U.S. patent application number 11/034198 was filed with the patent office on 2005-08-04 for dispersant composition.
This patent application is currently assigned to GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.. Invention is credited to Elko, Dawn P., McMahon, Michelle L., Savoly, Arpad, Veal, Bennie.
Application Number | 20050171324 11/034198 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 31187777 |
Filed Date | 2005-08-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050171324 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Savoly, Arpad ; et
al. |
August 4, 2005 |
Dispersant composition
Abstract
The present invention provides a dispersant composition that is
obtained by condensing an aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde, with a
sulfonated middle fraction obtained from the distillation of coal
tar. The middle fraction, prior to sulfonation, includes greater
than 55% to about 95% by weight naphthalene and from about 5% to
less than 45% by weight of a plurality of compounds selected from
the group consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane,
acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol,
phenol, xylenol, and tetralin. The condensation product is reacted
with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form a salt polymer having
a weight average molecular weight between about 2,000 and 40,000.
Salt polymers formed in accordance with the method of the invention
are useful as dispersants and plasticizers in aqueous cementitious
slurries.
Inventors: |
Savoly, Arpad;
(Martinsville, NJ) ; Elko, Dawn P.; (Flemington,
NJ) ; Veal, Bennie; (Rome, GA) ; McMahon,
Michelle L.; (Sellersville, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
RANKIN, HILL, PORTER & CLARK, LLP
925 EUCLID AVENUE, SUITE 700
CLEVELAND
OH
44115-1405
US
|
Assignee: |
GEO Specialty Chemicals,
Inc.
Cleveland
OH
|
Family ID: |
31187777 |
Appl. No.: |
11/034198 |
Filed: |
January 12, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11034198 |
Jan 12, 2005 |
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10212470 |
Aug 5, 2002 |
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6863837 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
528/265 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C04B 2103/30 20130101;
C04B 24/22 20130101; C04B 28/04 20130101; C08G 8/10 20130101; C04B
2103/408 20130101; C04B 28/04 20130101; C04B 28/14 20130101; C04B
28/14 20130101; B01F 17/0057 20130101; C04B 24/22 20130101; C04B
24/22 20130101; C08G 16/0293 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
528/265 |
International
Class: |
C08G 016/02 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A dispersant composition comprising a water-soluble salt of a
polymer that is a condensation product of: an aldehyde; and a
sulfonated middle fraction of crude coal tar that distills at a
temperature from about 200.+-.10.degree. C. to about
250.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure and comprises greater
than 55% to about 95% by weight naphthalene and from about 5% to
less than 45% by weight of a plurality of compounds selected from
the group consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane,
acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol,
phenol, xylenol, and tetralin.
2. The dispersant composition according to claim 1 wherein the
middle fraction comprises from 57% to about 85% by weight
naphthalene and from about 15% to 43% by weight of a plurality of
compounds selected from the group consisting of quinoline, indene,
biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl
naphthalene, cresol, phenol, xylenol, and tetralin.
3. The dispersant composition according to claim 1 wherein the
middle fraction comprises from about 60% to about 75% by weight
naphthalene and from about 25% to about 40% by weight of a
plurality of compounds selected from the group consisting of
quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol, phenol, xylenol, and
tetralin.
4. The dispersant composition according to claim 3 wherein the
middle fraction comprises about 5.+-.3% 2-methyl naphthalene, about
4.+-.2% indane, about 3.5.+-.2% phenol/o-cresol, about 3.+-.2%
2,4-2,5 xylenol, up to about 2.+-.1% by weight each of indene,
1-methyl naphthalene, quinoline, biphenyl, and 2,3 xylenol.
5. The dispersant composition according to claim 1 wherein the
polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000
to about 40,000
6. The dispersant composition according to claim 1 wherein the
polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 7,000
to about 22,000.
7. The dispersant composition according to claim 1 wherein the
polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 8,500
to about 15,000.
8. The dispersant composition according to claim 1 wherein the
aldehyde comprises one or more selected from the group consisting
of formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, and gluteraldehyde.
