U.S. patent application number 11/054195 was filed with the patent office on 2005-07-14 for method and apparatus for spinning and texturing a multifilament composite yarn.
This patent application is currently assigned to Saurer GmbH & Co. KG. Invention is credited to Burkhardt, Klaus, Schemken, Matthias.
Application Number | 20050151295 11/054195 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 31895542 |
Filed Date | 2005-07-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050151295 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schemken, Matthias ; et
al. |
July 14, 2005 |
Method and apparatus for spinning and texturing a multifilament
composite yarn
Abstract
A method and an apparatus for spinning and texturing a
multifilament composite yarn. The composite yarn is formed from a
plurality of yarn components, which are spun, cooled, drawn, and
textured in parallel relationship. To obtain physical properties
that are adapted to the quality characteristics of the yarn
components, the invention provides for drawing at least one of the
yarn components separately and independently of the other yarn
components before texturing. To this end, a plurality to separate
feed roll systems are provided, with at least one of the feed roll
systems being associated to the one of the yarn components, and
with the one yarn component being drawn by the feed roll system
separately and independently of the other yarn components.
Inventors: |
Schemken, Matthias;
(Neumunster, DE) ; Burkhardt, Klaus; (Lutjenburg,
DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ALSTON & BIRD LLP
BANK OF AMERICA PLAZA
101 SOUTH TRYON STREET, SUITE 4000
CHARLOTTE
NC
28280-4000
US
|
Assignee: |
Saurer GmbH & Co. KG
|
Family ID: |
31895542 |
Appl. No.: |
11/054195 |
Filed: |
February 9, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11054195 |
Feb 9, 2005 |
|
|
|
PCT/EP03/08810 |
Aug 8, 2003 |
|
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
264/168 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D01D 5/22 20130101; D02G
1/0266 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
264/168 |
International
Class: |
D01D 005/22 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Aug 10, 2002 |
DE |
102 36 826.0 |
Claims
1. A method of spinning and texturing a multifilament composite
yarn which is composed of a plurality of individual yarn
components, comprising the steps of melt spinning a plurality of
individual multifilament yarn components so as to advance parallel
to each other, while cooling and drawing the individual yarn
components, and including drawing at least one of the individual
yarn components separately and independently from the other
individual yarn components, then texturing the individual yarn
components separately or jointly, gathering together the individual
yarn components to form a composite yarn, and winding the composite
yarn into a package.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the melt spinning step includes
withdrawing the yarn components from respective spinnerets, and
wherein the step of separately and independently drawing at least
one of the yarn components includes withdrawing the at least one of
the yarn components at a withdrawal speed which is different from
the withdrawal speeds of the other individual yarn components.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein a plurality of feed roll systems
are associated with each of the individual yarn components by which
the individual yarn components are separately advanced for the
purpose of being drawn.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein before being drawn, the
individual yarn components are separately entangled by means of a
pressurized fluid.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein after having been drawn, the
individual yarn components are each separately compressed to a yarn
plug in separate stuffer box chambers for the purpose of being
textured.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein after having been drawn, the
individual yarn components are jointly compressed to a yarn plug in
a stuffer box chamber for the purpose of being textured.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite yarn is formed by
entangling or by texturing the individual yarn components.
8. An apparatus for spinning and texturing a multifilament
component yarn, comprising a melt spinning device for melt spinning
a plurality of individual multifilament yarn components, a
withdrawal system for withdrawing and drawing the individual yarn
components, a texturing device for texturing the individual yarn
components, a combining device for gathering the individual yarn
components to form a composite yarn, a take-up device for winding
the composite yarn into a package, wherein the withdrawal system
comprises a plurality of separate feed roll systems, with at least
one of the feed roll systems being associated to one of the yarn
components so that the one yarn component is drawn separately and
independently of the other individual yarn components.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one feed roll
system is constructed for separate operation and control.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the feed roll systems are
associated to the individual yarn components such that each of the
individual yarn components is withdrawn and drawn independently of
adjacent individual yarn components.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the feed roll systems are
constructed to be operated and controlled individually or in
groups.
