATORS)
infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), subscapularis (upper and lower
subscapular piriformis (first and second sacral nerves), obturator
internus, superior gemellus, nerves), teres major (lower
subscapular nerve), teres minor (axillary nerve) inferior gemellus,
quadratus femoris, obturator externus (posterior branch of the
obturator nerve), rhomboideus major (dorsal scapular nerve),
rhomboideus minor (dorsal scapular nerve), levator scapulae (dorsal
scapular nerve, third and fourth cervical nerves) As understood
from this table, it is ideal to correct movements of joints by
allowing monoarticular extensors and multiarticular flexors to act
strongly and coordinately, such that the movements are supported,
reinforced and enhanced. The same is true in rotators and muscle
activities which involve rotatory movements. In this case, muscle
activities are changed such that internal rotators work in a
situation where external rotators are dominant. Other muscles in
the upper and lower # limbs are caused to change
correspondingly.
[0054]
10TABLE 10 Joint activity during antigravity exercise in an ideal
posture JOINTS Major joints Auxiliary joints entire vertebra
(cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar joints of free
upper limb and pelvic girdles, distal to elbow vertebrae,
lumbosacral region), entire shoulder joints (including joints
(elbow joints, proximal and distal radioulnar joints, joint
movements in combination with scapulae), hip joints wrist joints,
entire finger joints), joints of free lower limb (including joint
movements in combination with sacral distal to knee joints (knee
joints, proximal and distal vertebrae and the pelvis) tibiofibular
joints, ankle joints, entire toe joints)
[0055] With respect to the terms used in Tables 1 to 10 above,
extensors mean multiarticular muscles and monoarticular muscles
which act against the gravity and which move joints to extended
positions. Flexors mean multiarticular muscles and monoarticular
muscles which act against the gravity and which move joints to
flexed positions. Rotators are concerned with axial rotatory
movement of shoulder joints, hip joints and the like, and effect
inward or outward axial movement relative to the trunk.
[0056] <Multiarticular Muscles and Monoarticular Muscles>
[0057] Muscles listed in Tables 1 to 10 are classified as
multiarticular or monoarticular.
[0058] Joints are categorized according to their degree of freedom.
Joints with three degrees of freedom are the most functional,
joints with two degrees of freedom are the second most functional,
and joints with one degree of freedom are the least functional.
Shoulder joints and hip joints are representative of
three-degree-of-freedom joints. Axial movements at these joints
include not only anteroposterior and side-to-side movements, but
also diagonal and rotatory movements. In contrast, knee joints
which have one degree of freedom merely control and support
anteroposterior axial movements. Because movements of joints need
to satisfy the conflicting opposite requirements, i.e. high
flexibility and strong support power, some are meant to be highly
flexible and others are to be strongly supportive. In this
connection, muscles act on these joints and create body balance and
body support ability (by correct antigravity muscle
activities).
[0059] The multiarticular muscle acts on two or more joints
mentioned above.
[0060] The monoarticular muscle acts on a single joint mentioned
above.
[0061] <Three-Dimensional Activities of Agonists and Antagonists
in the Anatomical Position>
[0062] Now, three-dimensional joint-muscle activities are discussed
in view of the anatomical position. For the following explanation,
we should understand the three planes in the anatomical position as
used in the medical literature: a sagittal plane, a frontal plane,
and a horizontal plane. A smooth manner of exercise results from
three-dimensional joint-muscle activities which are constituted on
these three planes.
[0063] To discuss the three-dimensional activities, it is necessary
to divide muscle activities into agonistic activity in which
muscles are facilitated or antagonistic activity in which muscles
are inhibited. In addition, muscles need to be classified into
those mainly engaged in moving the body or those mainly engaged in
supporting the body. This classification is required because
three-dimensional muscle activities of inhibitory muscles include
control of strongly facilitated acting muscles and also include
support of antagonistic muscle activity which is antagonistic to
the agonistic activity.
[0064] To start with, we briefly describe antigravitational
exercise in two dimensions, considering the degrees of
neurotransmission related to laterality (e.g. right-handedness or
left-handedness) as well as the exercise posture such as a
forward-leaning posture and a backward-leaning posture. In this
regard, exercise is constituted with four types of muscle
activities which are distinguished by their functions (see FIG. 3):
agonistic muscle activity which is the most active activity
(hereinafter simply mentioned as "agonistic muscle activity"),
antagonistic inhibitory muscle activity which is the second most
active activity and which is antagonistic to agonistic muscle
activity (hereinafter simply mentioned as "antagonistic muscle
activity"), supportive muscle activity which is the third most
active activity and which helps agonistic muscle activity
(hereinafter simply mentioned as "supportive muscle activity"), and
accessory muscle activity which assists this supportive muscle
activity which in turn helps agonistic muscle activity (hereinafter
simply mentioned as "accessory muscle activity").
[0065] However, exercise should not be interpreted merely from a
two-dimensional point of view. In order to achieve an efficient
manner of exercise, exercise has to be understood and developed
from a three-dimensional point of view. For example, FIGS. 4 and 5
schematically represent thigh muscle activities during flexion and
extension of the hip joint. (Here, the right thigh is taken as an
example.) Concerning a muscle group involved in linear (forward)
movement alone, the thigh muscle activities are constituted with as
many as eight muscle activities including the four different types
of muscle activities (agonistic muscle activity, antagonistic
muscle activity, supportive muscle activity, and accessory muscle
activity) at an upper section and a lower section of the thigh,
respectively.
[0066] Further, muscle activities in a part of the body are
discussed on a little greater scale, in connection with joints. The
four types of muscle activities are closely and coordinately
related to movements of joints which locate above and below the
muscles. For example, FIGS. 6 and 7 schematically represent muscle
activities around the gluteal region during flexion and extension
of the hip joint. In addition to the eight muscle activities at the
thigh mentioned above, there are four more muscle activities above
the hip joint (agonistic muscle activity, antagonistic muscle
activity, supportive muscle activity, and accessory muscle
activity). Now, it should be remembered that the joints have to
realize two conflicting opposite functions: flexibility and
supportability. Therefore, the joint-muscle activities involving
the hip joint are constituted not only with a combination of four
types of muscle activities (agonistic muscle activity, antagonistic
muscle activity, supportive muscle activity, and accessory muscle
activity), but also with complex muscle activity which imparts
rotatory support power in order to make the muscle activities more
effective (see FIG. 8).
[0067] Next, muscle activity in a part of the body is discussed on
a smaller scale. In fact, subdivided muscle activities as mentioned
above occur in a single muscle. Take biceps femoris, one of the hip
joint extensors, as an example. Biceps femoris has a long head
which is a multiarticular muscle and a short head which is a
monoarticular muscle. The long head concerns extension of the hip
joint as well as flexion of the knee joint which coordinately
assists the hip joint extension. The short head has a monoarticular
supportive function, thus assisting the agonistic activity.
Subdivided muscle activities at the posterior part of the thigh
(biceps femoris, in particular) may be also learned from the fact
that Japanese or nonathletic people often suffer from injury
(muscle strain, etc.) at the short head of biceps femoris which
acts like a monoarticular muscle. This injury is closely related
with their ankle strategy-based manner of exercise, which is a
typical behavior of Japanese or nonathletic people as detailed
later. Further, at quadriceps femoris, when actions and muscle
strength are not balanced between medial/lateral muscles or between
multiarticular/monoarticular muscles, the imbalance is said to
trigger such symptoms as represented by external patellar
subluxation syndrome due to abnormal Q angle. A cause of such
symptoms is known to be discoordination of joint activities below
the hip joints, the knee joints and other joints therebelow, as
well as the relationship of strength between vastus medialis and
vastus lateralis of quadriceps femoris. Although asymmetrical
activity in human being does not necessarily develop into such
diseases, a slight problem or instability associated with
asymmetrical movements of muscles and joints may be a potential
cause of injury during exercise.
[0068] As explained, the whole body performs smooth and elegant
exercise by skillfully controlling complicated asymmetrical
movements such as anteroposterior, side-to-side, twisting, and
other movements. The necessity of facilitation and inhibition for
guiding such asymmetrical muscle activity toward a correct axis
will be readily understood.
[0069] <Ideal Exercise Posture>
[0070] An ideal exercise posture requires following important
elements. With a person sitting on a chair, draw a line from the
parietal region to the point where the bottom end of the ischial
bone touches the chair, and take this line as the fundamental axis
for joint/muscle movement. In connection with this axis, the
shoulder joints, hip joints and vertebrae joints perform
flexion/extension, internal rotation/external rotation, and
adduction/abduction to the limit of the maximum ranges of joint
motion and muscle motion. As for the actions of joints in the lower
legs below the knees and in the forearms beyond the elbows, they
should supplement the ranges of joint motion and muscle motion at
the shoulder joints and the knee joints, thereby enhancing
efficiency of the above-mentioned joint actions (of the shoulder
joints, hip joints and vertebrae joints) and ensuring their maximum
actions. In Tables 9 and 10 above, muscles and joints are
classified as major muscles/joints, and auxiliary muscles/joints.
For proper and efficient performance, actions of joints and muscles
should be corrected in the manner indicated in Tables 9 and 10.
Having said that, it should not be forgotten that the human being
has "laterality" as represented by the dominant hand and the
dominant leg, and "posture" which is defined as forward leaning or
backward leaning. Hence, each person performs individual muscle
activities in a certain posture (Tables 1-8). Roughly speaking, we
determine one's laterality by the dominant hand (i.e. right-handed
or left-handed). In addition, for more correct interpretation of
"laterality", we actually use the following standards:
well-facilitated (dominant) and unfacilitated (non-dominant), or
sufficiently active on reflex (dominant) and insufficiently active
on reflex (non-dominant).
[0071] Hence, actions of joints and muscles should be corrected
according to an ideal posture as indicated in Tables 9 and 10, with
"laterality" and "posture" being taken into account.
[0072] For realization of an ideal exercise posture, let us define
two manners of exercise. For one, the ankle strategy-based manner
of exercise is dominated by the knees or ankles. For another, the
hip strategy-based manner of exercise is dominated by the hip
joints. For example, according to the ankle strategy-based exercise
activity, a person stands in a forward leaning posture, with the
center of gravity toward the toes, just as senile gait or the like.
On the other hand, according to the hip strategy-based exercise
posture, a person stands in a backward leaning posture, with the
center of gravity toward the heels, as typically seen among
athletically skilled people, etc.
[0073] In the forward leaning posture, a person's weight is borne
on the toes, and hence the body needs to be supported by the entire
soles. This situation promotes actions of extensors (the
plantarflexion muscle groups) at the ankle joints, so that the
ankle strategy-based manner of exercise which is principally
effected by the ankles becomes the core of exercise. Then, in order
to keep the trunk balanced, some muscles of the whole body increase
muscle tone (e.g. mainly the trapezius, the upper abdominal muscles
and their periphery, the anterior muscles of the thighs, and the
posterior muscles of the lower legs). If these muscles become
stronger, they aggravate the forward leaning posture, whereby the
ankle strategy-based manner of exercise is consolidated and
habitualized. As a characteristics of the ankle strategy-based
manner of exercise, the trunk receives a force from a base of
exercise later than the ankles. In this case, the fulcrums of
exercise are the ankle joints, the application points of force are
the posterior muscle groups of the lower legs which act as
agonists, and the points of action are the soles. Regrettably, this
is not an efficient manner of exercise. As a consequence,
activities of extensors at the hip joints fail to exert their full
function, and the main function of the trunk activity is reduced to
an auxiliary role of keeping the balance. Eventually, no matter how
the hip joints and the trunk act to assist, promote and emphasize
exercise, their activities are meaningless. This is why aged people
move slowly and cautiously, with short walking strides. For the
same reason, while nonathletic people try to make up for their poor
trunk balance, they suffer from hypertonicity (unnecessary strain)
and deterioration of athletic ability (poor athletic skills) during
exercise.
[0074] Conversely, in the backward leaning posture, a person's
weight is borne on the heels. Hence, the soles do not have to
support the body by the part of the soles, and muscle groups around
the ankle joints are not stimulated. Consequently, the ankle joints
no longer serve as the points for supporting body balance (As the
plantarflexor groups do not receive nervous stimulation and hence
are not hypertonic, their antagonists, i.e. ankle joint extensor
groups, cannot be active, either.), and other joints have to bear
the force from the base of exercise. In this case, the force shifts
to the knee joints and the hip joints which constitute the free
lower limb and the pelvic girdles. Owing to their low (one) degree
of freedom, the knee joints cannot perfectly cover multidirectional
movements by their own function (because the knee joints can
control only anterioposterior balance around axes of joint
movement). Hence, the force needs to be transferred from the knee
joints to the hip joints which have three degrees of freedom, which
inevitably brings about the hip strategy-based manner of exercise.
With respect to the hip strategy-based manner of exercise, one of
its characteristics is to promote cooperation between the trunk
extension function (the erector spinae is a major trunk extensor)
and the lower limb movement. This manner of exercise sets the
fulcrum of exercise at the center of gravity, stabilizes the trunk
and enables integrated exercise. Further, the moment of motion is
equally distributed to the upper and lower limbs, and muscular
power generated at the trunk is properly transmitted to the upper
and lower limbs. Thus, this manner of exercise improves athletic
ability remarkably.
[0075] In a smooth exercise, a rotatory power must be generated by
the upper limbs and the trunk around a correct axis, and then must
be transmitted to the lower limbs. Because exercise is based on the
principle of leverage which concerns three points (a point of
application, a point of action, and a fulcrum), the trunk has to
serve two functions as the point of application and the fulcrum. To
perform these two functions smoothly, the trunk strengthens the
fulcrum by rotation. (A twist increases an axis support power, as
is the case where one wrings a wet towel or the like.) Thus, for a
smooth exercise, the entire trunk must serve three different
functions as a fixing surface, a supporting surface and an exercise
surface by using a rotatory power. In the meantime, the trunk must
allow rotatory movements at the hip joints and the shoulder joints,
from which the power is transmitted to the limbs. In this manner,
sequential transmission of power is indispensable for a smooth
exercise. Furthermore, with respect to a manner of exercise which
involves complex rotatory movements (e.g. a pitching motion),
sequential transmission of power must be repeated by two, three, or
more rotations during each motion. It is known that such rotations
are effected not in a single direction but in alternate directions,
namely, right-to-left and left-to-right, and inwardly (an internal
spiral motion) and outwardly (an external spiral motion) relative
to the body. The most ideal performance of exercise is embodied
when these multidirectional rotations (a tornado motion) occur
around an exercise axis of the trunk. Besides, this ideal
performance of exercise imposes a minimum load to non-rotatory
joints (those with one or two degrees of freedom).
[0076] With respect to Japanese, nonathletic people, and aged
people, their pelvis tends to tilt forward. Therefore, their
exercise is principally led by the ankle joints (the ankle
strategy-based manner of exercise), so that muscular power
generated during exercise is lost significantly. In addition, they
have difficulty in exerting rotatory power in the above-described
manner and cannot give stable performance. On the other hand, the
pelvis of Latin Americans and athletically skilled people is in an
upright position. In this state, their exercise is principally led
by the hip joints (the hip strategy-based manner of exercise), so
that loss of muscular power generated by the whole body (the upper
body, in particular) is minimized (because the fulcrum locates
substantially at the center of the body). Furthermore, they
smoothly perform the above-mentioned rotational exercise, and a
load to be imposed on joints which have a fewer degree of freedom
is reduced.
[0077] Therefore, if a person leans forward in an average exercise
posture, the posture needs to be brought backward and transformed
to a posture for embodying a correct hip strategy-based manner of
exercise. Conversely, if a person leans backward in an average
exercise posture, the posture should be brought forward and
transformed to a posture for embodying a more correct hip
strategy-based manner of exercise. Once a correct hip
strategy-based manner of exercise comes to form the core of
exercise, such exercise can awaken and strengthen dormant muscles
which usually do not control, support or act strongly, and can also
reduce the stress to overloaded muscles which usually control and
support strongly. As a consequence, one's exercise posture can be
molded or transformed into an ideal exercise posture.
[0078] It should be also noted that the ankle strategy-based manner
of exercise and the hip strategy-based manner of exercise as
described above are significantly affected by hand dominance
(right-handed or left-handed), leg dominance, and the like. For
example, in the case of right-handed people whose average exercise
posture is dependent on the ankle strategy, a right-side-loaded
forward leaning posture is dominant at the lower limbs. Since this
posture puts a heavier load on the lateral side of the right toe,
the body needs to be supported on a surface along the lateral side
of the right toe. This situation promotes actions of the extensor
group (the plantarflexor group) at the right ankle joint, so that
the core of exercise is the right-shifted, ankle strategy-based
manner of exercise which is principally led by the right ankle.
Then, in order to keep a balance, some muscles of the whole body
increase muscle tone (e.g. the left trapezius, the upper part of
right abdominal muscles and their periphery, the anterior muscles
of the right thigh, and the posterior muscles of the right lower
leg). If these muscles become stronger, they aggravate the
right-side-loaded forward leaning posture, whereby the
right-shifted, ankle strategy-based manner of exercise is
consolidated and habitualized. As a characteristics of the
right-shifted, ankle strategy-based manner of exercise, the trunk
receives a force from a base of exercise later than the ankles and
in a shifted manner. In this case, the fulcrum of exercise is the
right ankle joint, the application point of force is the posterior
muscle group of the right lower leg which acts as an agonist, and
the point of action is the right fifth toe. Regrettably, the power
for exercise is lost considerably at the left foot/leg and the
medial side of the right toe. As a consequence, activities of
extensors at the left and right hip joints fail to exert their full
function in a mutually balanced manner, and the main function of
the trunk activity is reduced to an auxiliary role of keeping the
balance in a right-shifted manner. Eventually, no matter how the
hip joints and the trunk act to assist, promote and emphasize
exercise and side-to-side balance, their activities are
meaningless.
[0079] In contrast, in the case of right-handed people whose
avarage exercise posture is dependent on the hip strategy, a
left-side-loaded backward leaning posture is dominant at the lower
limbs. Since this posture puts a heavier load on the lateral side
of the left heel, the body needs to be supported on a surface along
the lateral side of the left heel. While the weight is borne by the
left heel, the left sole does not have to support the body by the
entire part of the sole, and a muscle group around the ankle joint
is not stimulated. Consequently, the left ankle joint no longer
serves as the point for supporting body balance (As the
plantarflexor group does not receive nervous stimulation and hence
is not hypertonic, its antagonist, i.e. an ankle joint extensor
group, cannot be active, either.), and other joints on the left
side of the body have to bear the force from the base of exercise.
In this case, the force shifts to the left knee joint and the left
hip joint which constitute the free lower limb and the pelvic
girdle. Owing to its low (one) degree of freedom, the knee joint
cannot perfectly cover multidirectional left-sided movements by its
own function (because the knee joint can control only
anterioposterior balance around an axis of joint movement). Hence,
the force needs to be transferred from the left knee joint to the
left hip joint which has three degrees of freedom, which inevitably
brings about the left-shifted, hip strategy-based manner of
exercise. With respect to the left-shifted, hip strategy-based
manner of exercise, one of its characteristics is to promote
cooperation between the trunk extension function (the erector
spinae is a major trunk extensor) and the lower limb movement. This
manner of exercise sets the fulcrum of exercise at the center of
gravity on the left side of the body, stabilizes the trunk and
enables integrated exercise. Further, the moment of motion is
equally distributed to the upper and lower limbs, and muscular
power generated by the upper limbs is properly transmitted to the
lower limbs (although shifted to one side of the body). Thus, this
manner of exercise improves athletic ability remarkably.
Nevertheless, this manner of exercise emphasizes activity only on
the left side of the body, and power generated in the right lower
limb is unlikely to be consumed efficiently. Hence, there arises a
need for facilitating and activating the right lower limb. In other
words, loss of exercise efficiency is minimized when the hip
strategy-based manner of exercise is molded correctly, with the
left-side-loaded posture being modified and muscle activities on
the right side of the body being facilitated.
[0080] As mentioned above, Japanese and nonathletic people
(right-handed) lean forward and to the right in an average exercise
posture. Compared with Japanese and nonathletic people, Latin
Americans and athletically skilled people (right-handed) lean
backward and to the left in an average exercise posture. Thus, from
an ideal exercise posture, the center of gravity in right-handed
Japanese and nonathletic people is offset forwardly and to the
right, whereas that in right-handed Latin Americans and
athletically skilled people is offset backwardly and to the
left.
[0081] Hence, habitual exercise in either posture reinforces
certain muscles which strongly control and support body balance and
body support ability. Namely, Japanese and nonathletic people who
lean forward in an average exercise posture will develop the
trapezius, the upper abdominal muscles and their periphery, the
anterior muscles of the thighs and the posterior muscles of the
lower legs. It should be noted that such development is affected by
their laterality (right-handedness or left-handedness) as well as
their posture. Latin Americans and athletically skilled people who
lean backward in an average exercise posture will develop the
erector spinae, the lower abdominal muscles and their periphery,
the gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus, in particular), the posterior
muscles of the thighs and the anterior muscles of the lower legs.
Similarly, such development is affected by their laterality
(right-handedness or left-handedness) as well as their posture.
[0082] By way of example, FIG. 9(a) illustrates a typical
right-handed Japanese or nonathletic person who leans forward in an
average exercise posture. As described above, development of
trapezius stands out in this person. Besides, right-handedness
causes nerves on the right side of the upper body to be facilitated
more than those on the left side. Hence, the right trapezius
appears to be developed remarkably, to a somewhat greater extent
than the left one. Below the trapezius, the latissimus dorsi lies
as one of back muscles, but usually the latissimus dorsi does not
develop well in Japanese and nonathletic people who lean forward in
an average exercise posture. Further, right-handedness severely
hampers development of the left latissimus dorsi, in comparison
with the right one on the dominant side. Hence, among the back
muscles, the right latissimus dorsi appears to develop better than
the left one, and the right trapezius appears to develop better
than the left one. However, this statement addresses the upper
section (the trapezius) and the lower section (the latissimus
dorsi) separately, by simply making a comparison between the left
and right sides of the upper section and a comparison between the
left and right sides of the lower section. If conditions of both
muscles are compared altogether on both sides of the spinal column,
the most developed is the right trapezius, the second most
developed is the left trapezius, the third most developed is the
right latissimus dorsi, and the least developed is the left
latissimus dorsi. This comparison reveals differences in muscle
development from a two-dimensional point of view and differences in
the state of nervous facilitation as mentioned above. Apart from
these muscle groups, similar imbalance of muscle development is
found in the frontal and lateral parts of the body. In this
respect, a rotational movement around the spines (such as batting
and pitching motions in baseball) can be compared to that of a
spinning top. Referring to FIG. 9(b), a body which shows unbalanced
muscle development cannot be a truly concentric spinning top.
Rotation of a non-concentric spinning top is unstable and cannot
last for long.
[0083] Turning next to FIG. 10(a), if a forward leaning posture
during exercise is compared to a spinning top, the spin axis of
this spinning top does not align with the gravity axis for exercise
in a forward leaning posture. Misalignment of these axes hinders
smooth rotational exercise activity. In contrast, according to an
ideal manner of exercise, the spin axis of the spinning top aligns
with the gravity axis for exercise, as shown in FIG. 10(b).
Alignment of these axes assists smooth rotational exercise
activity.
[0084] Let us mention some of the factor which results in
misalignment of the spin axis of the spinning top and the gravity
axis for exercise. It is partly due to asymmetrical muscle activity
in the body and imbalance of muscle weights (e.g. For right-handed
people, muscles on the right side develop better.) as illustrated
in FIG. 9, and partly due to a probable exercise posture as
illustrated in FIG. 10. Namely, for smooth rotational exercise
activities, it is necessary not only to correct the forward leaning
posture to a neutral one but also to neutralize asymmetrical body
balance (to an equally symmetrical state in which body parts extend
concentrically from the axis). As understood from running and
throwing motions, exercise is significantly related with rotatory
power generated by the body. The most efficient smooth exercise can
be achieved by a rotatory motion or motions effected around a
correct trunk axis. Nevertheless, exercise principally led by the
knees and ankles (the ankle strategy-based manner of exercise)
cannot embody smooth rotational exercise around a correct trunk
axis, because the ranges of mobility of these joints are too
limited to generate sufficient rotatory power. In contrast, owing
to the rotatable hip joints, exercise principally led by the hip
joints (the hip strategy-based manner of exercise) can easily
perform smooth rotational exercise. In the hip strategy-based
manner of exercise, movements of the knees and ankles are required
as a secondary role for assisting and reinforcing rotational
exercise at the hip joints. To summarize, as far as the ankle
strategy-based manner of exercise is concerned, it is difficult to
acquire an ideal manner of exercise.
[0085] Taking these two conditions into consideration, it can be
said that an ideal exercise posture requires symmetrical body
balance and the hip strategy-based manner of exercise which relies
on hip joint activities. When both requirements are satisfied,
exercise can be performed most efficiently and smoothly.
[0086] <Molding of an Ideal Exercise Posture>
[0087] As a specific manner to form an ideal exercise posture and
to correct unequal body balance between the left and right sides of
the body, the forward leaning posture should be brought backward,
whereas the backward leaning posture should be brought forward. For
this purpose, it is required to identify and and strengthen
unbalanced joints and muscles which deviate from an ideal exercise
posture. In addition, muscles in any part of the body need to be
taken into consideration in anterior/posterior, superior/inferior,
left/right, and agonistic/antagonistic relationships, and to be
strengthened in all direction of their movements.
[0088] As already mentioned, joints have one, two or three degrees
of freedom. With respect to the lower limbs, joints to be
strengthened are the hip joints which locate near the center of
gravity and which can move diversely. With respect to the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles, joints to be strengthened are
the shoulder joints which locate near the gravity axis and which
can move diversely. (Note that both the hip joints and the shoulder
joints are ball-and-socket joints capable of moving in multiple
directions.) Additionally, the dominant hand and the dominant leg
should be taken into account as discussed above.
[0089] Muscles to be strengthened are mainly those acting on the
hip joints and the shoulder joints, and muscle groups which
constitute the gravity axis. Distribution of those muscles is
asymmetrical. Because the three-degree-of-freedom joints can
provide axes of movement in various directions, muscular power can
be exerted to some degree even when movement occurs around a
non-ideal axis. However, if the three-degree-of-freedom joints are
supported in an ideal manner of exercise, with muscle tone of
insufficient supportive muscles being increased and that of
excessively supportive muscles being decreased, then the exercise
posture can be more ideal. To be specific, even when a hip joint
moves only in one direction, it receives forces from multiple
directions and muscles involved in this movement are asymmetrical.
Therefore, these muscles need to be corrected properly for higher
efficiency. Nevertheless, this explanation for the hip joint does
not necessarily apply to the shoulder joint. At the free lower limb
and the pelvic girdles, movements of the hip joints occur on the
pelvis which is fixed on the spinal column and serves as a
supporting surface. On the other hand, the shoulder joints serve as
a core of exercise at the free upper limb and the shoulder girdles,
and their joint activity is composed of coordinated movements of
the scapulae and the shoulder joints. In a forward leaning posture,
increase of muscle tone of the trapezius causes the scapulae to
elevate backwardly and hampers movement of the scapulae, thereby
inhibiting smooth movements of the shoulder joints.
[0090] Thus, since hypertonicity of the trapezius hampers movement
of the scapulae, reduction of its muscle tone is vital for smooth
exercise. For this requirement, it is necessary to increase
awareness of muscles (particularly, gluteus maximus) whose activity
is promoted while the pelvis is at an upright position, and to
acquire body balance and body support ability for allowing
independent movements of the trunk and the free upper limb/the
shoulder girdles.
[0091] Now, let us make a brief remark about the trapezium. With
respect to its vertically antagonistic activity relative to the
latissimus dorsi, the trapezius acts around the spinal column as
the central axis. To put it simply, the trapezius is adjusted
downward and backward, and controlled, by the latissimus dorsi.
Japanese and nonathletic people particularly need such muscle
activity because their erector spinae and spinal column (to be the
core and the fulcrum) do not work well and also because their body
balance is maintained by the trapezium. In this respect, they
should develop the erector spinae as well as muscles below the
middle section of the back, should choose these muscles either
consciously or unconsciously (i.e. on reflex), and should make them
function fully. For this purpose, Japanese and nonathletic people
must cure the manner of exercise which solely depends on the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles and must also reduce
hypertonicity thereat. (While movement of the scapulae is hampered,
upper limb movement is performed by arms alone.) As mentioned
earlier, Japanese and nonathletic people take a forward leaning
posture and cannot use the muscle groups relevant to such exercise
fully and consciously. For these people, the above-mentioned muscle
activity is extremely difficult.
[0092] Hence, for smooth performance of exercise in the upper body
and the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles, it is vital to
correct the position of the lower body relative to the whole
body.
[0093] In order to reform, correct and strengthen the exercise
involving the spinal column, special attention should be paid to
actions of the gluteal and other muscles which work in cooperation
with the erector spinae.
[0094] In connection with molding of an ideal exercise posture, let
us discuss a little further why Mongoloids (including Japanese) and
nonathletic people take a forward leaning posture.
[0095] A forward leaning posture seems to be attributable to two
factors. For one, as mentioned earlier, while Mongoloids perform
exercise or activity, their erector spinae is less sensitive to the
exercise and the gravity than the trapezius which moves the upper
limbs. For another, a muscle group for supporting and assisting the
erector spinae, i.e. gluteal muscles (particularly, gluteus
maximus), does not work well. In keeping the body balanced, absence
of muscle tone of the erector spinae disables any upper limb
movement. To avoid this, they seem to increase muscle tone of the
entire back muscle group by leaning forward. (This is also the case
with nonathletic people. Most of their exercise and muscle
activities are concentrated on stabilizing the center of gravity by
keeping the body balanced. In contrast, athletically skilled people
and Latin Americans generate a power for assisting extension of the
trunk, which is one of the gluteus maximus actions. Owing to this
power, their erector spinae is more active than that of nonathletic
people.)
[0096] The same is true for nonathletic people. Characteristically,
their activity rarely involves dynamic motions, making it difficult
to develop muscles at the trunk. Moreover, for most exercise, they
strongly tend to rely on extensor groups of the lower limbs. (In
order to maintain the balance of the whole body under the ankle
strategy-based manner of exercise, they must be constantly able to
keep the neutral state (in the sense of the ankle strategy-based
manner of exercise), i.e. a forward leaning posture. Otherwise,
they lose balance so much that they cannot even stand by
themselves, let alone continuing exercise.) Under such
circumstances, the extensor groups which constitute the lower limbs
must constantly keep high muscle tone, which aggravates a forward
leaning posture.
[0097] What is most required in this situation is assistance by
monoarticular muscle groups around the knees and the ankles
(assistance by the three vastus muscles of the quadriceps femoris
which locate in the lower parts of the thighs). In an attempt to
create a fixed surface and to stabilize the body, those who are in
the forward leaning posture naturally learn to use the pelvis (as a
part of the pelvic girdles) by internally rotating and adducting
the hip joints. Hence, among the three vastus muscles in the
thighs, they learn to choose, above all, the vastus lateralis as
the agonist (the ankle strategy-based manner of exercise).
Interestingly, this situation closely resembles the manner of
exercise by aged people in that both of them do not possess
sufficient muscular power for certain activity (although the degree
of activity may not be the same between them). It is beneficial for
them to keep the exercise axis itself in a forward leaning
position, in order to realize their manner of moving and their
muscle activity pattern. As a result, they have no choice but to
take a forward leaning posture.
[0098] Accordingly, muscles employed in the ankle strategy-based
manner of exercise should not be strengthened excessively and,
during exercise, such muscles should not be relied on too much as
the only major muscles. Thereby, it is possible to align the trunk
with a correct axis which tilts somewhat backward. Then, the hip
strategy-based manner of exercise is awaken and promoted,
encouraging flexor activity, whereby an ideal exercise posture can
be molded. This ideal posture can also eliminate troubles at the
knees or the like which derive from sole reliance on extensor
activity, and can bring about axial activity and muscular activity
in a stable manner. As a byproduct, improvement of athletic ability
can be expected. Due to these various exercise inhibitory factors,
ordinary people are obliged to take a forward leaning posture and
become bad at exercise. Namely, in molding an ideal exercise
posture and improving athletic ability, the most essential point is
to free a person from a forward leaning posture and to correct the
posture.
[0099] <Molding of Ideal Exercise Posture by Improving
Generation/Use of Power in Muscle Activity and by Improving Skill
in Muscle Activity>
[0100] We herein refer to two types of muscle activities:
improvement of power and improvement of skill. In relation to these
muscle activities, we should also understand certain factors in
exercise activities. The first factor is that different muscle
activities generate power in different directions. In 100-meter
run, weight lifting, etc., power needs to act only in one
direction. In basketball, football, etc., players should quickly
switch directions of movements back and forth, side to side, and
diagonally, and they should also react against other players. Thus,
depending on the type of exercise, muscles need to be stimulated in
different manners. Further, let us make a comparison between linear
exercise which does not demand complicated body balance and
exercise which demands complex body balance. In many cases, muscle
activity in the former exerise is simple generation/use of power.
On the other hand, muscle activity in the latter exercise involves
generation/use of power and also requires skill and subtle control
of muscles. Next, turning to the second factor, duration of muscle
activity varies with exercise time. For example, muscle activity is
not the same during 100-meter run and marathon. With respect to
muscle activities in a thigh of a marathon runner, it is known that
the anterior part and the posterior part are incessantly turned on
and off in an alternate manner. Namely, the agonist and the
antagonist get active and take a rest alternately, with only one of
them being active at a time. On the contrary, with respect to
muscle activities in a thigh of a 100-meter sprinter, the anterior
part and the posterior part contract simultaneously during
exercise. Thus, depending on whether muscle activities are
synchronous or asynchronous, muscle to be facilitated and inhibited
are different. The above two factors, (i) necessity of reactive
exercise against other players and (ii) time and direction of
exercise, call for independent manners of stimulation input: a
stimulation method directed to generation/use of muscular power and
a stimulation method directed to improvement of skill in muscle
activity.
[0101] <Point Stimulation and Surface Stimulation (Approaches to
Muscle Adjustment)>
[0102] As proved by Margaret Rood, when a skin surface is rubbed
partly and locally over certain muscles, superficial cutaneous
nerves are stimulated. In turn, underlying muscles receive this
stimulation and increase their muscle tone. On the other hand, when
a skin surface is rubbed entirely and extensively over certain
muscles, superficial cutaneous nerves are stimulated. In this case,
underlying muscles receive this stimulation and decrease their
muscle tone. An additional proposal is made by Rood and others
(Stockmeyer S A. An interpretation of the approach of Rood to the
treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction. In Bouman H D (ed.). An
exploratory and analytical survey of therapeutic exercise:
Northwestern University special therapeutic exercise project (pp.
900-956). Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co, 1966.). As
mentioned therein, in either case where a functional skin area
which corresponds to a dermatome or a myotome is present or absent,
if stroking, pressure, vibration, hot/cold stimulation, etc. is
directly applied to the skin over a muscle to be facilitated or to
the belly of that muscle, such stimulation induces various
phenomena such as "pain relief," "increase of sensitivity in a
muscle spindle" and "suppression of perspiration" (Stockmeyer S A.
Procedures for improvement of motor control. Unpublished notes from
Boston University, PT710, 1978.). In addition to these phenomena,
cutaneous stimulation "increases or decreases muscle tone,"
"increases blood circulation," "helps acquisition and consolidation
(habitualization) of reflex," or gives other additional effects.
Theoretically, based on combinations of these cutaneous stimulation
approaches, local or extensive stimulation of a desired muscle can
transform proprioception for perceiving relative positions of body
parts, thereby enables acquisition of an ideal exercise
posture.
[0103] Intensity of the local stimulation (hereinafter simply
called "point stimulation") and the extensive stimulation
(hereinafter simply called "surface stimulation") only needs to be
strong enough to be recognized by cutaneous receptors. The types of
stimulation may be heat stimulation, mechanical stimulation,
electrical stimulation, chemical stimulation, etc. Sensory
receptors include Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's disks, Pacinian
corpuscles, Ruffini's corpuscles, Krause's end-bulbs, free nerve
endings, etc. These receptors are connected via neurons which
include A-fibers for facilitation and C-fibers for inhibition.
Accordingly, the point stimulation, which facilitates
neurotransmission in muscles, must be generated as a point-like
stimulation to be recognized by A-fibers. The surface stimulation,
which inhibits neurotransmission in muscles, must be generated as a
surface-like stimulation to be recognized by C-fibers.
