U.S. patent application number 11/070072 was filed with the patent office on 2005-07-07 for non-reusable identification device.
This patent application is currently assigned to Proximities, Inc.. Invention is credited to Girvin, Joshua M., Lerch, John W..
Application Number | 20050146435 11/070072 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32989143 |
Filed Date | 2005-07-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050146435 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Girvin, Joshua M. ; et
al. |
July 7, 2005 |
Non-reusable identification device
Abstract
A non-reusable tamper-resistant identification device, such as
may be fastened around a limb of a user. A Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) circuit is disposed in a band of material,
such as is suitable for use as a wristband. The RFID circuit
comprises an antenna and a transponder, disposed adjacent the
antenna and cooperating therewith for emitting and receiving a
wireless signal. An electrically conductive loop forms at least a
portion of a connection between the antenna and the transponder. In
addition, the electrically conductive loop forms a continuous
conductive path along substantially the entire length of the band.
The conductive loop is preferably frangible and easily broken in
response to an attempt to remove the band from the wearer's
limb.
Inventors: |
Girvin, Joshua M.;
(Princeton, NJ) ; Lerch, John W.; (Princeton,
NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HAMILTON, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C.
530 VIRGINIA ROAD
P.O. BOX 9133
CONCORD
MA
01742-9133
US
|
Assignee: |
Proximities, Inc.
Princeton
NJ
|
Family ID: |
32989143 |
Appl. No.: |
11/070072 |
Filed: |
March 1, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11070072 |
Mar 1, 2005 |
|
|
|
10400049 |
Mar 26, 2003 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
340/568.2 ;
340/10.1; 340/572.8 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06K 19/07762 20130101;
G08B 13/2454 20130101; G06K 19/07749 20130101; G06K 19/07798
20130101; G09F 3/0286 20130101; G06K 19/0739 20130101; Y10T
29/49117 20150115; G08B 13/2434 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
340/568.2 ;
340/572.8; 340/010.1 |
International
Class: |
G08B 013/14 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An identification apparatus comprising: a band of material; a
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) circuit disposed in the band,
the RFID circuit comprising: an antenna; and a transponder chip,
disposed adjacent to the antenna and cooperating therewith for
emitting and receiving a wireless signal; and an electrically
conductive loop directly connected to the antenna, the electrically
conductive loop forming an electrically conductive continuous path
along substantially the entire length of the band.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a non-reusable tamper
resistant fastening mechanism is used to join opposite end regions
of the apparatus.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the non-reusable, tamper
resistant fastening mechanism is an adhesive layer.
4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the non-reusable, tamper
resistant fastening mechanism comprises a hole formed in at least
one end of the band and a barbed peg formed on the other end of the
band, with the barbed peg arranged to pass through the hole and
lock into a mating hole and shaped to resist removal from the
mating hole.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the electrically conductive
loop closely encircles the holes formed in the band.
6. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of
holes formed in the band such that the band may be adjustably
fitted to a wrist by passing the peg through a selected one of the
holes.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the electrically conductive
loop closely encircles each one of the holes.
8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein a portion of the electrically
conductive loop closely encircles the peg.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive
loop runs along at least two edges of the band.
10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the electrically conductive
loop encircles each of the holes and the peg as a single conductive
wire trace.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transponder chip and the
antenna are located on the same integrated circuit.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RFID circuit is located
on a portion of the band inboard of a respective one of the
ends.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electrically conductive
loop extends as a continuous wire loop outward along the band to an
opposite end thereof.
14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the antenna is formed as a
conductive coil.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the conductive coil antenna
encircles the transponder chip.
16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive
loop is frangible and easily broken.
17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transponder chip and
antenna are located on a different substrate than the electrically
conductive continuous path.
18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the connection provided by
the electrically conductive loop is a series connection between the
transponder chip and the antenna.
19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive
loop is frangible and easily broken in response to an attempt to
remove the apparatus from a wearer's limb.
20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transponder chip is
arranged to become inoperative and disabled if the electrically
conductive loop is broken.
21. An identification apparatus comprising: a band of material; a
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) circuit disposed in the band,
the RFID circuit comprising: an antenna; and a transponder chip,
cooperating therewith for emitting and receiving a wireless signal;
and an electrically conductive loop directly connected to the
antenna, the combination of the electrically conductive loop and
the antenna spanning substantially the entire length of the
band.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein a non-reusable tamper
resistant fastening mechanism is used to join opposite end regions
of the apparatus.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the non-reusable, tamper
resistant fastening mechanism is an adhesive layer.
