U.S. patent application number 10/941705 was filed with the patent office on 2005-07-07 for preformed portable slab for use as a foundation or splash pad for industrial equipment.
Invention is credited to Chappell, Ralph Louis, Towles, Christopher Vincent.
Application Number | 20050144866 10/941705 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37134143 |
Filed Date | 2005-07-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050144866 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chappell, Ralph Louis ; et
al. |
July 7, 2005 |
Preformed portable slab for use as a foundation or splash pad for
industrial equipment
Abstract
An apparatus and method of use for a portable precast slab
system for industrial equipment that can be placed at locations
where permanent foundations cannot be installed, or where an
immediately usable foundation is needed. The slab is preferably
about 4"-24" in thickness, preferably at least about 6' in length,
and preferably at least about 6' in width; multiple pieces may be
used to form the slab. The slab may have attachment means
incorporated in order to move the slab. If a bulk storage tank is
placed upon the slab, preferably at least about 8 feet by about 8
feet area adjacent to the tank will be available for delivery of
liquid cryogen. A method of making and using the slab is also
contemplated, and the slab may also be used as a splash pad, and a
pad for cryogenic pumps.
Inventors: |
Chappell, Ralph Louis;
(Martinez, CA) ; Towles, Christopher Vincent;
(Oakland, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
AIR LIQUIDE
2700 POST OAK BOULEVARD, SUITE 1800
HOUSTON
TX
77056
US
|
Family ID: |
37134143 |
Appl. No.: |
10/941705 |
Filed: |
September 15, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60503961 |
Sep 19, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
52/294 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D 90/24 20130101;
E02D 27/01 20130101; E02D 27/32 20130101; E02D 27/38 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
052/294 |
International
Class: |
E02D 027/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of using a portable precast slab as a foundation for
industrial equipment, comprising: providing a portable precast slab
that has a top surface, a plurality of side surfaces, a lower
surface, a length of at least about 6 feet, a width of at least
about 6 feet, and a thickness of at least about 4 inches, wherein
said slab is comprised of concrete or cement; placing the lower
surface of the slab on ground; leveling the slab and/or checking
the level of the slab; and placing at least one piece of industrial
equipment on the top surface of the slab.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of casting
reinforcing means into the concrete or cement.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing
a means for attachment, wherein said means is accessible from the
top surface or side surface of said slab.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said means for attachment is
selected from the group consisting essentially of at least one lift
pin, at least one lift ring, at least one lift bolt, an anchor
bolt, or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 3, further comprising the steps of:
attaching a cable to said means for attachment; and moving the
slab.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the industrial equipment
comprises a bulk storage tank.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of anchoring
at least one leg of the bulk storage tank to the slab.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of installing
fencing around the perimeter of the slab and/or the industrial
equipment.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: using a
slab that comprises multiple pieces; and placing said pieces
adjacent to each other to form the slab.
10. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of providing
a slab having at least about an 8 foot length by about an 8 foot
width area on the top surface adjacent to said tank that is
available for liquid oxygen delivery after said bulk storage tank
is placed on the top surface of said slab.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using at
least a portion of the slab as a splash pad.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the industrial equipment
comprises at least one cryogenic liquid pump.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the pad is at least about 6
feet to about 10 feet in width, about 15 feet to about 30 feet in
length, and about 4 inches to about 10 inches in thickness.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the pad is about 8'8" in width
by about 24' in length, and about 8" in thickness.
15. A portable precast reinforced slab used as a foundation for
industrial equipment, comprising: a precast or premolded slab
comprised of concrete or cement, wherein the slab has a top
surface, a bottom surface, a plurality of side surfaces, a length,
a width, and a thickness; wherein said thickness is at least about
6 inches to about 24 inches, wherein said length is at least about
6 feet, and wherein said width is at least about 6 feet; wherein
the concrete or cement is reinforced by reinforcing means; and
wherein during use the slab is level or substantially level and is
used as a foundation for industrial equipment.
16. The slab of claim 15, further comprising means of attachment,
wherein said means for attachment is selected from the group
consisting essentially of at least one lift pin, at least one lift
ring, at least one lift bolt, at least one anchor bolt, and a
combination thereof.
17. The slab of claim 15, having a plurality of apertures cast into
said slab that are visible from the-top or side surfaces, wherein
said apertures can be used to install fence posts therein.
18. The slab of claim 15, having at least one side surface that is
shaped and/or sized to interconnect or interface with at least one
side surface of another slab.
19. The slab of claim 15, wherein a plurality of rebars or rods are
used as the reinforcing means and are cast into the concrete or
cement, and wherein said rebars or rods are placed parallel to one
another and/or in a criss-cross fashion.
20. The slab of claim 15, wherein the industrial equipment
comprises a bulk storage tank.
21. The slab of claim 20, having at least about an 8 foot length by
an about 8 foot width area on the top surface adjacent to said tank
available for liquid oxygen delivery after the tank is placed upon
said slab.
22. The slab of claim 19, wherein said rebars or rods are formed
into a support frame and wherein said means for attachment is
removably or securably attached to said support frame.
23. A method of making a precast slab that is used as a foundation
for at least one bulk storage tank, comprising: providing a form;
at least partially filling the form with concrete or cement;
placing at least one means for attachment into the concrete or
cement; filling the form with concrete or cement; allowing the
concrete or cement to dry and/or cure, thereby forming a slab,
wherein the slab has a top surface, a bottom surface, a plurality
of side surfaces, a length, a width, and a thickness, and wherein
said slab is at least about 6 inches thick to about 24 inches
thick; and removing the slab from the form when the concrete or
cement is at least partially dried.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising the steps of:
casting a plurality of apertures into said slab that are visible
from the top surface; placing the slab at an industrial site; and
installing fence posts into the apertures.
