Amide derivatives as C-KIT modulators

Abstract

The invention provides methods and compositions for treating conditions mediated by c-kit wherein derivatives of amide compounds are employed. The invention also provides methods of using the compounds and/or compositions in the treatment of a variety of diseases and unwanted conditions in subjects.

Description

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/520,273, filed Nov. 13, 2003, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/527,094, filed Dec. 3, 2003, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/531,243, filed Dec. 18, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/531,082, filed Dec. 18, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Protein kinases (PKs) play a role in signal transduction pathways regulating a number of cellular functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, and cell death. PKs are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of hydroxy groups on tyrosine, serine and threonine residues of proteins, and can be conveniently broken down into two classes, the protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and the serine-threonine kinases (STKs). Growth factor receptors with PTK activity are known as receptor tyrosine kinases. Protein receptor tyrosine kinases are a family of tightly regulated enzymes, and the aberrant activation of various members of the family is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The protein-tyrosine kinase family, which includes Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, can be divided into subgroups that have similar structural organization and sequence similarity within the kinase domain. The members of the type III group of receptor tyrosine kinases include the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors (PDGF receptors .alpha. and .beta.), colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R, c-Fms), FLT-3, and stem cell or steel factor receptor (c-kit). A more complete listing of the known Protein receptor tyrosine kinases subfamilies is described in Plowman et al., DN&P, 7(6):334-339 (1994), which is incorporated by reference, including any drawings, as if fully set forth herein. Furthermore, for a more detailed discussion of "non-receptor tyrosine kinases", see Bolen, Oncogene, 8:2025-2031 (1993), which is incorporated by reference, including any drawings, as if fully set forth herein.

[0003] Hematologic cancers, also known as hematologic or hematopoietic malignancies, are cancers of the blood or bone marrow; including leukemia and lymphoma. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell leukemia that represents .about.90% of all acute leukemias in adults. See e.g., Lowenberg et al., N. Eng. J. Med. 341:1051-62 (1999). While chemotherapy can result in complete remissions, the long term disease-free survival rate for AML is about 14% with about 7,400 deaths from AML each year in the United States. The single most commonly mutated gene in AML is FLT3 kinase. See e.g., Abu-Duhier et al., Br. J. Haemotol. 111:190-05 (2000); Kiyoi et al., Blood 93:3074-80 (1999); Kottaridis et al., Blood 98:1752-59 (2001); Stirewalt et al., Blood 97:3589-95 (2001). Such mutations also indicate a poor prognosis for the patient.

[0004] The compounds provided by the present invention are urea derivatives of substituted aryls and hetroaryls, e.g., isoxazoles, pyrazoles and isothiazoles. Urea derivatives of pyrazoles have been reported to be selective p38 kinase inhibitors by Dumas, J., et al., Bioorg. Medic. Chem. Lett. 10:2051-2054 (2000). Oxazoles and isopyrazoles are suggested as blockers of cytokine production in WO 00/43384 published 27 Jul. 2000. Urea derivatives of isoxazole and pyrazoles are described as inhibitors of RAF kinase in WO 99/32106 published 1 Jul. 1999. Such compounds are also described as p38 kinase inhibitors by Dumas, J., et al., Bioorg. Medic. Chem. Lett. 10:2047-2050 (2000). These compounds are also suggested as p38 kinase inhibitors in PCT publication WO 99/32111 published 1 Jul. 1999.

[0005] There remains a need for additional compounds that are effective in inhibiting kinase activity. Given the complexities of signal transduction with the redundancy and crosstalk between various pathways, the identification of specific kinase inhibitors permits accurate targeting with limited inhibition of other pathways, thus reducing the toxicity of such inhibitory compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention provides compounds which modulate kinase activity, and in some, embodiments inhibit protein tyrosine kinases or a specific kinase or kinase class. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods for treating and preventing conditions and diseases, such as cancer, hematologic malignancies, cardiovascular disease, inflammation or multiple sclerosis. The compounds of the invention can be delivered alone or in combination with additional agents, and are used for the treatment and/or prevention of conditions and diseases. Unless otherwise stated, each of the substituents is as previously defined.

[0007] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 1

[0008] wherein:

[0009] (a) A.sub.a1 is N--R.sub.3a or C--R(.sub.3a).sub.2 and A.sub.a2 is N--R.sub.3a or C--R(.sub.3a).sub.2, wherein one of A.sub.a1 or A.sub.a2 is N and one is C wherein each R.sub.3a is independently a suitable substituent selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl group unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halogens; --CN; and --NO.sub.2; and alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.zCN where z is a whole integer, preferably from 0 to 4, .dbd.NH, --NHOH, --OH, --C(O)H, --OC(O)H, --C(O)OH, --OC(O)OH, --OC(O)OC(O)H, --OOH, --C(NH)NH.sub.2, --NHC(NH)NH.sub.2, --C(S)NH.sub.2, --NHC(S)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)NH.sub.2, --S(O.sub.2)H, --S(O)H, --NH.sub.2, --C(O)NH.sub.2, --OC(O)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)H, --NHC(O)OH, --C(O)NHC(O)H, --OS(O.sub.2)H, --OS(O)H, --OSH, --SC(O)H, --S(O)C(O)OH, --SO.sub.2C(O)OH, --NHSH, --NHS(O)H, --NHSO.sub.2H, --C(O)SH, --C(O)S(O)H, --C(O)S(O.sub.2)H, --C(S)H, --C(S)OH, --C(SO)OH, --C(SO.sub.2)OH, --NHC(S)H, --OC(S)H, --OC(S)OH, --OC(SO.sub.2)H, --S(O.sub.2)NH.sub.2, --S(O)NH.sub.2, --SNH.sub.2, --NHCS(O.sub.2)H, --NHC(SO)H, --NHC(S)H, and --SH groups unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogens, .dbd.O, --NO.sub.2, --CN, --(CH.sub.2).sub.z--CN where z is a whole integer, preferably from 0 to 4, --OR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cOR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --C(O)NR.sub.c, --C(O)OR.sub.c, --C(O)R.sub.c, --NR.sub.cC(O)NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --OC(O)OR.sub.c, --OC(O)NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --SR.sub.c, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl, or two or more substituents cyclize to form a fused or spiro polycyclic cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group, where each R.sub.c is indepenently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl, or two or more R.sub.c groups together cyclize to form part of a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with an unsubstituted alkyl group; or two R.sub.3a's cyclize to form part of a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one two or three suitable substituents selected from halogen, .dbd.O; .dbd.S; --CN; --NO.sub.2, or an alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl group unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halogens; .dbd.O; .dbd.S; --CN; and --NO.sub.2; and alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.zCN where z is a whole integer, preferably from 0 to 4, .dbd.NH, --NHOH, --OH, --C(O)H, --OC(O)H, --C(O)OH, --OC(O)OH, --OC(O)OC(O)H, --OOH, --C(NH)NH.sub.2, --NHC(NH)NH.sub.2, --C(S)NH.sub.2, --NHC(S)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)NH.sub.2, --S(O.sub.2)H, --S(O)H, --NH.sub.2, --C(O)NH.sub.2, --OC(O)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)H, --NHC(O)OH, --C(O)NHC(O)H, --OS(O.sub.2)H, --OS(O)H, --OSH, --SC(O)H, --S(O)C(O)OH, --SO.sub.2C(O)OH, --NHSH, --NHS(O)H, --NHSO.sub.2H, --C(O)SH, --C(O)S(O)H, --C(O)S(O.sub.2)H, --C(S)H, --C(S)OH, --C(SO)OH, --C(SO.sub.2)OH, --NHC(S)H, --OC(S)H, --OC(S)OH, --OC(SO.sub.2)H, --S(O.sub.2)NH.sub.2, --S(O)NH.sub.2, --SNH.sub.2, --NHCS(O.sub.2)H, --NHC(SO)H, --NHC(S)H, and --SH groups unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogens, .dbd.O, --NO.sub.2, --CN, --(CH.sub.2).sub.z--CN where z is a whole integer, preferably from 0 to 4, --OR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cOR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --C(O)NR.sub.c, --C(O)OR.sub.c, --C(O)R.sub.c, --NR.sub.cC(O)NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --OC(O)OR.sub.c, --OC(O)NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --SR.sub.c, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl, or two or more substituents cyclize to form a fused or spiro polycyclic cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group, where each R.sub.c is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl, or two or more R.sub.c groups together cyclize to form part of a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with an unsubstituted alkyl group;

[0010] (b) Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2 and Ar.sub.3 are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halogens; .dbd.O; .dbd.S; --CN; and --NO.sub.2; and alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.zCN where z is a whole integer, preferably from 0 to 4, .dbd.NH, --NHOH, --OH, --C(O)H, --OC(O)H, --C(O)OH, --OC(O)OH, --OC(O)OC(O)H, --OOH, --C(NH)NH.sub.2, --NHC(NH)NH.sub.2, --C(S)NH.sub.2, --NHC(S)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)NH.sub.2, --S(O.sub.2)H, --S(O)H, --NH.sub.2, --C(O)NH.sub.2, --OC(O)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)H, --NHC(O)OH, --C(O)NHC(O)H, --OS(O.sub.2)H, --OS(O)H, --OSH, --SC(O)H, --S(O)C(O)OH, --SO.sub.2C(O)OH, --NHSH, --NHS(O)H, --NHSO.sub.2H, --C(O)SH, --C(O)S(O)H, --C(O)S(O.sub.2)H, --C(S)H, --C(S)OH, --C(SO)OH, --C(SO.sub.2)OH, --NHC(S)H, --OC(S)H, --OC(S)OH, --OC(SO.sub.2)H, --S(O.sub.2)NH.sub.2, --S(O)NH.sub.2, --SNH.sub.2, --NHCS(O.sub.2)H, --NHC(SO)H, --NHC(S)H, and --SH groups unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogens, .dbd.O, --NO.sub.2, --CN, --(CH.sub.2).sub.z--CN where z is a whole integer, preferably from 0 to 4, --OR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cOR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --C(O)NR.sub.c, --C(O)OR.sub.c, --C(O)R.sub.c, --NR.sub.cC(O)NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --OC(O)OR.sub.c, --OC(O)NR.sub.cR.sub.c, --SR.sub.c, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl, or two or more substituents cyclize to form a fused or spiro polycyclic cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group, where each R.sub.c is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl, or two or more R.sub.c groups together cyclize to form part of a heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with an unsubstituted alkyl group;

[0011] (c) n, is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0012] (d) n.sub.2 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0013] (e) n.sub.3 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0014] (f) Z.sub.a is a bond or is selected from S, O, N, NR.sub.c, C(O)NR.sub.c, NR.sub.cC(O), and CR.sub.c, wherein R.sub.c is a suitable substituent selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and

[0015] (g) W.sub.a is S or O;

[0016] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, isomer, derivative, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.