24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the non-reusable, tamper
resistant fastening mechanism comprises a hole formed in at least
one end of the band and a barbed peg formed on the other end of the
band, with the barbed peg arranged to pass through the hole and
lock into a mating hole and shaped to resist removal from the
mating hole.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the electrically conductive
loop closely encircles the holes formed in the band.
26. The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising a plurality of
holes formed in the band such that the band may be adjustably
fitted to a wrist by passing the peg through a selected one of the
holes.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the electrically conductive
loop closely encircles each one of the holes.
28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein a portion of the
electrically conductive loop closely encircles the peg.
29. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the electrically conductive
loop runs along at least two edges of the band.
30. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the electrically conductive
loop encircles each of the holes and the peg as a single conductive
wire trace.
31. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the transponder chip and the
antenna are located on the same integrated circuit.
32. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the RFID circuit is located
on a portion of the band inboard of a respective one of the
ends.
33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the electrically conductive
loop extends as a continuous wire loop outward along the band to an
opposite end thereof.
34. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the antenna is formed as a
conductive coil.
35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the conductive coil antenna
encircles the transponder chip.
36. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the electrically conductive
loop is frangible and easily broken.
37. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the transponder chip and the
antenna are located on a different substrate than the conductive
loop.
38. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the connection provided by
the electrically conductive loop is a series connection between the
transponder chip and the antenna.
39. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the electrically conductive
loop is frangible and easily broken in response to an attempt to
remove the apparatus from a wearer's limb.
40. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the transponder chip is
arranged to become inoperative and disabled conductive if the
electrically conductive loop is broken.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/400,049, filed Mar. 26, 2003. The entire teachings of the
above application are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention deals with a non-reusable
identification device for attachment to a body part or to an
article of apparel of a wearer and that prevents the wearer from
being able to re-use the device once it has been separated from the
body part or article of apparel.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Disposable bracelets have been used for such things as
identification, purchasing goods, and age verification for a number
of years. For example, disposable radio-frequency identification
(RFID) bracelets are used in water parks and theme parks to quickly
and uniquely identify patrons. Unique identification of patrons can
be used to control access to restricted areas or limit access to
certain rides or attractions. For example, a patron of legal
drinking age could purchase a bracelet that indicates that the
patron is of legal age and grants the patron access to restricted
areas such as beer sales areas. RFID bracelets issued to minors
would lack the identification codes that would permit their wearers
from gaining access to such areas. As another example, children
under a certain age could be issued bracelets with codes that
prevent them from gaining access to rides or amusements that are
unsafe or otherwise inappropriate for young children. Such
bracelets can also be used to locate the wearer, so that lost
children can be easily located or so children can be prevented from
leaving the amusement park unless accompanied by an authorized
adult.
[0004] RFID bracelets can be used to allow the purchase of items
without the exchange of currency or need for a credit/debit card,
or to allow secure communication and monetary exchange among
patrons (for example, a parent may authorize credit of funds to a
child to allow a purchase up to a preselected amount). Upon
entering a park or other venue, a patron can request that the
bracelet issued to the patron or the patron's family members be
credited for purchases up to a preselected amount. Purchases up to
the preselected amount can then be made using the bracelet instead
of using cash or credit/debit cards. The bracelet could also be
coded so that a wearer would be prevented from making certain
purchases, or from making a single purchase above a chosen limit,
so that children, for example, are encouraged to spend their
allotted funds wisely.
[0005] Bracelets of the type described are most often made to be
disposable, so that they are inexpensive to produce and easy to
use. However, such bracelets are susceptible to misuse and
unauthorized use. Some bracelets are easy to remove, yet still
function after removal. A bracelet that still functions after it
has been removed provides the opportunity for patrons to exchange
bracelets. This could provide patrons with the opportunity to give
access to a restricted area to an unauthorized patron. A patron
with an "adult" bracelet that would allow access to beer sales, for
example, could remove and give or sell that bracelet to a patron
not of legal drinking age. As another example, a thoughtlessly
discarded bracelet that still has funds credited to it could be
retrieved and used by an unauthorized individual to purchase goods
or services using someone else's account. A bracelet that is
rendered non-functional after removal would destroy its value for
transfer to another patron, and would safeguard against
unauthorized use of bracelets.
[0006] A number of mechanical measures have been taken to prevent
such bracelets from being transferred. Most prominent are the
single-use locking button mechanism found on some plastic
bracelets. An example of this approach is found in U.S. Pat. No.