9. A dispersant composition formed by a process comprising:
providing a middle fraction of coal tar that distills at a
temperature from about 200.+-.1.degree. C. to about
250.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure and comprises greater
than 55% to about 95% by weight naphthalene and from about 5% to
less than 45% by weight of a plurality of compounds selected from
the group consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane,
acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol,
phenol, xylenol, and tetralin sulfonating the middle fraction at a
temperature that does not exceed about 90.degree. C. to form a
sulfonated middle fraction; condensing the sulfonated middle
fraction with an aldehyde to form a polymer; and adding a base to
the polymer to form a water-soluble salt.
10. The dispersant composition according to claim 9 wherein the
middle fraction comprises from 57% to about 85% by weight
naphthalene and from about 15% to 43% by weight of a plurality of
compounds selected from the group consisting of quinoline, indene,
biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl
naphthalene, cresol, phenol, xylenol, and tetralin.
11. The dispersant composition according to claim 9 wherein the
middle fraction comprises from about 60% to about 75% by weight
naphthalene and from about 25% to about 40% by weight of a
plurality of compounds selected from the group consisting of
quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol, phenol, xylenol, and
tetralin.
12. The dispersant composition according to claim 11 wherein the
middle fraction comprises about 5.+-.3% 2-methyl naphthalene, about
4.+-.2% indane, about 3.5.+-.2% phenol/o-cresol, about 3.+-.2%
2,4-2,5 xylenol, up to about 2.+-.1% by weight each of indene,
1-methyl naphthalene, quinoline, biphenyl, and 2,3 xylenol.
13. The dispersant composition according to claim 9 wherein the
polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000
to about 40,000
14. The dispersant composition according to claim 9 wherein the
polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 7,000
to about 22,000.
15. The dispersant composition according to claim 9 wherein the
polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 8,500
to about 15,000.
16. The dispersant composition according to claim 9 wherein the
aldehyde comprises one or more selected from the group consisting
of formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, and gluteraldehyde.
17. A method of forming a dispersant composition for use in aqueous
cementitious compositions comprising: providing a middle fraction
of coal tar that distills at a temperature from about
200.+-.10.degree. C. to about 250.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric
pressure and comprises greater than 55% to about 95% by weight
naphthalene and from about 5% to less than 45% by weight of a
plurality of compounds selected from the group consisting of
quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol, phenol, xylenol, and
tetralin sulfonating the middle fraction at a temperature not to
exceed 90.degree. C. to form a sulfonated middle fraction;
condensing the sulfonated middle fraction with an aldehyde to form
a polymer; and adding a base to the polymer to form a water-soluble
salt.
18. The method according to claim 17 further comprising adding a
first portion of water to the sulfonated middle fraction prior to
condensing the sulfonated middle fraction with an aldehyde.
19. The method according to claim 17 further comprising adding a
second portion of water to the polymer prior to adding the
base.
20. The method according to claim 17 wherein the sulfonating step
is accomplished by adding a sulfonating agent to the middle
fraction and wherein the molar ratio of sulfonating agent to middle
fraction does not exceed 1.1:1.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending
application Ser. No. 10/212,470, filed Aug. 5, 2002.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a dispersant composition, a
method of forming a dispersant composition, and an aqueous
cementitious slurry containing a dispersant composition.
[0004] 2. Description of Related Art
[0005] It has been known for many years that naphthalene sulfonic
acid can be condensed with formaldehyde to form useful reaction
products. See, e.g., Frohmader, U.S. Pat. No. 2,529,602, and
Johnson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,277,162. Geo Specialty Chemicals, Inc. of
Cleveland, Ohio, the assignee of the present application, markets a
line of sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate products
under the LOMAR.RTM. mark that are useful in a variety of
applications, including as dispersants and/or plasticizers in the
manufacture of aqueous cementitious products (e.g., concrete and
gypsum), and in the oil field, ceramics and polymerization
industries.
[0006] The naphthalene used in the manufacture of prior art
sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate products is
relatively pure, typically comprising greater than 96% naphthalene
by weight. Such naphthalene will have a melting point of at least
about 78.degree. C., and more preferably at least about
78.5.degree. C.
[0007] Naphthalene is principally derived from the fractional
distillation and recrystallization of coal tar, which is a
by-product obtained during the production of coke used in the steel
industry. The "middle fraction" obtained during the fractional
distillation of coal tar includes a mixture of "light oils" that
boil within a range of from about 200.degree. C. and 250.degree. C.