[0017] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 2

[0018] wherein:

[0019] M is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl;

[0020] N is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted hetroaryl; and

[0021] K is 3

[0022] Y is O or S;

[0023] each R.sub.k is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.2).sub.2, --SR.sub.2, --C(O)R.sub.2, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.2, --C(O)N(R.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(R.sub.2)C(O)R.sub.2,

[0024] each R.sub.2 is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or wherein two R.sub.2 groups are linked together by an optionally substituted alkylene; and

[0025] each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0026] or an active metabolite, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0027] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 4

[0028] wherein:

[0029] each Z is independently C, CR.sub.3, N, NR.sub.3, O, or S, provided that no more than two Z's are heteroatoms and wherein no two adjacent Z's are O or S,

[0030] where R.sub.3 is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and

[0031] each R.sub.1 is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, --OR.sub.c --OH, --OC(O)R.sub.c, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.c).sub.2, --SR.sub.c, S(O).sub.jR.sub.c where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --C(O)N(R.sub.c).sub.2, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.c, or --C(O)R.sub.c; or two adjacent R.sub.1's, are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl,

[0032] each R.sub.c is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0033] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 5

[0034] wherein K is 6

[0035] each R.sub.k is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy.

[0036] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 7

[0037] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 8

[0038] wherein Z.sub.1 is CR.sub.3 or N; and Z.sub.2 is O or S.

[0039] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 9

[0040] wherein:

[0041] each R.sub.1 is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, --OR.sub.c --OH, --OC(O)R.sub.c, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.c).sub.2, --SR.sub.c, S(O).sub.jR.sub.c where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --C(O) N(R.sub.c).sub.2, C(O).sub.2R.sub.c, or --C(O)R.sub.c; or two adjacent R.sub.1's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl; and

[0042] each R.sub.2 is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

[0043] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 10

[0044] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 11

[0045] wherein Z.sub.1 is O or S; and Z.sub.2 is CR.sub.3 or N.

[0046] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 12

[0047] wherein:

[0048] each R.sub.1 is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, --OR.sub.c --OH, --OC(O)R.sub.c, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.c).sub.2, --SR.sub.c, S(O).sub.jR.sub.c where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --C(O) N(R.sub.c).sub.2, C(O).sub.2R.sub.c, or --C(O)R.sub.c; or two adjacent R.sub.1's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl, and

[0049] each R.sub.2 is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

[0050] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 13

[0051] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 14

[0052] wherein:

[0053] L is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; and

[0054] T is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0055] In some embodiments, T is 15

[0056] wherein A is a substituted or unsubstituted five or six-membered heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and B is a substituted or unsubstituted five or six-membered heterocyclene, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein A and B together form a fused two ring moiety. In other embodiments, T of said compound is a tricyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl.

[0057] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 16

[0058] In some embodiments, L of said compound is a covalent bond, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene), --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH--, or --NHC(O)(alkylene)-. In other embodiments, B of said compound is a substituted or unsubstituted five-membered heteroarylene. In still other embodiments, B of said compound is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered arylene or heteroarylene.

[0059] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 17

[0060] wherein:

[0061] L is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)- --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; and

[0062] each of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is independently C, CR, N, NR, S, or O, wherein no more than three of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is a heteroatom, and no two adjacent ring atoms are O or S; where

[0063] each R is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.d, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.d).sub.2, --SR.sub.d, --S(O).sub.jR.sub.d where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.d C(O)R.sub.d, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.d, --C(O)N(R.sub.d).sub.2 or --C(O)R.sub.d, or two adjacent R's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetroaryl, where

[0064] each R.sub.d is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0065] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 18

[0066] In some embodiments, L of said compound is a covalent bond, --C(O)NH--, or --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-. In other embodiments, 19

[0067] of said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 20

[0068] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 21

[0069] L is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)- --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; and

[0070] each of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is independently C, CR, N, NR, S, or O, wherein no more than three of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is a heteroatom, and no two adjacent ring atoms are O or S; where

[0071] each R is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.d, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.d).sub.2, --SR.sub.d, --S(O).sub.jR.sub.d where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.d C(O)R.sub.d, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.d, --C(O)N(R.sub.d).sub.2 or --C(O)R.sub.d, or two adjacent R's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetroaryl, where

[0072] each R.sub.d is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0073] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 22

[0074] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 23

[0075] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 24

[0076] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 25

[0077] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 26

[0078] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 27

[0079] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 28

[0080] In some embodiments, L of said compound is --NHC(O)--, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene), --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene), or --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-. In other embodiments, L of said compound is --O-- or --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-. In still other embodiments, L of said compound is -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)- or --NHC(O)(alkylene)S(alkyl- ene)C(O)NH--.

[0081] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 29

[0082] wherein:

[0083] L.sub.1 is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--;

[0084] U is a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, hetrocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and

[0085] V is a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, heterocyclene, arylene, or heteroarylene;

[0086] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 30

[0087] In some embodiments, L.sub.1 of said compound is a bond, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, or --S--; and L of said compound is a covalent bond, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene), or --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-. In other embodiments, V of said compound is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylene.

[0088] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 31

[0089] wherein:

[0090] each of X.sub.1-X.sub.4 is independently C, CR, or N, wherein no more than two of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is N; where

[0091] each R is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.d, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.d).sub.2, --SR.sub.d, --S(O).sub.jR.sub.d where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.d C(O)R.sub.d, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.d, --C(O)N(R.sub.d).sub.2 or --C(O)R.sub.d, or two adjacent R's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetroaryl, where

[0092] each R.sub.d is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0093] In some embodiments, U of said compound is substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl or pyridinyl. In other embodiments, U of said compound is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

[0094] Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a c-kit modulating compound having the structure: 32

[0095] wherein T is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or heterocylyl.

[0096] The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be used for the prevention or treatment of cancers such as stomach, gastric, bone, ovary, colon, lung, brain, larynx, lymphatic system, genitourinary tract, ovarian, squamous cell carcinoma, astrocytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer, leukemia, glioma, colorectal cancer, genitourinary cancer gastrointestinal cancer, or pancreatic cancer. In particular, the cancer is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, myelodysplastic leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs).

[0097] Compositions and methods for treating a disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a Stem Cell Factor (SCF), c-kit, receptor modulating compound are provided herein. In one embodiment, the disease is cancer. In other embodiments, the cancer is a malignant tumor, or a hematologic malignancy such as leukemia and lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is small-cell lung cancer, or breast cancer. In some embodiments, the leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In some embodiments, the malignant tumor is a germ cell tumor, a mast cell tumor, a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), melanoma, or a neuroblastoma.

[0098] These and other aspects of the present invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description. In addition, various references are set forth herein which describe in more detail certain procedures or compositions, and are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0099] To more readily facilitate an understanding of the invention and its preferred embodiments, the meanings of terms used herein will become apparent from the context of this specification in view of common usage of various terms and the explicit definitions of other terms provided in the glossary below or in the ensuing description.

[0100] Glossary of Terms

[0101] Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in this application, including the specification and claims, have the definitions given below. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Definition of standard chemistry terms may be found in reference works, including Carey and Sundberg (1992) "ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3.sup.RD ED." Vols. A and B, Plenum Press, New York. Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology, within the skill of the art are employed.

[0102] The term "modulator" means a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly. The interactions include, but are not limited to, agonist, antagonist, and the like.

[0103] The term "agonist" means a molecule such as a compound, a drug, an enzyme activator or a hormone that enhances the activity of another molecule or the activity of a receptor site etiehr directly or indirectly.

[0104] The term "antagonist" means a molecule such as a compound, a drug, an enzyme inhibitor, or a hormone that diminishes or prevents the action of another molecule or the activity of a receptor site either directly or indirectly.

[0105] The terms "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" refer to a sufficient amount of the agent to provide the desired biological result. That result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an "effective amount" for therapeutic use is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in a disease. An appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.

[0106] As used herein, the terms "treat" or "treatment" are synonymous with the term "prevent" and are meant to indicate a postponement of development of diseases, preventing the development of diseases, and/or reducing severity of such symptoms that will or are expected to develop. Thus, these terms include ameliorating existing disease symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disorder or disease, e.g., arresting the development of the disorder or disease, relieving the disorder or disease, causing regression of the disorder or disease, relieving a condition caused by the disease or disorder, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or disorder.

[0107] By "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" is meant a material which is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.

[0108] "Carrier materials" include any commonly used excipients in pharmaceutics and should be selected on the basis of compatibility and the release profile properties of the desired dosage form. Exemplary carrier materials include, e.g., binders, suspending agents, disintegration agents, filling agents, surfactants, solubilizers, stabilizers, lubricants, wetting agents, diluents, and the like. "Pharmaceutically compatible carrier materials" may comprise, e.g., acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, maltodextrin, glycerine, magnesium silicate, sodium caseinate, soy lecithin, sodium chloride, tricalcium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, carrageenan, monoglyceride, diglyceride, pregelatinized starch, and the like. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999).