5,973,600. Also known are adhesive locking mechanisms with slits
that prevent the wearer from peeling the adhesive back and
reattaching it. An example of that approach is found in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,474,557. Those mechanisms render tampering with the locking
device obvious to a visual inspection of the bracelet and, in most
cases, render the bracelet unwearable after removal. However,
tampering with the band portion of the bracelet is not prevented by
those mechanisms, nor is the bracelet rendered otherwise
inoperative if those mechanisms are tampered with. It is possible
for the bracelet to be cut or torn, and reattached with a simple
piece of transparent tape. To detect this sort of tampering, the
person checking the bracelet would need to either make a full
visual inspection of the bracelet or tug very firmly on the
bracelet. This is slow, inconvenient, and impractical, especially
when large numbers of people require identification. Furthermore,
such a visual inspection is subject to human error, the most
obvious being the failure of the bracelet checker to perform
adequate inspection.
[0007] To enhance the capabilities of these bracelets, additional
technologies such as bar codes and RFID have been integrated into
the bracelets. The use of such technologies has made the process of
identifying the bracelet wearer faster and more secure, resulting
in an increased use of bracelets for identification purposes and
for facilitating transactions. However, this can lead to
complacency among those responsible for checking the bracelets, and
has a tendency to reduce the likelihood that the person checking
the bracelet wearer will perform an adequate visual or physical
inspection. To date, disposable wristbands with added
identification technologies have depended upon the previously
described mechanical restrictions for transferability.
[0008] Special electronic bracelets that prevent transferability
for ensuring that hospital patients or prisoners remain within a
given proximity of their quarters are known. However, such designs
are prohibitively bulky, expensive, and overly complex for use in
high-volume applications with short-term use. For example, U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,471,197 and 5,374,921 disclose the use of fiber optics
to ensure that the bracelet is not removed. U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,303
describes a capacitive coupling between the bracelet and the
wearer's skin. When the capacitance changes, indicating bracelet
removal, an alarm is tripped. The methods and devices disclosed in
those patents are unnecessarily complex and prohibitively expensive
for disposable use.
[0009] U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,973,944 and 4,980,671 describe bracelets
with DC current paths that run around the bracelet and form a
closed circuit when the ends of the bracelet are brought together.
This method involves complications when one attempts to use it with
conventional disposable bracelet designs because it requires a
large metal contact area to enable size adjustment of the bracelet.
It also does not necessarily solve the problem of tampering because
such bracelets are designed to activate an alarm when removed, not
necessarily to prevent reattachment. The metal to metal contact
surfaces could be easily reattached on a limb of a different
user.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention encompasses an identification device
comprising a band and a non-reusable tamper-resistant fastening
arranged to join opposite end regions of the band to fasten it
around a limb of a user. A transponder circuit is attached to the
band, and is responsive to a received wireless signal. In response
to the received wireless signal, the transponder emits a wireless
signal representative of information pre-stored in the
transponder.
[0011] In one preferred embodiment, a Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) circuit is disposed in a band of material,
such as is suitable for use as a wristband. The RFID circuit
comprises an antenna and a transponder, disposed adjacent the
antenna and cooperating therewith for emitting and receiving a
wireless signal. An electrically conductive loop is connected to
the antenna such that electric current must flow through the
conductive loop in order for electric current to flow through the
antenna. In addition, the electrically conductive loop forms a
continuous conductive path along substantially the entire length of
the band such that any attempt to remove the band breaks the
conductive loop.
[0012] Alternatively, the antenna itself can be utilized to prevent
tampering in the same manner as the electrically conductive
loop.
[0013] Portions of the band of material whereon the antenna is
present do not require the electrically conductive loop to be
present for disabling. In other words, when the antenna itself is
broken or cut, current can no longer flow through the antenna, and
thus the RFID circuit can no longer serve the function of sending
and receiving wireless signals. Therefore, so long as the
combination of the antenna and the conductive loop span
substantially the entire length of the band, the invention will
work as intended.
[0014] The conductive loop and antenna are preferably frangible and
easily broken in response to an attempt to remove the band from the
wearer's limb. The antenna and conductive loop are preferably made
of the same material to simplify manufacturing.
[0015] In one embodiment, the conductive loop is disposed so as to
form part of a series electrical circuit with the antenna and the
transponder. However, other arrangements are possible such that the
transponder is arranged to become inoperative and disabled
conductive if the loop is broken.
[0016] The antenna and transponder can be disposed on the same
integrated circuit chip. In this configuration, the antenna can
typically be formed as a conductive coil that encircles the
transponder circuitry.
[0017] The RFID circuit is also preferably disposed at or near a
first end of the band of material, with the conductive loop thus
extending away from the first end.