12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the texturing device comprises
a feed nozzle and a stuffer box chamber cooperating with the feed
nozzle.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein downstream of the stuffer
box chamber a cooling unit extends, by which a yarn plug emerging
from the stuffer box chamber can be cooled.
14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the combining device is
formed by an entanglement unit, in which the individual yarn
components are entangled with one another by means of a pressurized
fluid.
15. A method for spinning and texturing a plurality of yarns,
comprising the steps of melt spinning parallel yarns from a polymer
melt and then cooling and drawing the yarns, and wherein the yarns
are then separately textured and wound to a package, and wherein
during the drawing step the yarns are drawn separately and
independently of one another by a plurality of feed roll systems
associated with the yarns, with the feed roll systems being
constructed to be operated and controlled individually or in
groups.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is a continuation of international
application PCT/EP2003/008810, filed 8 Aug. 2003, and which
designates the U.S. The disclosure of the referenced application is
incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to a method for spinning and texturing
a multifilament composite yarn as well as an apparatus for carrying
out the method.
[0003] A generic method as well as a generic apparatus for spinning
and texturing a multifilament composite yarn are disclosed in EP 0
784 109 A2 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,320.
[0004] For producing a textured composite yarn by the method
disclosed in the referenced patents, a plurality of yarn components
are initially spun from a thermoplastic melt by a spinning means,
then cooled, and separately pretreated in parallel side-by-side
relationship. The yarn components are jointly withdrawn from the
spinning means by a withdrawal system, and drawn before undergoing
texturing. For texturing the component yarns, the latter are
textured jointly or parallel in side-by-side relationship and
subsequently combined to form a composite yarn.
[0005] The known method is directed to changing the appearance of
the composite yarn by a separate compacting step, essentially by
separately entangling or separately texturing the differently dyed
yarn components. However, such visual properties represent only a
part of the properties of the yarn which are desired for further
processing. For the use and application of fabrics produced from
such composite yarns, such as, for example, carpets, the physical
properties, such as strength and elongation take priority over
visual properties. In this respect, the known method and the known
apparatus play only a subordinate role in the production of
qualitatively superior composite yarns.
[0006] Likewise, the method disclosed in EP 0 861 931 A2 and U.S.
Pat. No. 6,442,923, attempts to influence in particular the visual
properties of a composite yarn formed from yarn components by
separate and individual treatment of yarn components. In this
process, freshly spun and drawn yarn components, or drawn
individual yarns that are unwound from a package, are separately
treated in different ways by entangling, texturing, or false
twisting, and combined to a composite yarn.
[0007] It is an object of the invention to provide a generic method
for spinning and texturing a multifilament composite yarn as well
as a generic apparatus for carrying out the method, which permit
producing qualitatively superior textured composite yarns with
optimized physical and visual properties.
[0008] A further object of the invention is to provide a method and
an apparatus, which permit treating parallel spun yarn components
or yarns with greatest flexibility until they are wound.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The invention is based on the knowledge that after spinning,
yarn components that are parallel spun from a basic polymer, may
have an individual molecular structure as a result of adding
different additives, for example, different dyes. When advancing
and drawing the yarn components jointly, this individual molecular
structure will lead to different physical properties, in particular
different strengths. This is where the invention comes into play,
in that at least one of the yarn components is drawn separately and
independently of the other yarn components before being textured.
It was thus found that in the production of a composite yarn from
an individual polypropylene yarn that had been dyed blue, and a
second undyed polypropylene yarn, different draw ratios lead to
respectively maximum strengths with simultaneously the least
residual elongations in the yarn components. Thus, the blue dyed
yarn component required a draw ratio of 1:2.5, and the undyed yarn
component required drawing at the ratio of 1:3.5. With that, the
invention permits the purposeful influencing of the physical
properties of the yarn components in a manner that it is possible
to produce a composite yarn of maximum strength, while having
simultaneously a minimal residual elongation.