[0109] As used herein, the term "subject" encompasses mammals and non-mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. Examples of non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like. In one embodiment of the present invention, the mammal is a human.

[0110] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" of a compound means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts, for example, include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4,-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base. Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like. It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are often formed during the process of crystallization. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.

[0111] As used herein, the term "biological sample" is broadly defined to include any cell, tissue, organ or multicellular organism. A biological sample can be derived, for example, from cell or tissue cultures in vitro. Alternatively, a biological sample can be derived from a living organism or from a population of single cell organisms.

[0112] As used herein, the term "linker" means any divalent linking moiety used to connect, join, or attach two chemical groups. For example, linkers may be used to join two cyclic groups, such as to join two aryl groups (e.g., phenyl), an aryl group to a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group to a heterocyclyl group, a cycloalkyl group to a cycloalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group to a heterocyclyl group, and the like. Representative linkers include, but are not limited to, a covalent bond, -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted alkynylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted arylene)-, and -(substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene)-. Exemplary linkers also include --O--, --S--, --S(O)--, --S(O).sub.2--, --S(O).sub.3--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --N.dbd., --N.dbd.N--, .dbd.N--N.dbd., --C(O)NH--, --S(O)NH--, and the like. Additional examples of linkers include --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and the like. Linkers, as represented herein, embrace divalent moieties in any chemically feasible directionality. For example, compounds comprising a linker --C(O)NH-- which attaches two aryl groups, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.2, include Ar.sub.1--C(O)NH--Ar.sub.2 as well as Ar.sub.1--NHC(O)--Ar.sub.2.

[0113] As used herein, the term "halogen" includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0114] As used herein, "alkyl" means a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated chain having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and n-hexyl, and longer alkyl groups, such as heptyl, and octyl. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. Unsaturated alkyl groups include alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups, discussed below. Alkyl groups containing three or more carbon atoms may be straight, branched or cyclized.

[0115] As used herein, "lower alkyl" means an alkyl having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0116] As used herein, an "alkenyl group" includes a monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more double bonds therein. The double bond of an alkenyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C.sub.2-C.sub.8) alkenyl groups, such as vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl-2-butenyl, 4-(2-methyl-3-butene)-pentenyl. An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0117] As used herein, "alkynyl group" includes a monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more triple bonds therein. The triple bond of an alkynyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Suitable alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C.sub.2-C.sub.6) alkynyl groups, such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, 4-methyl-1-butynyl, 4-propyl-2-pentynyl, and 4-butyl-2-hexynyl. An alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0118] The terms "trifluoromethyl," "sulfonyl," and "carboxyl" include CF.sub.3, SO.sub.3H, and CO.sub.2H, respectively.

[0119] The term "alkoxy" as used herein includes --O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0120] As used herein, "alkoxyalkoxy" includes --O-(alkyl)-O-(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0121] As used herein, "alkoxycarbonyl" includes --C(O)O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0122] As used herein, "alkoxycarbonylalkyl" includes -(alkyl)-C(O)O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0123] As used herein, "alkoxyalkyl" means -(alkyl)-O-(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0124] As used herein, the term "aryl" (Ar) refers to a monocyclic, or fused or spiro polycyclic, aromatic carbocycle (ring structure having ring atoms that are all carbon) having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per ring. Illustrative examples of aryl groups include the following moieties: 33

[0125] As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" (heteroAr) refers to a monocyclic, or fused or spiro polycyclic, aromatic heterocycle (ring structure having ring atoms selected from carbon atoms as well as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur heteroatoms) having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per ring. Illustrative examples of aryl groups include the following moieties: 34

[0126] As used herein, the term "cycloalkyl" refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic or fused or spiro polycyclic, carbocycle having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per ring. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include the following moieties: 35

[0127] As used herein, the term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic, or fused or spiro polycyclic, ring structure that is saturated or partially saturated and has from 3 to 12 ring atoms per ring selected from C atoms and N, O, and S heteroatoms. Illustrative examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include: 36

[0128] As used herein, "aryloxy" includes --O-aryl group, wherein aryl is as defined above. An aryloxy group can be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0129] As used herein, "arylalkyl" includes -(alkyl)-(aryl), wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above.

[0130] As used herein, "arylalkyloxy" includes --O-(alkyl)-(aryl), wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above.

[0131] As used herein, "cycloalkyl" includes a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated ring comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms and having no carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C.sub.3-C.sub.7)cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, and saturated cyclic and bicyclic terpenes. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. Preferably, the cycloalkyl group is a monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring.

[0132] As used herein, "cycloalkyloxy" includes --O-(cycloalkyl), wherein cycloalkyl is defined above.

[0133] As used herein, "cycloalkylalkyloxy" includes --O-(alkyl)-(cycloalkyl), wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are defined above.

[0134] As used herein, the term "alkylidene" includes the divalent radical --C.sub.nH.sub.2n--, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, such as --CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2C- H.sub.2--, and the like, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more alkyl groups.

[0135] As used herein, "heteroatom-containing alkylidene" includes an alkylidene wherein at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, such as --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and the like, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more alkyl groups.

[0136] As used herein, "aminoalkoxy" includes --O-(alkyl)-NH.sub.2, wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0137] As used herein, "mono-alkylamino" includes --NH(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0138] As used herein, "di-alkylamino" includes --N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0139] As used herein, "mono-alkylaminoalkoxy" includes --O-(alkyl)-NH(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0140] As used herein, "di-alkylaminoalkoxy" includes --O-(alkyl)N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0141] As used herein, "arylamino" includes --NH(aryl), wherein aryl is defined above.

[0142] As used herein, "arylalkylamino" includes --NH-(alkyl)-(aryl), wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above.

[0143] As used herein, "alkylamino" includes --NH(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0144] As used herein, "cycloalkylamino" includes --NH-(cycloalkyl), wherein cyclohexyl is defined above.

[0145] As used herein, "cycloalkylalkylamino" includes --NH-(alkyl)-(cycloalkyl), wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are defined above.

[0146] As used herein, "aminoalkyl" includes -(alkyl)-NH.sub.2, wherein alkyl is defined above.

[0147] As used herein, "mono-alkylaminoalkyl" includes -(alkyl)-NH(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0148] As used herein, "di-alkylaminoalkyl" includes -(alkyl)-N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein each "alkyl" is independently an alkyl group defined above.

[0149] The term "whole integer" is intended to include whole numbers. For example, a whole integer from 0 to 4 would include 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

[0150] Sulfonyl refers to the presence of a sulfur atom, which is optionally linked to another moiety such as an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, an aryl group, an alicyclic group, or a heterocyclic group. Aryl or alkyl sulfonyl moieties have the formula --SO.sub.2R.sub.d, and alkoxy moieties have the formula --O--R.sub.d, wherein R.sub.d is alkyl, as defined above, or is aryl wherein aryl is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), lower alkyl (1-6C) and lower alkoxy (1-6C).

[0151] As used herein, the term "substituted" means that the specified group or moiety bears one or more suitable substituents.

[0152] As used herein, the term "unsubstituted" means that the specified group bears no substituents.

[0153] As used herein, the term "optionally substituted" means that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents.

[0154] Molecular embodiments of the present invention may possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration. The present invention includes all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Stereoisomers may be obtained, if desired, by methods known in the art as, for example, the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention may exist as geometric isomers. The present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.

[0155] Certain functional groups contained within the compounds of the present invention can be substituted for bioisosteric groups, that is, groups which have similar spatial or electronic requirements to the parent group, but exhibit differing or improved physicochemical or other properties. Suitable examples are well known to those of skill in the art, and include, but are not limited to moieties described in Patini et al., Chem, Rev, 1996, 96, 3147-3176 and references cited therein.

[0156] In addition, the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the present invention.

[0157] To more readily facilitate an understanding of the invention and its preferred embodiments, the meanings of terms used herein will become apparent from the context of this specification in view of common usage of various terms and the explicit definitions of other terms provided in the glossary below or in the ensuing description.

[0158] Compounds

[0159] In one aspect, the present invention is directed to compounds, compositions, and methods for treating conditions associated with abnormal kinase activity. In one embodiment, compounds useful in the invention are derivatives of isoxazoles, pyrazoles and isothiazoles. When the compounds of the invention contain one or more chiral centers, the invention includes optically pure forms as well as mixtures of stereoisomers or enantiomers.

[0160] Thus, the invention provides methods for modulating various kinases by providing an effective amount of a compound of the formulas described herein.

[0161] Salts of the compounds may be used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, where the salt is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acids, and organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, trifluoroacetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic and methanesulphonic and arylsulphonic, for example Q-toluenesulphonic, acids.

[0162] A "prodrug" refers to a drug or compound in which the pharmacological action results from conversion by metabolic processes within the body. Prodrugs are generally drug precursors that, following administration to a subject and subsequent absorption, are converted to an active, or a more active species via some process, such as conversion by a metabolic pathway. Some prodrugs have a chemical group present on the prodrug that renders it less active and/or confers solubility or some other property to the drug. Once the chemical group has been cleaved and/or modified from the prodrug the active drug is generated. Prodrugs may be designed as reversible drug derivatives, for use as modifiers to enhance drug transport to site-specific tissues. Additionally, prodrugs can increase the effective water solubility of the therapeutic compound for targeting to regions where water is the principal solvent. See, e.g., Fedorak et al., Am. J. Physiol., 269:G210-218 (1995); McLoed et al., Gastroenterol, 106:405-413 (1994); Hochhaus et al., Biomed. Chrom., 6:283-286 (1992); J. Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 37, 87 (1987); J. Larsen et al., Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 47, 103 (1988); Sinkula et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 64:181-210 (1975); T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series; and Edward B. Roche, Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987. Prodrug forms of the above described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a derivative as set forth above are included within the scope of the claims. Indeed, some of the above-described derivatives may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.