[0104] The range of point stimulation may be an area of about 4
cm.sup.2 designed to give point stimulation. Because a required
range varies from muscle to muscle, it is properly determined
according to the muscle whose tone should be increased. Insofar as
the point stimulation is focused on a predetermined area designed
to give point stimulation, both a single large point stimulation
and a group of small point stimulations are practicable as the
point stimulation. The location of point stimulation is not
particularly limited and may be anywhere on a skin surface within
an area ranging from the origin to the insertion of the muscle
whose tone should be increased. The most preferable location is a
skin surface corresponding to the vicinity of a motor point of the
desired muscle. On a skin surface within an area ranging from the
origin to the insertion of the desired muscle, the point
stimulation may be applied to one or more locations.
[0105] The location of surface stimulation varies with the muscle
whose tone should be decreased, but may be anywhere corresponding
to the functional skin area of a muscle whose tone should be
decreased. Basically, it is preferable to apply surface stimulation
to the entire part of the functional skin area. However, as far as
the surface stimulation can induce "closing of the pain gate" as
described above, the range of surface stimulation is not strictly
limited to the entire part of the functional skin area, but may be
focused, for example, on a part corresponding to the belly of a
muscle. Insofar as the surface stimulation is focused on a
predetermined area designed to give surface stimulation, both a
single large surface stimulation and a group of small point
stimulations are practicable as the surface stimulation.
[0106] Point stimulation or surface stimulation to a skin surface
causes transmission of excitation by the simplest reflex arc,
namely, from receptors, to afferent (sensory) neurons, to efferent
(motor) neurons, to effectors (in this context, muscles), and
brings about muscle activity based on spiral reflex. Reflex actions
under this situation are classified into stretch reflex and flexion
reflex. However, exercise involving the whole body is not so simple
as to be performed with these reflex actions alone. Whole body
exercise requires other reflex actions based on postural reflex and
balance reflex which are related with the brain stem and the
cerebellum, respectively. Bearing this in mind, the present
invention creates reflexes at a desired part of the body by
stimulating cutaneous receptors from various directions and in
diverse manners, thereby embodying an ideal exercise posture.
Repeated exercise in this exercise posture can intensify
extrapyramidal exercise activities, can unconsciously awaken ideal
postural and balance reflexes, and can result in activities which
unconsciously enable correct, speedy exercises with a little
effort.
[0107] In increasing or decreasing muscle tone of superficial
muscles, stimulation can be applied only to the desired muscles
because there is no intervening muscle between the desired muscles
and the skin surface. On the other hand, in increasing or
decreasing muscle tone of deep muscles, some muscles intervene
between the desired muscles and the skin surface. In this
connection, it should be understood that exercise is not performed
singly by superficial muscles, but rather controlled by cooperation
of superficial muscles and underlying deep muscles. Hence, although
arbitrary stimulation to the skin surface is said to affect
superficial muscles alone, stimulation from the skin surface to
superficial muscles can actually stimulate deep muscles
coordinately.
[0108] <Facilitation by Point Stimulation and Inhibition by
Surface Stimulation with Respect to Multiarticular Muscles and
Monoarticular Muscles>
[0109] In any states indicated in Tables 1 to 8, when point
stimulation is applied to low-tone multiarticular muscles and
monoarticular muscles, it provides a facilitatory control of these
muscles in most cases. When surface stimulation is applied to
high-tone multiarticular muscles and monoarticular muscles, it
provides an inhibitory control of these muscles in most cases. This
combination can correct the muscles and joints toward an ideal
posture indicated in Tables 9 and 10, and can improve power of
muscle activity.
[0110] On the contrary, when point stimulation is applied to
high-tone multiarticular muscles and monoarticular muscles, it
emphasizes a facilitatory control of these muscles in most cases.
When surface stimulation is applied to low-tone multiarticular
muscles and monoarticular muscles, it emphasizes an inhibitory
control of these muscles in most cases. Consequently, the muscles
and joints deviate from an ideal posture indicated in Tables 9 and
10.
[0111] Nevertheless, there are some exceptions to these principles.
Medically, the ROM (range of motion) of a joint is defined by
physical measurements. In theory, the ROM of any ordinary person
should match the ROM as measured. In practice, however, the ADL
(activities of daily living) of some people is not as good as the
ROM, while the ADL of others are greater than the ROM. Even among
those who have sufficient flexibility, it is often the case that
the ADL is not as good as the ROM. To give an example, among ballet
dancers or the like who have the ability to do a front split and a
side split perfectly, only a few of them can move the joints to the
limit of the ROM (the range measured during static stretching)
during actual performance. This gap is attributable to the gravity,
muscular power against the gravity, and the like. Accordingly, if
one's ADL is not as good as the ROM or if muscular power is not
sufficient against the gravity, point stimulation is applied to a
relevant muscle group. Then, the stimulation facilitates the muscle
group and enhances the muscle contraction power, thereby bringing
the ADL closer to the ROM.
[0112] In contrast, some muscles have low muscle tone but lack
their own strechability. To make them more flexible, surface
stimulation is applied to these low-tone muscles which are
antagonistic to agonists. The surface stimulation can weaken
antagonistic actions and can encourage agonistic actions, thereby
facilitating the agonists.
[0113] <Specific Examples of Facilitation of Neurotransmission
by Point Stimulation and Inhibition of Neurotransmission by Surface
Stimulation>
[0114] Specific heat stimulation may be cold stimulation, hot
stimulation, and the like. For example, heat stimulation for
increasing neuronal excitation includes following methods: hot
stimulation by applying BREATHTHERMO to the skin (BREATHTHERMO is a
moisture absorbable/releasable heat-generating fiber manufactured
by Mizuno Corporation.); cold stimulation by applying a metal to
the skin; cold stimulation by letting air in through a stimulation
part made of a mesh material; cold stimulation by applying cold
spray or ice directly to the skin; hot stimulation by applying a
disposable warmer or moxa cautery to the skin; cold stimulation by
applying a disposable cooling sheet or coolant to the skin, and the
like. It should be understood that these methods are effective in a
presupposed temperature condition but may not be effective under
the influence of outdoor temperature or other conditions. By way of
example, it may be advisable in a cold climate to replace cold
stimulation with hot stimulation, and in a moderate climate to
replace hot stimulation with cold stimulation. This is due to a
phenomenon called "change of muscle tonus". Namely, the range of
stimulation perceivable by human receptors is variable under
diverse conditions, and in some cases, applied stimulation may not
be properly recognized as such.
[0115] It should be also noted that if hot stimulation and cold
stimulation are applied during strengthening of muscles, the effect
of increasing muscular strength comes later than expected (Chastain
P. The effect of deep heat on isometric strength. Phys Ther
58:543-546, 1978. Oliver R A, Johnson D J. The effect of cold water
on post treatment leg strength. Phys Sports Med, November 1976.
Oliver R A, Johnson D J, Wheelhouse W W, et al. Isometric muscle
contraction response during recovery from reduced intramuscular
temperature. Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation 60:126-129, 1979.).
Insensible heat stimulation around the body temperature has effects
of reducing muscle tone and soothing pain or the like. Heat
stimulation, as represented by hot stimulation and cold
stimulation, is also known to reduce spasms and convulsion in
muscles and to be effective in soothing pain and swelling (Rood M.
The use of sensory receptors to activate, facilitate, and inhibit
motor response, autonomic and somatic, in developmental sequence.
In Sattely C (ed.). Approaches to the treatment of patients with
neuromuscular dysfunction. Dubuque, Iowa: WMC Brown, 1962.). For
these reasons, it should be remembered that the above manners of
heat stimulation input to the skin are only applicable to
mental/physical relaxation, decrease of muscle tone, pain relief,
and other like effects.
[0116] Specific physical/mechanical stimulation includes friction,
percussion, vibration, tissue pull, pressure), etc.
Physical/mechanical stimulation can increase neuronal excitation by
applying an item to the skin, including a vibrator, raised cloth or
a fabric having a compression-bonded silicone resin projection, a
pointed projection made of metal or the like, a self-adhesive
element (e.g. self-adhesive bandage), a rough fiber, and the like.
Also in this type of stimulation, change of muscle tonus as above
is probable as mentioned above. By way of example, for some
exercises which involve vibratory stimulation (e.g. tennis and
other sports which involve hitting actions), input of vibratory
stimulation to the free upper limb and the pelvic girdles may be
affected by change of muscle tonus.
[0117] Specific electrical stimulation includes low-frequency
stimulation, high-frequency stimulation, magnetic stimulation, and
the like. Electrical stimulation can be provided by locally applied
electrodes, application of a magnetic metal to the skin, and other
like manners.
[0118] Specific chemical stimulation includes, for example,
stimulation sensed on contact with chemical substances. Chemical
stimulation can be provided by applying certain substances to the
skin, such as volatile chemical substances (e.g. alcohol,
eucalyptus oil), so-called warm-up cream which contains capsaicin
or citrus extracts (acids), and the like. Preferably, chemical
stimulation should not be so intense as to damage the skin and
cause pain.
[0119] Such point stimulation or surface stimulation can be applied
by a combination of two or more methods mentioned above. Examples
of point stimulation are illustrated in FIG. 11. Point stimulators
1 of FIG. 11(a) are made of peelable self-adhesive elements 12
(e.g. self-adhesive bandages) which have a circular shape with a
diameter of about 2 cm, and their adhesive surfaces are coated with
an active ingredient 1a capable of giving chemical stimulation.
These point stimulators 1 are thus arranged to provide
physical/mechanical stimulation and chemical stimulation. Point
stimulators 1 of FIG. 11(b) have magnetic metals 1b mounted on
adhesive surfaces of similar self-adhesive elements 12. These point
stimulators 1 are thus arranged to provide physical/mechanical
stimulation and electrical stimulation. Examples of surface
stimulation are illustrated in FIG. 12. A surface stimulator 11 of
FIG. 12(a) is made of a peelable self-adhesive element 13 (e.g. a
self-adhesive bandage) in strip form, and its adhesive surface is
coated with an active ingredient 1a capable of giving chemical
stimulation. This surface stimulator 11 is thus arranged to provide
physical/mechanical stimulation and chemical stimulation. A surface
stimulator 11 of FIG. 12(b) has magnetic metals 1b mounted on an
adhesive surface of a rectangular self-adhesive element 14. This
surface stimulator 11 is thus arranged to provide
physical/mechanical stimulation and electrical stimulation.
[0120] Additionally, the following points should be remembered with
respect to the stimulation detailed above. First, as taught by
Rood, there is a 30-second latency period before stimulation takes
effect, and the maximum effect comes after stimulation is applied
for 30 to 40 minutes. In other words, for the maximum effect, it is
necessary to apply stimulation for 30 to 40 minutes (Rood M. The
use of sensory receptors to activate, facilitate, and inhibit motor
response, autonomic and somatic, in developmental sequence. In
Sattely C (ed.). Approaches to the treatment of patients with
neuromuscular dysfunction. Dubuque, Iowa: WMC Brown, 1962.). Hence,
continuous input of stimulation is essential. Second, a human being
cannot acquire reflex activities unless the person performs
exercise continuously for 16 seconds or more without a break (Ito,
Masao. Neuronal physiology. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1976.). Third,
sensory receptivity of the human skin or the like is soon
accustomed and adapted to such stimulation (Spicer S D, Matyas T A.
Facilitation of the TVR by cutaneous stimulation. AMJ Phys Med
59:223-231, 1980. Spicer S D, Matyas T A. Facilitation of the TVR
by cutaneous stimulation in hemiplegics. AMJ Phys Med 59:280-287,
1981.).
[0121] To address these matters, a point stimulation input should
locate in the functional skin area of a desired muscle or over a
belly a desired muscle (Rood M. The use of sensory receptors to
activate, facilitate, and inhibit motor response, autonomic and
somatic, in developmental sequence. In Sattely C (ed.). Approaches
to the treatment of patients with neuromuscular dysfunction.
Dubuque, Iowa: WMC Brown, 1962.). In addition, it is preferable to
satisfy at least one of the following four requirements:
[0122] 1. The point of stimulation input changes constantly from
one location to another over a desired muscle.
[0123] 2. The manner of stimulation input changes constantly.
[0124] 3. Information about stimulation input changes constantly
(e.g. variation of stimulation intensity).
[0125] 4. The period of stimulation input changes constantly and
continually.
[0126] Similarly, to address these matters, a surface stimulation
input should be located in the functional skin area of a desired
muscle or over a belly of a desired muscle (Rood M. The use of
sensory receptors to activate, facilitate, and inhibit motor
response, autonomic and somatic, in developmental sequence. In
Sattely C (ed.). Approaches to the treatment of patients with
neuromuscular dysfunction. Dubuque, Iowa: WMC Brown, 1962.).
Besides, the range of stimulation should be wide enough to induce
"closing of the pain gate" and to reduce muscle tone. In addition,
it is preferable to satisfy at least one of the following four
requirements:
[0127] 1. The surface of stimulation input changes constantly from
one location to another over a desired muscle.
[0128] 2. The manner of stimulation input changes constantly.
[0129] 3. Information about stimulation input changes constantly
(e.g. variation of stimulation intensity).
[0130] 4. The period of stimulation input changes constantly and
continually.
[0131] <Point Stimulator (Repositioning Device)>
[0132] --Non-Electric Repositioning Device--
[0133] To satisfy the above requirements, repositioning devices 1
shown in FIG. 13 are provided. Each of these repositioning devices
1 is composed of a case 2 which is made applicable to the skin
surface A of the human body. A hollow chamber 20 of this case 2
contains pieces 3.
[0134] Vibrations are generated by collision between the pieces 3
and the inside of the hollow chamber 20. In order to transmit the
vibrations to the skin surface A of the human body to which the
case 2 is applied, the case 2 is preferably made of rigid materials
which have an excellent vibration transmission property (such as
metals, minerals, various ceramic materials, and rigid plastic
materials). The case 2 should be large enough to facilitate a
muscle whose location corresponds to an area where the case 2 is
applied to the skin surface A of the human body. If the case 2 is
too large, it provides surface stimulation for promoting reduction
of muscle tone, and its bulkiness is uncomfortable to a user.
Presuming that the case 2 may be applied to the skin surface A at
any area of the human body, the case 2 is preferably prepared in a
smallest possible size. The external shape of the case 2 is not
particularly limited and may be, for example, in various shapes
including a sphere, polyhedron, hemisphere, semi-regular
polyhedron, cylinder, prism, pyramid, and cone. Likewise, the shape
of the hollow chamber 20 is not particularly limited as far as the
pieces 3 can readily roll and bounce therein in response to body
movement. For example, the hollow chamber 20 may be in various
shapes including a sphere, polyhedron, hemisphere, semi-regular
polyhedron, cylinder, prism, pyramid, and cone, or other shapes
which neither catch the pieces 3 therein nor obstruct their
rolling-bouncing movements.
[0135] In order that the pieces 3 can hit the inside of the hollow
chamber 20 and can thereby make the case 2 vibrate, the pieces 3
are preferably made of rigid materials which have an excellent
vibration transmission property (such as metals, minerals, various
ceramic materials, and rigid plastic materials). As for the size of
the pieces 3, the only requirement is to secure a rolling-bouncing
space inside the hollow chamber 20. Specifically speaking, if the
hollow chamber 20 is to hold one piece 3 therein, the piece 3 may
be large to some extent. On the other hand, if the hollow chamber
20 is to hold more than one pieces 3 therein, they have to be small
enough to secure a sufficient space for rolling and bouncing. In
addition, if the pieces 3 are too many, they are feared to collide
with each other and offset vibrations which have just been
generated. Accordingly, the number of pieces 3 is not particularly
limited, but preferably about five or less. The shape of the pieces
3 may be in the form of spheres, polyhedrons of various types,
randomly crashed granules, or the like. In the above description,
the pieces 3 are designed to hit the inside of the hollow chamber
20 and thereby to make the case 2 vibrate. Instead, they may be
arranged to simply roll and bounce inside the hollow chamber 20 so
that the center of gravity of the case 2 can keep changing all the
time. When the center of gravity of the case 2 keeps changing, such
changes can be perceived by receptors at the skin surface A of the
human body to which the case 2 is applied. As the pieces 3 for
changing the center of gravity of the case 2, various types of
granules or fluids may be fed, not fully, into the hollow chamber
20.
[0136] In use, the thus structured repositioning device 1 is
applied to the skin surface A of the human body, specifically
within an area ranging from the origin to the insertion of a
desired muscle. The repositioning device 1 may locate anywhere from
the origin to the insertion, but most preferably near a motor point
of a desired muscle. The repositioning device 1 may be applied to
the skin surface by following methods. Firstly, as shown in FIG.
13(a), the repositioning device 1 may be adhered to the skin
surface A of the human body via an adhesive 15 such as a
double-face tape. In order to prevent the repositioning device 1
from peeling off, the repositioning device 1 is preferably flat and
smooth on at least a face to be applied to the skin surface A of
the human body. Secondly, as shown in FIG. 13(b), the repositioning
device 1 applied to the skin surface A of the human body may be
covered by a self-adhesive element 12 such as an adhesive plaster.
In this case, skin receptors are also stimulated by the
self-adhesive element 12 which is adhered to the skin surface A of
the human body. Hence, a self-adhesive element 12 with an overly
large adhesion area provides surface stimulation for promoting
reduction of muscle tone. Anyway, since the method using a
self-adhesive element 12 meets none of the four requirements
mentioned above, its effect diminishes over time. In addition, for
a while after the self-adhesive element 12 is adhered, it rather
provides surface stimulation for promoting reduction of muscle
tone. Therefore, when the repositioning device 1 is adhered to the
skin surface A of the human body by a self-adhesive element 12, its
size should preferably be a smallest possible size for adhesion.
Thirdly, as shown in FIG. 13(c), the repositioning device 1 may be
fixed on the skin side of a garment 100 and applied to the skin
surface A of the human body via the garment 100. To fix the
repositioning device 1 on the garment 100, a pin (not shown) which
projects from the repositioning device 1 is engaged with a clutch
1c, just as a lapel pin is engaged and disengaged. As yet another
method, the repositioning device 1 may be directly fixed on the
skin side of a garment 100 by bonding, melting, sewing and the
like. As still another method, the case 2 may be made of a magnetic
material, and the repositioning device 1 disposed on the skin side
of a garment may be fixed by a magnet (not shown) disposed on the
outside of the garment.
[0137] Similar point stimulators 1 which satisfy the
above-mentioned requirements may utilize: filaments 1e mounted on a
surface of an adhesive-applied base 1d which can adhere to a skin A
(FIG. 14); a spring 1f mounted on a surface of the base 1d (FIG.
15); a projection 1g mounted on a surface of the base 1d (FIG. 16);
an aerially swaying member 1h mounted on a surface of the base 1d
(FIG. 17); a string 1i mounted on a surface of the base 1d, and a
weight 1j attached to the tip of the string 1i (FIG. 18); a fluid
pad 1k (like a water bag) mounted on a surface of the base 1d (FIG.
19); and the like. Regarding the point stimulator 1 of FIG. 14
equipped with filaments 1e, the filaments 1e sway irregularly in
response to human movement, wind or the like, thereby rubbing the
surface of the skin A in various manners. Regarding the point
stimulator 1 of FIG. 15 equipped with a spring 1f, the spring 1f
stretches and contracts irregularly in response to human movement,
thereby pulling the adhesion surface of the base 1d in various
mariners. Regarding the point stimulator 1 of FIG. 16 equipped with
a projection 1g, the projection 1g irregularly hits a garment 100
while a person wears it, thereby being pushed back onto the skin A
by the garment or pulling the adhesion surface of the base 1d.
Regarding the point stimulator 1 of FIG. 17 equipped with an
aerially swaying member 1h, the aerially swaying member 1h sways
irregularly due to wind or the like, thereby pulling the adhesion
surface of the base 1d in various manners. Regarding the point
stimulator 1 of FIG. 18 equipped with a weight 1j which is attached
to the tip of a string 1i, the weight 1j irregularly hits random
positions around the base 1d in response to human movement, thereby
stimulating the surface of the skin A in various manners. Regarding
the point stimulator 1 of FIG. 19 equipped with a fluid pad 1k, the
fluid pad 1k moves irregularly in response to human movement,
thereby pulling the adhesion surface of the base 1d in various
manners.
[0138] --Vibration-Generating Repositioning Device--
[0139] A repositioning device 1 illustrated in FIG. 20 can also
satisfy the above-mentioned requirements. This repositioning device
1 has a case 2 which encloses a vibration generator 4, a power
source 5 and a controller 6.
[0140] The case 2 is assembled into a cylinder form (thickness:
about 10 mm, diameter: about 25 mm) by combining a pair of
semi-closed cylinders 21, 22 made of a nylon resin. The semi-closed
cylinders 21, 22 are integrally snapped or screwed into each other
via a seal ring 23. The material for the case 2 is not particularly
limited unless it causes rashes or allergic reactions or hurts the
human skin otherwise. Other than nylon resins, the case 2 may be
made of metals, minerals, various ceramic materials, or plastic
materials. To be specific, it may be made of ABS resins,
polypropylene resins or the like.
[0141] The vibration generator 4 may be a piezoelectric unit. This
vibration generator 4 is integrated into a hole 24 which is bored
in the first semi-closed cylinder 21 of the case 2, such that the
vibration generator portion of the case 2 touches the human skin
directly.
[0142] The power source 5 may be a coin cell battery. The power
source 5 is mounted in a power box 25 which is disposed in the
second semi-closed cylinder 22 of the case 2. From the power box
25, a pair of parallel electrodes 26 extend with a certain gap
therebetween. A dent 27 is formed in an external surface of the
second semi-closed cylinder 22 so as to receive a magnet 28. With
the magnet 28 fitted in the dent 27, the electrodes 26 are arranged
to attract and touch each other by a magnetic force of the magnet
28, thereby turning on the power source 5. Conversely, when the
magnet 28 is removed from the dent 27 in the second semi-closed
cylinder 22, the power source 5 is turned off.
[0143] The circuitry of the controller 6 can be made up of such
electric components as CPU, IC, RLC, and Tr. FIG. 21 is a block
diagram of the controller 6, in which a control board 61 includes a
vibration unit/speed regulation unit 62, a level regulation unit
63, an output control unit 64, and a CPU (timing control) 65. As
described earlier, there is a 30-second latency period before
stimulation takes effect. In light of this knowledge, the
controller 6 needs to control the vibration generator 4 in such a
manner as to provide vibratory stimulation for at least 30 seconds
or more without a break. Besides, in order to facilitate a muscle
by muscle stimulation, it is necessary to generate vibrations in a
range of 3 Hz to 5 MHz. For the best effect, it is preferable to
generate vibrations from 100 Hz to 200 Hz. Incidentally, suppose
that vibratory stimulation is applied by alternating ten seconds of
vibratory stimulation and five seconds of rest. In some cases, the
human body does not take the five-second rest as a break in the
vibratory stimulation, but rather recognizes as if vibratory
stimulation was applied incessantly while the vibration-rest
pattern is going on. In other cases, the human body precisely
distinguishes between the ten-second vibratory stimulation and the
five-second rest. It can be understood that the former situation
presents no problem, whereas the latter situation cannot satisfy
the latency period requirement of 30 seconds or more. Therefore,
vibratory stimulation is preferably applied by alternating 30
seconds or more of continuous vibratory stimulation and a desired
time of rest. Most preferably, in the case where the vibration
stimulation of 30 seconds or more alternates with a desired time of
rest, it is advisable to conduct fuzzy control of at least the
input time of vibratory stimulation or its intensity, so as to
prevent receptors in the human body from getting insensitive to
stimulation input.
[0144] The control board 61 of the controller 6 for controlling
such vibratory stimulation can be embodied in various manners with
use of a general logic, a CPU alone, a programmable logic, passive
components, or the like. Specifically, the repositioning device may
be classified as a general-purpose device or a special-purpose
device. A general-purpose repositioning device, whose operation
cycle is determined in the design/manufacture stage, is used for
general applications as the term suggests. A special-purpose
repositioning device can reprogram and rewrite its operation cycle
according to the purpose of use, application, etc. A
special-purpose repositioning device 1 shown in FIG. 22 allows a
write device 7 to reprogram and rewrite, via a write cable 71, the
intensity and time of stimulation input whenever desired. Although
the repositioning device 1 of FIG. 22 is connected to the write
device 7 via the write cable 71, the repositioning device 1 may be
directly set on the write device 7 and may thus enable
reprogramming. The special-purpose repositioning device 1 can be
effectively used in the following cases: when specialized
rehabilitation or the like is required after serious injuries such
as bone fracture; when temporary muscle weakeness, imbalance of
muscular power or the like is caused by muscle damages (as
represented by bruise, pulled muscle, etc.) and recovery from such
symptom needs to be promoted; when moderate (not severe) injuries
or potential injuries cause muscle imbalance; for symptoms such as
lumbar pain, stiff shoulders, and an abnormal Q angle; and for aged
people who requires a higher intensity of stimulation than general
people because aging makes facilitation difficult. Particularly,
since aged people are less sensitive to stimulation to the skin or
the like, it is not rare for them to get injured accidentally by
heat stimulation, electrical stimulation and the like. However,
this vibration-generating repositioning device 1 can avoid such
injuries.
[0145] The repositioning device 1 of the above structure is used in
combination with a garment 100 (such as a pair of tights or a
shirt) which closely fits on the human body. To start with, a
person puts on a garment 100, with the repositioning device 1 being
applied to a skin surface in an area ranging from the origin to the
insertion of a desired muscle. Next, from the outside of the
garment 100, the magnet 28 is fitted into the dent 27 which is
formed in an external surface of the second semi-closed cylinder
22. With the magnetic force of the magnet 28, the electrodes 26
attract and touch each other, thereby turning on the power source 5
and activating the repositioning device 1. The repositioning device
1 itself is fixed on the garment 100 by holding it between the dent
27 and the magnet 28. Thus, when a person wears the garment 100 and
activates the repositioning device 1 for a desired muscle, the
muscle is facilitated. Consequently, if the person plays a sport in
this facilitated state, he/she can pay attention to the usually
less conscious muscle and do workouts in an ideal form. Also in
daily activities, this repositioning device can create an ideal
body balance by facilitating less conscious muscles which disturb
body balance, thereby curing lumbar pain and other symptoms which
result from deficit in body balance. Of course, those who do not
suffer from such symptoms can also employ the repositioning device
and create an ideal body balance and an ideal physique.
[0146] The vibration generator 4 of the repositioning device 1 may
be those illustrated in FIG. 23. The vibration generators 4 of
FIGS. 23(a) and (b) are equipped with cones 41a on a vibration
transmission surface 21a of the semi-closed cylinder 21. In these
arrangements, vibrations from piezoelectric units 41 are
transmitted via the cones 41a to the entire part of the semi-closed
cylinder 21, and thereby make the case 2 vibrate as a whole. The
vibration generator 4 of FIG. 23(c) is equipped, via a rubber 41b,
with a vibration transmission member 41c which is arranged to
protrude outwardly from the center of the vibration transmission
surface 21a. The vibration transmission member 41c is arranged to
vibrate with vibrations of the piezoelectric unit 41 and thereby to
generate vibrations at the center of the vibration transmission
surface 21a. In the vibration generator 4 of FIG. 23(d), the
vibration transmission surface 21a of the semi-closed cylinder 21
is thinner at the center, and the piezoelectric unit 41 is
processed in a convex form touching the thinner part. This
vibration generator 4 is arranged to transmit vibrations from the
piezoelectric unit 41 directly to the thinner part, and thereby to
make the thinner part vibrate. The vibration generator 4 of FIG.
23(e) is arranged to be capable of containing granules' 41d such as
beads between the vibration transmission surface 21a of the
semi-closed cylinder 21 and the piezoelectric unit 41. This
vibration generator 4 is arranged to make the granules 41d bounce
with vibrations of the piezoelectric unit 41. The vibration
generator 4 of FIG. 23(f) includes an air chamber 21b therein, with
a hole 24 being bored through the vibration transmission surface
21a of the semi-closed cylinder 21. In this arrangement, vibrations
of the piezoelectric unit 41 cause air to come in and out of the
air chamber 21b through the hole 24, whereby air vibrations are
transmitted to the skin surface A of the human body. The vibration
generator 4 of FIG. 23(g) includes an air chamber 21b therein, with
a hole 24 being bored through the vibration transmission surface
21a of the semi-closed cylinder 21 and covered with a film 41e. In
this arrangement, vibrations of the piezoelectric unit 41 propagate
to the film 41e through the air within the air chamber 21b, whereby
vibrations of the film 41e are transmitted to the skin surface A of
the human body. The vibration generator 4 of FIG. 23(h) has a
projection 41f which sticks out through the vibration transmission
surface 21a of the semi-closed cylinder 21. Inside the semi-closed
cylinder 21, the basal end of the projection 41f is bonded to the
piezoelectric unit 41. In this arrangement, vibrations of the
piezoelectric unit 41 are transmitted via the projection 41f to the
skin surface A of the human body.
[0147] Instead of a piezoelectric unit, the vibration generator 4
may utilize a motor, a vibration motor, a solenoid, a vibration
module (an electromagnet), a piezoelectric bimorph, and the like,
as shown in FIG. 24. The vibration generator 4 of FIG. 24(a) is
arranged to generate vibrations when rotation of a motor 42 causes
gears 42a to hit a flap 42b. The vibration generator 4 of FIG.
24(b) is arranged to generate vibrations when rotation of a motor
42 causes a weight 42c to hit a flap 42b. In the vibration
generator 4 of FIGS. 24(c) and (d), a flap 42b is attached to a
shaft 42d of a motor 42, and gears 42a are provided inside the
semi-closed cylinder 21. This vibration generator is arranged to
generate vibrations when rotation of the motor 42 causes the flap
42b to hit the gears 42a. In the vibration generator 4 of FIG.
24(e), a weight 42c is attached to a shaft 42d of a motor 42. This
vibration generator 4 is arranged to generate vibrations when
rotation of the motor 42 disturbs the weight balance. The vibration
generator 4 of FIG. 24(f) is equipped with a button-shape vibration
motor 43 on the inner side of the vibration transmission surface
21a of the semi-closed cylinder 21, and is arranged to vibrate the
vibration transmission surface 21a directly. The vibration
generator 4 of FIG. 24(g) is arranged to generate vibrations when a
plunger 44a of a solenoid 44 hits an obstruction 44b by a push or
pull action of the plunger 44a. In the vibration generator 4 of
FIG. 24(h), weights 44c are attached to extreme ends of plungers
44a of a solenoid 44. This vibration generator 4 is arranged to
generate vibrations when the weights 44c directly hit the inside of
the semi-closed cylinder 21 by a push or pull action of the
plungers 44a. In the vibration generator 4 of FIG. 24(i), a magnet
45a is attached to an extreme end side of a leaf spring 45. This
vibration generator 4 is arranged to move the magnet 45a with a
change of the magnetic field, to vibrate the leaf spring 45 and the
magnet 45a at a resonance point, and to amplify vibrations with a
weight 45b. The vibration generator 4 of FIG. 24(j) is arranged to
generate vibrations with stretch and contraction of a piezoelectric
ceramic 46.
[0148] There is no specific limitation for the types of vibrations
generated by these vibration generators 4. A variety of vibrations
which can stimulate receptors may be utilized as given in FIG. 25,
including flexure vibration 4a, lengthwise vibration 4b, area
vibration 4c, longitudinal vibration 4d, thickness-shear vibration
4e, trapped thickness vibration 4f, surface acoustic wave 4g, and
so on.
[0149] As mentioned earlier, the repositioning device 1 is arranged
to turn on the power source 5, by fitting the magnet 28 into the
dent 27 formed in the external surface of the second semi-closed
cylinder 22 and thereby bringing the electrodes 26 into contact
with each other. However, instead of such magnetic contact between
the electrodes 26, the power source 5 may be turned on by a push
button switch or a slide switch (not shown) which is provided on
the case 2.
[0150] Also as mentioned earlier, the repositioning device 1 is
arranged to be fixed on a garment 100 by holding it between the
case 2 and the magnet 28, and to be applied to the skin surface A
of the human body via the garment 100. However, instead of holding
the garment magnetically, the repositioning device 1 may be fixed
by other manners. Referring again to FIG. 13(c), the repositioning
device 1 may be fixed like a lapel pin, wherein a pin (not shown)
which sticks out from the case 2 is tacked on the garment 100 and
received by the clutch 1c. Alternatively, the repositioning device
1 may be directly fixed on the skin side of the garment 100.
Furthermore, the repositioning device 1 may be applied to the skin
surface A of the human body without using the garment 100. As
described with reference to FIGS. 13(a) and (b), the repositioning
device 1 may be directly adhered to the skin surface A of the human
body by the adhesive 15 such as a double-face tape or the
self-adhesive element 12.
[0151] Turning next to FIG. 26, the repositioning device 1 may be
driven by other means than a coin cell battery. This repositioning
device 1 is composed of two separate bodies: a case 2 which
contains a vibration generator 4; and a device body 60 which
contains a power source 5 and a controller 6. Radio signals are
sent from a transmit antenna 66 in the device body 60, received by
a receive antenna 40 in the case 2, and transformed into an
electric power for generating vibrations at the vibration generator
4. In this structure, the device body 60 may be powered by a
battery or a domestic power source at AC 100V.
[0152] Referring further to FIG. 27(a), the repositioning device 1
may adopt conductive charging, for which an electric contact 72 is
provided in the case 2 and connected to an electric contact 73 in a
dedicated charger 70. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 27(b), the
repositioning device 1 may adopt inductive charging, for which a
receiver coil 8 is provided in the case 2 and located face to face
with a transmitter coil 81 in a dedicated charger 80.
[0153] With respect to the repositioning device 1, the case 2 is
made by combining a pair of semi-closed cylinders 21, 22. However,
instead of the combination of the semi-closed cylinders 21, 22, the
case 2 may be composed of a single semi-closed cylinder 21 and a
round lid which integrally covers an opening of the semi-closed
cylinder 21. The latter structure for the case 2 can be similar to
the structure for various cases for wristwatches and the like.
[0154] <Surface Stimulator>
[0155] To satisfy the above-mentioned requirements for surface
stimulation, FIG. 28 shows an example of a surface stimulator 11.
In this surface stimulator 11, a plurality of vibrators 1 of FIG.
13 are disposed on a surface of a base 11a whose area is equivalent
to a functional skin area of a desired muscle. In daily activities,
while the surface stimulator 11 is adhered to the skin A, pieces 3
in each vibrator 1 irregularly hit random positions within the
hollow chamber 20 in response to human movement, thereby generating
vibrations in various manners. As a result, this surface stimulator
can hinder sensory receptivity of the human skin A from getting
adapted or unresponsive to stimulation. A variation of the surface
stimulator 11 (FIG. 29) may have a plurality of springs 1f of FIG.
15 mounted on a surface of a base 11a whose area is equivalent to a
functional skin area of a desired muscle. Another variation of the
surface stimulator 11 (FIG. 30) may have a plurality of projections
1g of FIG. 16 mounted on a surface of a base 11a whose area is
equivalent to a functional skin area of a desired muscle. Yet
another variation of the surface stimulator 11 (FIG. 31) may have a
plurality of aerially swaying members 1h of FIG. 17 mounted on a
surface of a base 11a whose area is equivalent to a functional skin
area of a desired muscle. Still another variation of the surface
stimulator 11 (FIG. 32) may have a fluid pad 1k which is greater
than the one of FIG. 19. The fluid pack 1k is mounted entirely
across the surface of a base 11a whose area is equivalent to a
functional skin area of a desired muscle. A variation of the
surface stimulator 11 (FIG. 33) may have a plurality of electric
point stimulators 1 of FIG. 20 mounted on a surface of a base 11a
whose area is equivalent to a functional skin area of a desired
muscle. Regarding the surface stimulator 11 of FIG. 29 equipped
with a plurality of springs 1f, each of the springs 1f stretches
and contracts irregularly in response to human movement, thereby
pulling the adhesion surface of the base 11a in various manners.
Regarding the surface stimulator 11 of FIG. 30 equipped with a
plurality of projections 1g, each of the projections 1g irregularly
hits a garment 100 while a person wears it, thereby being pushed
back onto the skin A by the garment or pulling the adhesion surface
of the base 11a. Regarding the surface stimulator 11 of FIG. 31
equipped with a plurality of aerially swaying members 1h, each of
the aerially swaying members 1h sways irregularly due to wind or
the like, thereby pulling the adhesion surface of the base 11a in
various manners. Regarding the surface stimulator 11 of FIG. 32
equipped with a fluid pad 1k, the fluid pad 1k moves irregularly in
response to human movement, thereby pulling the adhesion surface of
the base 11a in various manners. Regarding the surface stimulator
11 of FIG. 33 equipped with a plurality of electric point
stimulators 1, the frequency of each point stimulator 1 changes
diversely, thereby stimulating the skin A in various manners.