Because the middle fraction is relatively rich in naphthalene
(i.e., typically containing about 60% to about 75% naphthalene by
weight), it is sometimes referred to as "naphthalene oil" or
"dilute naphthalene oil". In addition to naphthalene, naphthalene
oil comprises a complex mixture of hundreds of compounds, primarily
multi-ringed polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Naphthalene oil
must be further refined and processed in order to separate the
naphthalene from these other compounds. Because the refinement of
naphthalene oil is relatively expensive, a substantial volume of
naphthalene oil is burned to generate heat.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides a water-soluble dispersant
composition that is derived from the middle fraction obtained from
the distillation of coal tar. The dispersant composition according
to the invention comprises a salt polymer having a weight average
molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 40,000 that is
obtained by condensing an aldehyde with a sulfonated middle
fraction that comprises, prior to sulfonation, greater than 55% to
about 95% by weight, and more preferably from 57% to 85% by weight,
and most preferably from about 60% to about 75% by weight,
naphthalene, and from about 5% to less than 45% by weight, and more
preferably from 15% to 43% by weight, and most preferably from
about 25% to about 40% by weight, of a plurality of compounds
selected from the group consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl,
indane, acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene,
cresol, phenol, xylenol, and tetralin.
[0009] The present invention also provides a method of forming the
water-soluble dispersant composition. The method comprises
providing a middle fraction obtained from the distillation of coal
tar that comprises greater than 55% to about 95% by weight, and
more preferably from 57% to 85% by weight, and most preferably from
about 60% to about 75% by weight, naphthalene, and from about 5% to
less than 45% by weight, and more preferably from 15% to 43% by
weight, and most preferably from about 25% to about 40% by weight,
of a plurality of compounds selected from the group consisting of
quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol, phenol, xylenol, and
tetralin, sulfonating the middle fraction to form a middle fraction
sulfonic acid mass, optionally adding a first portion of water to
the middle fraction sulfonic acid mass, condensing the middle
fraction sulfonic acid mass with an aldehyde to form a middle
fraction sulfonic acid mass condensate, optionally adding a second
portion of water to dilute the middle fraction sulfonic acid mass
condensate, and adding a base to form a salt polymer. The salt
polymer obtained in accordance with the method of the invention is
useful as a dispersant in aqueous cementitious slurries, such as
hydraulic cement and gypsum.
[0010] The foregoing and other features of the invention are
hereinafter more fully described and particularly pointed out in
the claims, the following description setting forth in detail
certain illustrative embodiments of the invention, these being
indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the
principles of the present invention may be employed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0011] As noted above, coal tar is generated during the production
of coke used in steel making. Crude coal tar is a black sticky
substance that comprises a mixture of hundreds of organic
compounds. Coal tar is initially processed by distillation into
three liquid fractions and a residue called pitch. The light
fraction generally comprises up to about 5% of the crude coal tar
by weight and distills at a temperature up to about
200.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure (1 atm). The middle
fraction, which is sometimes referred to as the "naphthalene oil
fraction" or simply "naphthalene oil", comprises about 20% of the
crude coal tar by weight and distills at a temperature from about
200.+-.10.degree. C. to about 250.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric
pressure. The heavy fraction, which is sometimes referred to as the
creosote faction, generally comprises up to about 20% of the crude
coal tar by weight and distills at a temperatures above about
250.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure.
[0012] It will be appreciated that the exact composition of the
middle fraction will be dependent upon the source of the coal tar
being distilled and the processing conditions used by the
distiller. Typically, the middle fraction obtained during coal tar
distillation comprises a mixture comprising greater than 55% to
about 95% by weight naphthalene and from about 5% to less than 45%
by weight of a plurality of compounds selected from the group
consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene,
anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol, phenol,
xylenol, and tetralin. Unless otherwise specified herein,
throughout the instant specification and in the appended claims,
the term "middle fraction" means the fraction of crude coal tar
that distills at a temperature from about 200.+-.10.degree. C. to
about 250.+-.10.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure and contains
greater than 55% to about 95% by weight naphthalene and from about
5% to less than 45% by weight of a plurality of compounds selected
from the group consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane,
acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol,
phenol, xylenol, and tetralin.