[0163] The invention further provides for the optical isomers of the compounds disclosed herein, especially those resulting from the chiral carbon atoms in the molecule. In additional embodiments of the invention, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion may also be useful for the applications described herein.

[0164] In another aspect, compositions containing the above described analogs and derivatives are provided. Preferably, the compositions are formulated to be suitable for pharmaceutical or clinical use by the inclusion of appropriate carriers or excipients.

[0165] Groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, and cyano groups, etc., as shown in the formula above, need not be directly bound to the para position; they may be included elsewhere in the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl substituent. Thus, also acceptable substituents are the following representative forms:

[0166] --CH.sub.2NHCH.sub.3; --CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3; --CH.sub.2SCH.sub.3; --NHCH.sub.3; --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3; --SCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; --CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2NH.sub.2; --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH; 37

[0167] --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2SH; --CH.sub.2OC(O)CH.sub.3; --CH.sub.2NHC(O)CH.sub.2C(O)CH.sub.3; --NHC(O)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3

[0168] each of which may further be substituted with a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group.

[0169] It will also be evident that these substituents include, for example, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl and fluoromethyl (alkyl substituted by halo) and trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy and fluoromethoxy (alkyl where one carbon is replaced by O and is further substituted by halo).

[0170] Compounds of the invention which contain carboxyl groups or which contain amino groups may be supplied in the forms of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of carboxylic acids include inorganic salts such as salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like or salts formed with organic bases such as caffeine. Salts of amines are acid addition salts formed from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids or may be salts of organic acids such as acetates, maleates, propionates, and the like.

[0171] The invention also provides prodrug forms of the compounds described herein, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a derivative as set forth above. Indeed, some of the above described derivatives may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound. The invention further provides for the optical isomers of the compounds disclosed herein, especially those resulting from the chiral carbon atoms in the molecule. In additional embodiments of the invention, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are provided.

[0172] In another aspect of the invention, compositions containing the above described analogs and derivatives are provided. Preferably, the compositions are formulated to be suitable for pharmaceutical or clinical use by the inclusion of appropriate carriers or excipients.

[0173] In yet another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical formulations are provided comprising at least one compound described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.

[0174] The compounds of the invention, especially when used in the invention methods and compositions, may be "conjugated"--that is they may be coupled to additional moieties that do not destroy their ability to modulate kinases. For example, the compounds might be coupled to a label such as a radioactive label, a fluorescent label and the like, or may be coupled to targeting agents such as antibodies or fragments, or to fragments to aid purification such as FLAG or a histidine tag. The compounds may also be coupled to specific binding partners such as biotin for use in assay procedures or to moieties that alter their biological half-lives such as polyethylene glycol. Thus, the methods of the invention employ the invention compounds per se as well as conjugates thereof.

[0175] Synthesis of Compounds

[0176] Compounds of the present invention may be synthesized using standard synthetic techniques known to those of skill in the art or using methods known in the art in combination with methods described herein. See, e.g., March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4.sup.th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3.sup.rd Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 1992), and Green and Wuts, PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 2.sup.nd Ed. (Wiley 1991). General methods for the preparation of compound as disclosed herein may be derived from known reactions in the field, and the reactions may be modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions, as would be recognized by the skilled person, for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formulae as provided herein.

[0177] The compounds of the invention are synthesized by methods well known in the art. The compounds of the invention are ureas or cyclic forms thereof and can be synthesized using generally known procedures for urea synthesis.

[0178] In one group of methods, an amine is reacted with an isocyanate in an aprotic solvent. Typically, in some embodiments, a molar excess of the amine is used in the presence of an aprotic solvent and the reaction is conducted at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then poured into water and precipitated with salt to recover the crude product which is then purified according to standard methods.

[0179] In alternative methods, the ureas are formed from two separate amine reactants in the presence of a condensing agent such as 1,1,carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) in the presence of an inert nonpolar solvent such as dichloromethane. One of the amines is first added to a solution of CDI in solvent under cooling conditions and then stirred at room temperature with the other amine. After removal of solvent, the crude product can be purified using standard procedures.

[0180] In still another method, one of the amines is added in an aprotic solvent to a solution of triphosgene and then treated with the other amine reactant dissolved in an inert solvent in the presence of base such as triethylamine. After reaction at room temperature, the mixture may be diluted with, for example, ethylacetate and washed with water and brine, dried and purified.

[0181] In still another method, one of the amine components is treated with 4-nitrophenylchloroformate in the presence of mild base in a solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The other amine is then added and the reaction mixture heated, then cooled, poured into water, extracted into chloroform and further purified.

[0182] Alternatively, the urea may be formed by the reaction of an amine with the counterpart halo acylamine which is formed from the parent amine by treatment with phosgene and base in an inert solvent such as methylene dichloride or by reacting an amine with its counterpart amine with an acyl amine containing an alternate leaving group formed by reaction of that amine with 4-nitrophenylchloroformate in the presence of an amine base and in an inert solvent.

[0183] Details of these methods can be found in Matsuno et al. J. Med. Chem. 45:3057-66 (2002); Matsuno et al. J. Med. Chem. 45:4513-23 (2002); and and Pandley et al., J. Med. Chem. 45:3772-93 (2002).

[0184] Cyclized forms of the ureas may be obtained by treating the formed urea with dibromo derivatives of the bridge, typically in the presence of a strong base and in an inert aprotic polar solvent.

[0185] The ureas may be converted to thioureas by treating with Lawesson's reagent in the presence of toluene.

[0186] For compounds having the moiety Ar.sup.1--L--Ar.sup.2 is obtained by first protecting the amino group of p-hydroxy aniline destined to become Ar.sup.1 with a protecting agent such as Boc and then coupling the hydroxy group of Ar.sup.1 to an aryl alkyl halide. This coupling is conducted in the presence of strong base and in an aprotic solvent. After deprotection, the urea is formed by reaction with the isoxazole isocyanate. These techniques are exemplified below.

[0187] Selected examples of covalent linkages and precursor functional groups which yield them are given in the Table entitled "Examples of Covalent Linkages and Precursors Thereof." Precursor functional groups are shown as electrophilic groups and nucleophilic groups. The functional group on the organic substance may be attached directly, or attached via any useful spacer or linker as defined below.

1TABLE 1 Examples of Covalent Linkages and Precursors Thereof Covalent Linkage Product Electrophile Nucleophile Carboxamides Activated esters amines/anilines Carboxamides acyl azides amines/anilines Carboxamides acyl halides amines/anilines Esters acyl halides alcohols/phenols Esters acyl nitriles alcohols/phenols Carboxamides acyl nitriles amines/anilines Imines Aldehydes amines/anilines Hydrazones aldehydes or ketones Hydrazines Oximes aldehydes or ketones Hydroxylamines Alkyl amines alkyl halides amines/anilines Esters alkyl halides carboxylic acids Thioethers alkyl halides Thiols Ethers alkyl halides alcohols/phenols Thioethers alkyl sulfonates Thiols Esters alkyl sulfonates carboxylic acids Ethers alkyl sulfonates alcohols/phenols Esters Anhydrides alcohols/phenols Carboxamides Anhydrides amines/anilines Thiophenols aryl halides Thiols Aryl amines aryl halides Amines Thioethers Azindines Thiols Boronate esters Boronates Glycols Carboxamides carboxylic acids amines/anilines Esters carboxylic acids Alcohols hydrazines Hydrazides carboxylic acids N-acylureas or Anhydrides carbodiimides carboxylic acids Esters diazoalkanes carboxylic acids Thioethers Epoxides Thiols Thioethers haloacetamides Thiols Ammotriazines halotriazines amines/anilines Triazinyl ethers halotriazines alcohols/phenols Amidines imido esters amines/anilines Ureas Isocyanates amines/anilines Urethanes Isocyanates alcohols/phenols Thioureas isothiocyanates amines/anilines Thioethers Maleimides Thiols Phosphite esters phosphoramidites Alcohols Silyl ethers silyl halides Alcohols Alkyl amines sulfonate esters amines/anilines Thioethers sulfonate esters Thiols Esters sulfonate esters carboxylic acids Ethers sulfonate esters Alcohols Sulfonamides sulfonyl halides amines/anilines Sulfonate esters sulfonyl halides phenols/alcohols

[0188] In general, carbon electrophiles are susceptible to attack by complementary nucleophiles, including carbon nucleophiles, wherein an attacking nucleophile brings an electron pair to the carbon electrophile in order to form a new bond between the nucleophile and the carbon electrophile.

[0189] Suitable carbon nucleophiles include, but are not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, aryl and alkynyl Grignard, organolithium, organozinc, alkyl-, alkenyl, aryl- and alkynyl-tin reagents (organostannanes), alkyl-, alkenyl-, aryl- and alkynyl-borane reagents (organoboranes and organoboronates); these carbon nucleophiles have the advantage of being kinetically stable in water or polar organic solvents. Other carbon nucleophiles include phosphorus ylids, enol and enolate reagents; these carbon nucleophiles have the advantage of being relatively easy to generate from precursors well known to those skilled in the art of synthetic organic chemistry. Carbon nucleophiles, when used in conjunction with carbon electrophiles, engender new carbon-carbon bonds between the carbon nucleophile and carbon electrophile.