[0010] To obtain during the spinning of the yarn components a
drawing that is adapted to the characteristics of the yarn
component, an advantageous further development proposes to withdraw
a yarn component during spinning separately and independently of
the other yarn components at a withdrawal speed that differs from
the withdrawal speeds of the other yarn components.
[0011] In a preferred embodiment of the method, wherein to each
yarn component a plurality of separate feed roll systems are
associated, which withdraw the yarn components during the spinning
separately and advance them separately for drawing, it is possible
to adjust on each of the yarn components the maximum strength with
the least residual elongation. With that a very uniform and
qualitatively superior crimp can be realized in each of the yarn
components after texturing.
[0012] To improve the visual properties of the composite yarn, it
is possible and advantageous to entangle the yarn components
separately before drawing by means of a pressurized fluid.
[0013] To obtain an as uniform and superior crimp as possible when
texturing the yarn components after spinning, it is preferred to
apply the stuffer box principle in the texturing step. To this end,
it is possible to compress the yarn components after drawing either
separately or jointly to form a yarn plug in a stuffer box chamber.
Because of the great strength of the yarn components, it is
possible to reach very great yarn plug densities, which result in
an intensive formation of loops and curls in the individual
filaments of the yarn components and, thus, in an intensive
crimp.
[0014] Before winding the composite yarn, the latter is formed
preferably by entangling or texturing the yarn components. The
choice in which way the yarn components are combined to the
composite yarn is essentially determined by the desired visual
properties of the composite yarn. For example, to obtain in the
case of a multicolor yarn a distinct, accentuated mixed color, it
is preferred to produce the composite yarn after separately
texturing the yarn components by entangling.
[0015] To carry out the method, a withdrawal system is provided
which is formed by a plurality of feed roll systems, with at least
one feed roll system being associated to one of the yarn
components. The yarn component being drawn by the one feed roll
system is thus drawn separately and independently of the other yarn
components.
[0016] The feed roll system associated to the one yarn component is
made for separate operation and control, so that an individual
adjustment is possible for withdrawing and drawing the yarn
component.
[0017] The highest flexibility for carrying out the method is
ensured by an advantageous further development of the apparatus,
wherein the feed roll systems are associated to the yarn components
such that each of the yarn components is withdrawn and drawn
independently of adjacent yarn components.
[0018] In this arrangement, the feed roll systems can be operated
or controlled individually or in groups.
[0019] For texturing the yarn components, the texturing means is
formed preferably by a feed nozzle and a stuffer box chamber
cooperating with the feed nozzle. The feed nozzle is preferably
operated with a hot conveying medium, so that the yarn components
or the formed yarn plug undergo a thermal treatment at the same
time. For cooling the yarn plugs emerging from the stuffer box
chamber, a cooling unit is provided which cools the yarn plugs by
means of a cooling medium.
[0020] The method and the apparatus of the invention are also
suited for producing a composite yarn, whose yarn components are
spun from different polymers. In this connection, it is possible to
spin basically all known polymer materials, such as, for example,
polyamide, polyester, or polypropylene.
[0021] In the case that the composite yarn is produced from feed
yarn packages, it is advantageous to apply the method of the
invention wherein the yarns are parallel spun from a polymer melt,
cooled, and drawn before being textured, separately and
independently of one another by a plurality of feed roll systems
that are associated to the yarns. After drawing, the yarns are
separately textured and each wound to a package. It is also
preferred to use the method for the production of identical yarns.
The individual treatment of the yarn components until they are
wound is however used preferably in the case of different quality
of the yarns.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] In the following, the methods of the invention are described
in greater detail by means of several embodiments of the apparatus
according to the invention with reference to the attached Figures,
in which:
[0023] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of the
apparatus according to the invention;
[0024] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of the
apparatus according to the invention;
[0025] FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic views of some embodiments of a
withdrawal means of the apparatus according to the invention;
and
[0026] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a further embodiment of an
apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0027] The apparatus as shown in FIG. 1 comprises a spinning means
1 that connects to one or more melt producers (not shown). The
spinning means 1 includes a heated spin beam 2, which mounts in
side-by-side relationship a plurality of spinnerets 3.1-3.3. The
spinnerets 3.1-3.3 each comprise on their underside a plurality of
spin holes, through which a polymer melt which is supplied to each
of the spinnerets 3.1-3.3 flows. The melt is thus extruded under
pressure to form a plurality of groups of individual filaments.