[0013] More preferably, the middle fraction will comprise 57% to
about 85% by weight naphthalene and from about 15% to 43% by
weight, of a plurality of compounds selected from the group
consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl, indane, acenaphthene,
anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene, cresol, phenol,
xylenol, and tetralin. Most preferably, the middle fraction will
comprise about 60% to about 75% by weight naphthalene and from
about 25% to about 40% by weight, of a plurality of compounds
selected from the group consisting of quinoline, indene, biphenyl,
indane, acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, methyl naphthalene,
cresol, phenol, xylenol, and tetralin.
[0014] A suitable middle fraction for use in the invention is
available from Coopers Creek Chemical Corporation of West
Conshohocken, Pa. as 60% Naphthalene Oil. The exact composition of
this middle fraction is not known, but it is believed to comprise
greater than about 60% by weight naphthalene, about 5.+-.3%
2-methyl naphthalene, about 4.+-.2% indane, about 3.5.+-.2%
phenol/o-cresol, about 3.+-.2% 2,4-2,5 xylenol, up to about 2.+-.1%
by weight each of indene, 1-methyl naphthalene, quinoline,
biphenyl, 2,3 xylenol, and the balance comprising a mixture of
hundreds of other hydrocarbons, including multi-ringed polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., acenaphthene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, tetralin, 2,5 xylenol, and 2,4 xylenol). This middle
fraction has a melting point of about 60.degree. C., which is
significantly below the melting point of the relatively "pure" or
"refined" naphthalene conventionally used in prior art processes,
which is typically about 78.5.degree. C. or higher.
[0015] In accordance with the method of the invention, the middle
fraction is sulfonated to form a middle fraction sulfonic acid
mass. Sulfonation of the middle fraction can be accomplished by
conventional naphthalene sulfonation methods, which are known.
Preferably, the middle fraction is heated to a temperature of from
about 80.degree. C. to about 85.degree. C., and then a sulfonating
agent is gradually added to the heated middle fraction. In order to
prevent charring of the sulfonating mass and to maintain a
desirable .alpha.:.beta. ratio in the final product, sulfonation of
the middle fraction should be accomplished at a temperature not to
exceed 90.degree. C.
[0016] Conventional sulfonating agents such as concentrated
sulfuric acid can be used, but the use of fuming sulfuric acid,
which is sometimes called oleum, is preferred. The presently most
preferred sulfonating agent for use in the invention is 20% oleum
(i.e., H.sub.2SO.sub.4 with an average of about 20% by weight free
SO.sub.3). The moles of sulfonating agent used in the reaction
should be sufficient to fully sulfonate the middle fraction, but
should not substantially exceed the moles of the middle fraction to
be sulfonated. Use of a substantial molar excess of sulfonating
agent to middle fraction would result in high levels of residual
unreacted sulfonating agent, which would be converted to salts in
the final product. The presence of such salts could detrimentally
affect the final product's dispersability in aqueous cementitous
slurries that hydrate and harden by the action of water such as
Portland cement, concrete, mortar and gypsum. Thus, the molar ratio
of sulfonating agent to middle fraction should not exceed 1.1:1,
and is preferably about 1:1.
[0017] Once the sulfonating agent feed has been completed and
sulfonation of the middle fraction has been completed to form a
middle fraction sulfonic acid mass, the middle fraction sulfonic
acid mass is preferably heated to a temperature of about
150.degree. C. to about 155.degree. C. and held for at least about
two, and more preferably at least about four hours. The middle
fraction sulfonic acid mass is then permitted to cool to about
75.degree. C.
[0018] Optionally, a first portion of water can be slowly added to
the middle fraction sulfonic acid mass to form a mixture. Water is
preferably added to reduce the viscosity of the sulfonic acid mass,
which will allow for greater ease of mixing during a later aldehyde
addition. The presence of water is also beneficial to prevent
uncontrolled exotherms from occurring during a later condensation
reaction. The amount of water added is not per se critical, but it
is preferably to add the least amount of water necessary.