[0156] In the above description, the point stimulators 1 and the
surface stimulators 11 are arranged to be directly applied to the
human skin A. Additionally, the point stimulators 1 and the surface
stimulators 11 may be attached to a garment 100.
[0157] <Garment>
[0158] As mentioned already, a point stimulation part and a surface
stimulation part can be formed on a certain part of a garment in
such a manner as to provide point stimulation and surface
stimulation to the human body, with a person wearing the
garment.
[0159] The type of garment is not particularly limited as far as a
point stimulation part and a surface stimulation part are arranged
to stimulate superficial nerves of the skin. The garments are
arranged to fit closely on the skin and include, for example,
sports underwear, tights, shorts, swimwear, sports bras, high
socks, leg warmers, knee warmers, swimming caps, stockings, general
underwear, belly belts, etc. Preferably, seams in these garments
are arranged not to stimulate superficial nerves of the skin. Such
a consideration is embodied in the following manners. For example,
using an automatic circular knitting machine (e.g. circular
knitting machine produced by Santoni S.p.A. in Italy, model: SM8),
a whole garment can be knitted in a tubular, body-fitting shape
with minimum possible seams. In another example, a thermofusible
polyurethane film or the like (used for pants hemming, etc.) can be
sandwiched between pieces of fabric which need to be stiched
together. The thermofusible material is melted under heat, so that
the two pieces can be fused together by a seam of hot-melt bonding
type. In yet another example, pieces of fabric can be fused at
their edges by induction heating using a RF welder. Alternatively,
each seam may be designed to locate on a surface stimulation part,
on the outside of a garment rather than on the skin side, or on a
muscular groove. Even after seam-originated stimulation is
eliminated, it is preferred to minimize overall stimulation which
results from contact between the garment itself and the skin, in
order to emphasize the stimulation given by a point stimulation
part and a surface stimulation part.
[0160] In the sense of effective application of point stimulation
and surface stimulation to the human body, a garment is preferably
arranged to fit closely to the skin. Nevertheless, a garment which
touch the skin according to wearer's movement (e.g. a T-shirt) may
be arranged to stimulate superficial nerves of the skin by a point
stimulation part and a surface stimulation part during such
movement.
[0161] With respect to a base fabric of a garment, yarns may be
made of chemical fibers such as synthetic resins (polyesters,
nylons, acrylic resins, polypropylenes, polyurethanes, etc.),
semisynthetic fibers (diacetates, triacetates, etc.) and
regenerated fibers (rayons, polynosic, etc.); natural fibers such
as animal fibers (wool, silk, etc.) and plant fibers (cotton, hemp,
etc.); or a combination thereof.
[0162] In particular, following yarns are advantageous for
sport-oriented wear: multilobal polyester yarns for imparting
moisture absorbing property and improved perspiration
absorbability; hollow yarns for production of light-weight
products; polyurethane-blend yarns for stretchability.
[0163] The fabric may be made by weft knitting (circular knitting,
flat knitting) which makes loops, warp knitting (tricot knitting,
raschel knitting, etc.) or weaving of intersecting warp and weft.
The fabric may also be a non-woven fabric in which fibers are held
together.
[0164] Preferably, the point stimulation part and the surface
stimulation part to be formed on the garment are as durable as the
garment itself and suitable for repeated use. According to claim
18, stimulation is provided by a projection, which may for example
be one or more projecting printed dots made of silicone or other
resins or may be one or more metal fittings such as rivets. Such
projection is formed only at locations corresponding to the
point/surface stimulation part on the skin side (the surface to
touch the skin) of the garment.
[0165] FIG. 34 relates to the use of a hook-and-loop surface tape
composed of a hook tape element and a loop tape element. As
illustrated, a point stimulator 1 having an area of about 4
cm.sup.2 is made of a hook-and-hook tape, both surfaces of which
are hook tape elements. To form a point stimulation part 10a on a
garment 100, a first surface 16 of the point stimulator 1 is
adhered to a desired position on the skin side (the surface to
touch the skin A) of a fabric 10 which constitutes the garment 100.
Likewise, a surface stimulator 11 of FIG. 36 is made of a
hook-and-hook tape whose size is equivalent to a functional skin
area of a desired muscle. To form a surface stimulation part 10b on
a garment 100, a first surface 16 of the surface stimulator 11 is
adhered to a desired position on the skin side (the surface to
touch the skin A) of a fabric 10 which constitutes a garment 100.
Such point stimulator 10a and surface stimulator 10b can stimulate
the skin surface A by their second surfaces 17.
[0166] Referring back to FIG. 35, a point stimulator 1 may be made
of a pin 18 and a clutch 19 which are engaged and disengaged like a
lapel pin. To form a point stimulation part 10a on a garment 100,
the point stimulator 1 fixedly holds a fabric 10 of the garment 100
between the pin 18 and the clutch 19. Likewise, to form a surface
stimulation part 10b on a garment 100 (see FIG. 37), a plurality of
such point stimulators 1 may be disposed at a suitable interval
entirely across the functional skin area of a desired muscle.
[0167] Incidentally, the point stimulator 1 and the surface
stimulator 11 which are directly adhered to the skin A are caused
to move with user's movement. In contrast, the point stimulation
part 10a and the surface stimulation part 10b which are formed on
the garment 100 move moderately within intended stimulation
positions in response to human movement. Therefore, the latter can
continue irregular stimulation input at intended positions and can
hinder adaptation or unresponsiveness to stimulation. Accordingly,
unlike the point stimulator 1 and the surface stimulator 11 which
are directly adhered to the skin A, the garment 100 equipped with
point stimulation part 10a and/or the surface stimulation part 10b
does not need an intentional arrangement for hindering sensory
receptivity of the human skin A from getting adapted or
unresponsive to stimulation. Nevertheless, incorporation of such an
arrangement is more preferable (see FIG. 13(c) and FIG. 20).
[0168] By way of example, FIG. 13(c) shows a garment 100 which
incorporate such an arrangement. During activities, the garment 100
itself moves moderately within an intended stimulation position in
response to wearer's movements, and hinders adaptation or
unresponsiveness to stimulation. In the point stimulation part 10a
itself, the pieces 3 irregularly hit random positions of the hollow
chamber 20, thereby generating vibrations in various manners.
Accordingly, with a person wearing this garment 100, it can further
hinder sensory receptivity of the human skin A from getting adapted
and unresponsive to stimulation. For a surface stimulation part
10b, a plurality of point stimulators 1 shown in FIG. 13(c) are
attached to a part of the garment 100 corresponding to the entire
functional skin area of a desired muscle.
[0169] Regarding claim 19, stimulation is provided by a projecting
pattern formed on the inner surface of a fabric, the projecting
pattern being formed after the fabric is manufactured. As such, a
fabric made by knitting, weaving or the like can be subjected to
so-called embossing. For example, recessed pattern is engraved onto
a fabric under heat and pressure, whereby a projecting pattern can
be formed on the skin side of the fabric. Alternatively, after the
making of a fabric composition, only an intended part of the fabric
is subjected to a raising process to obtain a raised surface.
[0170] Regarding claim 20, heat stimulation and cold stimulation
are provided in following manners. To increase neuronal excitation
by heat stimulation, a moisture-absorbing, heat-generating fiber
can be knitted or woven into the skin side of a fabric composition
for a garment, at areas for the point stimulation part or the
surface stimulation part (the surface to touch the skin); or a
fabric made of this fiber (e.g. "BREATH THERMO" manufactured by
Mizuno Corporation) can be sewn, bonded, or attached otherwise onto
the point stimulation part or the surface stimulation part. To
increase neuronal excitation by cold stimulation, a highly
heat-conductive fiber (e.g. ethylene vinyl alcohol fiber) can be
similarly knitted or woven into the skin side of a fabric
composition for a garment; or a fabric made of this fiber (e.g.
"ICE TOUCH" manufactured by Mizuno Corporation) can be sewn,
bonded, or attached otherwise onto the point stimulation part or
the surface stimulation part. Additionally, in the point
stimulation part or the surface stimulation part, portions to touch
the skin may be made of a fiber which readily holds moisture (e.g.
natural cotton fiber, superabsorbent polymer fibers). When such a
fiber absorbs sweat during exercise, the moisture can induce cold
stimulation. Furthermore, the fabric composition at a stimulating
portion may be a mesh weave. The mesh weave exposes the skin to
outside air, and effectively provides cold stimulation by air
cooling.
[0171] Regarding claim 21, stimulation is provided by a fabric
composition. As such, a stimulating portion on the fabric may be
made in a projecting pattern and allowed to touch the skin surface.
This can be done by using a pile fabric (including imitation pile,
boa, and the like) at an area to be stimulated. Alternatively, the
point stimulation part and the surface stimulation part may be made
in float stitch which involves circular knitting of a knit fabric
or in plate stitch by which one of yarns forms a projecting pattern
on the skin/back side). As a woven fabric, a double weave fabric
may be employed at a stimulating portion.
[0172] Regarding claim 22, stimulation is provided by a combination
of different fibers. Combinations among synthetic fibers include
the following. First, provided that yarns have a same thickness, a
base fabric is made of a high filament count yarn, and the point
stimulation part and the surface stimulation part are made of a low
filament count yarn. Second, provided that yarns have a same
thickness and a same filament count, a base part is made of a low
elastic fiber, and the point stimulation part and the surface
stimulation part are made of a high elastic fiber. Third, the point
stimulation part and the surface stimulation part are made of
filaments, and the base part is made of staples which are prepared
by cutting the filaments short. Fourth, a base part is made of a
grey yarn as spinned, and the point stimulation part and the
surface stimulation part are made of a grey yarn subjected to false
twisting. Combinations including natural fibers may be: a fiber
which strongly stimulates the skin (e.g. wool) and a fiber which
usually stimulates the skin less strongly (e.g. cotton); and a
synthetic fiber and a natural fiber which are different in texture.
Additionally, it is effective to use a yarn which strongly
stimulates the skin (e.g. a fancy twist yarn made by twisting a
yarn) at an area where surface stimulation is desired.
[0173] <Specific Embodiments of Garments>
Garments for Applying Point Stimulation and Surface Stimulation
(Symmetrical Arrangement)
[0174] FIG. 38 shows a pair of high-waist shorts 101. The locations
of point stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the
erector spinae, the serratus posterior inferior, the lower
abdominal muscles, the gluteus maximus, and the biceps femoris. The
locations of surface stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional
skin areas of muscles which need to be inhibited when the tensor
fasciae latae act as hip joint flexors and internal rotators. The
base fabric for the shorts 101 is made of a polyester yarn 78
dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 44 dtex, and knitted in
a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 85% and polyurethane
15%). The surface stimulation parts 10b are made of a polyester
yarn 78 dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 78 dtex, and
knitted in a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 75% and
polyurethane 25%). The surface stimulation parts 10b have a greater
tightening power than the base fabric. While a person is wearing
the garment, the garment fits the body closely, with the surface
stimulation parts 10b giving a higher clothing pressure than any
other part of the garment. The point stimulation parts 10a are made
of a hook tape element of a hook-and-loop surface tape. Regarding
the shorts 101, a point stimulation part 10a at the lower abdominal
muscles corrects an anteriorly tilted pelvis. In cooperation with
this action, point stimulation parts 10a at the gluteus maximus
exhibit their effect. (Contraction of the lower abdominal muscles
brings the pelvis to an upright position, thereby increasing muscle
tone of the gluteus maximus.) In response to these muscle
activities, the erector spinae (a trunk extensor) increases muscle
tone and extends the trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus
maximus raises muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation
to the gluteus maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) In
cooperation with this stimulation, point stimulation parts 10a at
the erector spinae and the serratus posterior inferior help stable
extension of the trunk. These three specified stimulations enhance
balance ability and support ability of the trunk. In addition, the
three specified stimulations define a supporting surface (serving
as an application point of force and a fulcrum). Owing to the
function of this supporting surface, point stimulation parts 10a at
the biceps femoris allow generation of a strong power for extending
the hip joints. During running, this extension power is converted
to a powerful propelling force. Muscle activities emphasized by the
above point stimulation realize more efficient balance in the
exercise posture. In addition, surface stimulation is provided at
the tensor fasciae latae which are antagonistic to the gluteus
maximus (hip joint extensors) and at the rectus femoris which are
antagonistic to the biceps femoris (hip joint extensors). Such
surface stimulation promotes reduction of muscle tone in the
stimulated muscles and powerfully assists exercise activities of
their antagonists. Eventually, the surface stimulation ensures
excellent exercise control ability at the hip joints and realizes
safer, more efficient performance in exercise.
[0175] FIG. 39 shows a pair of exercise tights 102. The locations
of point stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the
lower abdominal muscles, the gluteus maximus, the biceps femoris,
the thigh adductors, the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris,
and the tibialis anterior. The locations of surface stimulation
parts 10b correspond to functional skin areas of multiarticular
muscles which are located in the free lower limb and the pelvic
girdles and which are involved in extension of the knee joints. The
tights 102 are made of a yarn which is obtained by paralleling
nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of a single covered yarn
in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane elastane yarn core is covered
with a nylon yarn (thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The tights 102 are
knitted in plain stitch. The point stimulation parts 10a and the
surface stimulation parts 10b are made in plate stitch by which a
polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f) forms a projecting pattern
on the skin/back side. Regarding the tights 102, a point
stimulation part 10a at the lower abdominal muscles corrects an
anteriorly tilted pelvis. In cooperation with this action, point
stimulation parts 10a at the gluteus maximus exhibit their effect.
(Contraction of the lower abdominal muscles brings the pelvis to an
upright position, thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus
maximus.) In response to these muscle activities, the erector
spinae (a trunk extensor) increases muscle tone and extends the
trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises
muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus
maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) These muscle
activities help stable extension of the trunk. These two specified
stimulations enhance balance ability and support ability of the
trunk. In addition, the two specified stimulations define a
supporting surface (serving as an application point of force and a
fulcrum). Owing to the function of this supporting surface, point
stimulation parts 10a at the biceps femoris allow generation of a
strong power for extending the hip joints. During running, this
extension power is converted to a powerful propelling force. Muscle
activities emphasized by the above point stimulation realize more
efficient balance in the exercise posture. In addition, surface
stimulation is provided at the tensor fasciae latae which are
antagonistic to the gluteus maximus (hip joint extensors) and at
the rectus femoris which are antagonistic to the biceps femoris
(hip joint extensors). Such surface stimulation promotes reduction
of muscle tone in the stimulated muscles and powerfully assists
exercise activities of their antagonists. Eventually, the surface
stimulation ensures excellent exercise control ability at the hip
joints and realizes safer, more efficient performance in exercise.
Moreover, these muscle activities are corrected, coordinated,
strengthened, and integrated according to exercise conditions which
involve an ideal body balance (the hip strategy-based manner of
exercise). Referring to the lower legs, point stimulation to the
tibialis anterior and surface stimulation to the posterior muscle
group smoothly control muscle activities in the lower legs, and
enable a toe-up position which is an ideal lower leg movement
during running. Since these muscle activities reduce a drag force
and a deceleration force during running, the lower legs become
capable of serving as a supporting surface for generating a
powerful propelling force. Besides, as the lower leg exercise
cooperates with muscle activities created in the upper part (the
hip strategy-based manner of exercise), a propelling force
generated at the hip joints can be transmitted to the base of
exercise without a loss. Consequently, it is possible to enhance
exercise performance during running.
[0176] FIG. 40 shows a seagull (half-sleeve, long-leg) swimsuit
103. The locations of point stimulation parts 10a correspond to
motor points of the latissimus dorsi, the erector spinae, the
serratus posterior inferior, the lower abdominal muscles, the
gluteus maximus, the biceps femoris, the thigh adductors, the
vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris, and the tibialis
anterior. The locations of surface stimulation parts 10b correspond
to functional skin areas of the trapezius, the pectoralis minor,
and the upper abdominal muscles including the external oblique and
the upper rectus abdominis, and also correspond to functional skin
areas of multiarticular muscles which are located in the free lower
limb and the pelvic girdles and which are involved in extension of
the knee joints. The base fabric for the swimsuit 103 is made of a
polyester yarn 44 dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 44
dtex, and knitted in a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester
85% and polyurethane 15%). The surface stimulation parts 10b are
made of a polyester yarn 44 dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane
yarn 78 dtex, and knitted in a half tricot pattern (blend ratio:
polyester 70% and polyurethane 30%). The surface stimulation parts
10b have a greater tightening power than the base fabric. While a
person is wearing the garment, the garment fits the body closely,
with the surface stimulation parts 10b giving a higher clothing
pressure than any other part of the garment. Each point stimulation
part 10a is composed of a plurality of projecting printed dots made
of silicone resin. Regarding the swimsuit 103, a point stimulation
part 10a at the lower abdominal muscles corrects an anteriorly
tilted pelvis. In cooperation with this action, point stimulation
parts 10a at the gluteus maximus exhibit their effect. (Contraction
of the lower abdominal muscles brings the pelvis to an upright
position, thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus maximus.)
In response to these muscle activities, the erector spinae (a trunk
extensor) increases muscle tone and extends the trunk. (Increase of
muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises muscle tone of the
erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus maximus activates
itself and the erector spinae.) In cooperation with this
stimulation, point stimulation parts 10a at the erector spinae and
the serratus posterior inferior help stable extension of the trunk.
These three specified stimulations enhance balance ability and
support ability of the trunk. In addition, the three specified
stimulations define a supporting surface (serving as an application
point of force and a fulcrum). Owing to the function of this
supporting surface, point stimulation parts 10a at the biceps
femoris allow generation of a strong power for extending the hip
joints. During swimming, this extension power is converted to a
powerful propelling force. Muscle activities emphasized by the
above point stimulation realize more efficient balance in the
exercise posture. (The body floats parallel to the water surface
and is oriented straight in the forward direction, with a minimum
surface being subjected to the resistance of water, i.e. with a
minimum water contact surface.) In addition, surface stimulation is
provided at the tensor fasciae latae which are antagonistic to the
gluteus maximus (hip joint extensors) and at the rectus femoris
which are antagonistic to the biceps femoris (hip joint extensors).
Such surface stimulation promotes reduction of muscle tone in the
stimulated muscles and powerfully assists exercise activities of
their antagonists. Eventually, the surface stimulation ensures
excellent exercise control ability at the hip joints and realizes
more efficient performance in exercise. Moreover, these muscle
activities are corrected, coordinated, strengthened, and integrated
according to exercise conditions which involve an ideal body
balance (the hip strategy-based manner of exercise). Referring to
the lower legs, point stimulation to the tibialis anterior and
surface stimulation to the posterior muscle group smoothly control
muscle activities in the lower legs, and enable a flexible whipping
kick motion (e.g. dolphin kicks, etc.) which is an ideal lower leg
movement during swimming. During swimming, an unstable base of
exercise makes joint actions uncertain. (Abscence of a solid base
of exercise reduces neuronal excitation in response to PNF, namely,
reduces a feedback power from the base of exercise to the muscular
nerves, so that joint angles are caused to change.) The
above-mentioned lower leg muscle activities can correct such
uncertain joint actions and can give a supporting surface (a
surface to catch the water) for generating a powerful propelling
force. Besides, as the lower leg muscle exercise cooperates with
muscle activities created in the upper part (the hip strategy-based
manner of exercise), a propelling force generated at the hip joints
can be transmitted without a loss. Consequently, it is possible to
transform the base of exercise from an unstable one to a stable one
on which the power of exercise acts, and eventually to enhance
exercise performance during swimming. Apart from the stimulation
mentioned above, let us further discuss the point stimulation and
the surface stimulation to the upper body. For generation of a
principal propelling force during swimming (a rotational power
generated at the shoulder joints), it is necessary to ensure
flexibility, ability to act cooperatively, and a strong ability to
support exercise (as a fulcrum for efficient axial rotation around
the shoulder joints) at the shoulder joints and the scapulothoracic
joints. With this requirement in mind, the point stimulation and
the surface stimulation to be described next can be defined as
stimulation for triggering reduction of muscle tone around the
shoulder joints and for ensuring assistant exercise activities
which bring about better exercise efficiency. Specifically
speaking, surface stimulation to the trapezius reduces muscle tone
of the trapezius which pulls the scapulae toward the head. Surface
stimulation to the pectoralis minor corrects and controls
forward/upward displacement of the scapulae and the shoulder joints
which could be induced by hypertonicity in the trapezium. Thereby,
the respective stimulation realizes axial rotation around the
shoulder joints in a smooth flexible manner. Point stimulation to
the latissimus dorsi activates a movement of pushing water behind
(a propelling force in swimming) which is a movement resulting from
coordinated exercise activities by the latissimus dorsi and the
free upper limb/the shoulder girdles. These muscle activities tie
up and cooperate with a propelling force of kicks generated in the
lower body, thereby producing a stronger propelling force in
swimming. Surface stimulation to the upper abdominal muscles and
the external oblique not only assists and emphasizes smooth
activities of antagonistic trunk extensors, but also assists
respiratory muscles. All of the above asssistances and corrections
in exercise activities are effected in a coordinated and controlled
manner, and further enhance performance in exercise.
[0177] FIG. 41 shows a pair of knee high socks 104. The locations
of point stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the
tibialis anterior, the peroneus tertius, and the flexor digitorum
brevis/the adductor hallucis. The locations of surface stimulation
parts 10b correspond to functional skin areas of the gastrocnemius
and the plantaris/plantar aponeurosis. The knee high socks 104 are
made of an acrylic cotton blended yarn (English cotton count 32/1)
and of a FTY (fiber twisted yarn) in which a polyurethane elastane
yarn 10 dtex and a nylon yarn 78 dtex/48 f are twisted. The knee
high socks 104 are knitted in plain stitch. Each point stimulation
part 10a is composed of a plurality of projecting printed dots made
of silicone resin. The surface stimulation parts 10b are made of a
fancy twist yarn (a nylon acrylic blend, metrical count 30/1).
Regarding the knee high socks 104, point stimulation parts 10a at
the tibialis anterior encourage these muscles to act as antagonists
of the posterior lower leg muscles (the gastrocnemius) and to
generate a strong coordination power, thereby reducing muscle tone
of the posterior lower leg muscles (the gastrocnemius). As a
result, injuries to the posterior lower leg muscle group caused by
hypertonicity occur less frequently. Point stimulation parts 10a at
the peroneus tertius increase muscle tone and impart a strong
coordination power such that the peroneus tertius can act as
antagonists of the tibialis anterior, one of whose muscle
activities is inversion of the ankle joints. As for the
gastrocnemius which is antagonistic to these muscle groups, surface
stimulation thereto assists and emphasizes smooth performance of
muscle activities triggered by the above-mentioned two specified
stimulations. The three muscle activities stabilize the ankle
joints along a transverse axis and improve their plantarflexion and
dorsiflexion. Since the former two specified stimulations give a
stabilizer effect to the ankle joints, the ankle joints acquire
optimum exercise efficiency and can perform smooth plantarflexion
thereof (activities of the extensor groups), thereby enhancing a
wearer's performance. These functions decrease injuries to lower
leg muscles. The three specified stimulations can also alleviate
fatigue in muscles and proprioceptive nerves and can delay
occurrence of movement transmission dysfunction at the ankle joints
due to such fatigue, so that a safe exercise condition can be
maintained for a longer time. Additionally, in marathon or the
like, reduced muscle tone by surface stimulation and smooth
movement lead to increase of blood circulation and hence
alleviation of fatigue around the ankle joints (e.g. the
gastrocnemius). As for the toes, inherent movements of the toes
(open-close movements) are usually restricted while the toes are
covered by tube-like items such as shoes and socks. Point
stimulation parts 10a at the flexor digitorum brevis/the adductor
hallucis alleviate such restriction and allow smooth toe movements.
For example, with the toes open, one can execute a toe pivot
smoothly. With the toes closed, the feet can grip a supporting
surface of exercise (e.g. the ground) more firmly. Accordingly,
even if an exercise surface is unconditioned and cannot provide a
secure foothold, the soles can keep enhanced sensitivity and can
create sensitive and stable supporting surfaces (the soles). In
combination with this point stimulation, surface stimulation to the
plantaris/plantar aponeurosis decreases muscle tone, thereby
enhancing sensory receptivity at the soles and creating a secure
base of exercise. An advanced muscle controllability imparted by
the point stimulation and the surface stimulation mentioned above
enables creation of a better basal/supporting surface of execise.
Hence, it is possible to assist body balance positively, even
though body balance changes constantly according to the ground or
the like.
Garments for Applying Point Stimulation (Symmetrical
Arrangement)
[0178] FIG. 42 shows a men's long john swimsuit 105. The locations
of stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the erector
spinae, the serratus posterior inferior, the lower abdominal
muscles, the gluteus maximus, the thigh adductors, the biceps
femoris, the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris, and the
tibialis anterior. This swimsuit 105 is made of a polyester yarn 44
dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 56 dtex, and knitted in
a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 80% and polyurethane
20%). Each stimulation part 10a is composed of a plurality of
projecting printed dots made of silicone resin. Pieces of fabrics
for the swimsuit 105 are not sewn together but fused by hot-melt
bonding, with a thermofusible polyurethane film sandwiched between
the pieces of fabrics and melted under heat and pressure. Regarding
the swimsuit 105, a stimulation part 10a at the lower abdominal
muscles corrects an anteriorly tilted pelvis. In cooperation with
this action, stimulation parts 10a at the gluteus maximus exhibit
their effect. (Contraction of the lower abdominal muscles brings
the pelvis to an upright position, thereby increasing muscle tone
of the gluteus maximus.) In response to these muscle activities,
the erector spinae (a trunk extensor) increases muscle tone and
extends the trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus
raises muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the
gluteus maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) In
cooperation with this stimulation, stimulation parts 10a at the
erector spinae and the serratus posterior inferior help stable
extension of the trunk. These three specified stimulations enhance
balance ability and support ability of the trunk and realize a more
efficient exercise posture. In this context, the most efficient
exercise posture for swimming is to keep the maximum possible part
of the whole body above the water level (typical to the
breaststroke and the crawl) so as to minimize water resistance
(because the resistance increases in proportion to the water
contact area.). Therefore, taking resistance of water or the like
into consideration, the swimsuit guides the body to the most
efficient exercise posture (with a minimum possible water contact
area) during extension of the trunk. Besides, the swimsuit hinders
sidewise sway of the trunk and enhances exercise efficiency for the
above reason. Furthermore, for convertion of a correct and
efficient (in terms of exercise efficiency) axial rotation (such as
an axial movement of the trunk) into a propelling force, it is also
possible to enhance relevant muscle activities. Under the influence
of a support axis created by the above three specified stimulations
(With the hip joints being the center of movement, the application
points of force, the fulcrums, and the points of action are defined
clearly.), point stimulation parts at the biceps femoris lead the
body to the hip strategy-based manner of exercise which can improve
extension of the hip joints. Thereby, during swimming, kicks can
give a greater propelling force. Point stimulation to the thigh
adductors not only controls abduction of the legs but also
alleviates water resistance to the legs. Point stimulation to the
vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris encourages extension of
the knees and controls excessive flexion of the knees in kicking
motions, so that a propelling force can be generated by smooth
kicks. Stimulation to the tibialis anterior provides an
antagonistic control to posterior lower leg extensors and inhibits
excessive extension of the ankle joints, thereby ensuring smooth
movements as above.
[0179] FIG. 43 shows a high-waist brief 106. The locations of
stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the erector
spinae, the serratus posterior inferior, the lower abdominal
muscles, and the gluteus maximus. The brief 106 is made of a cotton
yarn 40/1 and a polyurethane yarn 10 dtex, and knitted in plain
stitch (blend ratio: cotton 90% and polyurethane 10%). The
stimulation parts 10a are made of a hook tape element of a
hook-and-loop surface tape. Regarding the brief 106, a stimulation
part 10a at the lower abdominal muscles corrects an anteriorly
tilted pelvis. In cooperation with this action, stimulation parts
10a at the gluteus maximus exhibit their effect. (Contraction of
the lower abdominal muscles brings the pelvis to an upright
position, thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus maximus.)
In response to these muscle activities, the erector spinae (a trunk
extensor) increases muscle tone and extends the trunk. (Increase of
muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises muscle tone of the
erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus maximus activates
itself and the erector spinae.) In cooperation with this
stimulation, stimulation parts 10a at the erector spinae and the
serratus posterior inferior help stable extension of the trunk.
These three specified stimulations enhance balance ability and
support ability of the trunk and realize a more efficient exercise
posture.
[0180] FIG. 44 shows a pair of exercise tights 107. The locations
of stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the lower
abdominal muscles, the gluteus maximus, the biceps femoris, the
thigh adductors, and the tibialis anterior. The tights 107 are made
of a yarn which is obtained by paralleling nylon yarns (thickness
78 dtex/48 f) and of a single covered yarn in which a 44-dtex-thick
polyurethane elastane yarn core is covered with a nylon yarn
(thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The tights 107 are knitted in plain
stitch. The stimulation parts 10a are made in plate stitch by which
a polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f) forms a projecting
pattern on the skin/back side. Regarding the tights 107, a
stimulation part 10a at the lower abdominal muscles corrects an
anteriorly tilted pelvis. In cooperation with this action,
stimulation parts 10a at the gluteus maximus exhibit their effect.
(Contraction of the lower abdominal muscles brings the pelvis to an
upright position, thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus
maximus.) In response to these muscle activities, the erector
spinae (a trunk extensor) increases muscle tone and extends the
trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises
muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus
maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) Such point
stimulation cooperates with spinal muscles and causes a more stable
extension of the trunk. These two specified stimulations enhance
balance ability and support ability of the trunk and realize a more
efficient exercise posture. Under the influence of a supporting
surface in the trunk (With the hip joints being the center of
movement, the application points of force, the fulcrums, and the
points of action are defined clearly.), stimulation parts 10a for
increasing muscle tone of the biceps femoris lead the body to the
hip strategy-based manner of exercise which can improve extension
of the hip joints. Stimulation to the thigh adductors improves a
support power in exercise and establishes an axis for assisting and
emphasizing efferent muscle activities (an axis for stabilizing the
hip strategy-based manner of exercise), thereby enabling a more
efficient axial rotation. Stimulation to the tibialis anterior
provides an antagonistic control over lower leg extensors. This
stimulation enables stable landing with the entire sole of each
foot (i.e. three-point landing with the big toe, the little toe and
the heel), as represented by a toe-up position which is required in
running. Besides, while the lower leg extensors generate a drag
force on the ground, the stimulation to the tibialis anterior
reduces generation of the drag force to a least possible level and
thereby increases a propelling force.
[0181] FIG. 45 shows a pair of knee high socks 108. The locations
of stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the tibialis
anterior (TA), the peroneus tertius (PTert), and the flexor
digitorum brevis (FDB)/the adductor hallucis (AH). The knee high
socks 108 are made of an acrylic cotton blended yarn (English
cotton count 32/1) and of a FTY (fiber twisted yarn) in which a
polyurethane elastane yarn 10 dtex and a nylon yarn 78 dtex/48 f
are twisted. The knee high socks 108 are knitted in plain stitch.
Each stimulation part 10a is composed of a plurality of projecting
printed dots made of silicone resin. Regarding the knee high socks
108, stimulation parts 10a at the tibialis anterior encourage these
muscles to act as antagonists of the posterior lower leg muscles
(the gastrocnemius) and to generate a strong coordination power,
thereby reducing muscle tone of the posterior lower leg muscles
(the gastrocnemius). As a result, hypertonicity-induced injuries to
the posterior lower leg muscle group occur less frequently.
Stimulation parts 10a at the peroneus tertius increase muscle tone
and impart a strong coordination power such that the peroneus
tertius can act as antagonists of the tibialis anterior, one of
whose muscle activities is inversion of the ankle joints. The two
muscle activities strongly stabilize the ankle joints along a
transverse axis and enable smooth plantarflexion of the ankle
joints (activities of the extensor groups). These functions
decrease injuries to lower leg muscles as mentioned above. This
stimulation can also alleviate fatigue in muscles and
proprioceptive nerves and can delay occurrence of movement
transmission dysfunction at the ankle joints due to such fatigue,
so that a safe exercise condition can be maintained for a longer
time. As for the toes, inherent movements of the toes (open-close
movements) are usually restricted while the toes are covered by
tube-like items such as shoes and socks. Stimulation parts 10a at
the flexor digitorum brevis/the adductor hallucis alleviate such
restriction and allow smooth toe movements. For example, with the
toes open, one can execute a toe pivot smoothly. With the toes
closed, the feet can grip a support surface of exercise (e.g. the
ground) more firmly. Accordingly, even if an exercise surface is
unconditioned and cannot provide a secure foothold, the soles can
keep enhanced sensitivity and can create sensitive and stable
supporting surfaces (the soles).
Garments for Applying Surface Stimulation (Symmetrical
Arrangement)
[0182] FIG. 46 shows a pair of exercise tights 109. The locations
of surface stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional skin
areas of multiarticular muscles which are located in the free lower
limb and the pelvic girdles and which are involved in extension of
the knee joints. The tights 109 are made of a yarn which is
obtained by paralleling nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of
a single covered yarn in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane
elastane yarn core is covered with a nylon yarn (thickness 56
dtex/48 f). The surface stimulation parts 10b are made in plate
stitch by which a polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f) forms a
projecting pattern on the skin/back side. Regarding the tights 109,
surface stimulation parts at the anterior and lateral thighs (the
quadriceps femoris, the tensor fasciae latae, etc.) inhibit their
activity for extending the knee joints, thereby strengthening and
assisting muscle activity of hip joint extensors in the posterior
thighs. In addition, surface stimulation to the posterior lower leg
muscle group inhibits their activity for extending the ankle
joints, thereby strengthening and assisting muscle activity of
ankle joint flexors in the anterior lower legs. The respective
muscle activities enhance exercise efficiency by activating
extension of the hip joints and inhibiting extension of the ankle
joints. In the case of running, inhibitory control over
anterior/lateral thigh muscles and posterior lower leg extensors
decreases a drag force on the ground, stimulates activity of
extensors at the hip joints, and turns their muscle activities into
a propelling force in running.
[0183] FIG. 47 shows a pair of shorts 110. The locations of surface
stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional skin areas of
muscles which need to be inhibited when the tensor fasciae latae
act as hip joint flexors and internal rotators. The base fabric for
the shorts 110 is made of a polyester yarn 44 dtex/36 f and a
polyurethane elastane yarn 44 dtex, and knitted in a half tricot
pattern (blend ratio: polyester 85% and polyurethane 15%). The
surface stimulation parts 10b are made of a polyester yarn 44
dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 78 dtex, and knitted in
a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 75% and polyurethane
25%). The surface stimulation parts have a greater tightening power
than the base fabric. While a person is wearing the garment, the
garment fits the body closely, with the surface stimulation parts
giving a higher clothing pressure than any other part of the
garment. The tensor fasciae latae group acts to bend and internally
rotate the hip joints and, as one of its functions, represses a
function of the gluteus maximus of pulling lower legs behind.
Regarding the shorts 110, surface stimulation parts at the tensor
fasciae latae group inhibit the bending/internally rotating
activities and reduce the ability of repressing the gluteus maximus
function, thereby promoting and enhancing the activity of lower leg
extensors at the hip joints. This function realizes a more
efficient exercise.
[0184] FIG. 48 shows an exercise T-shirt 111. The locations of
surface stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional skin areas
of the trapezius, the pectoralis minor, and the upper abdominal
muscles including the external oblique and the upper rectus
abdominis. The T-shirt 111 is made of a polyester yarn 40/1 and a
polyurethane yarn 10 dtex, and knitted in plain stitch (blend
ratio: polyester 90% and polyurethane 10%). The surface stimulation
parts 10b are made of a hook tape element of a hook-and-loop
surface tape. The trapezius, the pectoralis minor and the upper
pectoralis major emphasize a forward leaning posture (a forward
head posture) in which both scapulae are displaced to a
forward/upward position. Regarding the T-shirt 111, a surface
stimulation part 10b across these muscles decreases their muscle
tone and corrects the scapulae to a backward/downward position. In
addition, reduction of muscle tone of these muscles assists and
promotes the action of the latissimus dorsi which is their
antagonist in a superior/posterior relationship. As a result, the
upper part of the trunk is pulled upwardly and backwardly to
correct the forward leaning posture. In cooperation with these
functions, the anteriorly tilted pelvis is corrected to an upright
position. (Backward extension of the trunk promotes facilitation of
the gluteus maximus which is activated cooperatively. The resulting
action of the gluteus maximus brings the pelvis to an upright
position.) Turning next to the upper rectus abdominis and the
external oblique, they increase muscle tone in cooperation with the
trapezius, the pectoralis minor, and the upper pectoralis major
mentioned above. A surface stimulation part 10b across the upper
rectus abdominis and the external oblique (an area innervated by
Th7-12 and L1-2) reduces their muscle tone and serves to transform
a forward leaning posture into a backward leaning one. In the case
of a forward leaning posture, the whole body is brought to a
backward leaning posture by reducing muscle tone of the upper
rectus abdominis and the external oblique which play a supportive
role at the anterior part of the trunk. The above-mentioned surface
stimulation encourages activity of the gluteus maximus, so that a
person can shift to an ideal manner of exercise, the hip
strategy-based manner of exercise.