[0190] Non-carbon nucleophiles suitable for coupling to carbon electrophiles include but are not limited to primary and secondary amines, thiols, thiolates, and thioethers, alcohols, alkoxides, azides, semicarbazides, and the like. These non-carbon nucleophiles, when used in conjunction with carbon electrophiles, typically generate heteroatom linkages (C--X--C), wherein X is a hetereoatom, e. g, oxygen or nitrogen.

[0191] The term "protecting group" refers to chemical moieties that block some or all reactive moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical reactions until the protective group is removed. It is preferred that each protective group be removable by a different means. Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal. Protective groups can be removed by acid, base, and hydrogenolysis. Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and may be used to protect carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected with Cbz groups, which are removable by hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile. Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties may be blocked with base labile groups such as, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl in the presence of amines blocked with acid labile groups such as t-butyl carbamate or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable.

[0192] Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties may also be blocked with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids may be blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc. Carboxylic acid reactive moieties may be protected by conversion to simple ester derivatives as exemplified herein, or they may be blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co-existing amino groups may be blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates.

[0193] Allyl blocking groups are useful in then presence of acid- and base-protecting groups since the former are stable and can be subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts. For example, an allyl-blocked carboxylic acid can be deprotected with a Pd.sub.0-catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups. Yet another form of protecting group is a resin to which a compound or intermediate may be attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and cannot react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react.

[0194] Typically blocking/protecting groups may be selected from: 38

[0195] Other protecting groups are described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0196] Biological Activity

[0197] Protein kinases (PKs) play a role in signal transduction pathways regulating a number of cellular functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, and cell death. PKs are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of hydroxy groups on tyrosine, serine and threonine residues of proteins. Abnormal PK activity has been related to disorders ranging from relatively non life threatening diseases such as psoriasis to extremely virulent diseases such as glioblastoma (brain cancer). In addition, a variety of tumor types have dysfunctional growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, resulting in inappropriate mitogenic signaling. Protein kinases are believed to be involved in many different cellular signal transduction pathways. In particular, protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) are attractive targets in the search for therapeutic agents, not only for cancer, but also against many other diseases. Blocking or regulating the kinase phosphorylation process in a signaling cascade may help treat conditions such as cancer or inflammatory processes.

[0198] Protein tyrosine kinases are a family of tightly regulated enzymes, and the aberrant activation of various members of the family is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The protein-tyrosine kinase family includes Bcr-Ab1 tyrosine kinase, and can be divided into subgroups that have similar structural organization and sequence similarity within the kinase domain. The members of the type III group of receptor tyrosine kinases include the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors (PDGF receptors .alpha. and .beta.), colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R, c-Fms), FLT-3, and stem cell or steel factor receptor (c-kit).

[0199] The compounds, compositions, and methods provided herein are useful to modulate the activity of kinases including, but not limited to, ERBB2, ABL1, AURKA, CDK2, EGFR, FGFR1, LCK, MAPK14, PDGFR, KDR, ABL1, BRAF, ERBB4, FLT3, KIT, and RAF1. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein modulate the activity of a mutant kinase.

[0200] Inhibition by the compounds provided herein can be determined using any suitable assay. In one embodiment, inhibition is determined in vitro. In a specific embodiment, inhibition is assessed by phosphorylation assays. Any suitable phosphorylation assay can be employed. For example, membrane autophosphorylation assays, receptor autophosphorylation assays in intact cells, and ELISA's can be employed. See, e.g., Gazit, et al., J. Med. Chem. (1996) 39:2170-2177, Chapter 18 in CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Ausubel, et al., eds. 2001). Cells useful in such assays include cells with wildtype or mutated forms. In one embodiment, the wildtype is a kinase that is not constitutively active, but is activated with upon dimerization. For example, the mutant FLT3 kinase is constitutively active via internal tandem duplication mutations or point mutations in the activation domain. Suitable cells include those derived through cell culture from patient samples as well as cells derived using routine molecular biology techniques, e.g., retroviral transduction, transfection, mutagenesis, etc. Exemplary cells include Ba/F3 or 32Dc13 cells transduced with, e.g., MSCV retroviral constructs FLT3-ITD (Kelly et al., 2002); Molm-13 and Molm14 cell line (Fujisaki Cell Center, Okayama, Japan); HL60 (AML-M3), AML193 (AML-M5), KG-1, KG-1a, CRL-1873, CRL-9591, and THP-1 (American Tissue Culture Collection, Bethesda, Md.); or any suitable cell line derived from a patient with a hematopoietic malignancy.

[0201] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein significantly inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases. A significant inhibition of a receptor tyrosine kinase activity refers to an IC.sub.50 of less than or equal to 100 .mu.M. Preferably, the compound can inhibit activity with an IC.sub.50 of less than or equal to 50 .mu.M, more preferably less than or equal to 10 .mu.M, more preferably less than 1 .mu.M, or less than 100 nM, most preferably less than 50 nM. Lower IC.sub.50s are preferred because the IC.sub.50 provides an indication as to the in vivo effectiveness of the compound. Other factors known in the art, such as compound half-life, biodistribution, and toxicity should also be considered for therapeutic uses. Such factors may enable a compound with a lower IC.sub.50 to have greater in vivo efficacy than a compound having a higher IC.sub.50. Preferably, a compound that inhibits activity is administered at a dose where the effective tyrosine phosphorylation, i.e., IC.sub.50, is less than its cytotoxic effects, LD.sub.50.

[0202] In some embodiments, the compounds selectively inhibit one or more kinases. Selective inhibition of a kinase, such as FLT3, p38 kinase, STK10, MKNK2, Bcr-Abl, c-kit, or PDGFR, is achieved by inhibiting activity of one kinase, while having an insignificant effect on other members of the superfamily.

[0203] C-kit

[0204] The Stem Cell Factor (SCF) receptor c-kit is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase that initiates cell growth and proliferation signal transduction cascades in response to SCF binding. c-kit is a 145-kD transmembrane glycoprotein and is the normal cellular homolog of the v-kit retroviral oncogene, It is also a member of the Type III transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase subfamily, which includes the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-I receptor, also known as the FMS receptor, the related FLT-3 receptor, and the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) .alpha. and .beta. receptors. The c-kit gene product is expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells, mast cells, germ cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and some human tumors. Inactivating mutations of c-kit or its ligand, Steel factor (SLF), have demonstrated that the normal functional activity of the c-kit gene product is essential for maintenance of normal hematopoeisis, melanogenesis, genetogensis, and growth and differentiation of mast cells and ICC. SLF is produce by human and murine hematopoietic stromal cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and bone marrow-derived stromal cells.

[0205] In addition to its importance in normal cellular physiologic activities, c-kit plays a role in the biological aspects of certain human cancers, including germ cell tumors, mast cell tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and neuroblastoma. Proliferation of tumor cell growth mediated by c-kit can occur by a specific mutation of the c-kit polypeptide that results in ligand independent activation or by autocrine stimulation of the receptor. In the former case, mutations that cause constitutive activation of c-kit kinase activity in the absence of SCF binding are implicated in malignant human cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors, germ cell tumors, mast cell tumors, and myeloid leukemia's and in mastocytosis.

[0206] The activity of the c-kit receptor protein tyrosine kinase is regulated in normal cells, and as discussed the deregulated c-kit kinase activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. In some types of tumors, inhibition of c-kit activity reduces cellular proliferation, suggesting a role for use of pharmacologic inhibitors of c-kit in the treatment of c-kit dependent malignancies.

[0207] In one embodiment, compositions and methods provided herein are effective to modulate the activity of c-kit. In other embodiments, compositions and methods provided herein are effective to selectively modulate the activity of c-kit.

[0208] Formulations

[0209] The compounds described herein can be used to prepare a medicament, such as by formulation into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to a subject using techniques generally known in the art. A summary of such pharmaceutical compositions may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. The compounds of the invention can be used singly or as components of mixtures. Preferred forms of the compounds are those for systemic administration as well as those for topical or transdermal administration. Formulations designed for timed release are also within the scope of the invention. Formulation in unit dosage form is also preferred for the practice of the invention.

[0210] In unit dosage form, the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compounds. The unit dosage may be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation. Non-limiting examples are packeted tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.

[0211] The compounds described herein may be labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by any other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels. The compositions may be in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in a liquid prior to use, or as emulsions. Suitable excipients or carriers are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, alcohols, aloe vera gel, allantoin, glycerin, vitamin A and E oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol, PPG-2 myristyl propionate, and the like. Of course, these compositions may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, and so forth.

[0212] Methods for the preparation of compositions comprising the compounds described herein include formulating the derivatives with one or more inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to form either a solid or liquid. Solid compositions include, but are not limited to, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories. Liquid compositions include solutions in which a compound is dissolved, emulsions comprising a compound, or a solution containing liposomes, micelles, or nanoparticles comprising a compound as disclosed herein.

[0213] A carrier of the invention can be one or more substances which also serve to act as a diluent, flavoring agent, solubilizer, lubricant, suspending agent, binder, or tablet disintegrating agent. A carrier can also be an encapsulating material.

[0214] In powder forms of the invention's compositions, the carrier is preferably a finely divided solid in powder form which is interdispersed as a mixture with a finely divided powder from of one or more compound. In tablet forms of the compositions, one or more compounds is intermixed with a carrier with appropriate binding properties in suitable proportions followed by compaction into the shape and size desired. Powder and tablet form compositions preferably contain between about 5 to about 70% by weight of one or more compound. Carriers that may be used in the practice of the invention include, but are not limited to, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.

[0215] The compounds of the invention may also be encapsulated or microencapsulated by an encapsulating material, which may thus serve as a carrier, to provide a capsule in which the derivatives, with or without other carriers, is surrounded by the encapsulating material. In an analogous manner, cachets comprising one or more compounds are also provided by the instant invention. Tablet, powder, capsule, and cachet forms of the invention can be formulated as single or unit dosage forms suitable for administration, optionally conducted orally.