Typically, an amount of water equal to about 30% by weight of the
sum of the crude coal tar distillate and sulfonating agent is
sufficient. Preferably, distilled water is used. To reduce the
likelihood of uncontrollable exotherms, it is preferable to keep
the temperature of the middle fraction sulfonic acid mass below
about 80.degree. C. during the addition of the first portion of
water.
[0019] The next step in the method of the invention is to feed an
aldehyde to the mixture to form a middle fraction sulfonic acid
mass condensate. Typically, a solution of an aldehyde in water is
used. The concentration of the aldehyde used in not per se
critical. The preferred aldehyde for use in the invention is
formaldehyde, but other aldehydes such as paraformaldehyde and
gluteraldehyde, for example, can be used. Presently, a 37% (by
weight) solution of formaldehyde in water is most preferred. The
pot temperature is preferably maintained between about 80.degree.
C. and about 90.degree. C. during the aldehyde addition. Once all
the aldehyde has been fed in, the temperature of the mass is
increased to about 105.degree. C. to encourage complete
condensation. The mass is preferably held at this temperature until
the free aldehyde level is less than about 0.1% by weight. The free
aldehyde level can be determined by titration. There is a
quantitative liberation of sodium hydroxide when an aldehyde reacts
with sodium sulfite to form an aldehydebisulfate adduct. The
liberated NaOH can be titrated to a specified pH using a 0.5 HCL
solution.
[0020] Once the free aldehyde level is within specification, the
temperature of the middle fraction sulfonic acid mass condensate is
reduced to about 70.degree. C. and an optional second portion of
water may be added to dilute the middle fraction sulfonic acid mass
condensate. Addition of the second portion of water is preferred
because it reduces the viscosity of the mass, which assists in
mixing.
[0021] After the optional second portion of water has been added, a
base is added to form a middle fraction sulfonic acid salt polymer.
Preferably, the base is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), but other bases
can also be used. Enough base should be added to raise the pH of
the mass to from about 7 to about 9. The temperature of the mass is
preferably maintained within about 70.degree. C. to about
80.degree. C. during the addition of the base. Once the base has
been added, a filter aid such as diatomaceous earth can be added to
the mass, and the middle fraction sulfonic acid salt polymer can be
recovered by vacuum filtration.
[0022] The resulting middle fraction sulfonic acid salt polymer
formed in accordance with the method of the invention will be a
dark amber liquid with a bland odor. It can be stored indefinitely
but should be protected from freezing during storage and transit.
Typical weight average molecular weights for the polymer are from
about 2,000 to about 40,000, and more preferably from about 7,000
to about 22,000, and most preferably from about 8,500 to about
15,000. The product will typically have a moisture content of about
50%, have a pH of about 9, and will contain less than about 0.1%
free formaldehyde.
[0023] The middle fraction sulfonic acid salt polymer formed in
accordance with the method of the invention is useful as a
dispersant in a broad range of applications. For example, the
dispersant can be used to improve the plasticity of aqueous
cementitous slurries that hydrate and thus harden by the action of
water (e.g., Portland cement, concrete, mortar and gypsum). The
polymer can be used as a direct replacement for sulfonated
naphthalene/aldehyde condensate salt polymers in such
applications.
[0024] The following examples are intended only to illustrate the
invention and should not be construed as imposing limitations upon
the claims.
EXAMPLE 1
[0025] 192 grams (.about.1.50 moles) of a middle fraction obtained
during coal tar distillation sold as Naphthalene Oil 60% by Coopers
Creek Chemical Corporation was charged to a 1000 ml four neck round
bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, condenser,
thermocouple, and addition funnel. The middle fraction was heated
to a temperature of about 85.degree. C. and agitated. Once the
temperature set point was reached, 140 grams of 20% oleum
(.about.1.50 moles) was fed into the flask over 2.5 hours with
constant agitation. The batch temperature was maintained below
90.degree. C.
[0026] Once the oleum feed was complete, the batch was heated to
155.degree. C. and held for 4.0 hours. The batch was then cooled to
about 75.degree. C. A first 100 gram (.about.5.55 moles) portion of
distilled water was slowly added to the middle fraction sulfonic
acid mass under constant stirring. The temperature was maintained
below about 80.degree. C. throughout this addition. Once the
addition of the first portion of water was complete, 119 grams of
37% by weight formaldehyde (.about.1.47 moles) in water was added
over 30 minutes. The temperature was maintained within about
80.degree. C. to about 90.degree. C. during the feed.