[0018] For ease of description, the invention will be described in
terms of an RFID bracelet, but it should be understood that the
device of the present invention is not limited to RFID or to a
bracelet but extends to any device that can be attached to a limb
or other body part of a wearer, or to an article of clothing and
may include a necklace, an anklet, a belt, or the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another embodiment
of the present invention.
[0021] FIG. 2A is an enlarged sectional view taken along line A-A
of FIG. 2
[0022] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a transponder
circuit for use in the present invention.
[0023] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of
the invention will be apparent from the following more particular
description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference
characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views.
The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being
placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Referring now to the drawings in detail, wherein like
numerals indicate like elements throughout, there is shown in FIG.
1 one embodiment of the present invention. The invention comprises
a bracelet 10 in the form of elongated band 12 with opposite ends
14, 16 that can be brought together and fastened to form a closed
loop. Bracelet 10 comprises a mechanical non-reusable
tamper-resistant locking mechanism 18 to fasten the opposite ends
14, 16 together and to prevent the user from attempting to open the
locking mechanism 18 to remove the bracelet 10 without rendering
those tampering efforts visually obvious. Locking mechanism 18
comprises a barbed peg 20 and a locking hole 22 in flap 28 at one
end of said band and at least one adjustment opening or adjustment
hole 24 at the opposite end of said band. Adjustment holes 24 can
be used to adjust the bracelet 10 to conform to body parts of
different circumferences. When ends 14, 16 are brought together,
the barbed peg 20 is arranged to pass through a selected hole 24 as
required for a snug fit. The flap 28 is then folded along imaginary
line 26 and barbed peg 20 is then passed through locking hole 22.
Peg 20 is shaped to resist removal from said hole 22 without also
destroying the locking mechanism 18 and rendering it incapable of
being refastened. Alternatively, or in addition, adjustment holes
24 can be designed to replace or supplement locking hole 22 by
configuring them in such a way that attempts to remove the bracelet
from the barbed peg 20 would also destroy the hole 24, thereby
disabling the bracelet and rendering it incapable of being
refastened.
[0025] Bracelet 10 also includes a transponder 32. Transponder 32
contains circuitry that responds to an RF interrogation signal and
in response emits an RF signal representative of information
pre-stored or pre-programmed into the transponder. For example, the
information could include the date the bracelet is issued, the date
the bracelet expires and will not longer be usable for access, the
age status of the wearer, and whether the bracelet can be used for
purchasing goods or services. Any other desired information,
depending on the context in which the bracelet is to be used, may
be pre-stored or pre-programmed in the transponder. The signal may
also be used to access information stored in a database
[0026] The transponder 32 is electrically connected to and derives
power, in known fashion, from a loop antenna in the form of a
continuous electrically conductive loop 34 that extends from the
transponder and forms an electrically conductive continuous path
along substantially the entire length of the band 12 of bracelet
10. Consideration should be given to the distance between the
sections of the loop antenna that form loop 34 in order to minimize
inductance that can lead to possible interference with the
operation of the circuit. Loop 34 is preferably, but not
necessarily, made from printed conductive ink that is robust enough
to withstand normal handling but fragile enough that it will be
broken if a user attempts to remove the bracelet. Alternatively,
loop 34 may be a thin wire such as copper wire, a thin foil, or
other suitable electrically conductive material that will form an
electrically continuous path but will break as a result of
tampering. Forming loop 34 with frangible zones, where stresses
from tampering attempts are most likely to occur, may facilitate
breakage of the conductor. Of course, if the user attempts to
remove the bracelet 10 with a cutting implement, the conductor
forming loop 34 will also be severed as band 12 is severed.
[0027] It will be appreciated that, if the loop 34 is broken and
the continuity of the electrical path defined by loop 34 is broken,
transponder 32 will be rendered inoperative and the bracelet 10
rendered unusable. Preferably, although not necessarily, loop 34
runs closely around the barbed peg 20 and the locking hole 22 of
locking mechanism 18 and also closely around each adjustment hole
24. This prevents a user from making a small incision in the band
12 near an adjustment hole 24 or near locking mechanism 18, and
sliding the barb 20 out of the bracelet 10 without also severing
loop 34. Bracelet 10 may also be fitted with an adhesive pad 36 to
hold the excess band in a tight loop around the wearer's limb.
Although this is not necessary for the bracelet to function, it is
a necessary alternative to cutting and removing the excess
bracelet, which is standard practice in many cases.