[0028] Downstream of the spin beam 2, a cooling shaft 4 is
provided, through which the groups of extruded filaments advance,
so that the filaments emerging at approximately the melt point are
cooled. To this end, the cooling shaft 4 could connect, for
example, to an air flow system, which blows cooling air
substantially transversely toward the filaments. After cooling the
filaments, the filament groups associated to respective spinnerets
3.1-3.3 are combined to form a yarn component 6.1-6.3 by yarn
guides 5.1-5.3 at the outlet of the cooling shaft 4.
[0029] Downstream of the spinning means 1 is a withdrawal means 10
for withdrawing the yarn components 6.1-6.3 from the spinnerets
3.1-3.3. The withdrawal means 10 is formed by a plurality of feed
roll systems 14.1-14.6 which are associated to each of the yarn
components 6.1-6.3. Thus, the yarn component 6.1 is withdrawn from
the spinning means 1 by feed roll system 14.1, the yarn component
6.2 by feed roll system 14.2, and the yarn component 6.3 by feed
roll system 14.3. The feed roll systems 14.1-14.6 are each formed
by a driven godet and an associated companion roll, which are
looped by the respective yarn component several times. In
particular, the drives of the feed roll systems 14.1-14.3 are
controllable independently of one another, so that it is possible
to adjust a withdrawal speed that is adapted to the particular yarn
component.
[0030] To be able to draw the yarn components 6.1-6.3 in full, the
feed roll systems 14.1-14.3 are each followed by an additional feed
roll system 14.4-14.6. Thus, the yarn component 6.1 advances
through feed roll systems 14.1 and 14.4, the yarn component 6.2
through feed roll systems 14.2 and 14.5, and the yarn component 6.3
through feed roll systems 14.3 and 14.6. The feed roll systems
14.4-14.6 are operated preferably likewise independently of one
another by separate drive units. In the case that all yarn
components 6.1-6.3 are removed by the withdrawal means 10 at the
same yarn speed, the feed roll systems 14.4-14.6 can be activated
preferably via a common control unit. In this case, it would also
be possible to combine the individual drives of the feed roll
systems 14.4-14.6 to a group drive. In the cases, in which the
withdrawal means 10 removes the yarn components 6.1-6.3 at
different yarn speeds, for example, to realize visual effects on a
composite yarn, the drives of the feed roll systems 14.4-14.6 are
separately operated and controlled.
[0031] To pretreat the yarn components 6.1-6.3, a pretreatment
means 8 is provided between the spinning means 1 and the withdrawal
means 10. The pretreatment means 8 is formed by yarn lubrication
units 7.1-7.3 associated to each of the yarn components 6.1-6.3 and
subsequent entanglement nozzles 9.1-9.3. In this arrangement, a
lubricant is applied to each of the yarn components 6.1-6.3
independently of the others. Subsequently, the filaments of the
yarn components undergo an entanglement, each in its associated
entanglement nozzle 9.1-9.3. With that a yarn cohesion is
essentially produced for the further treatment of the yarn
components 6.1-6.3.