25. The method of claim 23, further comprising the steps of:
constructing a slab that comprises more than one piece; and
providing at least one side surface in said pieces that are shaped
so that said pieces are capable of interconnecting or interfacing
to form a slab.
26. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of: casting
reinforcing means into the slab.
27. The method of claim 26, further comprising the steps of: using
a plurality of rebars or rods as the reinforcing means in the slab;
and placing said rebars or rods placed parallel to one another
and/or in a criss-cross fashion.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein said rebars or rods are
arranged to form a three-dimensional support structure.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein the rebars or rods are
prestressed prior to molding.
30. The method of claim 23, wherein slab is dried and/or cured
prior to use.
31. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of using
concrete or cement of different densities to form said slab.
32. The method of claim 26, further comprising the step of making a
plurality of furrows in the top surface of said slab to ensure
drainage of water from the top surface of said slab.
33. A method of using a portable precast slab for use as a splash
pad for cryogenic liquids, comprising: providing a portable precast
slab comprised of concrete or cement, wherein said slab has a top
surface, a plurality of side surfaces, a lower surface, a length, a
width, and a thickness, wherein said length is at least about 6
feet, wherein said width is at least about 6 feet, and wherein said
thickness is at least about 2 inches; placing the lower surface of
the slab on ground; offloading liquid cryogens over or adjacent to
said slab; and using the top surface of the slab to catch at least
a portion of the liquid cryogens that splash from the offloading of
said cryogens.
34. The method of claim 33, further comprising the step of casting
reinforcing means into the concrete or cement.
35. The method of claim 33, further comprising the step of
providing a means for attachment, wherein said means is accessible
from the top or side surface of said slab.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein said means for attachment is
selected from the group consisting essentially of at least one lift
pin, at least one lift ring, at least one lift bolt, an anchor
bolt, and a combination thereof.
37. The method of claim 35, further comprising the steps of:
attaching a cable to said means for attachment; and moving the
slab.
38. The method of claim 33, further comprising the steps of: using
a slab that comprises multiple pieces; and placing said pieces
adjacent to each other to form the slab.
39. A method for providing a portable precast foundation for a bulk
storage tank, comprising: obtaining a portable precast slab that
has a top surface, a plurality of side surfaces, a lower surface, a
length, a width, and a thickness, wherein said length is between
about 6 feet to about 20 feet, wherein said width is about 6 feet
to about 12 feet, and wherein said thickness is about 6 inches to
about 24 inches; wherein said slab is comprised of reinforced
concrete or cement and wherein said concrete or cement is
reinforced by means selected from the group consisting essentially
of wire, rebar, rods, or a combination thereof; moving said slab to
its desired location; placing the lower surface of the slab on
substrate; leveling the slab and/or checking the level of the slab;
and placing a bulk storage tank upon the top surface of the
slab.
40. The method of claim 39, further comprising the step of casting
a means for attachment into said concrete or cement, wherein said
means is accessible from the top or side surface of said slab, and
wherein said means is used to move said slab.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein said means for attachment is
selected from the group consisting essentially of at least one lift
pin, at least one lift ring, at least one lift bolt, at least
anchor bolt, and a combination thereof.
42. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of
anchoring at least a part of the bulk storage tank to the slab.
43. The method of claim 40, further comprising the steps of:
casting apertures into said concrete or cement; installing fence
posts into said apertures after the slab is placed upon said
ground; attaching fencing to said fence posts; and installing
fencing around the perimeter of the slab and/or the tank.
44. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step using at
least a portion of the slab as a splash pad.
45. The method of claim 39, wherein the width of said slab is about
10 feet.
46. The method of claim 39, wherein the length of said slab is
about 12 feet.
47. The method of claim 39, wherein the slab is between about 6
inches and 16 inches in thickness.
48. The method of claim 39, wherein the slab is about 10 feet in
width, about 15 feet in length, and either about 6 inches in
thickness or about 12 inches in thickness.
49. The method of claim 39, wherein the slab is about 10 feet in
width, about 15 feet in length, and about 16 inches in
thickness.
50. A method of creating a cryogenic liquid storage and supply
system at a location comprising installing at least one portable
pre-cast slab foundation and at least one other member selected
from the group consisting of: a) a cryogenic liquid storage tank;
b) a vaporizer; c) a pressure control means; d) a gas filtering
means; e) a telemetry unit means; f) a pump means; g) a tank
filling means; h) a piping support; i) a gas storage cylinder; i) a
splash pad; k) fencing; and l) piping.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein said foundation is installed at
substantially the same time as said other members of said
system.
52. The method of claim 50, wherein said foundation is removed from
a vehicle and placed onto the ground.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein said foundation is removed from
said vehicle by a crane.
54. The method of claim 50, wherein said liquid further comprises
at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a)
nitrogen; b) oxygen; c) argon; d) carbon dioxide; e) hydrogen; and
f) helium.
55. The method of claim 50, wherein said foundation is installed
outdoors.
56. A method of removing a cryogenic liquid storage supply system
from a location wherein all elements of the system, including the
foundation, are removed from the installation site.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein said foundation is
reusable.