[0185] FIG. 49 shows a pair of knee high socks 112. The locations
of surface stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional skin
areas of the gastrocnemius and the plantaris/plantar aponeurosis.
The knee high socks 112 are made of an acrylic cotton blended yarn
(English cotton count 32/1) and of a FTY (fiber twisted yarn) in
which a polyurethane elastane yarn 10 dtex and a nylon yarn 78
dtex/48 f are twisted. The knee high socks 112 are knitted in plain
stitch. The surface stimulation parts 10b are made of a fancy twist
yarn (a nylon acrylic blend, metrical count 30/1). Regarding the
knee high socks 112, surface stimulation parts 10b at the
gastrocnemius reduce muscle tone of the gastrocnemius which is the
largest extensor (plantarflexor) around the ankle joints. Although
the posterior lower leg muscles of the Mongoloids and nonathletic
people are extremely hypertonic, such surface stimulation reduces
the muscle tone and ensures safe and smooth muscle activity for a
long time. Furthermore, concerning the fact that fatigue in the
posterior lower leg muscle group increases muscle tone at the
soles, surface stimulation to the plantaris/plantar aponeurosis
decreases muscle tone at the soles by supporting and relaxing the
medial arch of each foot. Since activity of the soles is
coordinated with that of the posterior lower leg muscle group,
fatigue in the posterior lower leg muscle group can be alleviated
as well. Smooth muscle activity at the medial arch of each foot
serves to absorb and relieve the impact from the base of exercise,
decreasing shaking or repulsive stimulation to joints thereabove
(knees, etc.). Accordingly, at the upper joints, injuries due to a
vertical load can be reduced during exercise.
Garments for Applying Point Stimulation and Surface Stimulation
(Asymmetrical Arrangement)
[0186] FIG. 50 shows a pair of tights 113 designed for the
right-handed. The locations of point stimulation parts 10a
(approximately 2 cm.sup.2 each) correspond to motor points of the
center of the lower rectus abdominis (LRA), the left internal
oblique (IO), the left gluteus maximus (GMax), the right gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the right
semitendinosus/semimembranosus (ST/SM), the left biceps femoris
(BF), the left vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris (VL), the
right vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris (VM), the right
sartorius (SAR), the left tibialis anterior (TA), the left medial
gastrocnemius (MG), and the right peroneus tertius (PTert). For the
thighs, the location of a surface stimulation part 10b corresponds
to a functional skin area of muscles which need to be inhibited
when the right tensor fasciae latae (TFL) acts as a hip joint
flexor and internal rotator. For the lower legs, the locations of
surface stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional skin areas
of muscles which need to be inhibited when the right medial
gastrocnemius (MG) and the left lateral gastrocnemius (LG) act as
knee joint flexors and ankle joint extensors. The base fabric for
the tights 113 is made of a polyester yarn 56 dtex/36 f and a
polyurethane elastane yarn 44 dtex, and knitted in a half tricot
pattern (blend ratio: polyester 80% and polyurethane 20%). The
surface stimulation parts 10b are made of a polyester yarn 56
dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 56 dtex, and knitted in
a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 75% and polyurethane
25%). The surface stimulation parts 10b have a greater tightening
power than the base fabric. While a person is wearing the garment,
the garment fits the body closely, with the surface stimulation
parts 10b giving a higher clothing pressure than any other part of
the garment. Each point stimulation part 10a is composed of a
plurality of projecting printed dots made of silicone resin. Seams
(not shown) in the tights 113 are designed to align with muscular
grooves as best as possible.
[0187] Regarding the tights 113, a point stimulation part 10a at
the center of the lower rectus abdominis corrects an anteriorly
tilted pelvis. In cooperation with this action, a point stimulation
part 10a at the left gluteus maximus exhibits its effect
(Contraction at the center of the lower rectus abdominis brings the
pelvis to an upright position, thereby increasing muscle tone of
the gluteus maximus). In response to these muscle activities, the
erector spinae (a trunk extensor) increases muscle tone and extends
the trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises
muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus
maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) Also stimulated
is the left iliopsoas which is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus
and which is antagonistically involved in flexion of the hip joint.
This stimulation cooperates with the other stimulations mentioned
earlier, allowing the trunk to extend in a more stable manner.
Next, a point stimulation part 10a at the right gluteus
medius/minimus hinders sidewise sway (in adduction-abduction
directions) at the hip joint and improves a support power in
exercise. These three specified stimulations enhance balance
ability and support ability of the trunk. In addition, two of these
specified stimulations (the center of the lower rectus abdominis
and the right gluteus medius/minimus) define a supporting surface
(serving as an application point of force and a fulcrum). Owing to
the function of this supporting surface, a point stimulation part
10a at the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus allows generation
of a strong power for extending the hip joint. During running, this
extension power is converted to a powerful propelling force. With
respect to the gluteal muscles, the right gluteus maximus is more
active than the left one, but the left gluteus medius/minimus are
less so than the left one. Hence, even though a strong extension
power is generated at the hip joint, the fulcrum is not strong
enough to convert this extension power into a linear backward
propelling force. In this respect, the point stimulation part 10a
at the right gluteus medius/minimus hinders the sidewise sway at
the hip joint as mentioned above, thereby assisting and promoting
the right biceps femoris and the right semitendinosus/semimembr-
anosus to work with higher exercise efficiency. The right
semitendinosus/semimembranosus, which is less active than the right
biceps femoris, tends to orient and waste its power in the
abduction direction. To correct this, the point stimulation part
10a at the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus veers the power to
a neutral direction and realizes efficient backward extension of
the hip joint. The point stimulation part 10a at the left gluteus
maximus assists and corrects unbalanced activities of the left
gluteus muscles (The left gluteus maximus is less active than the
left gluteus medius/minimus.), and strongly affects extension of
the hip joint. (Prominent contraction of the gluteus maximus
produces a strong forward propelling force.) Coordination between
the point stimulation part 10a at the left gluteus maximus and the
one at the left biceps femoris makes this function more efficient.
The point stimulation part 10a at the left biceps femoris also
controls excessive muscle activity of the
semitendinosus/semimembranosus in the left posterior thigh. When
the hip joint is extended, power at the hip joint tends to be lost
in the abduction direction. However, this stimulation part orients
the power from the abduction direction to the adduction direction,
thereby promoting smoother extension of the hip joint and
generation of a greater forward propelling force. Having said that,
generation of the forward propelling force at the left lower limb
and the left pelvic girdle involves not only generation of a strong
propelling force of action but also generation of a strong force of
reaction (a forward-dragging forward-shearing force which involves
rotational movements at the left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and
the sacral cornu). Hence, a point stimulation part 10a at the left
internal oblique suppresses the force of reaction and permits the
left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and the sacral cornu to work as a
support base of exercise. (If the effect of this point stimulation
part is insufficient or absent, the power generated at the right
lower limb and the right pelvic girdle is oriented and wasted in
the forward direction. Furthermore, the extreme forward-shearing
force and the extreme rotatory power may cause damage to joints in
the lower lumbar vertebrae and the sacral vertebrae.) Incidentally,
if the left internal oblique weakens or if there is no effect of
the point stimulation part, the trunk becomes unstable. Presumably,
such instability is compensated by improper fixation (as called in
chiropractics, etc.) of the left sacroiliac joint. It is confirmed
and reported that this improper action causes the gastrocnemius to
be hypertonic in the left lower leg. Curing of this improper action
will reduce and alleviate damage to the left lower leg muscles
(gastrocnemius strain, Achilles tendon rupture, etc.). The six
specified point stimulations emphasize respective muscle activities
and thereby realize more efficient balance in the exercise
posture.
[0188] While the gluteus maximus serves as a hip joint extensor,
the tensor fasciae latae acts as its antagonist. On the lateral
part of the right thigh, a surface stimulation part 10b at the
tensor fasciae latae promotes reduction of muscle tone of muscles
around the right hip joint and powerfully assists exercise
activities of their antagonists. As a result, the hip joint can
exhibit better exercise control ability and realize safer, more
efficient performance in exercise.
[0189] At the right hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, abduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint).
Point stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris and at the right sartorius change this axis
along the correct gravity axis of the body, thereby modifying the
flow of generated power. The vastus medialis of the quadriceps
femoris has a remarkably strong support ability around the knee
joints. However, for right-handed people, the right vastus medialis
is developed less than the left one, so that the exercise axis and
the support base are displaced further outwardly. Therefore, the
exercise axis and the support base need to be corrected inwardly by
these point stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of
the quadriceps femoris and the right sartorius. Further, after such
correction, because abduction is dominant at the right hip joint,
the gluteus medius/minimus needs to be stimulated and facilitated
in the manner described above. Nevertheless, merely by this
facilitatory stimulation to the gluteus medius/minimus, it is
difficult to correct an internal twist at the knee. The point
stimulation part 10a at the right sartorius promotes and improves
coordination with the point stimulation part 10a at the right
gluteus medius/minimus, thereby correcting the twist at the knee
joint.
[0190] At the left hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, adduction, and external rotation of the hip joint). A
point stimulation part 10a at the left vastus lateralis of the
quadriceps femoris changes this axis along the central axis of the
body, thereby modifying the flow of generated power. For
right-handed people, the vastus medialis around the left knee is
more active than the one around the right knee. However, because
the left gluteus maximus of the left leg is not active enough, the
exercise direction is often wastefully oriented to the one for
abduction and internal rotation during its extention. This
necessitates facilitation of not only the left gluteus maximus but
also the left vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris. The point
stimulation part 10a at the left vastus lateralis, together with
the one at the left biceps femoris, enables more efficient
generation/use of power in a smooth and coordinated manner.
[0191] With a point stimulation part 10a at the left medial
gastrocnemius, the direction of power acting at the left ankle
joint is corrected from the eversion direction to the inversion
direction along a proper axis of exercise. As for posterior muscles
at the left lower leg of right-handed people, because a power
generated by the upper joints or the like is oriented outwardly,
the posterior part of the left lower leg attempts to force that
power into an inward direction by making the lateral part more
active than the medial part. Suppose that the direction of power is
corrected at the upper joints but not at the left lower leg, the
power will be oriented further inwardly at the posterior part of
the left lower leg. This activity has to be corrected by the point
stimulation part 10a at the left medial gastrocnemius. In the
opposed right lower leg, prominent muscle activities are exactly
opposite (The power acts in the inversion direction.), which
necessitates stimulation and facilitation in an opposite pattern.
Thus, muscle activity of the right lower leg is corrected by a
point stimulation part 10a at the right peroneus tertius.
[0192] Evidently, the lower legs have a smaller amount of muscles
than other parts of the lower limbs (muscle groups as represented
by the anterior and posterior thigh muscles). In inverse proportion
to the amount of muscles, the lower legs are used more frequently
and produce a greater force of action during exercise, which makes
them prone to stress and injuries. If the lower leg muscles are
simply facilitated by point stimulation, they may be activated too
much and may even cause injuries. To prevent this, extreme
generation of power should be controlled in muscle groups (the
right medial gastrocnemius and the left lateral gastrocnemius)
which are opposed to the point stimulation parts 10a. Thus, the
respective muscles (the right medial gastrocnemius and the left
lateral gastrocnemius) require surface stimulation parts 10b for
reducing muscle tone, and have their muscle activities
controlled.
[0193] However, in controlling eversion at the left ankle joint,
facilitatory point stimulation to the left medial gastrocnemius is
not perfect by itself. For an additional facilitatory element, a
point stimulation part 10a is required at the left tibialis
anterior which acts to orient the ankle joint to the inversion
direction.
[0194] In addition, it should be understood that a force deriving
from muscular power involves not only a force of action but also a
force of reaction which returns from a location where the force of
action is applied, and that these forces act in three-dimensionally
twisted directions. At the respective hip joints, if exercise
activity is performed in the above-mentioned exercise directions (a
direction for flexion, adduction and external rotation of the left
hip joint, and a direction for flexion, abduction and internal
rotation of the right hip joint), the force of action is responded
to not by a proper force of reaction but by a deviated force of
reaction. Exercise activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted
force (whether proper or deviated) imposes a heavier burden on
joints and can be a primary cause of injuries. Hence, exercise
activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted force should be
eliminated (if the exercise direction is deviated) or should be
controlled and restricted ideally (if the exercise direction is
proper) as much as possible. For example, exercise activity of the
knee joints should be discussed in consideration of rotational
exercise activity of the upper joints (the hip joints), as
mentioned above. Likewise, exercise activity of the ankle joints,
which is affected by the upper joints (the knee and hip joints),
should be discussed along with exercise activity of the upper
joints. Thus, the upper joints should be asymmetrically supported
in consideration of directions of their exercise axes, with
adequate modifications to the manner of support. Furthermore,
muscles have to be facilitated by point stimulation in such a way
as to realize the hip-strategy based manner of exercise. Take the
biceps femoris as an example of multiarticular muscles which
contain a monoarticular muscle portion. In this case, it is
especially necessary to facilitate one of its multiarticular muscle
functions, i.e. extension of the hip joint. On the contrary,
suppose that a monoarticular muscle function of the biceps femoris
is facilitated, flexion of the knee joint stands out so much as to
prevent smooth extension of the hip joint.
[0195] FIG. 51 shows a full suit 114 designed for the right-handed,
which can be used in sports which involve symmetrical upper limb
movements, such as track and field, swimming (butterfly and
breaststroke), skating, cycling, and skiing. The locations of point
stimulation parts 10a (approximately 2 cm.sup.2 each) correspond to
motor points of the right sternocleidomastoid (SCM), the right
supraspinatus (SS), the right infraspinatus (IS), the middle part
of the left erector spinae (ESMid)/the left rhomboideus major
(RMa), the left latissimus dorsi (LD), the lower part of the right
erector spinae (ESLo)/the right serratus posterior inferior (SPI),
the bottommost part of the left erector spinae (ESBtm)/the left
quadratus lumborum (QL), the right gluteus medius/minimus
(GMed/GMin), the left gluteus maximus (Gmax), the left biceps
femoris (BF), the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus (ST/SM), the
left medial gastrocnemius (MG), the right lateral soleus (LSOL),
the left internal oblique (IO), the center of the lower rectus
abdominis (LRA), the right sartorius (SAR), the right vastus
medialis of the quadriceps femoris (VM), the left vastus lateralis
of the quadriceps femoris (VL), the left tibialis anterior (TA),
the right peroneus tertius (PTert), the medial/lateral heads
(MH/LH) of the left and right triceps brachii (TB), the left and
right supinator (SUP), and the left and right extensor carpi
radialis longus (ECRL). The locations of surface stimulation parts
10b correspond to functional skin areas of the left upper trapezius
(UTP), the right latissimus dorsi (LD), the left gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the right gluteus maximus (GMax), the
right biceps femoris (BF), the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus
(ST/SM), the right medial gastrocnemius (MG), the left lateral
gastrocnemius (LG), the left and right pectoralis minor (PMi), the
upper rectus abdominis (URA), the right tensor fasciae latae (TFL),
the right rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris (RF), the left
sartorius (SAR), the right tibialis anterior (TA), the left and
right biceps brachii (BB), and the left and right pronator teres
(PRT). The full suit 114 is made of a yarn which is obtained by
paralleling nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of a single
covered yarn in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane elastane yarn
core is covered with a nylon yarn (thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The
full suit is knitted in plain stitch. The point stimulation parts
10a and the surface stimulation parts 10b are made in plate stitch
by which a polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f) forms a
projecting pattern on the skin/back side. Seams (not shown) in the
full suit 114 are sewn flat so as to avoid stimulation to the skin,
and are designed to align with muscular grooves as best as
possible.
[0196] Regarding the full suit 114, a point stimulation part 10a at
the center of the lower rectus abdominis corrects an anteriorly
tilted pelvis. In cooperation with this action, a point stimulation
part 10a at the left gluteus maximus exhibits its effect.
(Contraction of the lower rectus abdominis brings the pelvis to an
upright position, thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus
maximus.) In response to this, the lower part of the right erector
spinae (a trunk extensor)/the right serratus posterior inferior and
the bottommost part of the left erector spinae (a trunk
extensor)/the left quadratus lumborum develop muscle tone and
extend the trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus
raises muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the
gluteus maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) The left
gluteus maximus is also stimulated with antagonistic flexion of the
hip joint by the left iliopsoas. This stimulation cooperates with
the other stimulations mentioned earlier, allowing the trunk to
extend in a more stable manner. Next, a point stimulation part 10a
at the right gluteus medius/minimus hinders sidewise sway (in
adduction-abduction directions) at the hip joint and improves a
support power in exercise. These six specified stimulations enhance
balance ability and support ability of the trunk. In addition, two
of these specified stimulations (the lower rectus abdominis and the
left gluteus maximus) define a supporting surface (serving as an
application point of force and a fulcrum). Owing to the function of
this supporting surface, a point stimulation part 10a at the left
biceps femoris allows generation of a strong power for extending
the hip joint. During running, this extension power is converted to
a powerful propelling force. With respect to the gluteal muscles,
the left gluteus medius/minimus is more active than the left one,
but the left gluteus maximus are less so than the right one. Hence,
even though a strong extension power is generated at the hip joint,
the fulcrum is not strong enough to convert this extension power
into a linear backward propelling force. In this respect, the point
stimulation part 10a at the right gluteus medius/minimus hinders
the sidewise sway at the hip joint as mentioned above, thereby
assisting and promoting the right biceps femoris and the right
semitendinosus/semimembranosus to work with higher exercise
efficiency. The right semitendinosus/semimembranosus, which is less
active than the right biceps femoris, tends to orient and waste its
power in the abduction direction. To correct this, the point
stimulation part 10a at the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus
veers the power to a neutral direction and realizes efficient
backward extension of the hip joint. The point stimulation part 10a
at the left gluteus maximus assists and corrects unbalanced
activities of the left gluteus muscles (The left gluteus maximus is
less active than the left gluteus medius/minimus.), and strongly
affects extension of the hip joint. (Prominent contraction of the
gluteus maximus produces a strong forward propelling force.)
Coordination between the point stimulation part 10a at the left
gluteus maximus and the one at the left biceps femoris makes this
function more efficient. The point stimulation part 10a at the left
biceps femoris also controls hyperactivity of the
semitendinosus/semimembranosus in the left posterior thigh. When
the hip joint is extended, power at the hip joint tends to be lost
in the abduction direction. However, this stimulation part orients
the power from the abduction direction to the adduction direction,
thereby promoting smoother extension of the hip joint and
generation of a greater forward propelling force. Having said that,
generation of the forward propelling force at the left lower limb
and the left pelvic girdle involves not only generation of a strong
propelling force of action but also generation of a strong force of
reaction (a forward-dragging forward-shearing force which involves
rotational movements at the left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and
the sacral cornu). Hence, a point stimulation part 10a at the left
internal oblique suppresses the force of reaction and permits the
left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and the sacral cornu to work as a
support base of exercise. (If the effect of this point stimulation
part is insufficient or absent, the power generated at the right
lower limb and the right pelvic girdle is oriented and wasted in
the forward direction. Furthermore, the extreme forward-shearing
force of action and the extreme rotatory power may cause damage to
joints in the lower lumbar vertebrae and the sacral vertebrae.) The
nine specified point stimulations emphasize respective muscle
activities and thereby realize more efficient balance in the
exercise posture.
[0197] The hip joints are ball-and-socket joints and have as high
as three degrees of freedom. Hence, coordinated muscle activities
at these joints are heavily affected by muscle groups which act
very dominantly. (For example, activities of the hip joints such as
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, external rotation/internal
rotation are performed by coordinated activities of muscles around
the hip joints as represented by the gluteus
maximus/medius/minimus, the iliopsoas, the rectus femoris, the
sartorius, the tensor fasciae latae, etc.) Under such
circumstances, if some muscles act so strongly as to disturb the
coordination, they obstruct the ability of smooth
adduction/abduction and rotation at the ball-and-socket joints such
as the hip joints. Therefore, it is inevitable to reduce muscle
tone of hyperactive muscle groups and to inhibit them, thereby
inducing a smoother, more efficient joint activity. Among the
muscle groups for moving the hip joints, prominently active muscles
to be controlled include the left gluteus medius/minimus, the right
gluteus maximus, the right biceps femoris, the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosus, the right tensor fasciae latae, the
right rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris, and the left
sartorius. This is why it is crucial to provide surface stimulation
parts 10b at functional skin areas of those muscles. With respect
to gluteal muscle activities at the right hip joint, the gluteus
maximus are more active than the gluteus medius/minimus, which
hampers smooth adduction/abduction and rotation at the right hip
joint. As a remedy to this, the point stimulation part 10a at the
right gluteus medius/minimus promotes facilitation of the right
gluteus medius/minimus, whereas the surface stimulation part 10b at
the right gluteus maximus inhibits activities of the right gluteus
maximus. Such stimulation enhances the ability to stretch and
externally rotate the right hip joint in a proper direction. With
respect to the left hip joint, the gluteus medius/minimus is more
active than the gluteus maximus, which also hampers smooth
adduction/abduction and rotation at the left hip joint. As a remedy
to this, stimulation must be applied oppositely relative to the
right gluteus maximus (i.e. point stimulation to the left gluteus
maximus, and surface stimulation to the left gluteus
medius/minimus). Such stimulation reduces sidewise sway at the left
hip joint and stabilizes an exercise axis at the left hip joint,
making its movement smoother and its athletic ability more
efficient. Further, activities of these posterior muscle groups at
the hip joints must coordinately cooperate with the point
stimulation to the posterior thighs as mentioned earlier. Before
application of the thus specified stimulation, these inactive
muscle groups (the gluteus medius/minimus at the right hip joint,
and the gluteus maximus at the left hip joint) cause certain
muscles (the right biceps femoris and the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosus) to act strongly in order to
compensate for and assist the inactive muscle groups during
exercise. Now that the dormant muscle groups are adjusted, the
right biceps femoris and the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus
should also have their activities controlled. For this purpose,
surface stimulation parts 10b are required at locations
corresponding to functional skin areas of the right biceps femoris
and the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus.
[0198] For smooth joint activity of the right hip joint, muscles at
the anterior and lateral parts of the right hip joint need to be
controlled as well. In this regard, surface stimulation is applied
to the anterior and lateral parts of the right thigh over the
rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris and the tensor fasciae
latae which are antagonistic to the gluteus maximus (a hip joint
extensor). At the right hip joint, such surface stimulation
promotes reduction of muscle tone in the stimulated muscles and
powerfully assists exercise activities of their antagonists.
Eventually, the surface stimulation ensures excellent exercise
control ability at the right hip joint and realizes safer, more
efficient performance in exercise. Likewise, for smooth joint
activity of the left hip joint, muscles at the anterior and medial
parts of the left hip joint need to be controlled as well. In this
regard, surface stimulation is applied to the left sartorius which
acts in coordination with the left tensor fasciae latae (a hip
joint flexor/abductor). At the left hip joint, this surface
stimulation promotes reduction of muscle tone in the stimulated
muscle and powerfully assists exercise activities of its
antagonist. Just as at the right hip joint, the stimulation ensures
excellent exercise control ability at the left hip joint and can
realize superior performance in exercise.
[0199] At the right hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, abduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint).
Point stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris and the right sartorius change this axis along
the correct gravity axis of the body, thereby modifying the flow of
generated power. The vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris has
a remarkably strong support ability around the knee joints.
However, for right-handed people, the right vastus medialis is
developed less than the left one, so that the exercise axis and the
support base are displaced further outwardly. Therefore, the
exercise axis and the support base need to be corrected inwardly by
these point stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of
the quadriceps femoris and the right sartorius. Further, after such
correction, because abduction is dominant at the right hip joint,
the gluteus medius/minimus needs to be stimulated and facilitated
in the manner described above. Nevertheless, merely by this
facilitatory stimulation to the gluteus medius/minimus, it is
difficult to correct an external twist at the knee. The point
stimulation part 10a at the right sartorius promotes and improves
coordination with the point stimulation part 10a at the right
gluteus medius/minimus, thereby correcting the twist at the knee
joint.
[0200] At the left hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, adduction, and external rotation of the hip joint). A
point stimulation part 10a at the left vastus lateralis of the
quadriceps femoris changes this axis along the central axis of the
body, thereby modifying the flow of generated power. For
right-handed people, the vastus medialis around the left knee is
more active than the one around the right knee. However, because
the left gluteus maximus of the left leg is not active enough, the
exercise direction is often wastefully oriented to the one for
abduction and internal rotation during its extension. This
necessitates facilitation of not only the left gluteus maximus but
also the left vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris. The point
stimulation part 10a at the left vastus lateralis, together with
the one at the left biceps femoris, enables more efficient
generation/use of power in a smooth and coordinated manner.
[0201] With a point stimulation part 10a at the left medial
gastrocnemius, the direction of power acting at the left ankle
joint is corrected from the eversion direction to the inversion
direction along a proper axis of exercise. As for posterior muscles
at the left lower leg of right-handed people, because a power
generated by the upper joints or the like is oriented outwardly,
the posterior part of the left lower leg attempts to force that
power into an inward direction by making the lateral part more
active than the medial part. Suppose that the direction of power is
corrected at the upper joints but not at the left lower leg, the
power is oriented further inwardly at the posterior part of the
left lower leg. To correct this activity, the point stimulation
part 10a is provided at the left medial gastrocnemius. In the
opposed right lower leg, prominent muscle activities are exactly
opposite (The power acts in the inversion direction.), which
necessitates stimulation and facilitation in an opposite pattern.
Thus, muscle activity of the right lower leg is corrected by a
point stimulation part 10a at the right peroneus tertius. However,
it is difficult to correct the muscle activity only by this point
stimulation part 10a at the right peroneus tertius. As a
complement, a surface stimulation part 10b at the right tibialis
anterior inhibits a strong inversion action at the right ankle
joint, thereby correcting the muscle activity. Evidently, the lower
legs have a smaller amount of muscles than other parts of the lower
limbs (muscle groups as represented by the anterior and posterior
thigh muscles). In inverse proportion to the amount of muscles, the
lower legs are used more frequently and produce a greater force of
action during exercise, which makes them prone to stress and
injuries. If the lower leg muscles are simply facilitated by point
stimulation, they may be activated too much and may even cause
injuries. To prevent this, extreme generation of power should be
controlled in muscle groups (the right medial gastrocnemius and the
left lateral gastrocnemius) which are opposed to the point
stimulation parts 10a. Thus, the respective muscles (the right
medial gastrocnemius and the left lateral gastrocnemius) require
surface stimulation parts 10b for reducing muscle tone, and have
their muscle activities controlled.
[0202] However, in controlling eversion at the left ankle joint,
facilitatory point stimulation for medially guiding the ankle
joint, which is applied to the left medial gastrocnemius, is not
perfect by itself. For an additional facilitatory element, a point
stimulation part 10a is required at the left tibialis anterior
which acts to orient the ankle joint to the inversion
direction.
[0203] In addition, it should be understood that a force deriving
from muscular power involves not only a force of action but also a
force of reaction which returns from a location where the force of
action is applied, and that these forces act in three-dimensionally
twisted directions. At the respective hip joints, if exercise
activity is performed in the above-mentioned exercise directions (a
direction for flexion, adduction and external rotation of the left
hip joint, and a direction for flexion, abduction and internal
rotation of the right hip joint), the force of action is responded
to not by a proper force of reaction but by a deviated force of
reaction. Exercise activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted
force (whether proper or deviated) imposes a heavier burden on
joints and can be a primary cause of injuries. Hence, exercise
activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted force should be
eliminated (if the exercise direction is deviated) or should be
controlled and restricted ideally (if the exercise direction is
proper) as much as possible. For example, exercise activity of the
knee joints should be discussed in consideration of rotational
exercise activity of the upper joints (the hip joints), as
mentioned above. Likewise, exercise activity of the ankle joints,
which is affected by the upper joints (the knee and hip joints),
should be discussed along with exercise activity of the upper
joints. Thus, the upper joints should be asymmetrically supported
in consideration of directions of their exercise axes, with
adequate modifications to the manner of support. Furthermore,
muscles have to be facilitated by point stimulation in such a way
as to realize the hip-strategy based manner of exercise. Take the
biceps femoris as an example of multiarticular muscles which
contain a monoarticular muscle portion. In this case, it is
especially necessary to facilitate one of its multiarticular muscle
functions, i.e. extension of the hip joint. On the contrary,
suppose that a monoarticular muscle function of the biceps femoris
is facilitated, flexion of the knee joint stands out so much as to
prevent smooth extension of the hip joint.
[0204] The description made hitherto relates to adjustment of the
lower body, according to the hip strategy-based manner of exercise.
Furthermore, in order to realize the hip strategy-based manner of
exercise, it is inevitable to adjust and coordinate activities in
the upper body which is opposed to the lower body. In the case of
Japanese and nonathletic people, a particular attention should be
paid to hypertonicity in the upper abdominal muscles and the
trapezium. Therefore, the manner of facilitating the upper body
should be primarily focused on reduction of muscle tone in these
muscles, and should further allow for coordination between lower
body activities and upper body activities.
[0205] With respect to right-handed people, muscles in the left
half of the back are awfully underdeveloped and poorly facilitated,
partly because this section locates on the side of the non-dominant
hand. Further, with respect to Japanese and nonathletic people, the
trapezius is prominently active and constitutes the core of their
manner of exercise. Accordingly, with a proviso that the left half
of the back is divided into an upper section (around the trapezius)
and a lower section (around the latissimus dorsi), the lower
section is less good at effective exercise than the upper section.
These factors prevent muscle development of the left latissimus
dorsi.
[0206] In this regard, a point stimulation part 10a at the left
latissimus dorsi plays an important role in correcting the
hyperactive right latissimus dorsi and also in correcting the
entire left half of the back whose activity is unbalanced and
dependent on the left trapezium. In the case of right-handed
people, the right latissimus dorsi is prominently active and
developed well, so that it pulls down the right shoulder and causes
a right shoulder-dropped, tilted posture. The first function of
this point stimulation part 10a is to modify the tilted posture in
a pelvis-based, balanced manner. Its second function is to correct
excessive exercise activity in the upper left section of the back
(around the trapezius). Nevertheless, with this point stimulation
part 10a alone, it is difficult to correct the left half of the
back as a whole. Thus, the point stimulation part 10a at the left
latissimus dorsi needs to be coordinated with and assisted by a
point stimulation part 10a at the middle part of the left erector
spinae/the left rhomboideus major and a point stimulation part 10a
at the bottommost part of the left erector spinae. This combination
can create a symmetrical exercise posture which is centered on the
waist part and aligned with the gravity axis for exercise. Having
said that, the unbalanced muscle activities have their own merits.
The underdeveloped latissimus dorsi, originating from the pelvis
which provides a solid support base, has a poor ability to hold the
shoulder joint which is a highly mobile ball-and-socket joint with
three degrees of freedom. At the left shoulder joint, its poor
ability is compensated by advanced development of inner muscles
(the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the teres major, the teres
minor, and the subscapularis). Conversely, at the right shoulder
joint of right-handed people, a muscle group surrounding inner
muscles develops so well as to obstruct facilitation and activity
of the inner muscles. Hence, point stimulation parts 10a at the
right supraspinatus and at the right infraspinatus are required to
enhance the ability to support the shoulder joint. Although
underdevelopment of the right inner muscles severely limits the
range of mobility of the right shoulder joint, these two specified
point stimulations enhance and cure flexibility at the shoulder
joint. However, if the right inner muscles are activated, muscle
activity becomes more dominant in the right half of the back than
in the left half. Thus, merely by facilitating muscles in the left
half of the back with the above point stimulation, it is difficult
to adjust muscle activities in the back as a whole. For adjustment
of the entire back part, a surface stimulation part 10b is required
at a location corresponding to the functional skin area of the
right latissimus dorsi. For the same reason, a surface stimulation
part 10b is required with respect to the left trapezius which acts
excessively together with the right latissimus dorsi.
[0207] As explained above, because Japanese and nonathletic people
show prominent muscle activity of the trapezius, a surface
stimulation part 10b must be also provided at a functional skin
area across the left and right pectoralis minor which are accessory
muscles acting to assist the trapezium. Part of the muscle
activities of the pectoralis minor is to pull the scapulae
forwardly and upwardly, to hamper their movement relative to the
trunk, and thereby to restrict upper limb movements. Thus, activity
of the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles and that of the upper
trunk are not coordinated with each other. In this respect, the
surface stimulation to the pectoralis minor can adjust such
activities and can realize shoulder joint-centered, coordinated
activities between these parts. Incidentally, when Japanese and
nonathletic people feel mental pressure during a game, match or the
like, the trapezius acts radically and has extreme muscle tone,
making one's movement unnatural. Besides, the shoulder part as a
whole limits actions of respiratory muscles, causing shallow
breathing. Thankfully, the above surface stimulation can alleviate
these symptoms, can eliminate "performance anxiety" resulting from
such symptoms, and can eventually ensure smoother performance of
exercise under pressure.
[0208] Concerning nonathletic people, let us now concentrate on
exercise performance in the upper body, particularly in the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles. With respect to the upper arm,
the biceps brachii (a flexor) acts dominantly over the triceps
brachii, due to their imperfect ability to learn athletic
skills.
[0209] On birth, baby's body and limbs are bent and curled in. To
put it simply, most of the joints which are capable of
internal/external rotation and flexion are pronated and adducted.
In the course of physical growth, the human being acquires athletic
skill learning ability for orienting a flow of power
externally.
[0210] Regrettably, it can be said that nonathletic people and
Japanese do not follow this growth process properly, because
advanced convenient civilization hampers development and evolution
of athletic skill learning ability while they grow up. In
performing exercise, their joints are neither in a supinated
position nor in an abducted position, but are rather in pronated
and adducted positions which are advantageous for internally
directed, closed movements. In contrast, joints of athletically
skilled people have a wide range of mobility and a great exercise
performing ability, and their movements are externally
oriented.
[0211] As compared with nonathletic people, athletically skilled
people clearly distinguish the roles of muscles between
multiarticular ones and monoarticular ones and between extensors
and flexors, and they properly use their muscles as such.
Conversely, muscle activities of nonathletic people are mostly
concentrated on postural control, which brings about unwanted
hypertonicity and useless generation of power during exercise.
Besides, upper body movements of nonathletic people are dominated
by flexors, whereas their lower body movements are dominated by
extensors. This is because they have not acquired perfect body
balance for exercise, and, what is worse, because the joints
themselves have established inadequate manners of exercise. For
these reasons and owing to the difference in exercise directions
(internal/external as described above), athletically skilled people
perform exercise in a more dynamic and stable manner than the
others.
[0212] In view of the above, it is essential to provide point
stimulation parts 10a at the triceps brachii so as to make its
muscle activity dominant, and also to provide surface stimulation
parts 10b at the biceps brachii so as to inhibit or control its
activity.
[0213] Similar immaturity of athletic performance ability is seen
in the forearms, as a result of which the forearms tend to be
flexed and pronated. Hence, the exercise axes should be corrected
by point stimulation to extensor carpi muscles and supinators in
the forearms. As mentioned, muscle activity at the forearm joints
is dominated by flexion and pronation. Therefore, while point
stimulation is applied to the extensors and the supinators, it is
necessary to inhibit and control pronators and flexors by surface
stimulation. For these reasons, point stimulation 10a and surface
stimulation 10b are applied to the respective acting muscles.
[0214] The brain orders asymmetrical muscle activities in the free
lower limb/the pelvic girdles and symmetrical muscle activities in
the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles. Hence, muscle activities
of the latter have to be symmetrical, unlike in the other parts of
the body. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily applicable if an
exercise specially employs a limb on one side of the body (as
represented by tennis and baseball). In addition, muscle activities
in the free lower limb/the pelvic girdles are in contrast with
those in the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles in that the
former muscle activities are reciprocal. Therefore, muscle
adjustment by an asymmetrical approach is particularly effective in
the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles.