[0032] The further treatment of the yarn components 6.1-6.3 occurs
downstream of the withdrawal means 10 in a texturing means 11 and
an aftertreatment means 12. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the
texturing means 11 is formed by a feed nozzle 15 and a stuffer box
chamber 16 cooperating therewith. The feed nozzle 15 connects to a
source of pressure, which supplies a conveying medium to the feed
nozzle 15. The conveying medium draws the yarn components 6.1-6.3
into the feed nozzle 15 and subsequently compresses them to a yarn
plug in the stuffer box chamber 16. This causes the yarn components
6.1-6.3 to intermingle in part. Subsequently, the yarn plug which
is preferably produced by a heated conveying medium, advances to a
cooling unit 17, and undergoes cooling. To treat the textured yarn
components 6.1-6.3, the aftertreatment means 12 downstream of the
texturing means 11 comprises a first withdrawal godet 18.1
downstream of the cooling unit 17. Downstream of the withdrawal
godet 18.1 is a combining means 19 which finally intermingles the
yarn components 6.1-6.3 to form a composite yarn 21. In the present
embodiment, the combining means 19 is likewise formed by an
entanglement nozzle. An additional withdrawal godet 18.2 removes
the composite yarn 21 from the combining means 19 and advances it
to a takeup means 13. The takeup means 13 winds the composite yarn
21 to a package 20.
[0033] In the embodiment of the device according to the invention
as illustrated in FIG. 1, the spinnerets 3.1-3.3 are used to spin
three yarn components 6.1-6.3 in a parallel side-by-side
relationship. The yarn components 6.1-6.3 may be produced from
different polymer compositions. For example, each of the yarn
components 6.1-6.3 could include a different dye, an admixture of a
different additive, or different basic polymers. To obtain as much
as possible uniform physical properties despite the different
material qualities of the yarn components 6.1-6.3, the yarn
components 6.1-6.3 are withdrawn from the spinnerets 3.1-3.3 by
their respective feed roll systems 14.1-14.3 at an individually
adjusted withdrawal speed. They are subsequently drawn by the feed
rolls systems 14.4-14.6 downstream thereof. With that, a drawing
can occur that is adapted to each of the yarn components 6.1-6.3
for the purposes of purposefully and separately influencing and
adjusting desired physical properties, such as strength and
elongation.
[0034] After having been drawn, the yarn components 6.1-6.3 are
jointly textured and combined to the composite yarn 21. The
composite yarn 21 that is produced by the method of the invention
distinguishes itself by great uniformity in its physical
properties. It is thus possible and advantageous to produce
high-strength yarns. Depending on desire and requirements for
visual properties, it is possible to operate with a plurality of
treatment steps.
[0035] FIG. 2 illustrates a further embodiment of a device
according to the invention for carrying out the method of the
invention. The embodiment is essentially identical to the foregoing
embodiment, so that the foregoing description is herewith
incorporated by reference and that only differences are described.
Components having identical functions have been provided with
identical numerals.
[0036] In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the spinning means 1, the
pretreatment means 8, the withdrawal means 10, the aftertreatment
means 12, and the takeup means 13 are constructed identical to the
foregoing embodiment.
[0037] For texturing the yarn components 6.1-6.3, the texturing
means 11 is formed by separate feed nozzles with associated stuffer
box chambers. Thus, the texturing means 11 is composed of feed
nozzles 15.1-15.3 and their associated stuffer box chambers
16.1-16.3. Downstream of the stuffer box chambers 16.1-16.3 are
cooling units 17.1-17.3. The feed nozzles 15.1-15.3 and the stuffer
box chambers 16.1-16.3 can be arranged in separate housings or in a
common housing. Likewise, the cooling units 17.1-17.3 can be
replaced with one structural unit, along which three parallel yarn
plugs advance. Essential in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is that
after being individually drawn, the yarn components 6.1-6.3 are
separately textured. Besides the optimized physical properties, it
is thus possible to produce in the composite yarn 21 in particular
also special visual properties. After separately texturing the yarn
components 16.1-16.3, same are jointly removed from the respective
yarn plugs by withdrawal godet 18.1 and advanced to the combining
means 19 for forming the composite yarn 21.
[0038] The withdrawal means of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and
2 are exemplary in their arrangement and construction. Thus, it is
possible to combine the withdrawal means in the illustrated
embodiments in any way to realize a draw ratio that is adapted to
the yarn components.
[0039] FIG. 3 illustrates a further embodiment of a withdrawal
means, as could be used, for example, in the device of FIG. 1 or 2.