58. The method of claim 56, wherein said foundation is removed from
said site with a vehicle.
59. An apparatus for storing and supplying cryogenic liquids
comprising at least one portable pre-cast slab foundation, a
cryogenic liquid storage tank and at least one member selected from
the group consisting of: a) a vaporizer; b) a pressure control
means; c) a gas filtering means; d) a telemetry unit means; e) a
pump means; f) a tank filling means; g) a piping support; h) a gas
storage cylinder; i) a splash pad; j) fencing; and k) piping.
60. The apparatus of claim 59, wherein said cryogenic liquid
comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting
of: a) nitrogen; b) oxygen; c) argon; d) carbon dioxide; e)
hydrogen; and f) helium.
61. The apparatus of claim 59, wherein said foundation is located
outdoors.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/503,961, filed Sep. 19, 2003, and the benefit of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/768,945, filed Jan. 30,
2004.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to portable pads or slabs,
particularly to portable precast slabs for use as temporary,
removable, or permanent foundations for industrial equipment, bulk
storage tanks, cryogenic liquid pumps, and the like, and related
methods of making and using the slab. It is also suitable as a
protective surface, for example as an off loading or splash pad for
liquid oxygen, or liquid hydrogen, or other cryogenic liquids.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the
invention.
[0004] FIG. 2 is a view of a reinforcing means of an embodiment of
the invention.
[0005] FIG. 3 is a side view of an attachment means of an
embodiment of the invention.
[0006] FIG. 4 is a side view of an attachment means of an
embodiment of the invention.
[0007] FIG. 5 is a top view of an embodiment of the invention.
[0008] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of
the invention.
[0009] FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional side lengthwise view of an
embodiment of the invention.
[0010] FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional side endwise view of an
embodiment of the invention.
[0011] FIG. 7C is a side view of an attachment means of an
embodiment of the invention.
[0012] FIG. 8 is a side view of an attachment means of an alternate
embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] For purposes of the description of this invention, the terms
"upper," "lower," "left," "vertical," "horizontal," "top,"
"bottom," "lower," "side," and other related terms shall be defined
in relation to embodiments of the present invention as described
herein and as illustrated in the accompanying figures. However, it
is to be understood that the invention may assume various
alternative structures and processes and still be within the scope
and meaning of this disclosure. Further, it is to be understood
that any specific dimensions and/or physical characteristics
related to the embodiments disclosed herein are capable of
modification and alteration while still remaining within the scope
of the present invention and are, therefore, not intended to be
limiting. The present invention relates to portable pads or slabs
comprised of precast concrete or cement for use as temporary or
removable foundations for industrial equipment, bulk storage tanks,
cryogenic liquid pumps, heat exchangers and associated equipment
such as manifolds, distillation columns, small buildings, and the
like.
[0014] The use of portable or preformed structures that can readily
be transferred to another location and/or can be used immediately
after delivery and set up is very advantageous. In certain
locations permanent foundations cannot be installed and/or there is
a need for a foundation that can immediately be used. In other
situations, rather than purchasing and installing permanent
industrial equipment and components, a business owner may choose to
lease portions of equipment for a certain duration, and such
equipment may be best set up on a foundation, which may also be
leased.
[0015] Certain suppliers will also lease expensive equipment such
as a bulk storage tanks to third parties that is used in
conjunction with the purchase of commodities such as liquid
nitrogen and oxygen that are used and replenished on a regular
basis. Due to the limited duration of the supply contracts and/or
leases, it may be unfeasible for these business owners to
permanently install bulk storage tanks or other industrial
equipment. In such a case, a foundation for the bulk storage tank
or other industrial equipment is necessary, and a slab/pad that is
portable and removable can be used in conjunction with the storage
tank or other industrial equipment.
[0016] Additionally, business strategies as well as investment and
accounting principles may necessitate portable equipment and
components. Supplier response time can be also be shortened; by
inventorying portable pads, equipment can be installed in less
time.
[0017] Portable structures are also useful in locations such as
easements and leased premises where permanent structures are
forbidden and the structures and equipment can be readily moved or
relocated.
[0018] The invention contemplates a portable precast slab, with or
without reinforcement, which is used as a foundation or splash pad.
The slab/pad has a top surface, a bottom surface, a plurality of
side surfaces, a length, a width, and a thickness, wherein the
thickness varies and a weight bearing slab/pad is preferably at
least about 6 inches to about 24 inches or more, and may be up to
about 48 inches thick. The thickness of the pad is also important
to prevent the slab from breaking apart during lifting, loading,
handling, use, and the like. Further, the slab is preferably at
least about 6 feet in length, and may be up to about 20 feet in
length. Of course in other embodiments, slabs of similar square
footage ranges may also be preferable. Similarly, the slab is
preferably at least about 6 feet in width, and may be up to about
12 feet in width and even wider with the ultimate limitation being
portability. In an embodiment, a slab of the dimensions of
10'.times.15'.times.16" has been especially advantageous for use as
a foundation for cryogenic storage tanks. In another embodiment,
slabs of the dimensions of 10'.times.15' by 6" thick, 10'.times.15'
by 16" thick, and 10'.times.15' by 12" thick have been found to be
especially desirous for use as a foundation for cryogenic storage
tanks. The sixteen-inch thick slab that is 10'.times.15' weighs
approximately 29,250 pounds.