[0216] In suppository forms of the compositions, a low-melting wax such as, but not limited to, a mixture of fatty acid glycerides, optionally in combination with cocoa butter is first melted. One or more compounds are then dispersed into the melted material by, as a non-limiting example, stirring. The non-solid mixture is then placed into molds as desired and allowed to cool and solidify.

[0217] Non-limiting compositions in liquid form include solutions suitable for oral or parenteral administration, as well as suspensions and emulsions suitable for oral administration. Sterile aqueous based solutions of one or more compounds, optionally in the presence of an agent to increase solubility of the derivative(s), are also provided. Non-limiting examples of sterile solutions include those comprising water, ethanol, and/or propylene glycol in forms suitable for parenteral administration. A sterile solution of the invention may be prepared by dissolving one or more compounds in a desired solvent followed by sterilization, such as by filtration through a sterilizing membrane filter as a non-limiting example. In another embodiment, one or more compounds are dissolved into a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions.

[0218] A water based solution suitable for oral administration can be prepared by dissolving one or more compounds in water and adding suitable flavoring agents, coloring agents, stabilizers, and thickening agents as desired. Water based suspensions for oral use can be made by dispersing one or more compounds in water together with a viscous material such as, but not limited to, natural or synthetic gums, resins, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and other suspending agents known to the pharmaceutical field.

[0219] In therapeutic use, the compounds of the invention are administered to a subject at dosage levels of from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 8.0 mg/kg of body weight per day. For example, a human subject of approximately 70 kg, this is a dosage of from 35 mg to 560 mg per day. Such dosages, however, may be altered depending on a number of variables, not limited to the activity of the compound used, the condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the condition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner.

[0220] The foregoing ranges are merely suggestive, as the number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large, and considerable excursions from these recommended values are not uncommon.

[0221] Methods of Use

[0222] By modulating kinase activity, the compounds disclosed herein can be used to treat a variety of diseases. Suitable conditions characterized by undesirable protein-kinase activity can be treated by the compounds presented herein. As used herein, the term "condition" refers to a disease, disorder, or related symptom where inappropriate kinase activity is present. In some embodiments, these conditions are characterized by aggressive neovasculaturization including tumors, especially acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, myelodysplastic leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs).

[0223] Compounds presented herein are useful in the treatment of a variety of biologically aberrant conditions or disorders related to tyrosine kinase signal transduction. Such disorders pertain to abnormal cell proliferation, differentiation, and/or metabolism. Abnormal cell proliferation may result in a wide array of diseases, including the development of neoplasia such as carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, glioblastoma, hemangioma, psoriasis, arteriosclerosis, arthritis and diabetic retinopathy (or other disorders related to uncontrolled angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis).

[0224] In various embodiments, compounds presented herein regulate, modulate, and/or inhibit disorders associated with abnormal cell proliferation by affecting the enzymatic activity of one or more tyrosine kinases and interfering with the signal transduced by said kinase. More particularly, the present invention is directed to compounds which regulate, modulate said kinase mediated signal transduction pathways as a therapeutic approach to cure leukemia and many kinds of solid tumors, including but not limited to carcinoma, sarcoma, erythroblastoma, glioblastoma, meningioma, astrocytoma, melanoma and myoblastoma. Indications may include, but are not limited to brain cancers, bladder cancers, ovarian cancers, gastric cancers, pancreas cancers, colon cancers, blood cancers, lung cancers and bone cancers.

[0225] In other embodiments, compounds herein are useful in the treatment of cell proliferative disorders including cancers, blood vessel proliferative disorders, fibrotic disorders, and mesangial cell proliferative disorders. Blood vessel proliferation disorders refer to angiogenic and vasculogenic disorders generally resulting in abnormal proliferation of blood vessels. The formation and spreading of blood vessels, or vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, respectively, play important roles in a variety of physiological processes such as embryonic development, corpus luteum formation, wound healing and organ regeneration. They also play a pivotal role in cancer development. Other examples of blood vessel proliferation disorders include arthritis, where new capillary blood vessels invade the joint and destroy cartilage, and ocular diseases, like diabetic retinopathy, where new capillaries in the retina invade the vitreous, bleed and cause blindness. Conversely, disorders related to the shrinkage, contraction or closing of blood vessels, such as restenosis, are also implicated.

[0226] Fibrotic disorders refer to the abnormal formation of extracellular matrix. Examples of fibrotic disorders include hepatic cirrhosis and mesangial cell proliferative disorders. Hepatic cirrhosis is characterized by the increase in extracellular matrix constituents resulting in the formation of a hepatic scar. Hepatic cirrhosis can cause diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver. An increased extracellular matrix resulting in a hepatic scar can also be caused by viral infection such as hepatitis. Lipocytes appear to play a major role in hepatic cirrhosis. Other fibrotic disorders implicated include atherosclerosis (see, below).

[0227] Mesangial cell proliferative disorders refer to disorders brought about by abnormal proliferation of mesangial cells. Mesangial proliferative disorders include various human renal diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, malignant nephrosclerosis, thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes, transplant rejection, and glomerulopathies. The cell proliferative disorders which are indications of the present invention are not necessarily independent. For example, fibrotic disorders may be related to, or overlap, with blood vessel proliferative disorders. For example, atherosclerosis results, in part, in the abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within blood vessels.

[0228] Compounds of the invention can be administered to a subject upon determination of the subject as having a disease or unwanted condition that would benefit by treatment with said derivative. The determination can be made by medical or clinical personnel as part of a diagnosis of a disease or condition in a subject. Non-limiting examples include determination of a risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, myelodysplastic leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs).

[0229] The methods of the invention can comprise the administration of an effective amount of one or more compounds as disclosed herein, optionally in combination with one or more other active agents for the treatment of a disease or unwanted condition as disclosed herein. The subject is preferably human, and repeated administration over time is within the scope of the present invention.

[0230] The present invention thus also provides compounds described above and their salts or solvates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof for use in the prevention or treatment of disorders mediated by aberrant protein tyrosine kinase activity such as human malignancies and the other disorders mentioned above. The compounds of the present invention are especially useful for the treatment of disorders caused by aberrant kinase activity such as breast, ovarian, gastric, pancreatic, non-small cell lung, bladder, head and neck cancers, and psoriasis. The cancers include hematologic cancers, for example, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, myelodysplastic leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs).

[0231] A further aspect of the invention provides a method of treatment of a human or animal subject suffering from a disorder mediated by aberrant protein tyrosine kinase activity, including susceptible malignancies, which comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound described above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[0232] A further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer and malignant tumors. The cancer can be stomach, gastric, bone, ovary, colon, lung, brain, larynx, lymphatic system, genitourinary tract, ovarian, squamous cell carcinoma, astrocytoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer, leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, myelodysplastic leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs), glioma, colorectal cancer, genitourinary cancer gastrointestinal cancer, or pancreatic cancer.

[0233] In accordance with the present invention, compounds provided herein are useful for preventing and treating conditions associated with ischemic cell death, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, glaucoma, and other neurodegenerative conditions. Various neurodegenerative conditions which may involve apoptotic cell death, include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's Disease, ALS and motor neuron degeneration, Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathies, Down's Syndrome, age related macular degeneration (ARMD), traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's Disease, spinal muscular atrophy, and HIV encephalitis. The compounds described in detail above can be used in methods and compositions for imparting neuroprotection and for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

[0234] The compounds described herein, can be used in a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and/or the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis (including osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), common cold, dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, organ transplant toxicity, cachexia, allergic reactions, allergic contact hypersensitivity, cancer (such as solid tumor cancer including colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and prostrate cancer; hematopoietic malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas; Hodgkin's disease; aplastic anemia, skin cancer and familiar adenomatous polyposis), tissue ulceration, peptic ulcers, gastritis, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, recurrent gastrointestinal lesion, gastrointestinal bleeding, coagulation, anemia, synovitis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, restenosis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis (including atherosclerotic plaque rupture), aortic aneurysm (including abdominal aortic aneurysm and brain aortic aneurysm), periarteritis nodosa, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, spinal cord injury, neuralgia, neurodegenerative disorders (acute and chronic), autoimmune disorders, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, migraine, depression, peripheral neuropathy, pain (including low back and neck pain, headache and toothache), gingivitis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, nootropic or cognition enhancement, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ocular angiogenesis, corneal injury, macular degeneration, conjunctivitis, abnormal wound healing, muscle or joint sprains or strains, tendonitis, skin disorders (such as psoriasis, eczema, scleroderma and dermatitis), myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, myositis, bursitis, burns, diabetes (including types I and II diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy), tumor invasion, tumor growth, tumor metastasis, corneal scarring, scleritis, immunodeficiency diseases (such as AIDS in humans and FLV, FIV in cats), sepsis, premature labor, hypoprothrombinemia, hemophilia, thyroiditis, sarcoidosis, Behcet's syndrome, hypersensitivity, kidney disease, Rickettsial infections (such as Lyme disease, Erlichiosis), Protozoan diseases (such as malaria, giardia, coccidia), reproductive disorders, and septic shock, arthritis, fever, common cold, pain and cancer in a mammal, preferably a human, cat, livestock or a dog, comprising an amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof effective in such prevention and/or treatment optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0235] A further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of psoriasis.