[0215] FIG. 52 shows a baseball undershirt 115 designed for the
right-handed. The locations of point stimulation parts 10a
(approximately 2 cm.sup.2 each) correspond to motor points of the
right sternocleidomastoid (SCM), the right supraspinatus (SS), the
right infraspinatus (IS), the middle part of the left erector
spinae (ESMid)/the left rhomboideus major (RMa), the left
latissimus dorsi (LD), the lower part of the right erector spinae
(ESLo)/the right serratus posterior inferior (SPI), the bottommost
part of the left erector spinae (ESBtm)/the left quadratus lumborum
(QL), the right pectoralis major (PMa), the left serratus anterior
(SA), the medial/lateral heads (MH/LH) of the right triceps brachii
(TB), the right extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis (ECRL/ECRB),
the right supinator (SUP), the right flexor carpi radialis (FCR),
the left biceps brachii (BB), the left flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU),
and the left extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU). The locations of surface
stimulation parts 10b correspond to functional skin areas of the
left upper trapezius (UTP), the right latissimus dorsi (LD), the
left pectoralis minor (PMi), the upper rectus abdominis (URA), the
right serratus anterior (SA), the right biceps brachii (BB), the
right flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), the right extensor carpi ulnaris
(ECU), the medial/lateral heads (MH/LH) of the left triceps brachii
(TB), the left supinator (SUP), the left extensor carpi radialis
longus/brevis (ECRL/ECRB), and the left flexor carpi radialis
(FCR). The undershirt 115 is made of a polyester yarn (thickness 56
dtex/48 f) and a single covered yarn in which a 10-dtex-thick
polyurethane elastane yarn core is covered with a polyester yarn
(thickness 33 dtex/10 f). The undershirt is knitted in plain
stitch. The point stimulation parts 10a and the surface stimulation
parts 10b are made in plate stitch by which a polyester yarn
(thickness 56 dtex/36 f) forms a projecting pattern on the
skin/back side. Seams (not shown) in the undershirt 115 are
designed to locate not on the skin side but on the outer side and
to align with muscular grooves as best as possible.
[0216] One of the vital factors for production of the baseball
undershirt 115 is to enable smooth rotational movements at the
joints. For example, rotational movements in the trunk are effected
around the trunk axis (to rotate the hip, the neck, etc.) and can
be roughly classified into two different types. The first type of
rotation is axial exercise during which the left or right side of
the body looks fixed (like a common swing door). The axis of this
rotation is either one leg, and the exercise is principally led by
the lower body. The second type is a symmetrical rotation around
the spine which constitutes the core of the trunk (like a revolving
door), with the hip joints bearing a load in a substantially
symmetrical manner. In contrast to the first type of rotation in
which the axis is offset to one side and dependent on the lower
body, the second type of rotation has an axis centered along the
spine and mobilizes the left and right parts of the whole body
equally. As a result, the latter rotation is less prone to sway,
and is able to realize a most compact rotation axis and speedier
movements. In particular, these two types of rotation are
noticeable in batting forms of Japanese (nonathletic people) and
those of Latin Americans and athletically skilled people. When a
Japanese batter who adopts the first type of rotation takes a
swing, he imagines a virtual wall built at a front leg which faces
the pitcher (e.g. A right-handed batter has this wall to the left
of the body.) and attempts to stop the axis of rotation against the
wall. This motion is translation rather than rotation. On the other
hand, a Latin American batter who adopts the second type of
rotation has an established support axis (Imagine a spinning top
rotating at high speed.) and tries to hit a ball by originating a
rotation from the core of the body. Judging from the facts that
many constant long hitters adopt the latter type of rotation and
non-Japanese long hitters (above all, Latin Americans) boast of
amazing ball distances, it is apparent to tell which batter is
superior in today's baseball. Although this symmetrical muscle
activity seems simple enough at a glance, we can easily envisage a
heavy influence of handedness (as represented by right-handedness
and left-handedness) and the like. Referring particularly to the
right-handed Japanese (Mongoloids), muscles in the left half of the
back are awfully underdeveloped and poorly facilitated, partly
because this section locates on the side of the non-dominant hand.
Further, with respect to Japanese and nonathletic people, the
trapezius is prominently active and constitutes the core of their
manner of exercise. Accordingly, with a proviso that the left half
of the back is divided into an upper section (around the trapezius)
and a lower section (around the latissimus dorsi), the lower
section is less good at effective exercise than the upper section.
These factors prevent muscle development of the left latissimus
dorsi. Due to an attempt to adjust and rectify such inherent
imbalance of the back muscles, muscles around the abdomen sacrifice
a considerable part of their rotational power, which hampers more
efficient rotational activity at the trunk. Moreover, with respect
to various reflex reactions, we should note significant involvement
of the neck reflex. Broadly speaking, the neck reflex activity
means tonic neck reflex for adjusting muscle tone of the limbs so
as to hold the posture. To be a little more specific, the tonic
neck reflex encompasses two major categories: symmetrical tonic
neck reflex and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. According to
typical motional reactions in the symmetrical tonic neck reflex,
neck flexion increases muscle tone in upper limb flexors and lower
limb extensors; and neck extension increases muscle tone in upper
limb extensors and lower limb flexors. Such motions are frequently
seen in Sumo wrestling, powerlifting, etc. When a person stands up
with a heavy item held in the hands, the person tucks the chin in
strongly and bends the neck more deeply, thus trying to encourage
extension of the lower limbs. Further, as frequently seen in
baseball or the like, a defensive player stretches the neck and
activates lower limb flexors in order to keep a low posture. On the
other hand, the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex concerns rotations
around the trunk, such rotation making up a significant part of
exercise activity on a horizontal plane (as observed in baseball,
tennis and other like sports). According to this reflex, head
rotation to one side increases muscle tone in upper/lower limb
extensors on the jaw side, and increases muscle tone in upper/lower
limb flexors on the head side. Needless to say, these two neck
reflexes have a great influence on muscle asymmetry in the body, as
we mentioned heretofore. In baseball, these reflex activities occur
in order to improve efficiency of batting, pitching and other
motions. Beneficially, these various reflex activities raise the
level of completion in exercise. It is also true, however, these
reflex activities affect laterality (dominant hand, dominant leg,
etc.), resulting in unbalanced muscle development of muscles and
inadequate exercise.
[0217] In this regard, a point stimulation part 10a at the left
latissimus dorsi plays an important role in correcting the
hyperactive right latissimus dorsi and in correcting the entire
left half of the back whose activity is unbalanced and dependent on
the left trapezium. In the case of right-handed people, the right
latissimus dorsi is prominently active and developed well, so that
it draws down the right shoulder and causes a right
shoulder-dropped, tilted posture. The first function of this point
stimulation part 10a is to modify the tilted posture in a
pelvis-based, balanced manner. Its second function is to correct
excessive exercise activity in the upper left section of the back
(around the trapezius). Nevertheless, with this point stimulation
part 10a alone, it is difficult to correct the left half of the
back as a whole. Thus, the point stimulation part 10a at the left
latissimus dorsi needs to be coordinated with and assisted by a
point stimulation part 10a at the middle part of the left erector
spinae/the left rhomboideus major and a point stimulation part 10a
at the bottommost part of the left erector spinae. This combination
can create a symmetrical exercise posture which is centered on the
waist part and aligned with the gravity axis for exercise. Having
said that, the unbalanced muscle activities have their own merits.
The underdeveloped latissimus dorsi, originating from the pelvis
which provides a solid support base, has a poor ability to hold the
shoulder joint which is a highly mobile ball-and-socket joint with
three degrees of freedom. At the left shoulder joint, its poor
ability is compensated by advanced development of inner muscles
(the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the teres major, the teres
minor, and the subscapularis). Conversely, at the right shoulder
joint of right-handed people, a muscle group surrounding inner
muscles develops so well as to obstruct facilitation and activity
of the inner muscles. Hence, point stimulation parts 10a at the
right supraspinatus and at the right infraspinatus are required to
enhance the ability to support the shoulder joint. Although
underdevelopment of the right inner muscles severely limits the
range of mobility of the right shoulder joint, these two specified
point stimulations enhance and cure flexibility at the shoulder
joint. However, if the right inner muscles are activated, muscle
activity becomes more dominant in the right half of the back than
in the left half. Thus, merely by facilitating muscles in the left
half of the back with the above point stimulation, it is difficult
to adjust muscle activities in the back as a whole. For adjustment
of the entire back part, a surface stimulation part 10b is required
at a location corresponding to the functional skin area of the
right latissimus dorsi. For the same reason, a surface stimulation
part 10b is required with respect to the left trapezius which acts
excessively together with the right latissimus dorsi.
[0218] As explained above, because Japanese and nonathletic people
show prominent muscle activity of the trapezius (particularly in
the left half of the back), a surface stimulation part 10b must be
also provided at a functional skin area of the left pectoralis
minor which is an accessory muscle acting to assist the left
trapezium. Part of the muscle activities of the left pectoralis
minor is to pull the left scapula upwardly and forwardly, to hamper
its movement relative to the trunk, and thereby to restrict upper
limb movements. Thus, activity of the free upper limb/the shoulder
girdle and that of the upper trunk are not coordinated with each
other. In this respect, the surface stimulation to the left
pectoralis minor can adjust such activities and can realize
shoulder joint-centered, coordinated activities between these
parts. Incidentally, when Japanese and nonathletic people feel
mental pressure during a game, match or the like, the trapezius
acts radically and has extreme muscle tone, making one's movement
unnatural. Besides, the shoulder part as a whole limits actions of
respiratory muscles, causing shallow breathing. Thankfully, the
above surface stimulation can alleviate these symptoms, can
eliminate "performance anxiety" resulting from such symptoms, and
can eventually ensure smoother performance of exercise under
pressure. In addition to the above-described adjustment of the
muscle groups in the posterior part of the body, it is also
necessary to adjust those in the anterior part of the body. As
mentioned, part of the activities of the pectoralis minor is to
pull the scapulae forwardly and upwardly, and thus to assist and
strengthen the trapezius activity. The surface stimulation part 10b
at the left pectoralis minor restrains this activity, making
inhibition of the left upper trapezius easier.
[0219] The right half of the back shows strong muscle activities as
a whole, and causes a posture in which the right shoulder is drawn
slightly backward. In this respect, we focus on the pectoralis
major, one of whose activities is to pull shoulders forwardly.
Input of point stimulation to the right pectoralis major guides the
shoulder joint to an anteroposteriorly symmetrical, efficient
position. Meanwhile, movement of the right scapula is hampered by
prominent actions of the right latissimus dorsi and others. In
order to alleviate this condition, surface stimulation is applied
to the right serratus anterior which acts to hamper scapula
movement, thereby inhibiting and controlling the muscle tone and
improving the right scapula function. On the other hand, the left
scapula needs an external and downward displacement because it is
fixed at a raised position due to high muscle tone of the
trapezius, the pectoralis minor, etc. For such improvement, a point
stimulation part 10a at the left serratus anterior is provided to
make use of its muscle activity, abduction of the scapula.
Additionally, the neck activity of right-handed people is
characterized in that the face turns easily to the right but
awkwardly to the left. To improve this condition, a point
stimulation part 10a is provided at the right sternocleidomastoid.
The above-mentioned stimulation input methods stabilize the trunk
and enable smooth rotation.
[0220] Concerning nonathletic people, let us now concentrate on
exercise performance in the upper body, particularly in the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles. With respect to the upper arm,
the biceps brachii (a flexor) acts dominantly over the triceps
brachii, due to their imperfect ability to learn athletic
skills.
[0221] On birth, baby's body and limbs are bent and curled in. To
put it simply, most of the joints which are capable of
internal/external rotation and flexion are pronated and adducted.
In the course of physical growth, the human being acquires athletic
skill learning ability for orienting a flow of power
externally.
[0222] Regrettably, it can be said that nonathletic people and
Japanese do not follow this growth process properly, because
advanced convenient civilization hampers development and evolution
of athletic skill learning ability while they grow up. In
performing exercise, their joints are neither in a supinated
position nor in an abducted position, but are rather in pronated
and adducted positions (an anteriorly overtwisted state) which are
advantageous for internally directed, closed movements. In
contrast, joints of athletically skilled people have a wide range
of mobility and a great exercise performing ability, and their
movements are externally oriented (a state of normal joint
mobility).
[0223] As compared with nonathletic people, athletically skilled
people clearly distinguish the roles of muscles between
multiarticular ones and monoarticular ones and between extensors
and flexors, and they properly use their muscles as such.
Conversely, muscle activities of nonathletic people are mostly
concentrated on postural control, which brings about unwanted
hypertonicity and useless generation of power during exercise.
Besides, upper body movements of nonathletic people are dominated
by flexors, whereas their lower body movements are dominated by
extensors (under the influence of neck reflex, etc.). This is
because they have not acquired perfect body balance for exercise,
and, what is worse, because the joints themselves have established
inadequate manners of exercise. For these reasons and owing to the
difference in exercise directions (internal/external as described
above), athletically skilled people perform exercise in a more
dynamic and stable manner than the others.
[0224] In view of the above, it is essential to apply point
stimulation to the triceps brachii so as to make its muscle
activity dominant, and also to apply surface stimulation to biceps
brachii so as to inhibit or control its activity.
[0225] Similar immaturity of athletic performance ability is seen
in the forearms, as a result of which the forearms tend to be
flexed and pronated. Hence, the exercise axes should be corrected
by point stimulation to extensor carpi muscles and a supinator in
the forearms. As mentioned, muscle activity at the forearm joints
is dominated by flexion and pronation. Therefore, while point
stimulation is applied to the extensors and the supinator, it is
necessary to inhibit and control pronators and flexors by surface
stimulation. For these reasons, point stimulation 10a and surface
stimulation 10b are applied to the respective acting muscles.
[0226] In addition to the above issues, we should also understand
offset of angular momentum, which is an advanced exercise
performance involved in batting and pitching motions. For a simple
explanation, imagine a person walking. When the right leg swings
forward, the left arm swings forward in the upper body. At the same
time, the other leg (the left one) is pulled backward and so is the
other arm (the right one). This rotatory balance exercise in the
upper body and the lower body is the most important factor for
correct rotation of the trunk. In particular, this action is
observed well in a pitching motion. When a right-handed pitcher
winds up, he raises his right arm and swings down his left arm.
(The respective powers pull each other and offset their angular
momentum, thereby establishing balance and accelerating the
rotational speed.) Later, the right leg makes a forward stride, and
the left leg acts as a brake. The sudden change of exercise
directions produces a rotational power in the lower body. This
power is transmitted to the upper body and realizes speedier
performance. Harmonization of these compound activities at the
joints (internal/external rotation, flexion and extension) gives us
a more complex and advanced exercise technique, which is what we
actually long for.
[0227] Having said that, the brain orders asymmetrical muscle
activities in the free lower limb/the pelvic girdles and
symmetrical muscle activities in the free upper limb/the shoulder
girdles. Hence, muscle activities of the latter have to be
symmetrical, unlike in the other parts of the body. Nevertheless,
as mentioned above, this is not necessarily applicable if an
exercise specially employs a limb on one side of the body (as
represented by tennis and baseball). In this case, in order to
enhance efficiency of actions on the one side, a surface
stimulation part 10b is provided at the right biceps brachii so as
to inhibit and control flexion ability of the elbow joint. Point
stimulation parts 10a are provided at the medial/lateral heads of
the right triceps brachii, so that the elbow joint can acquire an
ability to extend more smoothly. For smoother execution of this
movement, the angular momentum needs to be offset between the right
and left upper arms which are opposed to each other. In this
respect, a point stimulation part 10a at the left biceps brachii
enhances elbow flexion ability, and a surface stimulation part 10b
across the medial/lateral heads of the left triceps brachii helps
elbow flexion ability. The asymmetrical angular momentum and
actions between the left and right upper arms enable smoother trunk
rotation and ensure stable and speedier actions during exercise.
Furthermore, the left and right forearms are affected by the upper
arms and the trunk which are discussed earlier. Hence, a point
stimulation part 10a at the right supinator is employed to increase
supination power in the right forearm, and point stimulation 10a is
provided for the right extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis whose
action is to assist and enhance the action of the right triceps
brachii. In order to further emphasize the action of the right
extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis, surface stimulation 10b is
provided at the right extensor carpi ulnaris and at the right
flexor carpi ulnaris, thereby inhibiting and controlling their
hyperactivity. In addition, the action of the right flexor carpi
radialis is further emphasized by point stimulation 10a. Although
the action of Japanese and nonathletic people tends to depend on
ulnar flexors, this point stimulation leads their action to a
radial flexor-dependent one, thereby realizing stable wrist
extension/flexion and forearm rotation. This stimulation input
approach can alleviate elbow injuries (baseball elbow and tennis
elbow) attributable to pitching motions, tennis strokes, or other
like motions. Besides, similar improvements are required in the
left forearm, which acts in an opposed manner to the right forearm
in order to offset the angular momentum. Accordingly, the manner
for improving the left forearm is also opposite to the manner for
the right forearm, and employs a surface stimulation part 10b for
the left supinator, the surface stimulation part 10b for the left
flexor carpi radialis, a surface stimulation part 10b for the left
extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis, a point stimulation part 10a
for the left extensor carpi ulnaris, and a point stimulation part
10a for the left flexor carpi ulnaris. Owing to the asymmetrical
stimulation input to the left and right upper limbs, it is possible
to offset the angular momentum in the free upper limb and the
shoulder girdles and to improve the trunk rotation ability as
intended. Lastly, let us mention that the muscle activities
resulting from the above asymmetrical stimulation input stabilizes
the trunk more prominently in the free lower limb and the pelvic
girdles. Muscle activities in the free lower limb/the pelvic
girdles are in contrast with those in the free upper limb/the
shoulder girdles in that the former muscle activities are
reciprocal. Therefore, muscle adjustment by an asymmetrical
approach is particularly effective in the free lower limb and the
pelvic girdles.
Garments for Applying Point Stimulation (Asymmetrical
Arrangement)
[0228] FIG. 53 shows a pair of tights 116 designed for the
right-handed. The locations of stimulation parts 10a (approximately
3 cm.sup.2 each) correspond to motor points of the center of the
lower rectus abdominis (LRA), the left internal oblique (IO), the
left gluteus maximus (GMax), the right gluteus medius/minimus
(GMed/GMin), the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus (ST/SM), the
left biceps femoris (BF), the left vastus lateralis of the
quadriceps femoris (VL), the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris (VM), the right sartorius (SAR), the left
tibialis anterior (TA), the left medial gastrocnemius (MG), the
right peroneus tertius (PTert), and the right lateral soleus
(LSOL). The base fabric for the tights 116 is made of a polyester
yarn 56 dtex/36 f and a polyurethane elastane yarn 44 dtex, and
knitted in a half tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 80% and
polyurethane 20%). Each stimulation part 10a is composed of a
plurality of projecting printed dots made of silicone resin. Seams
(not shown) in the tights 116 are designed to align with muscular
grooves as best as possible.
[0229] Regarding the tights 116, a stimulation part 10a at the
center of the lower rectus abdominis corrects an anteriorly tilted
pelvis. In cooperation with this action, a stimulation part 10a at
the left gluteus maximus exhibits its effect (Contraction at the
center of the lower rectus abdominis brings the pelvis to an
upright position, thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus
maximus). In response to these muscle activities, the erector
spinae (a trunk extensor) increases muscle tone and extends the
trunk. (Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises
muscle tone of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus
maximus activates itself and the erector spinae.) Also stimulated
is the left iliopsoas which is antagonistic to the left gluteus
maximus and which is antagonistically involved in flexion of the
hip joint. This stimulation cooperates with the other stimulations
mentioned earlier, allowing the trunk to extend in a more stable
manner. Next, a stimulation part 10a at the right gluteus
medius/minimus hinders sidewise sway (in adduction-abduction
directions) at the hip joint and improves a support power in
exercise. These three specified stimulations enhance balance
ability and support ability of the trunk. In addition, two of these
specified stimulations (the center of the lower rectus abdominis
and the left gluteus maximus) define a supporting surface (serving
as an application point of force and a fulcrum). Owing to the
function of this supporting surface, a stimulation part 10a at the
left biceps femoris allows generation of a strong power for
extending the hip joint. During running, this extension power is
converted to a powerful propelling force. With respect to the
gluteal muscles, the right gluteus maximus is more active than the
left one, but the right gluteus medius/minimus are less so than the
left one. Hence, even though a strong extension power is generated
at the hip joint, the fulcrum is not strong enough to convert this
extension power into a linear backward propelling force. In this
respect, the stimulation part 10a at the right gluteus
medius/minimus hinders the above-mentioned sidewise sway at the hip
joint, thereby assisting and promoting the right biceps femoris and
the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus to work with higher
exercise efficiency. The right semitendinosus/semimembranosus,
which is less active than the left biceps femoris, tends to orient
and waste its power in the abduction direction. To correct this,
the stimulation part 10a at the right
semitendinosus/semimembranosus veers the power to a neutral
direction and realizes efficient backward extension of the hip
joint. The stimulation part 10a at the left gluteus maximus assists
and corrects unbalanced activities of the left gluteus muscles (The
left gluteus maximus is less active than the left gluteus
medius/minimus.), and strongly affects extension of the hip joint.
(Prominent contraction of the gluteus maximus produces a strong
forward propelling force.) Coordination between the stimulation
part 10a at the left gluteus maximus and the one at the left biceps
femoris makes this function more efficient. The stimulation part
10a at the left biceps femoris also controls hyperactivity of the
left semitendinosus/semimembranosus in the left posterior thigh.
During extension of the left hip joint, power at the hip joint
tends to be lost in the adduction direction. Under such
circumstances, this stimulation part orients the power from the
adduction direction to the abduction direction, thereby promoting
smoother extension of the hip joint and generation of a greater
forward propelling force. Having said that, generation of the
forward propelling force at the left lower limb and the left pelvic
girdle involves not only generation of a strong propelling force of
action but also generation of a strong force of reaction (a
forward-dragging forward-shearing force which involves rotational
movements at the left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and the sacral
cornu). Hence, a stimulation part 10a at the left internal oblique
suppresses the force of reaction and permits the left pelvis, the
lumbar lordosis, and the sacral cornu to work as a support base of
exercise. (If the effect of this stimulation part is insufficient
or absent, the power generated at the right lower limb and the
right pelvic girdle is oriented and wasted in the forward
direction. Furthermore, the extreme forward-shearing force and the
extreme rotatory power may cause damage to joints in the lower
lumbar vertebrae and the sacral vertebrae.) Incidentally, if the
left internal oblique weakens or if there is no effect of the
stimulation part, the trunk becomes unstable. Presumably, such
instability is compensated by improper fixation (as called in
chiropractics, etc.) of the left sacroiliac joint. It is confirmed
and reported that this improper action causes the gastrocnemius to
be hypertonic in the left lower leg. Curing of this improper action
will be able to alleviate and cure damage to the left lower leg
muscles (gastrocnemius strain, Achilles tendon rupture, etc.). The
six specified stimulations emphasize respective muscle activities
and thereby realize more efficient balance in the exercise
posture.
[0230] At the right hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, abduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint).
Stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris and at the right sartorius change this axis
along the correct gravity axis of the body, thereby modifying the
flow of generated power. The vastus medialis of the quadriceps
femoris has a remarkably strong support ability around the knee
joints. However, for right-handed people, the right vastus medialis
is developed less than the left one, so that the exercise axis and
the support base are displaced further outwardly. Therefore, the
exercise axis and the support base need to be corrected inwardly by
these stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris and the right sartorius. Further, after such
correction, because abduction is dominant at the right hip joint,
the gluteus medius/minimus needs to be stimulated and facilitated
in the manner described above. Nevertheless, merely by this
facilitatory stimulation to the gluteus medius/minimus, it is
difficult to correct an external twist at the knee. The stimulation
part 10a at the right sartorius promotes and improves coordination
with the stimulation part 10a at the right gluteus medius/minimus,
thereby correcting the twist at the knee joint.
[0231] At the left hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, adduction, and external rotation of the hip joint). A
stimulation part 10a at the left vastus lateralis of the quadriceps
femoris changes this axis along the central axis of the body,
thereby modifying the flow of generated power. For right-handed
people, the vastus medialis around the left knee is more active
than the one around the right knee. However, because the left
gluteus maximus of the left leg is not active enough, the exercise
direction is often wastefully oriented to the one for abduction and
internal rotation during its extention. This necessitates
facilitation of not only the left gluteus maximus but also the left
vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris. The stimulation part
10a at the left vastus lateralis, together with the one at the left
biceps femoris, enables more efficient generation/use of power in a
smooth and coordinated manner.
[0232] With a stimulation part 10a at the left medial
gastrocnemius, the direction of power acting at the left ankle
joint is corrected from the eversion direction to the inversion
direction along a proper axis of exercise. As for posterior muscles
at the left lower leg of right-handed people, because a power
generated by the upper joints or the like is oriented outwardly,
the posterior part of the left lower leg attempts to force that
power into an inward direction by making the lateral part more
active than the medial part. Suppose that the direction of power is
corrected at the upper joints but not at the left lower leg, the
power is oriented further inwardly at the posterior part of the
left lower leg. To correct this activity, the stimulation part 10a
is provided at the left medial gastrocnemius. In the opposed right
lower leg, prominent muscle activities are exactly opposite (The
power acts in the inversion direction.), which necessitates
stimulation and facilitation in an opposite pattern. Thus, muscle
activity of the right lower leg is corrected by stimulation parts
10a at the right peroneus tertius and at the right lateral soleus.
They also reduce sway to the inversion direction at the right
ankle.
[0233] However, in controlling eversion at the left ankle joint,
facilitatory stimulation to the left medial gastrocnemius is not
perfect by itself. For an additional facilitatory element, a
stimulation part 10a is required at the left tibialis anterior
which acts to orient the ankle joint to the inversion
direction.
[0234] In addition, it should be understood that a force deriving
from muscular power involves not only a force of action but also a
force of reaction which returns from a location where the force of
action is applied, and that these forces act in three-dimensionally
twisted directions. At the respective hip joints, if exercise
activity is performed in the above-mentioned exercise directions (a
direction for flexion, adduction and external rotation of the left
hip joint, and a direction for flexion, abduction and internal
rotation of the right hip joint), the force of action is responded
to not by a proper force of reaction but by a deviated force of
reaction. Exercise activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted
force (whether proper or deviated) imposes a heavier burden on
joints and can be a primary cause of injuries. Hence, exercise
activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted force should be
eliminated (if the exercise direction is deviated) or should be
controlled and restricted ideally (if the exercise direction is
proper) as much as possible. For example, exercise activity of the
knee joints should be discussed in consideration of rotational
exercise activity of the upper joints (the hip joints), as
mentioned above. Likewise, exercise activity of the ankle joints,
which is affected by the upper joints (the knee and hip joints),
should be discussed along with exercise activity of the upper
joints. Thus, the upper joints should be asymmetrically supported
in consideration of directions of their exercise axes, with
adequate modifications to the manner of support. Furthermore,
muscles have to be facilitated by point stimulation in such a way
as to realize the hip-strategy based manner of exercise. Take the
biceps femoris as an example of multiarticular muscles which
contain a monoarticular muscle portion. In this case, it is
especially necessary to facilitate one of its multiarticular muscle
functions, i.e. extension of the hip joint. On the contrary,
suppose that a monoarticular muscle function of the biceps femoris
is facilitated, flexion of the knee joint stands out so much as to
prevent smooth extension of the hip joint.
[0235] FIG. 54 shows a full suit 117 designed for the right-handed,
which can be used in sports which involve symmetrical upper limb
movements, such as track and field, swimming (butterfly and
breaststroke), skating, cycling, and skiing. The locations of
stimulation parts 10a correspond to motor points of the right
sternocleidomastoid (SCM), the right supraspinatus (SS), the right
infraspinatus (IS), the middle part of the left erector spinae
(ESMid)/the left rhomboideus major (RMa), the left latissimus dorsi
(LD), the lower part of the right erector spinae (ESLo)/the right
serratus posterior inferior (SPI), the bottommost part of the left
erector spinae (ESBtm)/the left quadratus lumborum (QL), the right
gluteus medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the left gluteus maximus
(GMax), the left biceps femoris (BF), the right
semitendinosus/semimembra- nosus (ST/SM), the left medial
gastrocnemius (MG), the right lateral soleus (LSOL), the left
internal oblique (IO), the center of the lower rectus abdominis
(LRA), the right sartorius (SAR), the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris (VM), the left vastus lateralis of the
quadriceps femoris (VL), the left tibialis anterior (TA), the right
peroneus tertius (PTert), the medial/lateral heads (MH/LH) of the
left and right triceps brachii (TB), the left and right supinator
(SUP), and the left and right extensor carpi radialis longus
(ECRL). This full suit 117 is made of a yarn which is obtained by
paralleling nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of a single
covered yarn in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane elastane yarn
core is covered with a nylon yarn (thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The
full suit is knitted in plain stitch. The stimulation parts 10a
(approximately 3 cm.sup.2 each) are made in plate stitch by which a
polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f) forms a projecting pattern
on the skin/back side. Seams (not shown) in the full suit 117 are
sewn flat so as to avoid stimulation to the skin, and are designed
to align with muscular grooves as best as possible.
[0236] The full suit 117 is intended to improve power of muscle
activity by giving point stimulation. A stimulation part 10a at the
center of the lower rectus abdominis corrects an anteriorly tilted
pelvis. In cooperation with this action, a stimulation part 10a at
the left gluteus maximus exhibits its effect. (Contraction of the
lower rectus abdominis brings the pelvis to an upright position,
thereby increasing muscle tone of the gluteus maximus.) In response
to this, the lower part of the right erector spinae (a trunk
extensor)/the right serratus posterior inferior and the bottommost
part of the left erector spinae (a trunk extensor)/the left
quadratus lumborum develop muscle tone and extend the trunk.
(Increase of muscle tone at the gluteus maximus raises muscle tone
of the erector spinae. Thus, stimulation to the gluteus maximus
activates itself and the erector spinae.) The left gluteus maximus
is also stimulated with antagonistic flexion of the hip joint by
the left iliopsoas. This stimulation cooperates with the other
stimulations mentioned earlier, allowing the trunk to extend in a
more stable manner. Moreover, a stimulation part 10a at the right
gluteus medius/minimus hinders sidewise sway (in
adduction-abduction directions) at the hip joint and improves a
support power in exercise. These six specified stimulations enhance
balance ability and support ability of the trunk. In addition, two
of these specified stimulations (the lower rectus abdominis and the
right gluteus medius/minimus) define a supporting surface (serving
as an application point of force and a fulcrum). Owing to the
function of this supporting surface, a stimulation part 10a at the
right biceps femoris allows generation of a strong power for
extending the hip joint. During running, this extension power is
converted to a powerful propelling force. With respect to the
gluteal muscles, the right gluteus maximus is more active than the
left one, but the right gluteus medius/minimus are less so than the
left one. Hence, even though a strong extension power is generated
at the hip joint, the fulcrum is not strong enough to convert this
extension power into a linear backward propelling force. In this
respect, the stimulation part 10a at the right gluteus
medius/minimus hinders the above-mentioned sidewise sway at the hip
joint, thereby assisting and promoting the right biceps femoris and
the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus to work with higher
exercise efficiency. The right semitendinosus/semimembranosus,
which is less active than the right biceps femoris, tends to orient
and waste its power in the abduction direction. To correct this,
the stimulation part 10a at the right
semitendinosus/semimembranosus veers the power to a neutral
direction and realizes efficient backward extension of the hip
joint. The stimulation part 10a at the left gluteus maximus assists
and corrects unbalanced activities of the left gluteus muscles (The
left gluteus maximus is less active than the left gluteus
medius/minimus.), and strongly affects extension of the hip joint.
(Prominent contraction of the gluteus maximus produces a strong
forward propelling force.) Coordination between the stimulation
part 10a at the left right gluteus maximus and the one at the left
biceps femoris makes this function more efficient. The stimulation
part 10a at the left biceps femoris also controls hyperactivity of
the semitendinosus/semimembranosus in the left posterior thigh.
During extension of the right hip joint, power at the hip joint
tends to be lost in the adduction direction. Under such
circumstances, the stimulation part orients the power from the
adduction direction to the abduction direction, thereby promoting
smoother extension of the hip joint and generation of a greater
forward propelling force. Having said that, generation of the
forward propelling force at the right lower limb and the right
pelvic girdle involves not only generation of a strong propelling
force of action but also generation of a strong force of reaction
(a forward-dragging forward-shearing force which involves
rotational movements at the left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and
the sacral cornu). Hence, a stimulation part 10a at the left
internal oblique suppresses the force of reaction and permits the
left pelvis, the lumbar lordosis, and the sacral cornu to work as a
support base of exercise. (If the effect of this stimulation part
is insufficient or absent, the power generated at the right lower
limb and the right pelvic girdle is oriented and wasted in the
forward direction. Furthermore, the extreme forward-shearing force
and the extreme rotatory power may cause damage to joints in the
lower lumbar vertebrae and the sacral vertebrae.) The nine
specified stimulations emphasize respective muscle activities and
thereby realize more efficient balance in the exercise posture.
[0237] At the right hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, abduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint).
Stimulation parts 10a at the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris and at the right sartorius change this axis
along the correct gravity axis of the body, thereby modifying the
flow of generated power. The vastus medialis of the quadriceps
femoris has a remarkably strong support ability around the knee
joints. However, for right-handed people, the right vastus medialis
is developed less than the left one, so that the exercise axis and
the support base are displaced further outwardly. Therefore, the
exercise axis and the support base need to be corrected inwardly by
these stimulation parts 10a at the vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris and the right sartorius. Further, during
extension, because abduction is dominant at the left hip joint, the
gluteus maximus needs to be stimulated and facilitated in the
manner described above. Nevertheless, merely by this facilitatory
stimulation to the gluteus maximus, it is difficult to correct an
external twist at the knee. The point stimulation part 10a at the
left sartorius promotes and improves coordination with the point
stimulation part 10a at the left gluteus maximus, thereby
correcting the twist at the knee joint.
[0238] At the right hip joint, an axis of exercise is notably and
excessively oriented to a certain exercise direction (a direction
for flexion, abduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint). A
stimulation part 10a at the left vastus lateralis of the quadriceps
femoris changes this axis along the central axis of the body,
thereby modifying the flow of generated power. For right-handed
people, the vastus medialis around the left knee is more active
than the one around the right knee. However, because the left
gluteus maximus of the left leg is not active enough, the exercise
direction is often wastefully oriented to the one for abduction and
internal rotation. This necessitates facilitation of not only the
left gluteus maximus but also the left vastus lateralis of the
quadriceps femoris. The stimulation part 10a at the left vastus
lateralis, together with the one at the left biceps femoris,
enables more efficient generation/use of power in a smooth and
coordinated manner.
[0239] With a stimulation part 10a at the left medial
gastrocnemius, the direction of power acting at the left ankle
joint is corrected from the eversion direction to the inversion
direction along a proper axis of exercise. As for posterior muscles
at the left lower leg of right-handed people, because a power
generated by the upper joints or the like is oriented outwardly,
the posterior part of the left lower leg attempts to force that
power into an inward direction by making the lateral part more
active than the medial part. Suppose that the direction of power is
corrected at the upper joints, the power is oriented further
inwardly at the posterior part of the left lower leg. To correct
this activity, the stimulation part 10a is provided at the left
medial gastrocnemius. In the opposed right lower leg, prominent
muscle activities are exactly opposite (The power acts in the
inversion direction.), which necessitates stimulation and
facilitation in an opposite pattern. Thus, muscle activity of the
right lower leg is corrected by stimulation parts 10a at the right
peroneus tertius and at the right lateral soleus. They also reduce
sway to the inversion direction at the right ankle.