[0019] The slab can be used as a foundation for a variety of
industrial equipment and/or components. The slab may be used
indoors or outdoors. The invention also contemplates a portable
precast slab, with or without reinforcement, which is used as a
splash pad for the offloading of liquid cryogens, especially those
that are flammable. Certain types of substrates such as asphalt are
flammable, and the dripping of certain cryogens such as oxygen onto
asphalt can start a fire. In contrast, a cement or concrete surface
or substrate is not flammable. As such, this invention is also
directed to slabs that are used as splash pads. No special coating
or films are required on the surface of the cement or concrete in
order for them to be used as splash pads.
[0020] Of course the slabs of this invention that are used as a
foundation for industrial equipment can also be used as splash
pads, with or without holding industrial equipment. If the slab is
to be used as only a splash pad and not as a weight bearing
foundation, it does not require that the slab be of the same
thickness as the slab that is used as a foundation. If for example
the splash pad and foundation pad are to be placed adjacent to one
another, slabs of the same thickness may be easier to install.
[0021] Further splash pads may be used alone or in conjunction with
slabs that are used as a foundation. Just like the slabs used as a
foundation, the splash pad has a top surface, a bottom surface, a
plurality of side surfaces, a length, a width, and a thickness,
wherein the thickness varies and is at least about 2 inches to
about 48 inches, but is more preferably at least about 2 inches to
6 inches in thickness. The splash pad is preferably a minimum of
about 6 feet in length, and may be up to about 20 feet in length or
more.
[0022] In an embodiment, the splash pad is preferably a minimum of
about 6 feet in width, and may be up to about 12 feet in width or
more. In a further embodiment, a preferable splash pad is of a
length of about 4 feet and a width of about 8 feet. In another
embodiment, the preferable splash pad is of a length of about 8
feet and a width of about 8 feet. Of course, in other embodiments,
splash pads of similar square footage may also be used. In all
other respects, the splash pad can have the same characteristics
and features of the foundation pad.
[0023] Further, the slabs/pads may have a means for attachment that
allows the slab to be lifted and/or moved. The means for attachment
may comprise a variety of apparatus, known to one skilled in the
art such as at least one lift pin or eye loop that is accessible
from the top or side surfaces of the slab/pad, and that may or may
not be recessed. The slab could also be designed to be moved by a
forklift, or alternatively may be rigged without any specific
attachment apparatus.
[0024] The slab/pad may also have a plurality of apertures that are
cast into the slab and that are visible from the top or side
surfaces. The apertures can be used for a variety of purposes such
as to hold posts or to install fence posts therein.
[0025] Further, the slab/pad may interconnect or interface with
another slab or pad that may be portable or permanent. This may
include at least one side surface that is shaped and/or sized to
interconnect or interface with at least one side surface of another
slab.
[0026] The slab/pad may have structural reinforcement. If so a
variety of means known to one skilled in the art may be used to
reinforce the concrete or cement.
[0027] Also, if the industrial equipment comprises a bulk oxygen or
hydrogen storage tank, preferably an at least 10 foot length by 10
foot width area on the top surface should be available for liquid
oxygen delivery after the bulk storage tank is placed on the
surface of the slab (i.e., an offloading area for the working end
of a tanker truck), or a splash pad may be placed adjacent to the
foundation that has the same or similar width area. In an
embodiment, if the slab is used for a bulk storage tank, the slab
should at least support a storage tank that is filled with at least
up to about 300 to about 3000 gallons of liquid or more. Of course
the pads may be used for tanks holding any other liquids and having
any other function. The pads have also been used for Argon and
Nitrogen tanks.
[0028] Just like the slabs used as a foundation and splash pads,
the pads that are used for cryogenic liquid pumps or other
industrial equipment have a top surface, a bottom surface, a
plurality of side surfaces, a length, a width, and a thickness,
wherein the thickness varies and is at least about 4 inches to
about 16 inches, but is more preferably at least about 4 inches to
about 10 inches in thickness. The pads used for cryogenic pumps are
preferably a minimum of about 6 feet in length, at least about 15
feet in length, and may be up to about 25 feet in length or more. A
pad that is 8'8".times.24' by 8" thick is one such size that has
been used to hold a number of high-pressure cryogenic liquid pumps.
Other pads of various thickness and sizes are also contemplated for
use to hold such pumps.
[0029] Because the pad/slab structure must be portable and movable,
it is preferably light enough so that it can be lifted by equipment
that is commonly used to lift apparatuses, such as cranes and
forklifts. Is should also be weighted and sized so that it can be
carried by a vehicle that can safely travel on roads (with or
without permits) or other carriers such as boats.
[0030] This invention also contemplates a method of making and
using a portable precast reinforced cement or concrete slab.
[0031] As shown in FIG. 1, the precast slab/pad 2 has a top surface
4, a plurality of side surfaces 6, and a lower surface 8. A precast
or premolded slab means a slab, pad, foundation, or foundation
component that is formed by casting cement into a form or mold at a
different location, prior to the time of actual use as a slab, pad,
or foundation for industrial equipment. The slab 2 also has a
length 10, a width 12, and a thickness 14. Preferably, the slab has
a thickness of at least about 6 inches to about 24 inches. The
slabs that are used for foundations are preferably comprised of
reinforced cement or concrete 24 and preferably have an attachment
means 16, which allows the slab to be lifted. Again, splash pads
may also have such attachment means.