[0236] As one of skill in the art will recognize, the compounds can be administered before, during or after the occurrence of a condition or a disease, and the timing of administering the composition containing a compound can vary. Thus, for example, the compounds can be used as a prophylactic and can be administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to conditions and diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of the disorder. The compounds and compositions can be administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. The administration of the compounds can be initiated within the first 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, preferably within the first 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, more preferably within the first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms, and most preferably within 3 hours of the onset of the symptoms. The initial administration can be via any route practical, such as, for example, an intravenous injection, a bolus injection, infusion over 5 min. to about 5 hours, a pill, a capsule, transdermal patch, buccal delivery, and the like, or a combination thereof. A compound is preferably administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a condition or a disease is detected or suspected, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease, such as, for example, from about 1 month to about 3 months. As one of skill in the art will recognize, the length of treatment can vary for each subject, and the length can be determined using the known criteria. For example, the compound or a formulation containing the compound can be administered for at least 2 weeks, preferably about 1 month to about 5 years, and more preferably from about 1 month to about 3 years.

[0237] Kits/Articles of Manufacture

[0238] For use in the therapeutic applications described herein, kits and articles of manufacture are also within the scope of the invention. Such kits can comprise a carrier, package, or container that is compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) comprising one of the separate elements to be used in a method of the invention. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. The containers can be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.

[0239] For example, the container(s) can comprise one or more compounds of the invention, optionally in a composition or in combination with another agent as disclosed herein. The container(s) optionally have a sterile access port (for example the container can be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). Such kits optionally comprising a compound with an identifying description or label or instructions relating to its use in the methods of the present invention.

[0240] A kit of the invention will typically may comprise one or more additional containers, each with one or more of various materials (such as reagents, optionally in concentrated form, and/or devices) desirable from a commercial and user standpoint for use of a compound of the invention. Non-limiting examples of such materials include, but not limited to, buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes; carrier, package, container, vial and/or tube labels listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package inserts with instructions for use. A set of instructions will also typically be included.

[0241] A label can be on or associated with the container. A label can be on a container when letters, numbers or other characters forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container itself; a label can be associated with a container when it is present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the container, e.g., as a package insert. A label can be used to indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific therapeutic application. The label can also indicate directions for use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein.

[0242] The terms "kit" and "article of manufacture" may be used as synonyms.

EXAMPLES

[0243] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting in any way. The experimental procedures to generate the data shown are discussed in more detail below. For all formulations herein, multiple doses may be proportionally compounded as is known in the art.

[0244] The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology used is intended to be in the nature of description rather than of limitation. Thus, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that conditions such as choice of solvent, temperature of reaction, volumes, reaction time may vary while still producing the desired compounds. In addition, one of skill in the art will also appreciate that many of the reagents provided in the following examples may be substituted with other suitable reagents. See, e.g., Smith & March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5.sup.th ed. (2001).

Example A

Synthesis of Isoxazole-Amides

[0245] Compounds A1 through A240 are synthesized by methods known in the art or described herein. The structures are shown below in Table A:

2TABLE A NO. STRUCTURE A1 39 A2 40 A3 41 A4 42 A5 43 A6 44 A7 45 A8 46 A9 47 A10 48 A11 49 A12 50 A13 51 A14 52 A15 53 A16 54 A17 55 A18 56 A19 57 A20 58 A21 59 A22 60 A23 61 A24 62 A25 63 A26 64 A27 65 A28 66 A29 67 A30 68 A31 69 A32 70 A33 71 A34 72 A35 73 A36 74 A37 75 A38 76 A39 77 A40 78 A41 79 A42 80 A43 81 A44 82 A45 83 A46 84 A47 85 A48 86 A49 87 A50 88 A51 89 A52 90 A53 91 A54 92 A55 93 A56 94 A57 95 A58 96 A59 97 A60 98 A61 99 A62 100 A63 101 A64 102 A65 103 A66 104 A67 105 A68 106 A69 107 A70 108 A71 109 A72 110 A73 111 A74 112 A75 113 A76 114 A77 115 A78 116 A79 117 A80 118 A81 119 A82 120 A83 121 A84 122 A85 123 A86 124 A87 125 A88 126 A89 127 A90 128 A91 129 A92 130 A93 131 A94 132 A95 133 A96 134 A97 135 A98 136 A99 137 A100 138 A101 139 A102 140 A103 141 A104 142 A105 143 A106 144 A107 145 A108 146 A109 147 A110 148 A111 149 A112 150 A113 151 A114 152 A115 153 A116 154 A117 155 A118 156 A119 157 A120 158 A121 159 A122 160 A123 161 A124 162 A125 163 A126 164 A127 165 A128 166 A129 167 A130 168 A131 169 A132 170 A133 171 A134 172 A135 173 A136 174 A137 175 A138 176 A139 177 A140 178 A141 179 A142 180 A143 181 A144 182 A145 183 A146 184 A147 185 A148 186 A149 187 A150 188 A151 189 A152 190 A153 191 A154 192 A155 193 A156 194 A157 195 A158 196 A159 197 A160 198 A161 199 A162 200 A163 201 A164 202 A165 203 A166 204 A167 205 A168 206 A169 207 A170 208 A171 209 A172 210 A173 211 A174 212 A175 213 A176 214 A177 215 A178 216 A179 217 A180 218 A181 219 A182 220 A183 221 A184 222 A185 223 A186 224 A187 225 A188 226 A189 227 A190 228 A191 229 A192 230 A193 231 A194 232 A195 233 A196 234 A197 235 A198 236 A199 237 A200 238 A201 239 202 240 A203 241 A204 242 A205 243 A206 244 A207 245 A208 246 A209 247 A210 248 A211 249 A212 250 A213 251 A214 252 A215 253 A216 254 A217 255 A218 256 A219 257 A220 258 A221 259 A222 260 A223 261 A224 262 A225 263 A226 264 A227 265 A228 266 A229 267 A230 268 A231 269 A232 270 A233 271 A234 272 A235 273 A236 274 A237 275 A238 276 A239 277 A240 278

Example B

Exemplary Synthesis of Isoxazole-Amides

[0246] 279

[0247] In a 40 mL vial, 1 mL of thionyl chloride was added to 0.2 mmol para-substituted phenylacetic acid. The vial was capped and stirred at 80.degree. C. for approximately three hours. The completion of the reaction was checked by TLC. The excess thionyl chloride was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and added to a mixture of 3-tert-butyl-isoxazol-5-ylamine (0.2 mmol) and DIEA (0.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight at 45.degree. C. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the product was purified by HPLC.

Synthesis of Compound B1: N-(3-tert-butylisoxazol-5-yl)-2-(4-(benzyloxy)ph- enyl)acetamide

[0248] 280

[0249] (4-Benzyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid (50 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 eq) was stirred with 1 mL of thionyl chloride at 80.degree. C. for approximately three hours. The completion of the reaction was checked by TLC. Excess thionyl chloride was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and added to a mixture of 3-tert-butyl-isoxazol-5-ylamine (28 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 eq) and DIEA (35 .mu.L, 0.2 mmol, 1 eq). The reaction was stirred overnight at 45.degree. C. The solvent was removed and the product purified by HPLC. Yield: 42 mg (57%), LC/MS [MH.sup.+]365.

[0250] Compounds B2 through B16 were synthesized in a manner analogous to Compound B1 using similar starting materials and reagents. The structures are shown below in Table B:

3TABLE B NO. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE B1 281 B2 282 B3 283 B4 284 B5 285 B6 286 B7 287 B8 288 B9 289 B10 290 B11 291 B12 292 B13 293 B14 294 B15 295 B16 296

Example C

Synthesis of Thiazole-amides

Synthesis of Compound C1: 2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-N-(5-methylthiazol-2-yl)- acetamide

[0251] 297

[0252] Compound C1 was prepared in strict analogy to compound B1 using 2-amino-5-methylthiazole as starting material instead of 3-tert-butyl-isoxazol-5-ylamine.

[0253] Compounds C2 through C6 were synthesized in a manner analogous to Compound C1 using similar starting materials and reagents. The structures are shown below in Table C:

4TABLE C NO. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE C1 298 C2 299 C3 300 C4 301 C5 302 C6 303

Example E

Synthesis of Di-Phenyl Ureas

Synthesis of Compound E1: 2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-N-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2H-pyra- zol-3-yl)-acetamide

[0254] 304

[0255] Compound E1 was prepared in strict analogy to compound B1 using 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine and 4-fluorophenylacetic acid as starting materials.

[0256] Compounds E2 through E20 were synthesized in a manner analogous to Compound E1 using similar starting materials and reagents. The structures are shown below in Table E:

5TABLE E NO. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE E1 305 E2 306 E3 307 E4 308 E5 309 E6 310 E7 311 E8 312 E9 313 E10 314 E11 315 E12 316 E13 317 E14 318 E15 319 E16 320 E17 321 E18 322 E19 323 E20 324

Example F

Synthesis of Isoxazole-Bis-Amides

[0257] 325

[0258] In a vial thionyl chloride was added to a para-substituted phenylacetic acid. The vial was capped and stirred at 80.degree. C. for approximately three hours. The completion of the reaction was checked by TLC, and the excess thionyl chloride removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and added to a mixture 5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-ylamine and DIEA. The reaction was stirred overnight at 45.degree. C. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the product was purified by HPLC. 326

[0259] For the case of R.dbd.NO.sub.2, reduction to the amine was carried out prior to reaction with an activated carboxylic acid. 1.5 gm of 1-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-3-(4-nitro-phenyl)-amide was dissolved in 50 ml THF and 0.1 g of 10% Pd/C is added. The solution was stirred under hydrogen at 50 psi. for 24 hours then filtered through a Celite pad. The organic solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the resulting residue was triturated with ethyl acetate. 327

[0260] 1 equivalent of the carboxylic acid and 1.1 equivalent of CDI were dissolved in dry DMF and stirred at 40.degree. C. for 2 h, then 1 equivalent of the substituted aniline was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 40.degree. C. overnight and the final product was purified by preparative HPLC. 328

[0261] Alternatively, 1 equivalent of the carboxylic acid and 1.1 equivalent of thionyl chloride were heated in a sealed tube at 50 C. for 3 h. The excess thionyl chloride was evaporated, 1 equivalent of aniline in DMF was added, and the solution stirred at room temperature for 8 h. The final product was purified by preparative HPLC.