[0240] In addition, it should be understood that a force deriving
from muscular power involves not only a force of action but also a
force of reaction which returns from a location where the force of
action is applied, and that these forces act in three-dimensionally
twisted directions. At the respective hip joints, if exercise
activity is performed in the above-mentioned exercise directions (a
direction for flexion, adduction and external rotation of the left
hip joint, and a direction for flexion, abduction and internal
rotation of the right hip joint), the force of action is responded
to not by a proper force of reaction but by a deviated force of
reaction. Exercise activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted
force (whether proper or deviated) imposes a heavier burden on
joints and can be a primary cause of injuries. Hence, exercise
activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted force should be
eliminated (if the exercise direction is deviated) or should be
controlled and restricted ideally (if the exercise direction is
proper) as much as possible. For example, exercise activity of the
knee joints should be discussed in consideration of rotational
exercise activity of the upper joints (the hip joints), as
mentioned above. Likewise, exercise activity of the ankle joints,
which is affected by the upper joints (the knee and hip joints),
should be discussed along with exercise activity of the upper
joints. Thus, the upper joints should be asymmetrically supported
in consideration of directions of their exercise axes, with
adequate modifications to the manner of support. Furthermore,
muscles have to be facilitated by point stimulation in such a way
as to realize the hip-strategy based manner of exercise. Take the
biceps femoris as an example of multiarticular muscles which
contain a monoarticular muscle portion. In this case, it is
especially necessary to facilitate one of its multiarticular muscle
functions, i.e. extension of the hip joint. On the contrary,
suppose that a monoarticular muscle function of the biceps femoris
is facilitated, flexion of the knee joint stands out so much as to
prevent smooth extension of the hip joint.
[0241] The description made hitherto relates to adjustment of the
lower body, according to the hip strategy-based manner of exercise.
Furthermore, in order to realize the hip strategy-based manner of
exercise, it is inevitable to adjust and coordinate activities in
the upper body which is opposed to the lower body. In the case of
Japanese and nonathletic people, a particular attention should be
paid to hypertonicity in the upper abdominal muscles and the
trapezium. Therefore, the manner of facilitating the upper body
should be primarily focused on reduction of muscle tone in these
muscles, and should further allow for coordination between lower
body activities and upper body activities.
[0242] With respect to right-handed people, muscles in the left
half of the back are awfully underdeveloped and poorly facilitated,
partly because this section locates on the side of the non-dominant
hand. Further, with respect to Japanese and nonathletic people, the
trapezius is prominently active and constitutes the core of their
manner of exercise. Accordingly, with a proviso that the left half
of the back is divided into an upper section (around the trapezius)
and a lower section (around the latissimus dorsi), the lower
section is less good at effective exercise than the upper section.
These factors prevent muscle development of the left latissimus
dorsi.
[0243] In this regard, a stimulation part 10a at the left
latissimus dorsi plays an important role in correcting the
hyperactive right latissimus dorsi and in correcting the entire
left half of the back whose activity is unbalanced and dependent on
the left trapezium. In the case of right-handed people, the right
latissimus dorsi is prominently active and developed well, so that
it draws down the right shoulder and causes a right
shoulder-dropped, tilted posture. The first function of this
stimulation part 10a is to modify the tilted posture in a
pelvis-based, balanced manner. Its second function is to correct
excessive exercise activity in the upper left section of the back
(around the trapezius). Nevertheless, with this stimulation part
10a alone, it is difficult to correct the left half of the back as
a whole. Thus, the stimulation part 10a at the left latissimus
dorsi needs to be coordinated with and assisted by a stimulation
part 10a at the middle part of the left erector spinae/the left
rhomboideus major and a stimulation part 10a at the bottommost part
of the left erector spinae. This combination can create a
symmetrical exercise posture which is centered on the waist part
and aligned with the gravity axis for exercise. Having said that,
the unbalanced muscle activities have their own merits. The
underdeveloped latissimus dorsi, originating from the pelvis which
provides a solid support base, has a poor ability to hold the
shoulder joint which is a highly mobile ball-and-socket joints with
three degrees of freedom. At the left shoulder joint, its poor
ability is compensated by advanced development of inner muscles
(the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the teres major, the teres
minor, and the subscapularis). Conversely, at the right shoulder
joint of right-handed people, a muscle group surrounding inner
muscles develops so well as to obstruct facilitation and activity
of the inner muscles. Hence, stimulation parts 10a at the right
supraspinatus and at the right infraspinatus are required to
enhance the ability to support the shoulder joint. Although
underdevelopment of the right inner muscles severely limits the
range of mobility of the right shoulder joint, the two specified
stimulations enhance and cure flexibility at the shoulder
joint.
[0244] Concerning nonathletic people, let us now concentrate on
exercise performance in the upper body, particularly in the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles. With respect to the upper arm,
the biceps brachii (a flexor) acts dominantly over the triceps
brachii, due to their imperfect ability to learn athletic
skills.
[0245] On birth, baby's body and limbs are bent and curled in. To
put it simply, most of the joints which are capable of
internal/external rotation and flexion are pronated and adducted.
In the course of physical growth, the human being acquires athletic
skill learning ability for orienting a flow of power
externally.
[0246] Regrettably, it can be said that nonathletic people and
Japanese do not follow this growth process properly, because
advanced convenient civilization hampers development and evolution
of athletic skill learning ability while they grow up. In
performing exercise, their joints are neither in a supinated
position nor in an abducted position, but are rather in pronated
and adducted positions which are advantageous for internally
directed, closed movements. In contrast, joints of athletically
skilled people have a wide range of mobility and a great exercise
performing ability, and their movements are externally
oriented.
[0247] As compared with nonathletic people, athletically skilled
people clearly distinguish the roles of muscles between
multiarticular ones and monoarticular ones and between extensors
and flexors, and they properly use their muscles as such.
Conversely, muscle activities of nonathletic people are mostly
concentrated on postural control, which brings about unwanted
hypertonicity and useless generation of power during exercise.
Besides, upper body movements of nonathletic people are dominated
by flexors, whereas their lower body movements are dominated by
extensors. This is because they have not acquired perfect body
balance for exercise, and, what is worse, because the joints
themselves have established inadequate manners of exercise. For
these reasons and owing to the difference in exercise directions
(internal/external as described above), athletically skilled people
perform exercise in a more dynamic and stable manner than the
others.
[0248] In view of the above, it is essential to provide stimulation
parts 10a at the triceps brachii so as to make its muscle activity
dominant over the biceps brachii.
[0249] Similar immaturity of athletic performance ability is seen
in the forearms, as a result of which the forearms tend to be
flexed and pronated. Hence, the exercise axes should be corrected
by point stimulation to extensor carpi muscles and supinators in
the forearms. As mentioned, muscle activity at the forearm joints
is dominated by flexion and pronation. Therefore, point stimulation
is applied to the extensors and the supinators. For this reason,
stimulation 10a is applied to the respective acting muscles.
[0250] The brain orders asymmetrical muscle activities in the free
lower limb/the pelvic girdles and symmetrical muscle activities in
the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles. Hence, muscle activities
of the latter have to be symmetrical, unlike in the other parts of
the body. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily applicable if an
exercise specially employs a limb on one side of the body (as
represented by tennis and baseball). In addition, muscle activities
in the free lower limb/the pelvic girdles are in contrast with
those in the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles in that the
former muscle activities are reciprocal. Therefore, muscle
adjustment by an asymmetrical approach is particularly effective in
the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles.
[0251] FIG. 55 shows a baseball undershirt 118 designed for the
right-handed. The locations of stimulation parts 10a (approximately
3 cm.sup.2 each) correspond to motor points of the right
sternocleidomastoid (SCM), the right supraspinatus (SS), the right
infraspinatus (IS), the middle part of the left erector spinae
(ESMid)/the left rhomboideus major (RMa), the left latissimus dorsi
(LD), the lower part of the right erector spinae (ESLo)/the right
serratus posterior inferior (SPI), the bottommost part of the left
erector spinae (ESBtm) (the longissimus thoracis)/the left
quadratus lumborum (QL), the right pectoralis major (PMa), the left
serratus anterior (SA), the medial/lateral heads (MH/LH) of the
right triceps brachii (TB), the right extensor carpi radialis
longus/brevis (ECRL/ECRB), the right flexor carpi radialis (FCR),
the right supinator (SUP), the left biceps brachii (BB), the left
flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and the left extensor carpi ulnaris
(ECU). The undershirt 118 is made of a polyester yarn 33 dtex/48 f
and a polyurethane elastane yarn 44 dtex, and knitted in a half
tricot pattern (blend ratio: polyester 80% and polyurethane 20%).
Each stimulation part 10a is composed of a plurality of projecting
printed dots made of silicone resin. Seams (not shown) in the
undershirt 118 are designed to locate not on the skin side but on
the outer side and to align with muscular grooves as best as
possible.
[0252] One of the vital factors for production of the baseball
undershirt 118 is to enable smooth rotational movements at the
joints. For example, rotational movements in the trunk are effected
around the trunk axis (to rotate the hip, the neck, etc.) and can
be roughly classified into two different types. The first type of
rotation is axial exercise during which the left or right side of
the body looks fixed (like a common swing door). The axis of this
rotation is either one leg, and the exercise is principally led by
the lower body. The second type is a symmetrical rotation around
the spine which constitutes the core of the trunk (like a revolving
door), with the hip joints bearing a load in a substantially
symmetrical manner. In contrast to the first type of rotation in
which the axis is offset to one side and dependent on the lower
body, the second type of rotation has an axis centered along the
spine and mobilizes the left and right parts of the whole body
equally. As a result, the latter rotation is less prone to sway,
and is able to realize a most compact rotation axis and speedier
movements. In particular, these two types of rotation are
noticeable in batting forms of Japanese (nonathletic people) and
those of Latin Americans and athletically skilled people. When a
Japanese batter who adopts the first type of rotation takes a
swing, he imagines a virtual wall built at a front leg nearer to
the pitcher (e.g. A right-handed batter has this wall to the left
side of the body.) and attempts to stop the axis of rotation
against the wall. This motion is translation rather than rotation.
On the other hand, a Latin American batter who adopts the second
type of rotation has an established support axis (just as a
spinning top rotating at high speed.) and tries to hit a ball by
originating a rotation from the core of the body. Judging from the
facts that many constant long hitters adopt the latter type of
rotation and non-Japanese long hitters (above all, Latin Americans)
boast of amazing ball distances, it is apparent to tell which
batter is superior in today's baseball. Although this symmetrical
muscle activity seems simple enough at a glance, we can easily
envisage a heavy influence of handedness (as represented by
right-handedness and left-handedness) and the like. Referring
particularly to the right-handed Japanese (Mongoloids), muscles in
the left half of the back are awfully underdeveloped and poorly
facilitated, partly because this section locates on the side of the
non-dominant hand. Further, with respect to Japanese and
nonathletic people, the trapezius is prominently active and
constitutes the core of their manner of exercise. Accordingly, with
a proviso that the left half of the back is divided into an upper
section (around the trapezius) and a lower section (around the
latissimus dorsi), the lower section is less good at effective
exercise than the upper section. These factors prevent muscle
development of the left latissimus dorsi. Due to an attempt to
adjust and rectify such inherent imbalance of the back muscles,
muscles around the abdomen sacrifice a considerable part of their
rotational power, which hampers more efficient rotational activity
at the trunk. Moreover, with respect to various reflex reactions,
we should note significant involvement of the neck reflex. Broadly
speaking, the neck reflex activity means tonic neck reflex for
adjusting muscle tone of the limbs so as to hold the posture. To be
a little more specific, the tonic neck reflex encompasses two major
categories: symmetrical tonic neck reflex and asymmetrical tonic
neck reflex. According to typical motional reactions in the
symmetrical tonic neck reflex, neck flexion increases muscle tone
in upper limb flexors and lower limb extensors; and neck extension
increases muscle tone in upper limb extensors and lower limb
flexors. Such motions are frequently seen in Sumo wrestling,
powerlifting, etc. When a person stands up with a heavy item held
in the hands, the person tucks the chin in strongly and bends the
neck more deeply, thus trying to encourage extension of the lower
limbs. Further, as frequently seen in baseball or the like, a
defensive player stretches the neck and activates lower limb
flexors in order to keep a low posture. On the other hand, the
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex concerns rotations around the trunk,
such rotation making up a significant part of exercise activity on
a horizontal plane (as observed in baseball, tennis and other like
sports). According to this reflex, head rotation to one side
increases muscle tone in upper/lower limb extensors on the jaw
side, and increases muscle tone in upper/lower limb flexors on the
head side. Needless to say, these two neck reflexes have a great
influence on muscle asymmetry in the body, as we mentioned
heretofore. In baseball, these reflex activities occur in order to
improve efficiency of batting, pitching and other motions.
Beneficially, these various reflex activities raise the level of
completion in exercise. It is also true, however, these reflex
activities affect laterality (dominant hand, dominant leg, etc.),
resulting in unbalanced muscle development and inadequate
exercise.
[0253] In this regard, a stimulation part 10a at the left
latissimus dorsi plays an important role in correcting the
hyperactive right latissimus dorsi and in correcting the entire
left half of the back whose activity is unbalanced and dependent on
the left trapezium. In the case of right-handed people, the right
latissimus dorsi is prominently active and developed well, so that
it draws down the right shoulder and causes a right
shoulder-dropped, tilted posture. The first function of this
stimulation part 10a is to modify the tilted posture in a
pelvis-based, balanced manner. Its second function is to correct
excessive exercise activity in the upper left section of the back
(around the trapezius). Nevertheless, with this stimulation part
10a alone, it is difficult to correct the left half of the back as
a whole. Thus, the stimulation part 10a at the left latissimus
dorsi needs to be coordinated with and assisted by a stimulation
part 10a at the middle part of the left erector spinae/the left
rhomboideus major and a stimulation part 10a at the bottommost part
of the left erector spinae. This combination can create a
symmetrical exercise posture which is centered on the waist part
and aligned with the gravity axis for exercise. Having said that,
the unbalanced muscle activities have their own merits. The
underdeveloped latissimus dorsi, originating from the pelvis which
provides a solid support base, has a poor ability to hold the
shoulder joint which is a highly mobile ball-and-socket joints with
three degrees of freedom. At the left shoulder joint, its poor
ability is compensated by advanced development of inner muscles
(the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the teres major, the teres
minor, and the subscapularis). Conversely, at the right shoulder
joint of right-handed people, a muscle group surrounding inner
muscles develops so well as to obstruct facilitation and activity
of the inner muscles. Hence, stimulation parts 10a at the right
supraspinatus and at the right infraspinatus are required to
enhance the ability to support the shoulder joint. Although
underdevelopment of the right inner muscles severely limits the
range of mobility of the right shoulder joint, the two specified
stimulations enhance and cure flexibility at the shoulder
joint.
[0254] The right half of the back shows strong muscle activities as
a whole, and causes a posture in which the right shoulder is drawn
slightly backward. In this respect, we focus on the pectoralis
major, one of whose activities is to pull shoulders forwardly.
Input of point stimulation to the right pectoralis major guides the
shoulder joint to an anteroposteriorly symmetrical, efficient
position. In addition, the left scapula needs an external and
downward displacement because it is fixed at a raised position due
to high muscle tone of the trapezius, the pectoralis minor, etc.
For such improvement, a stimulation part 10a at the left serratus
anterior is provided to make use of its muscle activity, abduction
of the scapula. Additionally, the neck activity of right-handed
people is characterized in that the face turns easily to the right
but awkwardly to the left. To improve this condition, a stimulation
part 10a is provided at the right sternocleidomastoid. The
above-mentioned stimulation input methods stabilize the trunk and
enable smooth rotation.
[0255] Concerning nonathletic people, let us now concentrate on
exercise performance in the upper body, particularly in the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles. With respect to the upper arm,
the biceps brachii (a flexor) acts dominantly over the triceps
brachii, due to their imperfect ability to learn athletic
skills.
[0256] On birth, baby's body and limbs are bent and curled in. To
put it simply, most of the joints which are capable of
internal/external rotation and flexion are pronated and adducted.
In the course of physical growth, the human being acquires athletic
skill learning ability for orienting a flow of power
externally.
[0257] Regrettably, it can be said that nonathletic people and
Japanese do not follow this growth process properly, because
advanced convenient civilization hampers development and evolution
of athletic skill learning ability while they grow up. In
performing exercise, their joints are neither in a supinated
position nor in an abducted position, but are rather in pronated
and adducted positions (an anteriorly overtwisted state) which are
advantageous for internally directed, closed movements. In
contrast, joints of athletically skilled people have a wide range
of mobility and a great exercise performing ability, and their
movements are externally oriented (a state of normal joint
mobility).
[0258] As compared with nonathletic people, athletically skilled
people clearly distinguish the roles of muscles between
multiarticular ones and monoarticular ones and between extensors
and flexors, and they properly use their muscles as such.
Conversely, muscle activities of nonathletic people are mostly
concentrated on postural control, which brings about unwanted
hypertonicity and useless generation of power during exercise.
Besides, upper body movements of nonathletic people are dominated
by flexors, whereas their lower body movements are dominated by
extensors (under the influence of neck reflex, etc.). This is
because they have not acquired perfect body balance for exercise,
and, what is worse, because the joints themselves have established
inadequate manners of exercise. For these reasons and owing to the
difference in exercise directions (internal/external as described
above), athletically skilled people perform exercise in a more
dynamic and stable manner than the others.
[0259] In view of the above, point stimulation is applied to the
triceps brachii so as to make its muscle activity dominant.
Further, similar immaturity of athletic performance ability is seen
in the forearms, as a result of which the forearms tend to be
flexed and pronated. Hence, the exercise axes should be corrected
by point stimulation to extensor carpi muscles and a supinator in
the forearms. As mentioned, muscle activity at the forearm joints
is dominated by flexion and pronation. Therefore, point stimulation
is applied to the extensors and the supinator. For this reason,
stimulation 10a is applied to the respective acting muscles.
[0260] In addition to the above issues, we should also understand
offset of angular momentum, which is an advanced exercise
performance involved in batting and pitching motions. For a simple
explanation, imagine a person walking. When the right leg swings
forward, the left arm swings forward in the upper body. At the same
time, the other leg (the left one) is pulled backward and so is the
other arm (the right one). This rotatory balance exercise in the
upper body and the lower body is the most important factor for
correct rotation of the trunk. In particular, this action is
observed well in a pitching motion. When a right-handed pitcher
winds up, he raises his right arm and swings down his left arm.
(The respective powers pull each other and offset their angular
momentum, thereby establishing balance and accelerating the
rotational speed.) Later, the right leg makes a forward stride, and
the left leg acts as a brake. The sudden change of exercise
directions produces a rotational power in the lower body. This
power is transmitted to the upper body and realizes speedier
performance. Harmonization of these compound activities at the
joints (internal/external rotation, flexion and extension) gives us
a more complex and advanced exercise technique, which is what we
actually long for.
[0261] Having said that, the brain orders asymmetrical muscle
activities in the free lower limb/the pelvic girdles and
symmetrical muscle activities in the free upper limb/the shoulder
girdles. Hence, muscle activities of the latter have to be
symmetrical, unlike in the other parts of the body. Nevertheless,
as mentioned above, this is not necessarily applicable if an
exercise specially employs a limb on one side of the body (as
represented by tennis and baseball). In this case, in order to
enhance efficiency of actions on the one side, stimulation parts
10a at the medial/lateral heads of the right triceps brachii are
provided, so that the elbow joint can acquire an ability to extend
more smoothly. For smoother execution of this movement, the angular
momentum needs to be offset between the right and left upper arms
which are opposed to each other. In this respect, a stimulation
part 10a at the left biceps brachii is required to enhance elbow
flexion ability. The asymmetrical angular momentum and actions
between the left and right upper arms enable smoother trunk
rotation and ensure stable and speedier actions during exercise.
Furthermore, the left and right forearms are affected by the upper
arms and the trunk which are discussed earlier. Hence, a
stimulation part 10a at the right supinator is employed to increase
the supination power in the right forearm, and a stimulation part
10a is provided at the right extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
whose action is to assist and enhance the action of the right
triceps brachii. In addition, Japanese and nonathletic people, who
are said to be capable of snapping the wrists only weakly, tend to
depend on ulnar flexors. Once the action of the right flexor carpi
radialis is emphasized, their action comes to rely on radial
flexors, thereby realizing powerful wrist extension/flexion and
forearm rotation. This stimulation input approach can alleviate
elbow injuries (baseball elbow and tennis elbow) attributable to
pitching motions, tennis strokes, or other like motions. Besides,
similar improvements are required in the left forearm, which acts
in an opposed manner to the right forearm in order to offset the
angular momentum. Accordingly, the manner for improving the left
forearm is also opposite to the manner for the right forearm, and
employs stimulation parts 10a for the left extensor carpi ulnaris
and the left flexor carpi ulnaris. Owing to the asymmetrical
stimulation input to the left and right upper limbs, it is possible
to offset the angular momentum in the free upper limb and the
shoulder girdles and to improve the trunk rotation ability as
intended. Lastly, let us mention that muscle activities resulting
from the above asymmetrical stimulation input stabilizes the trunk
more prominently in the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles.
Muscle activities in the free lower limb/the pelvic girdles are in
contrast with those in the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles in
that the former muscle activities are reciprocal. Therefore, muscle
adjustment by an asymmetrical approach is particularly effective in
the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles.
Garments for Applying Surface Stimulation (Asymmetrical
Arrangement)
[0262] FIG. 56 shows a pair of tights 119 designed for the
right-handed. The locations of surface stimulation parts 10b
correspond to functional skin areas of the left gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the right gluteus maximus (GMax), the
right biceps femoris (BF), the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus
(ST/SM), the right medial gastrocnemius (MG), the left lateral
gastrocnemius (LG), the right tensor fasciae latae (TFL), the right
rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris (RF), the left sartorius
(SAR), and the right tibialis anterior (TA). The tights 119 are
made of a yarn which is obtained by paralleling nylon yarns
(thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of a single covered yarn in which a
44-dtex-thick polyurethane elastane yarn core is covered with a
nylon yarn (thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The tights 119 are knitted in
plain stitch. The surface stimulation parts 10b are made in plate
stitch by which a polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f) forms a
projecting pattern on the skin/back side. Seams (not shown) in the
tights 119 are designed to align with muscular grooves as best as
possible.
[0263] The tights 119 are intended to improve control ability and
skill of muscles by applying surface stimulation. Inherently,
right-handed Japanese and nonathletic people are likely to rely on
a noticeable body axis in the following manner. As viewed on a
frontal plane, the right jaw is higher than the left jaw, the left
shoulder is higher than the right shoulder, and the right pelvis is
higher than the left pelvis. As viewed on a sagittal plane, the
entire abdominal part has low muscle tone, with the lower rectus
abdominis facing slightly downward, and the pelvis is tilted
anteriorly. Hence, their exercise posture often looks like an angle
bracket which bends at the abdomen. In order to stabilize this
forward-leaning posture, the hip joints shift to internally rotated
positions, causing the entire body to lean forward. Influences of
this posture results in the ankle strategy-based manner of exercise
described above. To cure the axis of exercise posture, it is
necessary to induce hip joint actions as observed during exercise
according to the hip strategy-based manner of exercise. In this
respect, it should be borne in mind that the ankle strategy-based
manner of exercise among right-handed Japanese and nonathletic
people involves prominent activities of the right gluteus maximus
and the left gluteus medius/minimus. With respect to the left
gluteus maximus, its hyperactivity pushes the left pelvis
anteriorly and twists the pelvis. Hence, surface stimulation to the
right gluteus maximus is required so as to suppress its high muscle
tone and to alleviate the displacement of the pelvis, thereby
promoting hip joint actions according to the hip strategy-based
manner of exercise. Turning next to the left gluteus
medius/minimus, they hold the trunk by their abductory action
because the trunk tends to tilt to the left, with the right
shoulder dropped. Therefore, the left gluteus medius/minimus need
to have their high muscle tone suppressed. Since the
above-mentioned surface stimulation to the right gluteus maximus
displaces the left part of the right pelvis up and the right part
down, a surface stimulation part 10b is applied to the left gluteus
medius/minimus, thereby inhibiting them and correcting the right
pelvis along the center of an exercise axis of the trunk.
Eventually, the abductory action of the left gluteus medius/minimus
is inhibited, and the role of generating power shifts to the
opposite right gluteus medius/minimus. Application of surface
stimulation to the two important muscles which act around the hip
joints (the left gluteus medius/minimus and the right gluteus
maximus) has an effect of improving the skill of these muscle
groups, thereby enhancing stability of the trunk and making it
easily controllable. Now, let us mention other muscle groups, for
example, those in the lower body. The hip joints are
ball-and-socket joints and have as high as three degrees of
freedom. Hence, coordinated muscle activities at these joints are
heavily influenced by muscle groups which act very dominantly. (For
example, activities of the hip joints such as flexion/extension,
abduction/adduction, external rotation/internal rotation are
affected by coordinated activities of muscles around the hip joints
as represented by the gluteus maximus/medius/minimus, the
iliopsoas, the rectus femoris, the sartorius, the tensor fasciae
latae, etc.) Under such circumstances, if some muscles act so
strongly as to disturb the coordination, they obstruct the ability
of smooth adduction/abduction and rotation at the ball-and-socket
joints such as the hip joints. Therefore, it is inevitable to
reduce muscle tone of hyperactive muscle groups and to inhibit
them, thereby inducing a smoother, more efficient joint activity.
Among the muscle groups for moving the hip joints, prominently
active muscles include the left gluteus medius/minimus, the right
gluteus maximus, the right biceps femoris, the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosu- s, the right tensor fasciae latae,
the right rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris, and the left
sartorius. Their activity should be intentionally controlled for
the purpose of curing such unbalanced actions. This is why it is
crucial to provide surface stimulation parts 10b at functional skin
areas of those muscle groups. With respect to gluteal muscle
activities at the left hip joint, the gluteus medius/minimus are
more active than the gluteus maximus, which hampers smooth
adduction/abduction and rotation at the left hip joint. A surface
stimulation part 10b at the left gluteus medius/minimus inhibits
and controls activities of the left gluteus medius/minimus, thereby
enhancing the ability to stretch and internally rotate the left hip
joint in a proper direction. With respect to the right hip joint,
the gluteus maximus is more active than the gluteus medius/minimus,
which also hampers smooth adduction/abduction and rotation at the
right hip joint. As a remedy to this, stimulation must be applied
oppositely relative to the left gluteus maximus (i.e. surface
stimulation to the right gluteus maximus). Such stimulation
decreases muscle tone, and controls and reduces sidewise sway at
the right hip joint. In this manner, the stimulation stabilizes an
exercise axis at the right hip joint, making its movement smoother
and its athletic ability more efficient. Additionally, before
application of the thus specified stimulation, these dormant muscle
groups (the gluteus medius/minimus at the right hip joint, and the
gluteus maximus at the left hip joint) cause certain muscles (the
right biceps femoris and the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus)
to act strongly in order to compensate for and assist the dormant
muscle groups during exercise. Now that the dormant muscle groups
are adjusted, the right biceps femoris and the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosus should also have their outstanding
activities controlled. For this purpose, surface stimulation parts
10b are required at locations corresponding to functional skin
areas of the respective muscle groups.
[0264] For smooth joint activity of the right hip joint, muscles at
the anterior and lateral parts of the right hip joint need to be
controlled as well. In this regard, surface stimulation is applied
to the anterior and lateral parts of the right thigh over the
rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris and the tensor fasciae
latae which are antagonistic to the gluteus maximus (a hip joint
extensor). At the right hip joint, such surface stimulation
promotes reduction of muscle tone in the stimulated muscles and
powerfully supports exercise activities of their antagonists.
Eventually, the surface stimulation ensures excellent exercise
control ability at the right hip joint and realizes safer, more
efficient performance in exercise. Likewise, for smooth joint
activity of the left hip joint, muscles at the anterior and medial
parts of the left hip joint need to be controlled as well. In this
regard, surface stimulation is applied to the left sartorius which
concerns external rotation of the hip joint and which is
antagonistic to the left tensor fasciae latae (a hip joint flexor,
abductor and, in particular, internal rotator). At the left hip
joint, this surface stimulation promotes reduction of muscle tone
in the stimulated muscle and powerfully supports exercise
activities of its antagonist. Just as at the right hip joint, the
stimulation ensures excellent exercise control ability at the left
hip joint and can realize superior performance in exercise.
[0265] Because the above-mentioned joints and thigh muscles
strongly act on joints below them (including the ankle joints and
the toe joints) and lower leg muscles, these joints and muscles
need inhibitory control as well. In the anterior part of the lower
leg, a surface stimulation part 10b at the right tibialis anterior
inhibits and cures a strong inversion action at the right ankle
joint. Evidently, the lower legs have a smaller amount of muscles
than other parts of the lower limbs (muscle groups as represented
by the anterior and posterior thigh muscles). In inverse proportion
to the amount of muscles, the lower legs are used more frequently
and produce a greater force of action during exercise, which makes
them prone to stress and injuries. To prevent this, extreme
generation of power should be controlled in the lower leg muscle
groups, particularly at the right medial gastrocnemius and the left
lateral gastrocnemius. Thus, the respective muscles (the right
medial gastrocnemius and the left lateral gastrocnemius) require
surface stimulation parts 10b for reducing muscle tone, and have
their muscle activity regulated and modified to stable one.
[0266] In addition, it should be understood that a force deriving
from muscular power involves not only a force of action but also a
force of reaction which returns from a location where the force of
action is applied, and that these forces act in three-dimensionally
twisted directions. At the respective hip joints, if exercise
activity is performed in the above-mentioned exercise directions (a
direction for flexion, adduction and external rotation of the left
hip joint, and a direction for flexion, abduction and internal
rotation of the right hip joint), the force of action is responded
to not by a proper force of reaction but by a deviated force of
reaction. Exercise activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted
force (whether proper or deviated) imposes a heavier burden on
joints and can be a primary cause of injuries. Hence, exercise
activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted force should be
eliminated (if the exercise direction is deviated) or should be
controlled and restricted ideally (if the exercise direction is
proper) as much as possible. For example, exercise activity of the
knee joints should be discussed in consideration of rotational
exercise activity of the upper joints (the hip joints), as
mentioned above. Likewise, exercise activity of the ankle joints,
which is affected by the upper joints (the knee and hip joints),
should be discussed along with exercise activity of the upper
joints. Thus, the upper joints should be asymmetrically supported
in consideration of directions of their exercise axes, with
adequate modifications to the manner of support. Furthermore,
muscles have to be inhibited by surface stimulation in such a way
as to realize the hip-strategy based manner of exercise. Take the
rectus femoris and the three vastus muscles (all being constituents
of the quadriceps femoris) as an example. In this case, it is
especially necessary to inhibit one of multiarticular functions of
these muscles, i.e. flexion of the hip joint by the rectus femoris.
If the rectus femoris (a constituent of the quadriceps femoris)
does not have one of its multiarticular muscle functions (i.e.
flexion of the hip joint) inhibited, flexion of the knee joint (a
major muscle activity by Japanese and nonathletic people) stands
out so much as to prevent smooth extension of the hip joint.
[0267] FIG. 57 shows a full suit 120 designed for the right-handed,
which can be used in sports which involve asymmetrical upper limb
movements, such as tennis, volleyball, ice hockey, and baseball.
The locations of surface stimulation parts 10b correspond to
functional skin areas of the left upper trapezius (UTP), the right
latissimus dorsi (LD), the left gluteus medius/minimus (GMed/GMin),
the right gluteus maximus (GMax), the right biceps femoris (BF),
the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus (ST/SM), the right medial
gastrocnemius (MG), the left lateral gastrocnemius (LG), the left
pectoralis minor (PMi), the center of the upper rectus abdominis
(URA), the right serratus anterior (SA), the right tensor fasciae
latae (TFL), the right rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris
(RF), the left sartorius (SAR), the right tibialis anterior (TA),
the right biceps brachii (BB), the left triceps brachii (TB), the
right pronator teres (PRT), the right flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU),
the left supinator (SUP), and the left flexor carpi radialis (FCR).
The full suit 120 is made of a yarn which is obtained by
paralleling nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of a single
covered yarn in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane elastane yarn
core is covered with a nylon yarn (thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The
full suit is knitted in plain stitch. The surface stimulation parts
10b are made in plate stitch by which a polyester yarn (thickness
78 dtex/36 f) forms a projecting pattern on the skin/back side.
Seams (not shown) in the full suit 120 are sewn flat so as to avoid
stimulation to the skin, and are designed to align with muscular
grooves as best as possible.
[0268] The full suit 120 is intended to improve control ability and
skill of muscles by applying surface stimulation. A surface
stimulation part 10b at the center of the upper rectus abdominis
inhibits hyperactivity of the upper rectus abdominis which is
typical to Japanese and nonathletic people. Such stimulation
ensures not only a uniform muscle activity throughout the rectus
abdominis but also an equal distribution of the intra-abdominal
pressure. As a result, while the entire rectus abdominis acts as a
supportive antagonist, its agonistic muscle groups around the lower
thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae, and the sacral vertebrae
serve more actively as facilitated active agonists, thereby
promoting smooth actions of those joints. This is based on a
relationship that while an antagonist is relaxed and inhibited to
awaken a supportive muscle, an opposed muscle (an agonist) is
facilitated under this influence and comes to act agonistically. In
response to the actions and facilitation at the lower vertebrae,
the left and right gluteus maximus are also facilitated (because
the above surface stimulation indirectly facilitates the gluteus
maximus, a vertebrae extensor, so that the gluteus maximus comes to
act agonistically). However, considering the fact that the activity
of the right gluteus maximus among right-handed Japanese and
nonathletic people is prominent even without such stimulation, a
surface stimulation part 10b is applied to the right gluteus
maximus in order to modify and improve its activity in an
inhibitory, easily controllable manner. (Because hyperactivity of
the gluteus muscle pushes the right pelvis anteriorly and twists
the pelvis, its activity should be inhibited.) In addition, for
stable trunk activity, the trunk is corrected by a surface
stimulation part 10b applied to the right latissimus dorsi which
acts too strongly and which causes the trunk to tilt to the right
and the right shoulder to drop, thereby correcting the trunk.
Further regarding the trunk which tends to tilt to the right, with
the right shoulder dropped, the left gluteus medius/minimus usually
hold the trunk by their abductory action. Unless muscle tone of the
left gluteus medius/minimus is reduced, the right part of the
pelvis will rise and the left part will drop significantly. Hence,
a surface stimulation part 10b is provided at the left gluteus
medius/minimus in order to inhibit these muscles. Eventually, the
abductory action of the left gluteus medius/minimus is inhibited,
and the role of generating power shifts to the opposite right
gluteus medius/minimus. Now, regarding the left half of the back,
the left trapezius acts strongly relative to the left latissimus
dorsi, being responsible for a posture in which the left shoulder
is raised slightly. Inhibition of the left trapezius activity
reforms this posture by lowering the left shoulder and promotes
smooth activity of the left latissimus dorsi. Thus, inhibition of
the two back muscles (the left trapezius and the right latissimus
dorsi) and the two important muscles acting around the hip joints
(the left gluteus medius/minimus and the right gluteus maximus) has
an effect of improving the skill of these muscle groups, thereby
enhancing stability of the trunk and making it more relaxed and
easily controllable. Now, let us mention other muscle groups, for
example, those in the lower body. The hip joints are
ball-and-socket joints and have as high as three degrees of
freedom. Hence, coordinated muscle activities at these joints are
heavily influenced by muscle groups which act very dominantly. (For
example, activities of the hip joints such as flexion/extension,
abduction/adduction, external rotation/internal rotation are
affected by coordinated activities of muscles around the hip joints
as represented by the gluteus maximus/medius/minimus, the
iliopsoas, the rectus femoris, the sartorius, the tensor fasciae
latae, etc.) Under such circumstances, if some muscles act so
strongly as to disturb the coordination, they obstruct the ability
of smooth adduction/abduction and rotation at the ball-and-socket
joints such as the hip joints. Therefore, it is inevitable to
reduce muscle tone of hyperactive muscle groups and to inhibit
them, thereby inducing a smoother, more efficient joint activity.
Among the muscle groups for moving the hip joints, prominently
active muscles include the left gluteus medius/minimus, the right
gluteus maximus, the right biceps femoris, the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosu- s, the right tensor fasciae latae,
the right rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris, and the left
sartorius. Their activity should be intentionally controlled for
the purpose of curing such unbalanced actions. This is why it is
crucial to provide surface stimulation parts 10b at functional skin
areas of those muscle groups. With respect to gluteal muscle
activities at the left hip joint, the gluteus medius/minimus are
more active than the gluteus maximus, which hampers smooth
adduction/abduction and rotation at the left hip joint. A surface
stimulation part 10b at the left gluteus medius/minimus inhibits
and controls activities of the left gluteus medius/minimus, thereby
enhancing the ability to stretch and internally rotate the left hip
joint in a proper direction. With respect to the right hip joint,
the gluteus maximus is more active than the gluteus medius/minimus,
which also hampers smooth adduction/abduction and rotation at the
right hip joint. As a remedy to this, stimulation must be applied
oppositely relative to the left gluteus maximus (i.e. surface
stimulation to the right gluteus maximus). Such stimulation
decreases muscle tone, and controls and reduces sidewise sway at
the right hip joint. In this manner, the stimulation stabilizes an
exercise axis at the right hip joint, making its movement smoother
and its athletic ability more efficient. Further, activities of
these posterior muscle groups at the hip joints must coordinately
cooperate with the above-mentioned trunk activity. Additionally,
before application of the thus specified stimulation, these dormant
muscle groups (the gluteus medius/minimus at the right hip joint,
and the gluteus maximus at the left hip joint) cause certain
muscles (the right biceps femoris and the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosus) to compensate for and assist the
dormant muscle groups during exercise. Now that the dormant muscle
groups are adjusted, the right biceps femoris and the left
semitendinosus/semimembranosus should also have their activities
controlled. For this purpose, surface stimulation parts 10b are
required at locations corresponding to functional skin areas of the
respective muscle groups.