[0028] FIGS. 2 and 2A show an alternative embodiment for a bracelet
38 that uses an adhesive to fasten opposite ends, 40 and 42, of the
bracelet together. As in the first embodiment, the bracelet 38
comprises a wire loop 34 that runs all the way along the length of
the bracelet 38. However, in this embodiment, the loop 34 runs
through an adhesive patch 44 attached to one side of the bracelet
38 at a first end 40. The opposite ends 40, 42 of the band can be
brought together in overlapping fashion and joined by pressing the
adhesive patch 44 against the other end of the bracelet. The
adhesive patch 44 has two different adhesives. A first adhesive 46
is initially in contact with one side of the bracelet 38. A portion
of loop 34 is passed between first adhesive 46 and a second
adhesive 48, which overlies adhesive 46 and makes contact with the
opposite side of bracelet 38 at end 42 when the ends are brought
together. Adhesive 46 can be weaker either in formula or in
quantity than the adhesive 48 which makes contact with the opposite
side of bracelet 38. The strength of the bond between the two
adhesives 46 and 48 is selected to be greater than the bond between
adhesive 46 and bracelet 38. The different adhesive strengths
ensures that upon removal, the adhesive patch originally attached
to end 40 of the bracelet 38 will remain attached to end 42 of
bracelet 38, but will separate from end 40, thereby severing the
portion of the conductor that is contained within the adhesive
patch from the rest of conductive loop 34. As with the previously
described embodiment, conductor 34 can be provided with frangible
areas to facilitate breaking. The adhesive patch 44 can be covered
with a non-stick releasable seal 50 until it is time to secure the
bracelet 38 to the wearer.
[0029] In a variation of this embodiment, the adhesive patch 44 can
be made from a single adhesive. In that variation the conductor
forming loop 34 must still run through or over the adhesive. The
adhesive must necessarily be designed such that it will remain
attached to the opposite end of the band 38 when any attempt to
peel the band apart is made. That way, attempts to peel apart the
adhesive will necessarily cause the conductor to break.
[0030] Once the bracelet 38 is attached by overlapping the ends 40,
42 and pressing the adhesive patch against the opposite end of the
bracelet, it cannot be removed without breaking the loop 34 and
thus disabling the transponder 32. If the user attempts to pull off
the bracelet 38, as the user pulls the two ends 40, 42 of the
bracelet 38 apart the conductor forming loop 34 and completing the
electrical circuit to transponder 32 will break, rendering the
bracelet 38 non-operational.
[0031] FIG. 3 shows a modification of the present invention. Here
the transponder chip 32 and wire loop 52 typically have an
associated capacitor 56, and an antenna 58. The capacitor 56 acts
as a power supply. One modification here involves extending a wire
54 that connects capacitor 56 and transponder chip 32 to the
beginning of the wire loop 52 so that it runs along the length of
the bracelet 10. This point of connection is ideal when a wire
etched antenna 58 is used, because it requires minimum modification
of the circuit. This is also an ideal connection point because it
requires only one wire 54 to cross over the electrical traces that
make up the antenna 58. Such minimal modification clearly is
advantageous because it facilitates manufacture.
[0032] In operation, one uses the bracelet in the same manner in
which conventional RFID bracelets are used. The bracelet is
attached to the wrist or other body part of a user and then, when
unique identification is necessary, the user must bring the
bracelet within a certain distance of an RFID reader, which
transmits a wireless signal. When within that distance, the
transponder 32 will be powered by the wireless signal from the RFID
reader and, in response, transmit to the RFID reader its own
wireless signal representative of the unique information pre-stored
or pre-programmed in the transponder. The reader may be linked to a
microprocessor having a database of relevant information pertaining
to the unique bracelet identification. If the bracelet of the
present invention is used in a nightclub setting, for example, the
information encoded may include: age to allow access to
age-restricted areas, debit account balance for payment of food and
drink, and identification of the patron's favorite drink to
facilitate placing orders in loud, crowded areas. Another example
of an application of the bracelet of the present invention is in a
hospital setting. The RFID reader may be interfaced with a database
of hospital records that would not otherwise be readily available.
A physician may require, for example, family medical history
records or a listing of previous medications that may have an
influence on the immediate diagnosis. Such information is usually
found at a patient's family doctor and is not always readily
available. The database may also include a photo of the patient for
positive identification and to reduce the possibility of human
error.
[0033] The present invention may be embodied in other specific
forms without departing from the spirit thereof and, accordingly,
reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the
foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the
invention.
[0034] Although two embodiments of the identification device have
been described and shown in the drawings, those skilled in the art
will understand how features from the two embodiments may be
combined and interchanged, without departing from the scope of the
invention encompassed by the appended claims.
* * * * *