[0032] Attachment means are typically employed to lift and/or move
the precast slab, pad, or foundation elements. The term attachment
means refers to a device or apparatus that can be incorporated into
the slab that allows the slab to be moved or movable. For example,
the means for attachment may essentially comprise lift pins, lift
rings, lift bolts, and the like and a combination thereof that are
preferably are cast steel, or other such apparatus known or used by
one skilled in the art for such purposes. The means for the
attachment are preferably accessible from the top surface and/or
side surface. The cable may be directly wrapped around or looped
through the attachment means, and for example in attachment means
with a loop clips, hooks and the like that is attached to cable can
be inserted into or through the eye of the loop or around the other
types of attachment means. According to the present invention, the
attachment means can also be used to secure other elements to the
precast slabs, including elements from the industrial equipment
such as tie down lines, ground lines, and the like used by one
skilled in the art.
[0033] When installed, the top surface of the pad is horizontal
with regard to the ground/substrate, and the pad should be level or
substantially level. The term side surfaces refer to the edges or
other regions of the slabs between the top and bottom surfaces, and
where a vertical side surface may begin.
[0034] The slab should be heavy enough to provide a force great
enough to resist sliding and movement during wind and seismic
events as well as displacement, overturning and/or sliding of the
equipment such as a bulk storage tank during such events.
Additional weight can also be added on site, and consist of
concrete, cement, or other weights, such as steel, lead, and water.
Piers, gripping members, or other methods known to one skilled in
the art can be used in conjunction with the slab to resist sliding
and overturning forces.
[0035] The slab should be sized such that it is capable of bearing
the weight of the industrial equipment that sits upon the surface
of the slab. For example, the design criteria of the preferred
embodiment of the slab/pad should resist moving during wind or
seismic events. For example, the slab/pad should preferably
withstand wind speeds of about 100 mph, such as that caused by a
hurricane, and preferably should withstand seismic zone 4
conditions.
[0036] The slab/pad may comprise a unitary piece, or multiple
pieces that are placed adjacent to each other that touch or abut
each other. A single piece slab/pad is preferable as it is easier
and to set up. If a large slab is required, such as one larger than
15 feet long by 10 feet wide, or, there are weight or
transportation problems, a slab comprised of multiple pieces would
be more desirable. Yet, there may be disadvantages to using a
slab/pad comprised of multiple pieces as is may be more difficult
to level multiple pieces, the assembly may be awkward, and the
pieces may come apart. FIG. 1 shows a slab/pad comprised of
multiple pieces with overlapping portions 9 in a stepped fashion
that interface or interconnect. Alternatively, the slab/pad pieces
can fit together in a variety of ways similar to puzzle pieces and
may have a uniform depth at the edges with interlocking or
interfitting projections and recesses, or may instead be square or
rectangular pieces or other shaped pieces that abut one another. In
cases where multiple pieces are used to make a slab, pad, or
foundation, the side surfaces are preferably the area where two
pieces are joined together or placed adjacent to one another to
form a pad or a slab. If so, at least on one side of the slab may
have the ability to interconnect and/or interface other pads or
slabs, portable or not, in order to create a larger surface. Should
it become necessary to join the portable foundation to another,
numerous joining means are possible that can be used to connect one
slab/pad to another. Several stakes may be used around the
perimeter of the slab, or a frame may be installed around the
perimeter of the slab to ensure that the slab pieces do not come
apart. Alternatively, metal strap portions may be placed around the
joint areas. The slab/pad of FIG. 1 may also be comprised of a
unitary piece, and would lack overlapping portions 9.
[0037] The slab/pad may be of any shape. Preferably, the slab used
as a foundation will be shaped and sized so that there will be a
perimeter of slab left after the industrial equipment is placed on
the slab. In some applications, the slab may be circular,
rectangular, square, or of other shapes that will fit into the area
designated for the slab. In certain applications, a certain slab
area is desirable. For example, if the slab is used as foundation
for a bulk storage tank, in an embodiment, at least about an 8 foot
length by an 8 foot width area on the top surface that is adjacent
to the tank should be available for liquid oxygen delivery after
the bulk storage tank is placed upon the pad or slab to comply with
industry requirements for liquid oxygen systems.
[0038] The slab/pad may be made a variety of ways that are known or
used by one skilled in the art. For example, concrete or cement can
be poured into a form that that sits on a table, similar to wooden
forms that are built by contractors when foundations are
constructed on-site, and the table must be designed to bear the
weight of the filled form. The forms may be made of plastic, wood,
metal and other durable materials. The forms are preferably steel
as is the table. Once the concrete or cement is cured, which
typically takes about 1-2 weeks, the sides of the form are removed
leaving the slab/pad sitting on the steel table. When the concrete
or cement dries, it pulls away from the table and the slab can be
lifted off the table. Other methods of molding as well as other
types of concrete or cement may be used that are known or used by
one skilled in the art.
[0039] Adequate curing is essential to obtaining good quality
concrete or cement and contributes to the durability and the wear
resistance of the slab/pad. During the curing process, the concrete
or cement should not dry out prematurely, but should retain
moisture and gradually dry in order to build up strength and gain
durability and wear resistance. The amount of time required to cure
will depend upon the size and thickness of the slab pieces as well
as type of concrete or cement used. To slow the drying, the
slab/pad can be covered with plastic sheeting after the mold is
filled. Alternatively, a commercial curing compound may be sprayed,
brushed or rolled onto the surface of the concrete or cement. Also,
for example, a water-reducing admixture such as one that meets ASTM
C494 standards may also be mixed into the concrete or cement.
Further, it is preferable that calcium chloride admixtures be
avoided.