[0269] For smooth joint activity of the right hip joint, muscles at
the anterior and lateral parts of the right hip joint need to be
controlled as well. In this regard, surface stimulation is applied
to the anterior and lateral parts of the right thigh over the
rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris and the tensor fasciae
latae which are antagonistic to the gluteus maximus (a hip joint
extensor). At the right hip joint, such surface stimulation
promotes reduction of muscle tone in the stimulated muscles and
powerfully supports exercise activities of their antagonists.
Eventually, the surface stimulation ensures excellent exercise
control ability at the right hip joint and realizes safer, more
efficient performance in exercise. Likewise, for smooth joint
activity of the left hip joint, muscles at the anterior and medial
parts of the left hip joint need to be controlled as well. In this
regard, surface stimulation is applied to the left sartorius which
acts in coordination with the left tensor fasciae latae (a hip
joint flexor/abductor). At the left hip joint, this surface
stimulation promotes reduction of muscle tone in the stimulated
muscle and powerfully supports exercise activities of its
antagonist. Just as at the right hip joint, the stimulation ensures
excellent exercise control ability at the left hip joint and can
realize superior performance in exercise.
[0270] Because the above-mentioned joints and thigh muscles
strongly act on joints below them (including the ankle joints and
the toe joints) and lower leg muscles, these joints and muscles
need inhibitory control as well. In the anterior part of the lower
leg, a surface stimulation part 10b at the right tibialis anterior
inhibits and cures a strong inversion action at the right ankle
joint. Evidently, the lower legs have a smaller amount of muscles
than other parts of the lower limbs (muscle groups as represented
by the anterior and posterior thigh muscles). In inverse proportion
to the amount of muscles, the lower legs are used more frequently
and produce a greater force of action during exercise, which makes
them prone to stress and injuries. To prevent this, extreme
generation of power should be controlled in the lower leg muscle
groups, particularly at the right medial gastrocnemius and the left
lateral gastrocnemius. Thus, the respective muscles (the right
medial gastrocnemius and the left lateral gastrocnemius) require
surface stimulation parts 10b for reducing muscle tone, and have
their muscle activity regulated and modified to stable one.
[0271] In addition, it should be understood that a force deriving
from muscular power involves not only a force of action but also a
force of reaction which returns from a location where the force of
action is applied, and that these forces act in three-dimensionally
twisted directions. At the respective hip joints, if exercise
activity is performed in the above-mentioned exercise directions (a
direction for flexion, adduction and external rotation of the left
hip joint, and a direction for flexion, abduction and internal
rotation of the right hip joint), the force of action is responded
to not by a proper force of reaction but by a deviated force of
reaction. Exercise activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted
force (whether proper or deviated) imposes a heavier burden on
joints and can be a primary cause of injuries. Hence, exercise
activity involving a three-dimensionally twisted force should be
eliminated (if the exercise direction is deviated) or should be
controlled and restricted ideally (if the exercise direction is
proper) as much as possible. For example, exercise activity of the
knee joints should be discussed in consideration of rotational
exercise activity of the upper joints (the hip joints), as
mentioned above. Likewise, exercise activity of the ankle joints,
which is affected by the upper joints (the knee and hip joints),
should be discussed along with exercise activity of the upper
joints. Thus, the upper joints should be asymmetrically supported
in consideration of directions of their exercise axes, with
adequate modifications to the manner of support. Furthermore,
muscles have to be inhibited by surface stimulation in such a way
as to realize the hip-strategy based manner of exercise. Take the
rectus femoris and the three vastus muscles (all being constituents
of the quadriceps femoris) as an example. In this case, it is
especially necessary to inhibit one of multiarticular functions of
these muscles, i.e. flexion of the hip joint. If the rectus femoris
(a constituent of the quadriceps femoris) does not have one of its
multiarticular muscle functions (i.e. flexion of the hip joint)
inhibited, flexion of the knee joint (a major muscle activity by
Japanese and nonathletic people) stands out so much as to prevent
smooth extension of the hip joint.
[0272] The description made hitherto relates to adjustment of the
lower body, according to the hip strategy-based manner of exercise.
Furthermore, in order to realize the hip strategy-based manner of
exercise, it is inevitable to adjust and coordinate activities in
the upper body which is opposed to the lower body. In the case of
Japanese and nonathletic people, a particular attention should be
paid to hypertonicity in the upper abdominal muscles and the
trapezius as mentioned above. As already described, such muscle
activity should be inhibited. Therefore, the manner of facilitating
the upper body should be primarily focused on reduction of muscle
tone in these muscles, and should further allow for coordination
between lower body activities and upper body activities.
[0273] With respect to right-handed people, muscles in the left
half of the back are awfully underdeveloped and poorly facilitated,
partly because this section locates on the side of the non-dominant
hand. Further, with respect to Japanese and nonathletic people, the
trapezius is prominently active and constitutes the core of their
manner of exercise. Accordingly, with a proviso that the left half
of the back is divided into an upper section (around the trapezius)
and a lower section (around the latissimus dorsi), the lower
section is less good at effective exercise than the upper section.
These factors prevent muscle development of the left latissimus
dorsi.
[0274] Having said that, the unbalanced muscle activities have
their own merits. The underdeveloped latissimus dorsi, originating
from the pelvis which provides a solid support base, has a poor
ability to hold the shoulder joints which are highly mobile
ball-and-socket joints with three degrees of freedom. At the left
shoulder joint, its poor ability is compensated by advanced
development of an inner muscle group (the supraspinatus, the
infraspinatus, the teres major, the teres minor, and the
subscapularis). Conversely, at the right shoulder joint of
right-handed people, a muscle group surrounding inner muscle group
develops so well as to obstruct facilitation, activity and
cooperability of the inner muscle group. Besides, underdevelopment
of the right inner muscle group severely limits the range of
mobility of the right shoulder joint. In this respect, the
above-mentioned surface stimulation inhibits and controls the outer
muscle group. Such surface stimulation enhances flexibility at the
shoulder joint, thereby facilitating and improving the right inner
muscle group. However, if the right inner muscle group is
activated, muscle activity becomes more dominant in the right half
of the back than in the left half. Hence, muscle activity of the
right latissimus dorsi and the right serratus anterior needs to be
adjusted by surface stimulation parts 10b provided at their
functional skin areas. (Note that the surface stimulation part for
the right latissimus dorsi is mentioned earlier.) Similarly, a
surface stimulation part 10b is required at the left trapezius
which acts excessively together with the right latissimus dorsi and
the right serratus anterior.
[0275] As explained above, Japanese and nonathletic people show
prominent muscle activity of the trapezium. Muscle activity of the
left trapezius is extremely strong relative to the left latissimus
dorsi, and should be inhibited in the manner mentioned above. In
this connection, a surface stimulation part 10b is also provided at
a functional skin area of the left pectoralis minor which assists
the left trapezius (The left pectoralis minor pulls the scapula
forwardly and upwardly, so that the left shoulder looks displaced
forwardly and upwardly), whereby the left shoulder should be
adjusted backwardly and downwardly. As previously described, part
of the muscle activities of the left pectoralis minor is to pull
the scapula forwardly and upwardly. Besides, high muscle tone in
the left pectoralis minor hampers scapula movement relative to the
trunk and restricts upper limb movements. Thus, activity of the
free upper limb/the shoulder girdle and that of the upper trunk are
not coordinated with each other. In this respect, the surface
stimulation to the left pectoralis minor can correct the scapulae
position and can properly realize shoulder joint-centered,
coordinated activities between these parts. Incidentally, when
Japanese and nonathletic people feel mental pressure during a game,
match or the like, the trapezius acts radically and has extreme
muscle tone, making one's movement unnatural. Besides, the shoulder
part as a whole limits actions of respiratory muscles, causing
shallow breathing. Thankfully, the above surface stimulation can
alleviate these symptoms, can eliminate "performance anxiety"
resulting from such symptoms, and can eventually ensure smoother
performance of exercise under pressure.
[0276] Concerning nonathletic people, let us now concentrate on
exercise performance in the upper body, particularly in the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles. With respect to the upper arm,
the right biceps brachii (a multiarticular flexor), among others,
acts dominantly over the right triceps brachii, due to their
imperfect ability to learn athletic skills.
[0277] On birth, baby's body and limbs are bent and curled in. To
put it simply, most of the joints which are capable of
internal/external rotation and flexion are pronated and adducted.
In the course of physical growth, the human being acquires athletic
skill learning ability for orienting a flow of power
externally.
[0278] Regrettably, it can be said that nonathletic people and
Japanese do not follow this growth process properly, because
advanced convenient civilization hampers development and evolution
of athletic skill learning ability while they grow up. In
performing exercise, their joints are neither in a supinated
position nor in an abducted position, but are rather in pronated
and adducted positions which are advantageous for internally
directed, closed movements. In contrast, joints of athletically
skilled people have a wide range of mobility and a great exercise
performing ability, and their movements are externally
oriented.
[0279] As compared with nonathletic people, athletically skilled
people clearly distinguish the roles of muscles between
multiarticular ones and monoarticular ones and between extensors
and flexors, and they properly use their muscles as such.
Conversely, muscle activities of nonathletic people are mostly
concentrated on postural control, which brings about unwanted
hypertonicity and useless generation of power during exercise.
Besides, upper body movements of nonathletic people are dominated
by flexors (activities of flexors being particularly prominent on
the right anterior part), whereas their lower body movements are
dominated by extensors (activities of extensors being particularly
prominent on the right anterior part). This is because they have
not acquired perfect body balance for exercise, and, what is worse,
because the joints themselves have established inadequate manners
of exercise. For these reasons and owing to the difference in
exercise directions (internal/external as described above),
athletically skilled people perform exercise in a more dynamic and
stable manner than the others.
[0280] In view of the above, it is essential to provide a surface
stimulation part 10b at the right biceps brachii so as to inhibit
or control its activity.
[0281] Similar immaturity of athletic performance ability is seen
in the right forearm, as a result of which the right forearm tends
to be flexed and pronated. Therefore, the pronator and a flexor of
the right forearm need to be inhibited and controlled by surface
stimulation. For this reason, surface stimulation is provided at
the respective acting muscles.
[0282] The brain orders asymmetrical muscle activities in the free
lower limb/the pelvic girdles and symmetrical muscle activities in
the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles. Hence, muscle activities
of the latter have to be symmetrical, unlike in the other parts of
the body. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily applicable if an
exercise specially employs a limb on one side of the body (as
represented by tennis and baseball). In addition, allowing for
offset of angular momentum with respect to the upper limbs/the
shoulder girdles, the surface stimulation applied to the right
upper arm and the right forearm have to be totally reversed in the
left upper limb/shoulder girdle. Namely, surface stimulation is
applied to the left triceps brachii and the supinator and an
extensor of the left forearm so as to inhibit and control these
muscles. Lastly, muscle activities in the left and right lower
limbs/pelvic girdles are in contrast with those in the free upper
limb/the shoulder girdles in that the former muscle activities are
reciprocal (e.g. When the right leg makes a forward stride, the
left leg is pulled backward at the same time). Therefore, muscle
adjustment by an asymmetrical approach is particularly effective in
the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles.
[0283] FIG. 58 shows a baseball undershirt 121 designed for the
right-handed. The locations of surface stimulation parts 10b
correspond to functional skin areas of the left upper trapezius
(UTP), the left sternocleidomastoid (SCM), the right latissimus
dorsi (LD), the left pectoralis minor (PMi), the upper rectus
abdominis (URA), the right serratus anterior (SA), the right biceps
brachii (BB), the left triceps brachii (TB), the right pronator
teres (PRT), the right flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), the left
supinator (SUP), and the left flexor carpi radialis (FCR). The
undershirt 121 is made of a yarn which is obtained by paralleling
nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f) and of a single covered yarn
in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane elastane yarn core is covered
with a nylon yarn (thickness 56 dtex/48 f). The undershirt 121 is
knitted in plain stitch. The surface stimulation parts 10b are made
in plate stitch by which a polyester yarn (thickness 78 dtex/36 f)
forms a projecting pattern on the skin/back side. Seams (not shown)
in the undershirt 121 are designed to locate not on the skin side
but on the outer side and to align with muscular grooves as best as
possible.
[0284] The undershirt 121 is intended to improve control ability
and skill of muscles by applying surface stimulation. One of the
vital factors for production of the undershirt 121 is to enable
smooth rotational movements at the joints. For example, rotational
movements in the trunk are effected around the trunk axis (to
rotate the hip, the neck, etc.) and can be roughly classified into
two different types. The first type of rotation is axial exercise
during which the left or right side of the body looks fixed (like a
common swing door). The axis of this rotation is either one leg,
and the exercise is principally led by the lower body. The second
type is a symmetrical rotation around the spine which constitutes
the core of the trunk (like a revolving door), with the hip joints
bearing a load in a substantially symmetrical manner. In contrast
to the first type of rotation in which the axis is offset to one
side and dependent on the lower body, the second type of rotation
has an axis centered along the spine and mobilizes the left and
right parts of the whole body equally. As a result, the latter
rotation is less prone to sway, and is able to realize a most
compact rotation axis and speedier movements. In particular, these
two types of rotation are noticeable in batting forms of Japanese
(nonathletic people) and those of Latin Americans and athletically
skilled people. When a Japanese batter who adopts the first type of
rotation takes a swing, he imagines a virtual wall built at a front
leg which faces the pitcher (e.g. A right-handed batter has this
wall to the left of the body.) and attempts to stop the axis of
rotation against the wall. This motion is translation rather than
rotation. On the other hand, a Latin American batter who adopts the
second type of rotation has an established support axis (just as a
spinning top rotating at high speed.) and tries to hit a ball by
originating a rotation from the core of the body. Judging from the
facts that many constant long hitters adopt the latter type of
rotation and that non-Japanese long hitters (above all, Latin
Americans) boast of amazing ball distances, it is apparent to tell
which batter is superior in today's baseball. Although this
symmetrical muscle activity seems simple enough at a glance, we can
easily envisage a heavy influence of handedness (as represented by
right-handedness and left-handedness) and the like. Referring
particularly to the right-handed Japanese (Mongoloids), muscles in
the left half of the back are awfully underdeveloped and poorly
facilitated, partly because this section locates on the side of the
non-dominant hand. Further, with respect to Japanese and
nonathletic people, the trapezius is prominently active and
constitutes the core of their manner of exercise. Accordingly, with
a proviso that the left half of the back is divided into an upper
section (around the trapezius) and a lower section (around the
latissimus dorsi), the lower section is less good at effective
exercise than the upper section. These factors prevent muscle
development of the left latissimus dorsi. Due to an attempt to
adjust and rectify such inherent imbalance of the back muscles,
muscles around the abdomen sacrifice a considerable portion of
their rotational power, which hampers more efficient rotational
activity at the trunk. Moreover, with respect to various reflex
reactions, we should note significant involvement of the neck
reflex. Broadly speaking, the neck reflex activity means tonic neck
reflex for adjusting muscle tone of the limbs so as to hold the
posture. To be a little more specific, the tonic neck reflex
encompasses two major categories: symmetrical tonic neck reflex and
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. According to typical motional
reactions in the symmetrical tonic neck reflex, neck flexion
increases muscle tone in upper limb flexors and lower limb
extensors; and neck extension increases muscle tone in upper limb
extensors and lower limb flexors. Such motions are frequently seen
in Sumo wrestling, powerlifting, etc. When a person stands up with
a heavy item held in the hands, the person tucks the chin in
strongly and bends the neck more deeply, thus trying to encourage
extension of the lower limbs. Further, as frequently seen in
baseball or the like, a defensive player stretches the neck and
activates lower limb flexors in order to keep a low posture. On the
other hand, the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex concerns rotations
around the trunk, such rotation making up a significant part of
exercise activity on a horizontal plane (as observed in baseball,
tennis and other like sports). According to this reflex, head
rotation to one side increases muscle tone in upper/lower limb
extensors on the jaw side, and increases muscle tone in upper/lower
limb flexors on the head side. Needless to say, these two neck
reflexes have a great influence on muscle asymmetry in the body, as
we mentioned heretofore. In baseball, these reflex activities occur
in order to improve efficiency of batting, pitching and other
motions. Beneficially, these various reflex activities raise the
level of completion in exercise. It is also true, however, these
reflex activities affect laterality (dominant hand, dominant leg,
etc.), resulting in unbalanced muscle development and inadequate
exercise.
[0285] The back of the body shows unbalanced muscle activities as a
whole, where the right latissimus dorsi is too active and the left
trapezius serves as the core of activity in the left half of the
back. A surface stimulation part 10b at the right latissimus dorsi
is an important element not only for correcting and inhibiting the
right latissimus dorsi but also for correcting the imbalance in the
entire back. The right latissimus dorsi, which is prominently
active and developed well in right-handed people, acts so
excessively as to draw down the right shoulder and to cause a right
shoulder dropped, tilted posture. Application of surface
stimulation to the right latissimus dorsi reduces its muscle tone
and modifies this tilted posture to a neutral one in a
pelvis-based, balanced manner according to the hip strategy-based
manner of exercise, in which the left and right shoulders locating
at the same height by slightly lowering the left shoulder.
Referring next to the left half of the back, the left shoulder
usually tends to rise. (Prominent activities of the right
latissimus dorsi and the left trapezius cause this typical
posture.) Hence, a surface stimulation part 10b is provided at the
left trapezium, in combination with the surface stimulation part
for reducing muscle tone at the right latissimus dorsi. Reduction
of muscle tone at the left trapezius promotes facilitation of
muscle activity of the left latissimus dorsi which is antagonistic
to the left trapezius (based on a theory that an agonist is
facilitated by inhibition of muscle activity of its antagonist).
This combination can create a symmetrical exercise posture which is
centered on the waist part and is aligned with the gravity axis for
exercise. Having said that, the unbalanced muscle activities have
their own merits. Around the left shoulder joint, the
underdeveloped latissimus dorsi, originating from the pelvis which
provides a solid support base, has a poor ability to hold the
shoulder joint which is a highly mobile ball-and-socket joints with
three degrees of freedom. At the left shoulder joint, its poor
ability is compensated by advanced development of inner muscles
(the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the teres major, the teres
minor, and the subscapularis). In contrast, at the right shoulder
joint of right-handed people, a muscle group surrounding inner
muscles develops so well as to obstruct facilitation and activity
of the inner muscles. The surface stimulation part 10b at the right
latissimus dorsi reduces its shoulder joint support ability which
derives from its high muscle tone. As a secondary effect, the task
of generating a shoulder joint support power shifts to the right
inner muscles. Although underdevelopment of the right inner muscles
severely limits the range of mobility of the right shoulder joint,
the two specified surface stimulations enhance and improve its
flexibility by reducing muscle tone of the outer muscles around the
shoulder joint.
[0286] As explained above, because Japanese and nonathletic people
show prominent muscle activity of the trapezius (particularly in
the left half of the back), a surface stimulation part 10b must be
also provided at a functional skin area of the left pectoralis
minor which is an accessory muscle acting to assist the left
trapezium. Part of the muscle activities of the left pectoralis
minor is to pull the left scapula upwardly and forwardly, to hamper
its movement relative to the trunk, and thereby to restrict upper
limb movements. Thus, activity of the free upper limb/the shoulder
girdle and that of the upper trunk are not coordinated with each
other. In this respect, the surface stimulation to the left
pectoralis minor can adjust such activities and can realize
shoulder joint-centered, coordinated activities between these
parts. Incidentally, when Japanese and nonathletic people feel
mental pressure during a game, match or the like, the trapezius
acts radically and has extreme muscle tone, making one's movement
unnatural. Besides, the shoulder part as a whole limits actions of
respiratory muscles, causing shallow breathing. Thankfully, the
above surface stimulation can alleviate these symptoms, can
eliminate "performance anxiety" resulting from such symptoms, and
can eventually ensure smoother performance of exercise under
pressure. In addition to the above-described adjustment of the
muscle groups in the posterior part of the body, it is also
necessary to adjust those in the anterior part of the body. As
mentioned, part of the activities of the pectoralis minor is to
pull the scapulae forwardly and upwardly, and thereby to assist and
strengthen the trapezius activity. The surface stimulation part 10b
at the left pectoralis minor restrains this activity, making
inhibition of the left upper trapezius easier. The right half of
the back shows strong muscle activities as a whole, and causes a
posture in which the right shoulder is drawn slightly backward. In
this respect, surface stimulation is applied to the right serratus
anterior, one of whose activities is to abduct the scapula. Input
of this stimulation inhibits abduction of the scapula and helps
forward and upward movements of the shoulder, thereby guiding the
shoulder joint to an anteroposteriorly symmetrical, efficient
position. Further, because movement of the right scapula is
hampered by prominent actions of the right latissimus dorsi and
others, the surface stimulation to the right serratus anterior
alleviates and cures the condition.
[0287] Additionally, the neck activity of right-handed people is
characterized in that the face turns easily to the right but
awkwardly to the left. To cure this condition, a surface
stimulation part 10b is provided at the left sternocleidomastoid so
as to reduce its muscle tone. This stimulation input method
stabilizes the trunk and enables smooth rotation.
[0288] Concerning nonathletic people, let us now concentrate on
exercise performance in the upper body, particularly in the free
upper limb and the shoulder girdles. With respect to the upper arm,
the biceps brachii (a flexor) acts dominantly over the triceps
brachii, due to their imperfect ability to learn athletic
skills.
[0289] On birth, baby's body and limbs are bent and curled in. To
put it simply, most of the joints which are capable of
internal/external rotation and flexion are pronated and adducted.
In the course of physical growth, the human being acquires athletic
skill learning ability for orienting a flow of power
externally.
[0290] Regrettably, it can be said that nonathletic people and
Japanese do not follow this growth process properly, because
advanced convenient civilization hampers development and evolution
of athletic skill learning ability while they grow up. In
performing exercise, their joints are neither in a supinated
position nor in an abducted position, but are rather in pronated
and adducted positions (an anteriorly overtwisted state) which are
advantageous for internally directed, closed movements. In
contrast, joints of athletically skilled people have a wide range
of mobility and a great exercise performing ability, and their
movements are externally oriented (a state of normal joint
mobility).
[0291] As compared with nonathletic people, athletically skilled
people clearly distinguish the roles of muscles between
multiarticular ones and monoarticular ones and between extensors
and flexors, and they properly use their muscles as such.
Conversely, muscle activities of nonathletic people are mostly
concentrated on postural control, which brings about unwanted
hypertonicity and useless generation of power during exercise.
Besides, upper body movements of nonathletic people are dominated
by flexors, whereas their lower body movements are dominated by
extensors (under the influence of neck reflex, etc.). This is
because they have not acquired perfect body balance for exercise,
and, what is worse, because the joints themselves have established
inadequate manners of exercise. For these reasons and owing to the
difference in exercise directions (internal/external as described
above), athletically skilled people perform exercise in a more
dynamic and stable manner than the others.
[0292] In view of the above, it is essential to apply surface
stimulation to biceps brachii so as to inhibit or control its
activity.
[0293] Similar immaturity of athletic performance ability is seen
in the forearms, as a result of which the forearms tend to be
flexed and pronated. As mentioned, muscle activity at the forearm
joints is dominated by flexion and pronation. Hence, a pronator and
flexors need to be inhibited and controlled by surface stimulation.
For this reason, surface stimulation 10b is provided at the
respective acting muscles.
[0294] In addition to the above issues, we should also understand
offset of angular momentum, which is an advanced exercise
performance involved in batting and pitching motions. For a simple
explanation, imagine a person walking. When the right leg swings
forward, the left arm swings forward in the upper body. At the same
time, the other leg (the left one) is pulled backward and so is the
other arm (the right one). This rotatory balance exercise in the
upper body and the lower body is the most important factor for
correct rotation of the trunk. In particular, this action is
observed well in a pitching motion. When a right-handed pitcher
winds up, he raises his right arm and swings down his left arm.
(The respective powers pull each other and offset their angular
momentum, thereby establishing balance and accelerating the
rotational speed.) Later, the right leg makes a forward stride, and
the left leg acts as a brake. The sudden change of exercise
directions produces a rotational power in the lower body. This
power is transmitted to the upper body and realizes speedier
performance. Harmonization of these compound activities at the
joints (internal/external rotation, flexion and extension) gives us
a more complex and advanced exercise technique, which is what we
actually long for.
[0295] The brain orders asymmetrical muscle activities in the free
lower limb/the pelvic girdles and symmetrical muscle activities in
the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles. Hence, muscle activities
of the latter have to be symmetrical, unlike in the other parts of
the body. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily applicable if an
exercise specially employs a limb on one side of the body (as
represented by tennis and baseball). In this case, in order to
enhance efficiency of actions on the one side, a surface
stimulation part 10b is provided at the right biceps brachii so as
to inhibit and control flexion ability of the elbow joint, so that
the elbow joint can acquire an ability to extend more smoothly. For
smoother execution of this movement, the angular momentum needs to
be offset between the right and left upper arms which are opposed
to each other. In this respect, a surface stimulation part 10b
across the medial/lateral heads of the left triceps brachii helps
elbow flexion ability. The asymmetrical angular momentum and
actions between the left and right upper arms enable smoother trunk
rotation and ensure stable and speedier actions during exercise.
Furthermore, the left and right forearms are affected by the upper
arms and the trunk which are discussed earlier. Hence, in order to
further emphasize the action of the right extensor carpi radialis
longus/brevis, hyperactivity of the right extensor carpi ulnaris is
inhibited and controlled. Although the action of Japanese and
nonathletic people tends to depend on ulnar flexors, such
inhibition leads their action to a radial flexor-dependent one,
thereby realizing stable wrist extension/flexion and forearm
rotation. This stimulation input approach can alleviate elbow
injuries (baseball elbow and tennis elbow) attributable to pitching
motions, tennis strokes, or other like motions. Besides, similar
improvements are required in the left forearm, which acts in an
opposed manner to the right forearm in order to offset the angular
momentum. Accordingly, the manner for improving the left forearm is
also opposite to the manner for the right forearm, and employs a
surface stimulation part 10b for the left supinator, a surface
stimulation part 10b for the left flexor carpi radialis, and a
surface stimulation part 10b for the left extensor carpi radialis
longus/brevis. Owing to the asymmetrical stimulation input to the
left and right upper limbs, it is possible to offset the angular
momentum in the free upper limb and the shoulder girdles and to
stabilize and improve the trunk rotation ability as intended.
Lastly, let us mention that the muscle activities resulting from
the above asymmetrical stimulation input stabilizes the trunk more
prominently in the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles. Muscle
activities in the free lower limb/the pelvic girdles are in
contrast with those in the free upper limb/the shoulder girdles in
that the former muscle activities are reciprocal. Therefore, muscle
adjustment by an asymmetrical approach is particularly effective in
the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles.
[0296] In the anterior part of the trunk, a surface stimulation
part 10b at the upper rectus abdominis inhibits hyperactivity of
the upper rectus abdominis which is typical to Japanese and
nonathletic people. Such stimulation ensures not only a uniform
muscle activity throughout the rectus abdominis but also an equal
distribution of the intra-abdominal pressure. As a result, while
the entire rectus abdominis acts as a supportive antagonist, its
agonistic muscle groups around the lower thoracic vertebrae, the
lumbar vertebrae, and the sacral vertebrae serve more actively as
facilitated active agonists, thereby promoting smooth actions of
those joints. This is based on a relationship that while an
antagonist is relaxed and inhibited to awaken a supportive muscle,
an opposed muscle (an agonist) is facilitated under this influence
and comes to act agonistically. In response to the actions and
facilitation at the lower vertebrae, the left and right gluteus
maximus are also facilitated. In addition, for stable trunk
activity, the trunk is corrected by the surface stimulation part
10b applied to the right latissimus dorsi which acts too strongly
as mentioned above and which causes the trunk to tilt to the right
and the right shoulder to drop. Regarding the left half of the
back, also as mentioned above, the left trapezius acts strongly
relative to the left latissimus dorsi, being responsible for a
posture in which the left shoulder is raised slightly. Inhibition
of the left trapezius activity reforms this posture by lowering the
left shoulder and promotes smooth activity of the left latissimus
dorsi. Thus, inhibition of the two back muscles (the left trapezius
and the right latissimus dorsi) has an effect of improving the
skill of these muscle groups. By combining this effect, it is
possible to enhance stability and to make it more relaxed and
easily controllable.
[0297] <Effects of the Repositioning Device and the
Garment>
[0298] As mentioned earlier, "while sensitivity of a muscle spindle
is raised" after stimulation, a person can execute exercise more
efficiently. Besides, input of stimulation according to the present
invention brings about additional effects such as increase and
promotion of blood flow in muscles, better flexibility, better
muscle skill, etc., as a part of potential secondary
post-stimulation phenomena. It should be noted that these
post-stimulation phenomena do not derive from relaxation or support
of a muscle. Rather, in the present invention, post-stimulation
phenomena are attributable to promotion and facilitation of muscle
activies, and result from generation of heat due to a greater
energy consumption by muscles, from enhanced neural sensitivity of
such muscles, from improved reflexes, and the like. Although
various traditional appliances are designed to support a muscle and
produce their effects by restricting exercise, input of stimulation
according to the present invention gives similar effects by
facilitating exercise rather than by restricting exercise. In fact,
an exercise facilitation approach enables more efficient exercise
than an exercise restriction approach. Further, motor nerves are
stimulated in such a way as to promote exercise, thereby giving
various effects resulting from a facilitatory/promoting approach.
Thus, it is possible to obtain superior body balance and body
support ability, thereby maximizing effects of exercise.
[0299] To be specific, use of the repositioning device 1 or the
garment 10 results in facilitation of neurotransmission in a muscle
where the repositioning device 1 or a point stimulation part 10a of
the garment 10 locates, thereby increasing awareness of the muscle.
On the other hand, neurotransmission is inhibited in a muscle where
a surface stimulation part 10b of the garment 10 locates, thereby
decreasing awareness of the muscle. Accordingly, among muscle
groups of the body, the repositioning device 1 or the garment 10
can be applied to muscles resulting from deficit in body balance,
hypoactive muscles, or muscles to be developed or strengthened,
thereby conditioning the body as desired.
[0300] Moreover, the repositioning device 1 and the garment 10 have
a simple mechanism and merely facilitate neurotransmission in a
muscle, without causing contraction of the muscle. Hence, a person
can casually wear the repositioning device 1 or the garment 10 for
a long time and even do workouts while it is put on the body.
Accordingly, muscle activity is activated at the location of the
repositioning device 1 or a point stimulation part 10a of the
garment 10 while we are hardly aware of it. Likewise, muscle
activity is inhibited at the location of a surface stimulation part
10b of the garment 10 while we are hardly aware of it. The thus
activated or inhibited muscle activity can be easily settled as
extrapyramidal exercise which depends on proprioception.
[0301] In summary, the repositioning device and the garment intend
to facilitate and promote muscle activity of a dormant muscle group
by applying point stimulation, and to inhibit and control muscle
activity of a hyperactive muscle group by applying surface
stimulation. For ideal physical activity, the body is led to an
efficient condition (an ideal posture) by utilizing the
above-mentioned post-stimulation phenomena. To achieve this
efficient condition, we must consider and satisfy the following
three requirements.
[0302] (1) Increase efficiency of trunk balance, under the
influence of angular momentum at the joints (the limbs).
[0303] (2) Increase efficiency of trunk balance, under the
influence of tonic neck reflex, etc.
[0304] (3) Increase efficiency of trunk balance, under the
influence of hand dominance, leg dominance, etc.
[0305] In addition, the repositioning device and the garment
further intend to improve the ADL of muscles and tendons (because
the ADL is reduced due to stiffness in the joints and the whole
body) and to facilitate motor nerves to a further extent.
Correction of Posture
[0306] The repositioning device 1 or the garment 10 can be applied
to a muscle which is responsible for deficit in body balance. In
sports or the like, a person's posture can be corrected in a short
time to an ideal posture which is free from injuries and suitable
for exercise, so that one can exert superior performance during
exercise.
[0307] The forward head posture, bow legs, knock knees, and other
wrong postures can be also corrected properly if the repositioning
device 1 or the garment 10 is applied to a muscle responsible for
such a wrong posture.
Improvement and Reinforcement of Functions
[0308] Application of the repositioning device 1 or the garment 10
to a hypoactive muscle can improve its function. Hence, concerning
the diseases which may result from hypoactivity of certain muscles
(e.g. lumbar pain, stiff neck, abnormal Q angle), the symptoms can
be alleviated by brief use of the repositioning device 1 or the
garment 10 in daily life.
[0309] In sports or the like, training combined with use of the
repositioning device 1 and the garment 10 is effective because a
load can be efficiently imposed on usually less conscious muscles
or muscles which cannot be loaded easily. Hence, a competitive
athlete can prevent injuries and can work out efficiently in an
ideal posture. In competition, the repositioning device 1 and the
garment 10 avoid loss of exercise power and ensure an excellent
result. Further, improvement of trunk extension ability decreases
muscle tone and enhances the respiratory function as well as
flexibility of the trunk. Eventually, an athlete can acquire
improved mental ability and can perform sufficiently in a real
competition.
Correction of Body Shape
[0310] Body shape can be made more attractive by exclusive
development of certain muscles. While the repositioning device 1 or
the garment 10 is put on casually or during positive training, it
can promote development of certain muscles and can improve body
shape. For example, the forward head posture, protruding buttocks,
thick thighs, thick calves and the like can be fundamentally
reformed from the skeleton and musculature.
[0311] As explained above, the repositioning device or the garment
according to the present invention is capable of creating efficient
and superior body balance and body support ability while it is
casually applied to the body for some time without doing anything
else in particular. Consequently, it is possible to prevent
injuries, to correct a posture, to improve body shape and an
exercise ability, and to achieve many more.
Prevention of Injury
[0312] Owing to these functional effects, rehabilitation exercise
for aged people can be carried out more safely and efficiently. For
example, it is possible to alleviate eversion of knees (bow legs)
due to knee joint deformation, to alleviate forward leaning posture
(hunchback) due to spine deformation, and to improve spinal
functions. It is further possible to lighten a load to the toes due
to the forward leaning posture and to reduce foot troubles such as
hallux valgus. Additionally, since falling and other accidents are
caused by decrease of muscular power in the trunk and deterioration
of balance ability, the above-mentioned functional effects decrease
the probability of injuries.
EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0313] As described above, the present invention can ensure
superior body balance and body support ability and can maximize
effects of exercise.
[0314] In addition, acquisition of superior body balance and body
support ability leads to prevention of injuries, correction of a
posture, improvement of body shape and exercise ability, and many
more effects.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0315] FIGS. 1(a)-(c) are a side view, a front view, and a rear
view of a human body (a right-handed person in a forward leaning
exercise posture), with indication of muscle groups which show high
muscle tone during an antigravity exercise.
[0316] FIGS. 2(a)-(c) are a side view, a front view, and a rear
view of a human body (a right-handed person with a backward leaning
exercise posture), with indication of muscle groups which show high
muscle tone during an antigravity exercise.
[0317] FIG. 3 is a two-dimensional representation of muscle
activities.
[0318] FIG. 4 is a representation of muscle activities in a femoral
region (during extension of a hip joint).
[0319] FIG. 5 is a representation of muscle activities in a femoral
region (during flexion of a hip joint).
[0320] FIG. 6 is a representation of muscle activities around a
gluteal region (during extension of a hip joint).
[0321] FIG. 7 is a representation of muscle activities around a
gluteal region (during flexion of a hip joint).
[0322] FIG. 8 explains muscle activities.
[0323] FIGS. 9(a) and (b) are schematic illustrations which explain
how asymmetry may cause disproportionate muscle development and
imbalance of weight.