In the case of this embodiment, the feed roll systems 14.1 and 14.3
are associated to the yarn component 6.1, whereas the yarn
components 6.2 and 6.3 advance together over the feed roll systems
14.2 and 14.4. It is thus possible to advance and draw the yarn
component 6.1 independently of the yarn components 6.2 and 6.3. The
yarn components 6.2 and 6.3 are jointly advanced and drawn by the
feed roll systems 14.2 and 14.4. Likewise, in this embodiment, the
feed roll systems 14.1-14.4 are formed by a driven godet and an
associated guide roll. Associated to each of the driven godets is
an individual drive unit which is independently controllable.
[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates a further embodiment of a withdrawal
means, as could be used, for example, in the devices of FIGS. 1 and
2. In this embodiment, the feed roll system 14.1 withdraws the yarn
component 6.1. The yarn components 6.2 and 6.3 are jointly
withdrawn by the feed roll system 14.2. The further drawing of the
yarn components 6.1-6.3 then proceeds jointly by feed roll system
14.3. The feed roll systems 14.1-14.3 are operated at different
circumferential speeds, so that the yarn component 6.1 undergoes a
different drawing than the other yarn components 6.2 and 6.3. The
yarn components 6.1-6.3 are then jointly advanced by the feed roll
system 14.3 to the texturing unit downstream thereof.
[0041] FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus, which
permits carrying out the method of the invention for producing
parallel spun yarns. Other than in the foregoing embodiments, after
spinning, each of the yarn components 6.1 and 6.2 is treated,
textured, aftertreated, and wound independently of the other. To
this end, the takeup means 13 comprises a plurality of winding
positions 22.1 and 22.2. In each of the winding positions 22.1 and
22.2, a yarn component 6.1 and 6.2 is each wound to a package 20.1
and 20.2. Between the spinning means 1 and the takeup means 13, a
pretreatment means 8, withdrawal means 10, texturing means 11, and
aftertreatment means 12 are arranged. In this arrangement, each
means preferably comprises for each yarn component 6.1 and 6.2
identical treatment means and units. Essential is that each of the
treatment means and units arranged in the path of the yarn
components 6.1-6.2 is independently and separately controllable to
enable an individual treatment of the yarn components 6.1 and 6.2.
After the individual treatment steps, the yarn components 6.1 and
6.2 form yarns 21.1 and 21.2 which are wound at an identical
winding speed to the packages 20.1 and 20.2.
[0042] Associated to each of the yarn components are, a lubrication
means 7.1, 7.2, an entanglement nozzle 9.1, 9.2, a first feed roll
system 14.1, 14.3, a second feed roll system 14.2, 14.4, a feed
nozzle 15.1, 15.2 with a stuffer box chamber 16.1, 16.2, a cooling
unit 17.1, 17.2, a first withdrawal godet 18.1, 18.3, an
entanglement nozzle 9.1, 9.2, as well as a second withdrawal godet
18.2, 18.4 one following the other in the path of the advancing
yarn. An arrangement of this type is particularly suited for
producing different yarns 21.1, 21.2 within a spinning apparatus.
When spinning the yarns, it is then possible to take into account
in particular individually adjusted withdrawal speeds and draw
ratios.
[0043] The described embodiments for carrying out the method of the
invention are exemplary in their arrangement and selection of the
treatment units. Additional pretreatment or aftertreatment steps
and means may be introduced to be able to perform, for example,
additional treatments on the yarn components before or after
texturing them, or to carry out additional treatments on the
composite yarn. Likewise, the type and the construction of the
texturing means is exemplary. To adjust defined crimps, the yarn
components may also be textured, each with different parameters. In
the case of separate texturing, it is also possible to apply
different texturing methods. The separate adjustment of the draw
parameters on the yarn components provides a high flexibility in
the production of textured composite yarns.
[0044] Likewise, the configuration of the feed roll system in the
illustrated embodiments is exemplary. It would thus be possible to
construct all or part of the feed roll systems with respectively
two driven godets. Both godets of a feed roll system could be
operated at the same or different circumferential speeds. In
addition, one or both godets of a feed roll system could include
heating means to be able to perform a thermal treatment on the
yarns.
* * * * *