[0040] In an embodiment, the bottom of the slab/pad is concrete or
cement. Of course the plates or other apparatuses may also be
attached or joined to the bottom of the slab/pad. For example to
increase friction between the soil and the foundation or to grip
the substrate, rebar or other metal or other materials that are
rigid or semirigid could be could be molded into or otherwise
attached the bottom of the concrete or cement pad/slab.
[0041] The cement that is used is preferably conventional cement,
such as Portland cement, ASTM C 150, Type 1. The concrete that is
used is preferably conventional concrete, such as Portland cement,
ASTM C 150, Type 1, which has an ultimate compressive strength of
at least about 2000 psi, and preferably to about 4000 psi. Of
course, high strength concrete could also be used for at least a
portion of the slab/pad. The maximum water cement ratio is
preferably about 0.45, with normal weight aggregate such as ASTM
C33, with preferably no more than about 5% voids in the concrete.
Other aggregates, and criteria that are known or used by one
skilled in the art can also be used with respect to the choice of
concrete or cement, aggregate, and percentage of voids in the
concrete or cement. Depending upon the weight requirements, a
portion of lightweight concrete or cement may also be used to form
the slab/pad.
[0042] Varying densities of concrete or cement can also be used to
increase the stability of the slab. For example, higher density
concrete or cement may be used in certain areas, such as the
perimeter and edges, with lighter weight concrete or cement in
locations such as the center. Also the slab/pad can be weighted
such as at the edges to increase the stability of the slab/pad.
[0043] For durability, the concrete or cement is preferably
reinforced. For example, a plurality of wires, rebars, rods, bars,
plates, gravel, glass, glass fibers, or carbon fibers and a
combination thereof can be used as a reinforcing means and are cast
into the concrete or cement. Bars or rods 22, and rebars 26 such as
those made from metal, fiberglass, or polymers or a combination
thereof are preferably used to reinforce the concrete or cement
slab. See FIG. 1. Rebars are the most preferable.
[0044] In an embodiment, the preferable rebar comply with ASTM A
615 specification, and are grade 60 bars. Other standards known or
used by one skilled in the art may also be used. If the bars are
bent or deformed, they are preferably bent or deformed while cold.
Further, the rebar or rods may also be formed into a support frame,
and if desired, the means for attachment can be is removably or
securably attached to the support frame, rebar, or rods.
Preferably, there is at least a 2-inch to 3-inch thickness of
concrete or cement that covers the rebars, bars, or rods, or
plates. If glass, gravel, pebbles, broken stone, slag, or carbon
fibers are chosen, they are preferably interspersed throughout the
concrete or cement. See e.g. FIG. 8. The rebars or rods are placed
in the form at the time of casting and act to strengthen the slab
after the slab has cured.
[0045] Preferably, conventional rebar 26, such as ASTM A36 steel is
used. The rebars may be arranged and spaced in a variety of ways.
Preferably, the rebars or rods are no more than about 3 feet apart,
and are preferably about 12 inches to about 18 inches on center
with respect to each other. Also, the rebars are preferably at
least about #3 to about #10 rebar which is equivalent to about 3/8
inch in diameter to about 1{fraction (1/4 )} inches in diameter or
more. Of course, rebar of a greater diameter can also be used.
Further, the rebars may be parallel to one another and are
preferably further criss-crossed. The rebar may be one layer thick,
made into a 3 dimensional support frame, or instead two layers or
more of rebars can be used. For example, in an embodiment, the top
rebars can be #5 or 5/8 rebar in diameter, are criss-crossed, and
are spaced about 16 inches each way, while the bottom rebars are #8
rebar or 1 inch in diameter and are criss-crossed with spacing
about 12 inches to about 18 inches on center from each rebar.
Further, when two layers are used and the rebar is criss-crossed,
the rebar may be staggered and spaced such that rebar is present
about every 6 inches to about every 8 inches.
[0046] If the slab/pad is such a length that extensions must be
used to splice the rebars to each other, the rebar is preferably
overlapped at the spliced areas 27, such as in accordance with ACI
318, and preferably not less than 40 bar diameter, not less than
about 1 inch to about 6 inches of rebar in the lapped area. See
e.g., FIG. 7A. Other criteria known or used by one skilled in the
art may also suffice. The rebars or rods can also be prestressed
prior to molding, if desired. Prestressed refers to an object that
is stretched and stressed prior to being molded in the slab.
[0047] Because the slab is portable, it preferably has a means of
attachment that allows the slab to be moved and/or lifted, such as
by a cable. The term cable refers to a line, strand, or chain or
other such devices known or used by one skilled in the art that are
which may be attached or connected to the attachment means. A
variety of apparatuses can be incorporated into the slab/pad that
allows the slab/pad to be moved. For example, the means for
attachment may comprise lift pins or lift rings that are preferably
are cast steel, or other such apparatus known or used by one
skilled in the art and are preferably accessible on and from the
top or side surface. FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a lift pin that
is removably attachable to the slab. The pin 30 is steel and has an
enlarged head 32 that allows cable 40 to be wrapped around the
head, and has a threaded end 34 that is insertable into
corresponding threads 36 in a metal housing 38. FIG. 3, shows the
use of gravel 39 in a cement matrix 40. Mortar could also be used.
Of course the concrete may also be comprised of cement or mortar
with pebbles, broken stone, or slag.