[0324] FIGS. 10(a) and (b) are schematic views which explain a
difference between the forward leaning exercise posture and the
backward leaning exercise posture.
[0325] FIGS. 11(a) and (b) are perspective views showing point
stimulators for providing stimulation according to the present
invention.
[0326] FIGS. 12(a) and (b) are perspective views showing surface
stimulators for providing stimulation according to the present
invention.
[0327] FIG. 13(a) is a cross section of a non-electric point
stimulator in use, FIG. 13(b) is a cross section of another
non-electric point stimulator in use, and FIG. 13(c) is a cross
section of yet another non-electric point stimulator in use.
[0328] FIG. 14(a) is a cross section of a different point
stimulator for providing point stimulation according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 14(b) and (c) are cross sections of this point
stimulator in use.
[0329] FIG. 15(a) is a cross section of another different point
stimulator for providing point stimulation according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 15(b) and (c) are cross sections of this point
stimulator in use.
[0330] FIG. 16(a) is a cross section of another different point
stimulator for providing point stimulation according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 16(b) and (c) are cross sections of this point
stimulator in use.
[0331] FIG. 17(a) is a cross section of another different point
stimulator for providing point stimulation according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 17(b) and (c) are cross sections of this point
stimulator in use.
[0332] FIG. 18(a) is a cross section of another different point
stimulator for providing point stimulation according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 18(b) and (c) are cross sections of this point
stimulator in use.
[0333] FIG. 19(a) is a cross section of another different point
stimulator for providing point stimulation according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 19(b) and (c) are cross sections of this point
stimulator in use.
[0334] FIG. 20 is a cross section which schematically shows the
entire structure of a vibration-generating point stimulator.
[0335] FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing a circuit configuration
of a controller which is adopted in the point stimulator
illustrated in FIG. 20.
[0336] FIG. 22 is a schematic view which shows a different
vibration-generating point stimulator.
[0337] FIGS. 23(a)-(h) schematically represent structures of
various vibration generators to be adopted in a
vibration-generating repositioning device.
[0338] FIGS. 24(a)-(j) schematically represent other structures of
various vibration generators to be adopted in the
vibration-generating repositioning device.
[0339] FIGS. 25(a)-(g) illustratively relate to the types of
vibrations to be generated by the vibration-generating
repositioning device.
[0340] FIG. 26 schematically shows yet another vibration-generating
repositioning device.
[0341] FIGS. 27(a) and (b) schematically show yet another
vibration-generating repositioning device.
[0342] FIG. 28(a) is a cross section of a surface stimulator for
providing surface stimulation according to the present invention,
and FIG. 28(b) is a partial enlarged cross section thereof.
[0343] FIG. 29(a) is a cross section of a different surface
stimulator for providing surface stimulation according to the
present invention, and FIG. 29(b) is a cross section of this
surface stimulator in use.
[0344] FIG. 30(a) is a cross section of another different surface
stimulator for providing surface stimulation according to the
present invention, and FIG. 30(b) is a cross section of this
surface stimulator in use.
[0345] FIG. 31(a) is a cross section of another different surface
stimulator for providing surface stimulation according to the
present invention, and FIG. 31(b) is a cross section of this
surface stimulator in use.
[0346] FIG. 32(a) is a cross section of another different surface
stimulator for providing surface stimulation according to the
present invention, and FIG. 32(b) is a cross section of this
surface stimulator in use.
[0347] FIG. 33 is a cross section of another different surface
stimulator in use.
[0348] FIGS. 34(a) and (b) are partial cross sections which
describe an embodiment of a point stimulation part on a garment
according to the present invention.
[0349] FIGS. 35(a) and (b) are partial cross sections which
describe another embodiment of a point stimulation part on a
garment according to the present invention.
[0350] FIGS. 36(a) and (b) are partial cross sections which
describe an embodiment of a surface stimulation part on a garment
according to the present invention.
[0351] FIGS. 37(a) and (b) are partial cross sections which
describe another embodiment of a surface stimulation part on a
garment according to the present invention.
[0352] FIGS. 38(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of shorts, respectively, as an embodiment of a
garment according to the present invention.
[0353] FIGS. 39(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights, respectively, as an embodiment of a
garment according to the present invention.
[0354] FIGS. 40(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a seagull (half-sleeve, long leg) swimsuit,
respectively, as an embodiment of a garment according to the
present invention.
[0355] FIGS. 41(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of knee high socks, respectively, as an
embodiment of a garment according to the present invention.
[0356] FIGS. 42(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a long john swimsuit, respectively, as an embodiment
of a garment according to the present invention.
[0357] FIGS. 43(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a high-waist brief, respectively, as an embodiment of
a garment according to the present invention.
[0358] FIGS. 44(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights, respectively, as an embodiment of a
garment according to the present invention.
[0359] FIGS. 45(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of knee high socks, respectively, as an
embodiment of a garment according to the present invention.
[0360] FIGS. 46(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights, respectively, as an embodiment of a
garment according to the present invention.
[0361] FIGS. 47(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of shorts, respectively, as an embodiment of a
garment according to the present invention.
[0362] FIGS. 48(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a T-shirt, respectively, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0363] FIGS. 49(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of knee high socks, respectively, as an
embodiment of a garment according to the present invention.
[0364] FIGS. 50(a)-(d) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, and a rear view of a pair of tights designed for the
right-handed, respectively, as an embodiment of a garment according
to the present invention.
[0365] FIGS. 51(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
I-I and II-II in FIG. 51(b), respectively, of a full swimsuit
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0366] FIGS. 52(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
III-III and IV-IV in FIG. 52(b), respectively, of an undershirt
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0367] FIGS. 53(a)-(d) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, and a rear view of a pair of tights designed for the
right-handed, respectively, as an embodiment of a garment according
to the present invention.
[0368] FIGS. 54(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
V-V and VI-VI in FIG. 54(b), respectively, of a full swimsuit
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0369] FIGS. 55(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
VII-VII and VIII-VIII in FIG. 55(b), respectively, of an undershirt
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0370] FIGS. 56(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
IX-IX and X-X in FIG. 56(b), respectively, of a pair of tights
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0371] FIGS. 57(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XI-XI and XII-XII in FIG. 57(b), respectively, of a full swimsuit
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0372] FIGS. 58(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XIII-XIII and XIV-XIV in FIG. 58(b), respectively, of an undershirt
designed for the right-handed, as an embodiment of a garment
according to the present invention.
[0373] FIGS. 59(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Example 1 according to the present
invention, respectively, with the tights put on the body.
[0374] FIGS. 60(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Example 2 according to the present
invention, respectively, with the tights put on the body.
[0375] FIGS. 61(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Example 3 according to the present
invention, respectively, with the tights put on the body.
[0376] FIGS. 62(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Example 4 according to the present
invention, respectively, with the tights put on the body.
[0377] FIGS. 63(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Example 5 according to the present
invention, respectively, with the tights put on the body.
[0378] FIGS. 64(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Example 6 according to the present
invention, respectively, with the tights put on the body.
[0379] FIGS. 65(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XV-XV and XVI-XVI in FIG. 65(b), respectively, of a pair of tights
in Example 7 according to the present invention, with the tights
put on the body.
[0380] FIGS. 66(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XVII-XVII and XVIII-XVIII in FIG. 66(b), respectively, of a pair of
tights in Example 8 according to the present invention, with the
tights put on the body.
[0381] FIGS. 67(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XIX-XIX and XX-XX in FIG. 67(b), respectively, of a pair of tights
in Example 9 according to the present invention, with the tights
put on the body.
[0382] FIGS. 68(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XXI-XXI and XXII-XXII in FIG. 68(b), respectively, of a pair of
tights in Example 10 according to the present invention, with the
tights put on the body.
[0383] FIGS. 69(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XXIII-XXIII and XXIV-XXIV in FIG. 69(b), respectively, of a pair of
tights in Example 11 according to the present invention, with the
tights put on the body.
[0384] FIGS. 70(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XXV-XXV and XXVI-XXVI in FIG. 70(b), respectively, of a pair of
tights in Example 12 according to the present invention, with the
tights put on the body.
[0385] FIGS. 71(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Comparative Example 1 according to
the present invention, respectively, with the tights put on the
body.
[0386] FIGS. 72(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Comparative Example 2 according to
the present invention, respectively, with the tights put on the
body.
[0387] FIGS. 73(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Comparative Example 3 according to
the present invention, respectively, with the tights put on the
body.
[0388] FIGS. 74(a)-(c) are a left side view, a front view, and a
rear view of a pair of tights in Comparative Example 4 according to
the present invention, respectively, with the tights put on the
body.
[0389] FIGS. 75(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XXVII-XXVII and XXVIII-XXVIII in FIG. 75(b), respectively, of a
pair of tights in Comparative Example 5 according to the present
invention, with the tights put on the body.
[0390] FIGS. 76(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XXIX-XXIX and XXX-XXX in FIG. 76(b), respectively, of a pair of
tights in Comparative Example 6 according to the present invention,
with the tights put on the body.
[0391] FIGS. 77(a)-(f) are a right side view, a front view, a left
side view, a rear view, and cross sections taken along the lines
XXXI-XXXI and XXXII-XXXII in FIG. 77(b), respectively, of a pair of
tights in Comparative Example 7 according to the present invention,
with the tights put on the body.
[0392] FIG. 78(a) is a schematic view which illustrates a knit
pattern of the tights in Examples 1-12 according to the present
invention, and FIGS. 78(b)-(d) show knit patterns for these
tights.
[0393] FIG. 79 illustrates a knit pattern for a point stimulation
part and a surface stimulation part in the tights of Examples 1-12
according to the present invention.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
EXAMPLES 1-12 & COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1-7
[0394] Tights of Examples 1-12 equipped with point stimulation
parts 10a and surface stimulation parts 10b were manufactured as
shown in FIGS. 59-70, respectively. For comparison, tights of
Comparative Examples 1-7 equipped with point stimulation parts 10a
and surface stimulation parts 10b were manufactured as indicated in
FIGS. 71-77, respectively.
Manufacture of Tights
[0395] Tights were manufactured by a circular knitting machine
produced by Santoni S.p.A. in Italy (tradename: Matec HF70;
cylinder diameter 7 inches, 26 gauge). In order to improve the fit
to the body, the number of knitting needles in the circumferential
direction was varied by three stages as shown in FIG. 78: 572
needles (all needles) for Part A, 429 needles (three-quarters of
the needles) for Part B, and 286 needles (half of the needles) for
Part C. The knit pattern was basically composed of plain stitches.
FIG. 79 shows a knit pattern for a point stimulation part 10a. In
FIGS. 78(b)-(d) and 79, the sidewise direction is the wale, and the
lengthwise direction is the course. The circles and crosses mean
KNIT (to form a loop) and MISS (to omit a loop), respectively. For
a surface stimulation part 10b, a plurality of knit patterns for
the point stimulation part 10a were formed in continuation.
[0396] The entire part of these tights were made of a yarn which
was obtained by paralleling nylon yarns (thickness 78 dtex/48 f)
and a single covered yarn in which a 44-dtex-thick polyurethane
elastane yarn core was covered with a nylon yarn (thickness 56
dtex/48 f).
[0397] The point stimulation parts 10a and the surface stimulation
parts 10b were made in plate stitch by which a polyester yarn
(thickness 78 dtex/36 f) formed a projecting pattern on the
skin/back side.
[0398] For each pair of tights, a left part and a right part were
knitted separately in tube form, in conformity with the shapes of
the left and right lower bodies. The left part and the right part
were joined by flat sewing along the median line of the body, in
such a manner as to minimize stimulation induced by the seam.
EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
Tights for Applying Point Stimulation and Surface Stimulation
(Symmetrical Arrangement)
[0399] FIG. 59 shows a pair of tights 122. On the skin side of the
tights 122 (the surface to touch the skin), point stimulation parts
10a were arranged to locate, with a person wearing the tights, on
the skin surface corresponding to the neighborhood of the lower
rectus abdominis, and the gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus). A
point for the neighborhood of the lower rectus abdominis was
optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to the
iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve, and points for
the gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus) were optionally selected to
give maximum stimulation to the inferior gluteal nerve. Also on the
skin side of the tights 122 (the surface to touch the skin),
surface stimulation parts 10b were arranged such that, with a
person wearing the tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in
FIG. 79 could entirely cover functional skin areas of muscles for
extension of the knee joints (including the rectus femoris) and
muscles for flexion and internal rotation of the hip joints (the
tensor fasciae latae).
[0400] FIG. 60 shows a pair of tights 123. On the skin side of the
tights 123 (the surface to touch the skin), point stimulation parts
10a were arranged to locate, with a person wearing the tights, on
the skin surface corresponding to the neighborhood of the lower
rectus abdominis, the gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus), and the
vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris. A point for the
neighborhood of the lower rectus abdominis was optionally selected
to give maximum stimulation to the iliohypogastric nerve and the
ilioinguinal nerve, points for the gluteal muscles (gluteus
maximus) were optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to
the inferior gluteal nerve, and points for the vastus medialis of
the quadriceps femoris were optionally selected to give maximum
stimulation to the femoral nerve. Also on the inner side of the
tights 123 (the surface to touch the skin), surface stimulation
parts 10b were arranged such that, with a person wearing the
tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG. 79 could
entirely cover functional skin areas of following multiarticular
muscles in the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles: muscles for
extension of the knee joints (including the rectus femoris);
muscles for extension of the ankle joints (including the
gastrocnemius); and muscles for flexion and internal rotation of
the hip joints (the tensor fasciae latae).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
[0401] A pair of tights 150 shown in FIG. 71 were similar to those
in Example 1 above, except for omitting point stimulation parts 10a
and surface stimulation parts 10b. Turning to a pair of tights 151
of FIG. 72, point stimulation parts 10a were arranged on the vastus
lateralis of the quadriceps femoris. Surface stimulation parts 10b
were arranged such that a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG.
79 could entirely cover functional skin areas of the gluteus
maximus and the thigh adductors.
Selection of Subjects
[0402] People wearing the tights 150 of Comparative Example 1 were
instructed to stand with their eyes closed. Ten of them who took a
forward leaning posture (i.e. those who supported their body weight
on the toe side) were selected as subjects.
Tests
[0403] The subjects took the following tests, with wearing the
tights 151 of Comparative Example 2. During the tests, movements of
the subjects were observed also visually.
[0404] (a) Measurement of the Center of Gravity in the Soles
[0405] The subjects wearing the tights 151 were instructed to stand
on the measurement surface of a pressure mat. The positions where
the subjects supported their weight load were measured by density
of their ink impression.
[0406] (b) Vertical Jump Test
[0407] The subjects wearing the tights 151 were instructed to jump
vertically. The height of the jump was measured.
[0408] (c) Sway of the Whole Body During Continuous Jumping
[0409] The subjects wearing the tights 151 were instructed to jump
continuously on the site, to the beat of a metronome at 100 bpm.
While they were jumping, distribution of landing spots was
measured. In addition, the height of the jumps was visually
observed.
[0410] (d) Duration of One-Leg Standing Posture, and Change of
Posture Over Time
[0411] The subjects wearing the tights 151 were instructed to stand
on one leg on the site. The time was counted until the subjects
lost their balance and the standing foot moved from the original
position.
[0412] All the subjects took Tests (a)-(d) in the same manner.
During the tests, movements of the subjects were observed also
visually.
[0413] The subjects wore, in turn, the tights 122 of Example 1, the
tights 123 of Example 2, and the tights 150 of Comparative Example
1, and took the same tests as above. During the tests, movements of
the subjects were observed also visually.
[0414] All results are given in Table 11.
11TABLE 11 (III) Comparative (IV) Comparative Tests (I) Example 1
(II) Example 2 Example 2 Example 1 Point stimulation parts lower
rectus abdominis lower rectus abdominis vastus lateralis of none
gluteus maximus gluteus maximus quadriceps vastus medialis of
quadriceps Surface stimulation parts rectus femoris rectus femoris
thigh adductors none tensor fasciae latae tensor fasciae latae
gluteus maximus gastrocnemius in lower legs (a) Center of gravity
in the soles central areas of heels anterior areas of heels toes
balls of feet (b) Vertical jump test (cm) 55.5 56.0 49.0 51.0 (c)
Sway of the whole body during continuous jumping Height of jumps
(cm) 16.5 16.5 12.5 14.5 *Deviation: anterior-posterior (cm) 10 9.5
24.5 20.5 side-to-side (cm) 5.5 5.0 16.5 12.0 *maximum deviation
from the original position (d) Duration of one-leg standing
posture, and 24 28 4 8 change of posture over time (sec.)
EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
Tights for Applying Point Stimulation (Symmetrical Arrangement)
[0415] FIG. 61 shows a pair of tights 124. On the skin side of the
tights 124 (the surface to touch the skin), point stimulation parts
10a were arranged to locate, with a person wearing the tights, on
the skin surface corresponding to the neighborhood of the lower
rectus abdominis and the gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus). A point
for the neighborhood of the lower rectus abdominis was optionally
selected to give maximum stimulation to the iliohypogastric nerve
and the ilioinguinal nerve, and points for the gluteal muscles
(gluteus maximus) were optionally selected to give maximum
stimulation to the inferior gluteal nerve.
[0416] FIG. 62 shows a pair of different tights 125. On the skin
side of the tights 125 (the surface to touch the skin), point
stimulation parts 10a were arranged to locate, with a person
wearing the tights, on the skin surface corresponding to the
neighborhood of the lower rectus abdominis, the gluteal muscles
(gluteus maximus), and the vastus medialis of the quadriceps
femoris. A point for the neighborhood of the lower rectus abdominis
was optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to the
iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve, points for the
gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus) were optionally selected to give
maximum stimulation to the inferior gluteal nerve, and points for
the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris were optionally
selected to give maximum stimulation to the femoral nerve.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3
[0417] FIG. 73 shows a pair of tights 152, in which point
stimulation parts 10a are arranged on the vastus lateralis of the
quadriceps femoris.
[0418] The subjects wore, in turn, the tights 124 of Example 3, the
tights 125 of Example 4, and the tights 152 of Comparative Example
3, and took Tests (a)-(d) in the same manner. During the tests,
movements of the subjects were observed also visually.
[0419] All results are given in Table 12.
12TABLE 12 (III) Comparative (IV) Comparative Tests (I) Example 3
(II) Example 4 Example 3 Example 1 Point stimulation parts lower
abdominals lower abdominals vastus lateralis of none gluteals
gluteals quadriceps vastus medialis of quadriceps (a) Center of
gravity in the soles heels, slightly anterior areas of heels toes
balls of feet toward toes (b) Vertical jump test (cm) 55.0 58.5
47.5 51.0 (c) Sway of the whole body during continuous jumping
Height of jumps (cm) 16.0 17.0 14.0 14.5 *Deviation:
anterior-posterior (cm) 13.5 10.5 23.5 20.5 side-to-side (cm) 8.0
5.5 15.5 12.0 *maximum deviation from the original position (d)
Duration of one-leg standing posture, and 15 23 5 8 change of
posture over time (sec.)
EXAMPLES 5 AND 6
Tights for Applying Surface Stimulation (Symmetrical
Arrangement)
[0420] FIG. 63 shows a pair of tights 126. On the skin side of the
tights 126 (the surface to touch the skin), surface stimulation
parts 10b were arranged such that, with a person wearing the
tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG. 79 could
entirely cover functional skin areas of muscles which need to be
inhibited when the tensor fasciae latae act as hip joint flexors
and internal rotators.
[0421] FIG. 64 shows a pair of different tights 127. On the skin
side of the tights 127 (the surface to touch the skin), surface
stimulation parts 10b were arranged such that, with a person
wearing the tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG. 79
could entirely cover functional skin areas of some multiarticular
muscles in the free lower limb and the pelvic girdles whose
extension ability needs to be inhibited.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4
[0422] Regarding a pair of tights 153 of FIG. 74, surface
stimulation parts 10b were arranged such that a plurality of knit
patterns shown in FIG. 79 could entirely cover the thigh
adductors.
[0423] The subjects wore, in turn, the tights 126 of Example 5, the
tights 127 of Example 6, and the tights 153 of Comparative Example
4, and took Tests (a)-(d) in the same manner. During the tests,
movements of the subjects were observed also visually.
[0424] All results are given in Table 13.
13TABLE 13 (III) Comparative (IV) Comparative Tests (I) Example 5
(II) Example 6 Example 4 Example 1 Surface stimulation parts rectus
femoris rectus femoris thigh adductors none tensor fasciae latae
tensor fasciae latae gastrocnemius in lower legs (a) Center of
gravity in the soles anterior areas of heels central areas of heels
toes balls of feet (b) Vertical jump test (cm) 54.0 53.5 49.5 51.0
(c) Sway of the whole body during continuous jumping Height of
jumps (cm) 15.5 15.0 13.0 14.5 *Deviation: anterior-posterior (cm)
14.5 11.5 24 20.5 side-to-side (cm) 10.0 8.5 16.5 12.0 *maximum
deviation from the original position (d) Duration of one-leg
standing posture, and 14 20 4 8 change of posture over time
(sec.)
EXAMPLES 7 AND 8
Tights for Applying Point Stimulation and Surface Stimulation
(Asymmetrical Arrangement)
[0425] FIG. 65 shows a pair of tights 128. On the skin side of the
tights 128 (the surface to touch the skin), point stimulation parts
10a were arranged to locate, with a person wearing the tights, on
the skin surface corresponding to motor points of the right gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the left gluteus maximus (GMax), the
left biceps femoris (BF), the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus
(ST/SM), the left medial gastrocnemius (MG), the right lateral
soleus (LSOL), the left internal oblique (IO), the center of the
lower rectus abdominis (LRA), the right sartorius (SAR), the right
vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris (VM), the left vastus
lateralis of the quadriceps femoris (VL), the left tibialis
anterior (TA), and the right peroneus tertius (PTert). A point for
the center of the lower rectus abdominis was optionally selected to
give maximum stimulation to the iliohypogastric nerve and the
ilioinguinal nerve, and a point for the gluteal muscle (gluteus
maximus) was optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to the
inferior gluteal nerve. Also on the skin side of the tights 128
(the surface to touch the skin), surface stimulation parts 10b were
arranged such that a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG. 79
could entirely cover functional skin areas of the left gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the right gluteus maximus (GMax), the
right biceps femoris (BF), the left semitendinosus/semimembranosus
(ST/SM), the right medial gastrocnemius (MG), the left lateral
gastrocnemius (LG), the right tensor fasciae latae (TFL), the right
rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris (RF), the left sartorius
(SAR), and the right tibialis anterior (TA).
[0426] FIG. 66 shows a pair of different tights 129. On the skin
side of the tights 129 (the surface to touch the skin), point
stimulation parts 10a were arranged to locate, with a person
wearing the tights, on the skin surface corresponding to motor
points of the center of the lower rectus abdominis (LRA), the left
gluteus maximus (GMax), the right gluteus medius/minimus
(GMed/GMin), the right semitendinosus/semimembrano- sus (ST/SM),
the left biceps femoris (BF), the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris (VM), the right sartorius (SAR), the left
tibialis anterior (TA), the left medial gastrocnemius (MG), the
right lateral soleus (LSOL), and the right peroneus tertius
(PTert). A point for the center of the lower rectus abdominis was
optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to the
iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve, a point for the
gluteal muscle (gluteus maximus) was optionally selected to give
maximum stimulation to the inferior gluteal nerve, and a point for
the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris was optionally
selected to give maximum stimulation to the femoral nerve. Also on
the skin side of the tights 129 (the surface to touch the skin),
surface stimulation parts 10b were arranged such that, with a
person wearing the tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in
FIG. 79 could entirely cover functional skin areas of muscles for
flexion and internal rotation of the hip joints (the left and right
tensor fasciae latae (TFL)), and lower leg muscles for flexion of
the knee joints and extension of the ankle joints (the right medial
gastrocnemius (MG) and the left lateral gastrocnemius (LG)).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 5 AND 6
[0427] A pair of tights 154 shown in FIG. 75 were similar to those
in Example 7 above, except that their point stimulation parts 10a
and surface stimulation parts 10b were mirror images of those in
the tights 128 of FIG. 65.
[0428] The subjects wore, in turn, the tights 128 of Example 7, the
tights 129 of Example 8, the tights 154 of Comparative Example 5,
and the tights 150 illustrated in FIG. 71, and took Tests (a)-(d)
in the same manner. During the tests, movements of the subjects
were observed also visually.
[0429] All results are given in Table 14.
[0430] Table 14
14TABLE 14 Tights for applying asymmetrical stimulation (III)
Comparative (IV) Comparative Tests (I) Example 7 (II) Example 8
Example 5 Example 6 Stimulation method point stimulation point
stimulation point stimulation none surface stimulation surface
stimulation surface stimulation (right/left inverted) a) Center of
gravity in the soles anterior areas of heels anterior areas of
heels, central areas of heels, toes, slightly shifting to
considerably shifting to shifting to the right side the right side
of each foot the right side of each foot of each foot (b) Vertical
jump test (cm) 59.0 54.0 52.0 51.5 (c) Sway of the whole body
during continuous jumping Height of jumps (cm) 19.0 16.5 14.0 15.0
*Deviation: anterior-posterior (cm) 6.0 7.5 12.5 22.0 side-to-side
(cm) 4.5 11.5 18.5 13.5 *maximum deviation from the original
position (d) Duration of one-leg standing posture, and 43 37 4 7
change of posture over time (sec.)
EXAMPLES 9 AND 10
Tights for Applying Point Stimulation (Asymmetrical
Arrangement)
[0431] FIG. 67 shows a pair of tights 130. On the skin side of the
tights 130 (the surface to touch the skin), point stimulation parts
10a were arranged to locate, with a person wearing the tights, on
the skin surface corresponding to motor points of the right gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the left gluteus maximus (GMax), the
left biceps femoris (BF), the right semitendinosus/semimembranosus
(ST/SM), the left medial gastrocnemius (MG), the right lateral
soleus (LSOL), the left internal oblique (IO), the center of the
lower rectus abdominis (LRA), the right sartorius (SAR), the right
vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris (VM), the left vastus
lateralis of the quadriceps femoris (VL), the left tibialis
anterior (TA), and the right peroneus tertius (PTert). A point for
the center of the lower rectus abdominis was optionally selected to
give maximum stimulation to the iliohypogastric nerve and the
ilioinguinal nerve, and a point for the gluteal muscle (gluteus
maximus) was optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to the
inferior gluteal nerve.
[0432] FIG. 68 shows a pair of different tights 131. On the skin
side of the tights 131 (the surface to touch the skin), point
stimulation parts 10a were arranged to locate, with a person
wearing the tights, on the skin surface corresponding to motor
points of the center of the lower rectus abdominis (LRA), the left
gluteus maximus (GMax), the right gluteus medius/minimus
(GMed/GMin), the right semitendinosus/semimembrano- sus (ST/SM),
the left biceps femoris (BF), the right vastus medialis of the
quadriceps femoris (VM), the right sartorius (SAR), the left
tibialis anterior (TA), the left medial gastrocnemius (MG), the
right lateral soleus (LSOL), and the right peroneus tertius
(PTert). A point for the center of the lower rectus abdominis was
optionally selected to give maximum stimulation to the
iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve, a point for the
gluteal muscle (gluteus maximus) was optionally selected to give
maximum stimulation to the inferior gluteal nerve, and a point for
the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris was optionally
selected to give maximum stimulation to the femoral nerve.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 7 AND 8
[0433] A pair of tights 155 shown in FIG. 76 were similar to those
in Example 9 above, except that their point stimulation parts 10a
were mirror images of those in the tights 130 of FIG. 67.
[0434] The subjects wore, in turn, the tights 130 of Example 9, the
tights 131 of Example 10, the tights 155 of Comparative Example 7,
and the tights 150 illustrated in FIG. 71, and took Tests (a)-(d)
in the same manner. During the tests, movements of the subjects
were observed also visually.
[0435] All results are given in Table 15.
15TABLE 15 Tights for applying asymmetrical stimulation (III)
Comparative (IV) Comparative Tests (I) Example 9 (II) Example 10
Example 7 Example 8 Stimulation method point stimulation point
stimulation point stimulation none (right/left inverted) (a) Center
of gravity in the soles anterior areas of heels anterior areas of
heels, central areas of heels, toes, slightly shifting to the
considerably shifting to shifting to the right side right side of
each foot the right side of each foot of each foot (b) Vertical
jump test (cm) 58.0 53.5 51.0 50.5 (c) Sway of the whole body
during continuous jumping Height of jumps (cm) 17.5 15.5 14.0 14.5
*Deviation: anterior-posterior (cm) 8.0 9.5 15.0 23.5 side-to-side
(cm) 6.0 13.0 18.5 14.0 *maximum deviation from the original
position (d) Duration of one-leg standing 40 35 6.5 8 posture, and
change of posture over time (sec.)
EXAMPLES 11 AND 12
Tights for Applying Surface Stimulation (Asymmetrical
Arrangement)
[0436] FIG. 69 shows a pair of tights 132. On the skin side of the
tights 132 (the surface to touch the skin), surface stimulation
parts 10b were arranged such that, with a person wearing the
tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG. 79 could
entirely cover functional skin areas of the left gluteus
medius/minimus (GMed/GMin), the right gluteus maximus (GMax), the
right biceps femoris (BF), the left semitendinosus/semimembra-
nosus (ST/SM), the right medial gastrocnemius (MG), the left
lateral gastrocnemius (LG), the right tensor fasciae latae (TFL),
the right rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris (RF), the left
sartorius (SAR), and the right tibialis anterior (TA).
[0437] FIG. 70 shows a pair of different tights 133. On the skin
side of the tights 133 (the surface to touch the skin), surface
stimulation parts 10b were arranged such that, with a person
wearing the tights, a plurality of knit patterns shown in FIG. 79
could entirely cover functional skin areas of the right tensor
fasciae latae (TFL), the right medial gastrocnemius (MG), and the
left lateral gastrocnemius (LG).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 9 AND 10
[0438] A pair of tights 156 shown in FIG. 77 were similar to those
in Example 11 above, except that their surface stimulation parts
10b were mirror images of those in the tights 132 of FIG. 69.
[0439] The subjects wore, in turn, the tights 132 of Example 11,
the tights 133 of Example 12, the tights 156 of Comparative Example
9, and the tights 150 illustrated in FIG. 71, and took Tests
(a)-(d) in the same manner. During the tests, movements of the
subjects were observed also visually.
[0440] All results are given in Table 16.
16TABLE 16 Tights for applying asymmetrical stimulation (III)
Comparative (IV) Comparative Tests (I) Example 11 (II) Example 12
Example 9 Example 10 Stimulation method surface stimulation surface
stimulation surface stimulation none right/left inverted (a) Center
of gravity in the soles toes in both feet toes in both feet, toes
in right foot, toes, shifting to the slightly shifting to the
considerably shifting to right side of each foot right side of each
foot the right side of each foot (b) Vertical jump test (cm) 52.0
51.5 48.5 51.0 (c) Sway of the whole body during continuous jumping
Height of jumps (cm) 16.5 16.0 10.0 15.5 *Deviation:
anterior-posterior (cm) 9.5 13.5 27.0 23.0 side-to-side (cm) 5.0
9.0 21.0 14.5 *maximum deviation from the original position (d)
Duration of one-leg standing posture, 38 32 3 7 and change of
posture over time (sec.)
[0441] As understood from Tables 11-16, the results of Test (a)
showed that the tights according to the present invention could
guide the subjects from the forward leaning, right-sided posture to
a neutral or slightly backward leaning posture. The results of Test
(c) proved decrease of body sway. The results of Test (d) confirmed
change and decrease of body sway which was triggered by variation
in the base of exercise.
[0442] In the vertical jump of Test (b), the subjects showed better
results in the tights according to the present invention than in
the tights of Comparative Examples. The results of Tests (a) and
(b) proved a close relationship between the exercise posture and
the power generated in that posture.
[0443] Analysis of the subjects' movements during Tests (b) and (c)
gave the following findings. While they wore the tights of
Comparative Example 1, they mainly relied on the ankle
strategy-based manner of exercise. On the other hand, by wearing
the tights of Examples 1-12, the subjects had their trunk
stabilized and had their manner of exercise transformed into the
hip strategy-based one. In addition, as learned from the test
results using the tights of Comparative Example 1, the subjects had
difficulty in performing stable exercise performance as long as
they relied on the ankle strategy-based manner of exercise which
was principally led by the knees. Further, let us compare the test
results using the tights of Examples 1-12 which supported the trunk
firmly with the test results using the tights of Comparative
Examples 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9. From this comparison, it was verified
that cooperation between the upper and lower limbs had a
significant influence on exercise. Furthermore, the test results of
Examples 1-12 (the present invention) and Comparative Example 1
confirmed that the hip strategy-based manner of exercise, which
could be expected in Examples 1-12, showed greater improvements of
athletic ability than the ankle strategy-based manner of exercise
which could be expected in Comparative Example 1.
EXAMPLE 13
[0444] <Repositioning Device>
[0445] As the repositioning device 1, the vibration-type device
illustrated in FIG. 20 was prepared in two types (high-amplitude
and low-amplitude) whose frequencies were set in a range of 100 to
200 Hz. The amplitude for the low-amplitude device was set such
that the vibration sound was audible in a silent environment but
inaudible in a daily living environment. The amplitude for the
high-amplitude device was set such that the vibration sound was
barely audible in a daily living environment.
[0446] <Test Description>
[0447] (1) Trunk flexibility was measured by a stand-and-reach
test. Subjects were instructed to stand on a stand-and-reach tester
and to reach forward. The distance from the fingertip to the finger
plate (above or below the plate) was measured in centimeters.
[0448] Thereafter, a repositioning device 1 was applied to the
lower abdomen, about 40 mm below the umbilical ring. Ten minutes
after the device was switched on, the stand-and-reach test was
carried out again in the same manner.
[0449] The results are given in Table 17.
17TABLE 17 Reference Measured Measured Measured value value (1)
value (2) value (3) Subjects (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) A 0 -50 No data No
data B 0 -55 No data No data C 0 -65 No data No data D 0 0 No data
No data E 0 -10 -45 5 F 0 0 -40 -50 G 0 -10 -20 -50 H 0 0 -17 -16 I
0 -65 -22 -15 J 0 0 0 0 K 0 -40 -20 -40 Average -27 -23 -24
Measurement method Repositioning devices were attached to
underwear, 40 mm below the navel. For each subject, the result of
the stand-and-reach test before attachment was regarded as the
reference value 0. The results of the same test after ten minutes
of attachment, were taken as measured values (1), (2), (3) relative
to the reference value. Notes Reference value: measured before
attachment of a repositioning device. Measured value (1): measured
10 minutes after attachment of high-amplitude repositioning
devices. Measured value (2): measured 10 minutes after attachment
of low-amplitude repositioning devices (conducted several days
later). Measured value (3): measured 10 minutes after attachment of
high-amplitude repositioning devices (conducted several days
later).
[0450] The results shown in Table 17 confirmed that the
repositioning device 1 facilitated lower abdominal muscles and
improved trunk flexibility.
[0451] (2) Subjects were instructed to stand against a flat wall,
with the back and the heels touching the wall and the legs closed.
In this state, they raised one leg and kept the thigh parallel to
the floor. During this one-leg standing, movements of their body
were observed. To see body movements, LED lights were put at the
left and right anterior superior iliac spine. The subjects were
photographed in a dark room, with the shutter kept open for five
seconds after they raised a leg. The length of LED light traces was
measured for evaluation.
[0452] Next, a low-amplitude repositioning device 1 was mounted on
the lower abdomen, about 40 mm below the umbilical ring. Body
movements were observed in the same manner, immediately after
activation of the device and two three minutes later.
[0453] The results are given in Table 18.
[0454] The results shown in FIG. 18 confirmed that the
repositioning device 1 stabilized the subjects' body axis and
improved their body balance, permitting smooth weight shift (shift
of the body weight and the center of gravity).
[0455] (3) Body movements of subjects were measured while they
struck a golf ball with a driver. To see body movements, LED lights
were put at the left and right anterior superior iliac spine and
the navel. While making a swing in a dark room, the subjects were
photographed, with the shutter kept open. The length of LED light
traces was measured for evaluation.
[0456] Next, a low-amplitude repositioning device 1 was mounted on
the lower abdomen, about 40 mm below the umbilical ring. Two to
three minutes after activation of the device, body movements were
observed in the same manner.
[0457] The results are given in Table 19.
[0458] The results shown in FIG. 19 confirmed that the
repositioning device 1 stabilized the subject's body axis, and
thereby enabled an efficient steady swing.
* * * * *