[0262] Compounds F1 through F5 are synthesized in a manner analogous to those shown above using similar starting materials and reagents. The structures are shown below in Table F:

6TABLE F NO. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE F1 329 F2 330 F3 331 F4 332 F5 333

Binding Constant (K.sub.d) Measurements for Small-Molecule-Kinase Interactions

[0263] Methods for measuring binding affinities for interactions between small molecules and kinases including FLT3, c-KIT, ABL(T334I) [a.k.a. ABL(T315I)], VEGFR2 (a.k.a. KDR), and EGFR are described in detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/873,835, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The components of the assays include human kinases expressed as fusions to T7 bacteriophage particles and immobilized ligands that bind to the ATP site of the kinases. For the assay, phage-displayed kinases and immobilized ATP site ligands are combined with the compound to be tested. If the test compound binds the kinase it competes with the immobilized ligand and prevents binding to the solid support. If the compound does not bind the kinase, phage-displayed proteins are free to bind to the solid support through the interaction between the kinase and the immobilized ligand. The results are read out by quantitating the amount of fusion protein bound to the solid support, which is accomplished by either traditional phage plaque assays or by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using the phage genome as a template. To determine the affinity of the interactions between a test molecule and a kinase, the amount of phage-displayed kinase bound to the solid support is quantitated as a function of test compound concentration. The concentration of test molecule that reduces the number of phage bound to the solid support by 50% is equal to the K.sub.d for the interaction between the kinase and the test molecule. Typically, data are collected for twelve concentrations of test compound and, the resultant binding curve is fit to a non-cooperative binding isotherm to calculate K.sub.d.

[0264] Described in the exemplary assays below is data from binding with varying kinases. Binding values are reported as follows "+" for representative compounds exhibiting a binding dissociation constant (Kd) of 10,000 nM or higher; "++" for representative compounds exhibiting a Kd of 1,000 nM to 10,000 nM; "+++" for representative compounds exhibiting a Kd of 100 nM to 1,000 nM; and "++++" for representative compounds exhibiting a Kd of less than 100 nM. The term "ND" represents non-determined values.

7 Binding Constand (K.sub.d) Measurements for Small-Molecule c-Kit Interactions Binding Compound Assay-KIT Structure (DKIN) 334 +++ 335 +++ 336 ++ 337 ++ 338 ++ 339 +++ Binding Compound Assay-KIT Structure (JMminus) 340 ++++ 341 ++++ 342 ++++ 343 ++++ 344 +++ 345 ++++

[0265] All references cited herein, including patents, patent applications, and publications, are herby incorporated by reference in their entireties, whether previously specifically incorporated or not.

[0266] Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation.

[0267] While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method of modulating c-kit kinase, said method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound corresponding to Formula (IA): 346wherein: M is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; N is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted hetroaryl; and K is 347Y is O or S; each R.sub.k is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.2).sub.2, --SR.sub.2, --C(O)R.sub.2, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.2, --C(O)N(R.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(R.sub.2)C(O)R.sub.2, each R.sub.2 is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or wherein two R.sub.2 groups are linked together by an optionally substituted alkylene; and each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or an active metabolite, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (IB): 348wherein: each Z is independently C, CR.sub.3, N, NR.sub.3, O, or S, provided that no more than two Z's are heteroatoms and wherein no two adjacent Z's are O or S, where R.sub.3 is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and each R.sub.1 is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, --OR.sub.c --OH, --OC(O)R.sub.c, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.c).sub.2, --SR.sub.c, S(O).sub.jR.sub.c where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.cC(O)R.sub.c, --C(O)N(R.sub.c).sub.2, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.c, or --C(O)R.sub.c; or two adjacent R.sub.1's, are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl, each R.sub.c is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (I): 349wherein K is 350each R.sub.k is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (II): 351

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (III): 352wherein Z.sub.1 is CR.sub.3 or N; and Z.sub.2 is O or S.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (IV): 353wherein: each R.sub.1 is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl), --NR.sub.cC(O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --NR.sub.cC(O) (substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --NR.sub.cC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl), --C(O)NR(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --C(O)NR.sub.c(substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl), --NO.sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.c, --SR.sub.c, C(O).sub.2R.sub.c, or --C(O)R.sub.c; and two adjacent R.sub.1's, taken together, form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and each R.sub.2 is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound is: 354

8. The method of claim 5, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (V): 355

9. The method of claim 8, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 356

10. The method of claim 4, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (VI): 357wherein Z.sub.1 is O or S; and Z.sub.2 is CR.sub.3 or N.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (VII): 358wherein: each R.sub.1 is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl , --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl) , --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl), --NR.sub.cC(O)O(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --NR.sub.cC(O) (substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --NR.sub.cC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl), --C(O)NR.sub.c(substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), --C(O)NR.sub.c(substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl), --NO.sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.c, --SR.sub.c, C(O).sub.2R.sub.c, or --C(O)R.sub.c; and each R.sub.2 is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (VIII): 359

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 360

14. The method of claim 5, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (IX): 361wherein: L is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; and T is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein T of said compound corresponds to Formula (X): 362wherein A is a substituted or unsubstituted five or six-membered heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and B is a substituted or unsubstituted five or six-membered heterocyclene, arylene, or heteroarylene, wherein A and B together form a fused two ring moiety.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XI): 363

17. The method of claim 16, wherein L of said compound is a covalent bond, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene), --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH--, or --NHC(O)(alkylene)-.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein B of said compound is a substituted or unsubstituted five-membered heteroarylene.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 364365

20. The method of claim 17, wherein B of said compound is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered arylene or heteroarylene.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 366

22. The method of claim 20, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 367368

23. The method of claim 14, wherein T of said compound is a tricyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 369

25. The method of claim 5, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XII): 370wherein: L is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; and each of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is independently C, CR, N, NR, S, or O, wherein no more than three of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is a heteroatom, and no two adjacent ring atoms are O or S; where each R is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.d, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.d).sub.2, --SR.sub.d, --S(O).sub.jR.sub.d where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.d C(O)R.sub.d, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.d, --C(O)N(R.sub.d).sub.2 or --C(O)R.sub.d, or two adjacent R's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetroaryl, where each R.sub.d is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XIII): 371

27. The method of claim 26, wherein L of said compound is a covalent bond, --C(O)NH--, or --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein 372of said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 373

29. The method of claim 28, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 374375

30. The method of claim 5, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XIV): 376L is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; and each of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is independently C, CR, N, NR, S, or O, wherein no more than three of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is a heteroatom, and no two adjacent ring atoms are O or S; where each R is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.d, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.d).sub.2, --SR.sub.d, --S(O).sub.jR.sub.d where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.d C(O)R.sub.d, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.d, --C(O)N(R.sub.d).sub.2 or --C(O)R.sub.d, or two adjacent R's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetroaryl, where each R.sub.d is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XV): 377

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 378

33. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XVI): 379

34. The method of claim 33, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 380381

35. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XVII): 382

36. The method of claim 35, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 383

37. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XVIII): 384

38. The method of claim 37, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 385

39. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XIX): 386

40. The method of claim 39, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 387

41. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XX): 388

42. The method of claim 41, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 389

43. The method of claim 31, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XXI): 390

44. The method of claim 43, wherein L of said compound is --NHC(O)--, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene), --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene), or --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 391

46. The method of claim 43, wherein L of said compound is --O-- or --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 392393

48. The method of claim 43, wherein L of said compound is -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)- or --NHC(O)(alkylene)S(alkylene)C(O)NH--.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 394

50. The method of claim 14, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XXII): 395wherein: L.sub.1 is a linker selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)--, --NH--, --O--, --S--, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --N(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, --C(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene)-, and --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)S(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)C(O)NH--; U is a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, hetrocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and V is a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, heterocyclene, arylene, or heteroarylene;

51. The method of claim 50, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XXIII): 396

52. The method of claim 51, wherein L.sub.1 of said compound is a bond, --O(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, -(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-, or --S--; and L of said compound is a covalent bond, --C(O)NH--, --C(O)NH(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene), or --NHC(O)(substituted or unsubstituted alkylene)-.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein V of said compound is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroarylene.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 397398

55. The method of claim 51, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XXIV): 399wherein: each of X.sub.1-X.sub.4 is independently C, CR, or N, wherein no more than two of X.sub.1-X.sub.5 is N; where each R is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.d, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.d).sub.2, --SR.sub.d, --S(O).sub.jR.sub.d where j is 1 or 2, --NR.sub.d C(O)R.sub.d, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.d, --C(O)N(R.sub.d).sub.2 or --C(O)R.sub.d, or two adjacent R's are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetroaryl, where each R.sub.d is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein U of said compound is substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl or pyridinyl.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 400

58. The method of claim 55, wherein U of said compound is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 401402

60. The method of claim 51, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 403

61. The method of claim 14, wherein said compound corresponds to Formula (XXV): 404wherein T is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or heterocylyl.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 405

63. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound is 406

64. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: 407408

65. A method of treating a c-kit mediated disease, said method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound corresponding to Formula (IA): 409wherein: M is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; N is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted hetroaryl; and K is 410Y is O or S; each R.sub.k is independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, --OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, --OC(O)R.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, --N(R.sub.2).sub.2, --SR.sub.2, --C(O)R.sub.2, --C(O).sub.2R.sub.2, --C(O)N(R.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(R.sub.2)C(O)R.sub.2, each R.sub.2 is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or wherein two R.sub.2 groups are linked together by an optionally substituted alkylene; and each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or an active metabolite, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.