[0048] If the lift pin or other attachment means are accessible
from the top, they are preferably perpendicular to the top surface
of the slab. If they are accessible from the side surface, they are
preferably perpendicular to the side surface(s). One such lifting
pin is supplied by Jenson Pre-Cast, and is an 8-ton lift pin.
Preferably, the lift pins do not extend beyond the top surface of
the concrete or cement. In an embodiment, attachments known as
"knuckles" are attached to embedded lift pins, and cables are
attached to the "knuckles".
[0049] Lift pins are also sold by other companies such as Conac,
and come in varying strengths ranging from at least about 1 ton to
about 26 tons. The required strength of the lift pin will depend
upon weight, thickness, and size of the slab/pad or other such
factors known or used by one skilled in the art. FIG. 4 shows an
attachment means that has a looped end 42 that protrudes from the
top surface 4 of the slab 2 that is embedded in the 24 slab. The
eye loop allows for cable hooks to be inserted into the eye 44 of
the loop. Preferably, the attachment means do not protrude from the
surface, and are preferably recessed as in FIG. 7C. The eyebolt may
be threaded on one end and looped on the other end. FIG. 7B and 7C
shows a further embodiment of an attachment means that is a pin 50
having an enlarged end 52 at both the surface of the slab and the
end that is embedded into the slab. Also, the pin may be located in
a recessed surface 5 of the slab so that it does not protrude above
the top surface of the slab. This can be accomplished by placing a
cap on top of the pin to create the void at the top of the lifting
pin. As a further alternative, FIG. 8 shows an anchor bolt 54 with
similar stress and weight bearing capabilities that has an enlarged
end 58 that allows cables to be attached thereto. The anchor bolt
may be embedded directly into the concrete or cement, such as at a
depth of 12 inches 56.
[0050] If the attachment means such as a lift pin or bolt is not
attached to the rebar, it is preferable to embed the attachment
means at least about one-half to about three-fourths of the width
of the slab so that the attachment means will not pull out of the
slab when the slab is lifted and/or lowered by attaching cables and
the like to the attachment means.
[0051] All of the foregoing pins and attachment means are
preferably placed within the form before the concrete or cement is
poured into the form or mold and/or before the concrete or cement
begins to dry. However, the attachment means may also be installed
after the concrete or cement is cured. For example, a hole could be
drilled through the pad and a rod with a hook or eyelet with a
bottom plate would be installed. Also the holes may be filled with
epoxy after the attachment means is inserted.
[0052] The attachment means should be placed at a certain depth
that precludes them from pulling out of the concrete or cement,
such as a depth of at least about 4 to about 8 inches to about 12
inches to 14 inches or more. Of course the depth will be limited by
the thickness of the slab. The slab when used as a foundation is
preferably at least about 1 foot thick to about 4 feet thick,
depending upon the specific use. For example, in a slab that is 16
inches thick, the attachment means such as a pin is preferably
inserted to a depth of about 12 inches. Alternatively, the embedded
end of the attachment means may be attached to the rebar, such as
by wrapping the embedded end of the attachment means around the
rebar or otherwise securably or removably attaching the attachment
means to the rebar.
[0053] Depending upon the size and thickness of the slab, one or
multiple means for attachment may be used. The number and spacing
of the means for attachment should be apparent to one skilled in
the art and will depend upon the strength of the attachment means
as compared to the weight and size of the slab so that stresses do
not break the means for attachment or cause the attachment means to
pull out of the slab. For example, in FIG. 1, there is only one
means for attachment 16 that is located at or near the center of
each slab 2. In contrast, the slab 2 of FIG. 5 has a plurality of
separate means for attachment, and in an embodiment that is 10 feet
width by 15 feet length and 16 inches thick, three to four 8-ton
lift pins are used. In any case, the means for attachment should be
spaced and located so that the slab will be approximately level and
easy to control when it is moved and placed upon the ground or
other substrate.
[0054] The substrate 18 such as asphalt or ground upon which the
slab is placed is preferably level prior to placing the slab on the
substrate or ground. See FIG. 7A. If the surface is not level, the
surface will preferably be leveled by a layer not more than about
1/2 inch depth to about 1 foot depth of about 1/4 inch to about 1/2
inch, or more size angular aggregate below the pad, such as by Air
Liquide America. Alternatively, the slab can be leveled after it is
placed upon the substrate or ground. For stability, it is
preferable that the slab not be installed on wet or soft soil. To
ensure stability, the preferable allowable soil bearing pressure is
at least about 1000 psf (pounds per square foot). Also, preferably,
there will be positive drainage from the substrate.
[0055] After the slab is installed, there is no waiting for the
slab to dry as it is already dried and cured prior to moving the
slab. Therefore the slab can immediately be used as a foundation
for industrial equipment 66 such as a bulk storage tank 64 that can
be placed directly upon the top surface of the slab. See FIGS. 5,
7A. Any equipment can be placed upon the slab as long as the slab
meets the seismic load demands of the equipment, as determined by a
structural engineer or other person skilled in the art.
[0056] Further, if the slab is used to support a storage tank that
is placed upon the top surface, the additional weight from the
stored liquid must be taken into account with respect to the size
and thickness of the slab. For example, in an embodiment, for a
slab that is 15 foot long by 10 foot wide slab, and 16 inches
thick, the storage tank can be filled with up to about 1500 to
about 3000 gallons of liquid oxygen. The weight of a storage tank
with about 1500 gallons of liquid is about 28,100 pounds, and a
storage tank with about 3000 gallons of liquid is about 47,000
pounds.