[0027] The batch temperature was then gradually increased to about
105.degree. C. The temperature was maintained for about four hours,
until the free formaldehyde level was determined to be less than
0.1% by weight by titration. The temperature was then lowered to
about 70.degree. C. and a second 170 gram portion of distilled
water (.about.9.44 moles) was added under constant stirring to
reduce the viscosity of the mixture. 120 grams of 50% by weight
sodium hydroxide (.about.1.40 moles) was then added to raise the pH
of the batch to about 9. The temperature was maintained at about
75.degree. C. A diatomaceous earth filter aid was added to the
batch, and the product was vacuum filtered and transferred to a
brown 2.5 L bottle. The product was a clear, dark, amber liquid
having a moisture content of about 50% by weight, a sodium sulfate
content of about 12% by weight, a pH of about 9.0, a free
formaldehyde content of about 0.09% by weight, and a number average
molecular weight of about 8,500.
EXAMPLE 2
[0028] A mini-slump cone was fabricated from
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer so as to have the following
critical dimensions: top opening diameter 20 mm; base opening
diameter 40 mm; length of inner wall from base opening to top
opening 60 mm. The base of the cone was placed on a glass
plate.
[0029] 100 grams of Portland cement was added to a disposable
beaker. 35 grams of distilled water was added to the beaker and the
Portland cement and distilled water were mixed together for about
30 seconds by hand using a metal spatula to produce an aqueous
slurry. 1.0 ml of a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate
dispersant available from Geo Specialty Chemicals, Inc. of
Cleveland, Ohio as LOMAR.RTM. D was added to the slurry using a
disposable syringe, and then the slurry was hand-mixed for an
additional 20 seconds. The cement slurry was then poured into the
mini-slump cone discussed above until the mini-slump cone was
filled to the top with the cement slurry. The mini-slump cone was
lifted quickly and evenly from the glass plate, allowing the cement
slurry to flow onto the glass plate. After waiting one minute, the
diameter of the cement slurry patty formed was then measured.
Generally speaking, the less viscous the cement slurry, the larger
the slump diameter. The slump diameter was 17.3 cm.
EXAMPLE 3
[0030] 100 grams of Portland cement was added to a disposable
beaker. 35 grams of distilled water was added to the beaker and the
Portland cement and distilled water were mixed together for about
30 seconds by hand using a metal spatula to produce a slurry. 1.0
ml of the dispersant formed in Example 1 was added to the slurry
using a disposable syringe, and then the slurry was hand-mixed for
an additional 20 seconds. The cement slurry was then poured into
the mini-slump cone discussed above until the mini-slump cone was
filled to the top with the cement slurry. The mini-slump cone was
lifted quickly and evenly from the glass plate, allowing the cement
slurry to flow onto the glass plate. After waiting one minute, the
diameter of the cement slurry patty formed was then measured.
Generally speaking, the less viscous the cement slurry, the larger
the slump diameter. The slump diameter was 16.8 cm.
EXAMPLE 4
[0031] 100 grams of Portland cement was added to a disposable
beaker. 35 grams of distilled water was added to the beaker and the
Portland cement and distilled water were mixed together for about
30 seconds by hand using a metal spatula to produce a slurry. 1.5
ml of the dispersant formed in Example 1 was added to the slurry
using a disposable syringe, and then the slurry was hand-mixed for
an additional 20 seconds. The cement slurry was then poured into
the mini-slump cone discussed above until the mini-slump cone was
filled to the top with the cement slurry. The mini-slump cone was
lifted quickly and evenly from the glass plate, allowing the cement
slurry to flow onto the glass plate. After waiting one minute, the
diameter of the cement slurry patty formed was then measured.
Generally speaking, the less viscous the cement slurry, the larger
the slump diameter. The slump diameter was 17.3 cm.
[0032] Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur
to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its
broader aspects is not limited to the specific details and
illustrative examples shown and described herein. Accordingly,
various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit
or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the
appended claims and their equivalents.
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