[0057] If it is desirable to install fencing around the perimeter
of the slab and/or the industrial equipment, multiple apertures 70
which can hold fence posts can be incorporated, into the slab, such
as by molding or drilled into the molded slab. See FIG. 5. The
apertures 70 may comprise blind holes that extend part way through
the depth of the slab, or may comprise holes that extend through
the thickness of the slab. See FIGS. 6, 7A. The holes may be of a
diameter that is sufficient to receive fence posts. For example
4-inch diameter holes are used to receive 3-inch diameter fence
posts that are installed in the field. To create the holes, 4-inch
PVC capped pipe is placed in the mold/form before the concrete or
cement is poured. The PVC pipes create the multiple 4-inch diameter
voids. At a minimum, it is preferable to provide holes at least in
every corner of a rectangular or square slab. It may also be
advantageous to provide additional holes for the fence posts 7. For
example, in a 15 foot long by 10 foot wide slab that holds a bulk
storage tank or vessel 64, it has been determined that at least
nine holes should be molded into the slab.
[0058] The slab must preferably also adequately drain. In most
circumstances, a flat slab will adequately drain. As an
alternative, the slab may further have a plurality of furrows 75 in
the top surface of the slab to ensure drainage of water from the
slab. See FIG. 5. Furrows may be incorporated by pressing a form
into at least a portion of the top surface of the concrete or
cement, which has not hardened, or the furrows may be made by other
ways known to one skilled in the art. However, the furrows should
be strategically located so that they do not cause the top surface
of the slab to be unlevel. Further, the concrete or cement may be
finished by a broom before it hardens so that the top surface is
not slick.
[0059] In an embodiment, a vessel leg plate 62 of the vessel leg
66, such as for a bulk storage tank, is also anchored to the slab,
such as by an anchor bolt and epoxy. In an embodiment, a hole of a
diameter of approximately 3/4" to about 11/2" that may extend as
deep as the thickness of the slab is drilled into the slab and/or
vessel leg plate at the desired position, then an epoxy pack is
inserted and is ruptured by the bolt, mixing the epoxy portions
together. A nut may then be installed upon the bolt to further
secure the leg plate, which is accessible through a portion of the
vessel leg that is typically open. For example, Hilti supplies such
epoxies and anchor bolts, and other such adhesives and fasteners
are also commercially available. Of course other such methods of
securing the vessel leg and leg plate known to one skilled in the
art may also be used. In an embodiment, a layer of grout 60 may
also be used between the vessel plate and the top surface 4 of the
slab. The legs or portions of other types of industrial equipment
may also be secured to the slab.
[0060] Again, a method of using a portable precast slab as a
foundation for industrial equipment is contemplated comprises:
providing a portable precast slab that has a top surface, a
plurality of side surfaces, a lower surface, a length, a width, and
a thickness. During use, the lower surface of the slab is placed on
ground, and the level of the slab is checked and/or the slab is
leveled. Next, at least one piece of industrial equipment can be
placed on the top surface of the slab.
[0061] The method also contemplates the step of casting reinforcing
means into the concrete or cement, wherein the reinforcing means is
selected from the group consisting essentially of wires, rebars,
rods, bars, plates, gravel, glass, or carbon fibers or a
combination thereof.
[0062] The method also comprises the step of providing means for
moving or lifting the slab that is accessible from the top surface
or side surface of the slab. The means for lifting or moving may be
selected from the group consisting essentially of at least one lift
pin, at least one lift ring, at least one lift bolt, an anchor
bolt, and a combination thereof. The means for attachment may be
securably attached or removably attachable. Also, the method
further comprises the step of attaching a cable to the lifting
means and lifting the slab.
[0063] In this method, for example, the industrial equipment may
comprise a bulk storage tank. If so, it may be desirable to provide
a slab that has at least a 10-foot length by a 10-foot width area
on the top surface adjacent to the tank that is available for
liquid oxygen delivery after the bulk storage tank is placed on the
top surface of the slab.
[0064] The slab may comprise multiple pieces and the pieces may be
placed adjacent to each other to form the slab.
[0065] Further in this method, fencing may be installed around the
perimeter of the slab and/or the industrial equipment.
[0066] Also this method may further comprise the step of using at
least a portion of the slab as a splash pad.
[0067] A method is also contemplated for making a precast
reinforced slab that is used as a foundation for at least one bulk
storage tank or system that comprises providing a mold or form, at
least partially filling the mold with concrete and placing at least
one rebar or rod within the concrete or cement to reinforce the
concrete or cement, wherein at least one rebar or rod has at least
one lift pin or means for attachment that is integral with or
removably attached to the at least one rebar. Next, the rebars or
rods are covered with concrete or cement.
[0068] Then, the concrete or cement is allowed to dry and/or cure,
thereby forming a slab/pad, wherein the slab/pad has a top surface,
a bottom surface, a plurality of side surfaces, a length, a width,
and a thickness. The slab is removed from the form when the slab is
at least partially dried. In this method, there may also be a
plurality of apertures that are cast into the slab that are visible
from the top surface. The apertures have a variety of uses and for
example can be used to install fence posts therein.
[0069] In this method, the mold or form provides at least one side
surface shaped so that the slab is capable of interconnecting or
interfacing with at least one side surface of another slab.
[0070] Further, in this method, a plurality of rebars or rods are
used as a reinforcing means, and the rebar is placed parallel to
one another and/or in a criss-cross fashion.
[0071] Further, where a plurality of rebars or rods are used as a
reinforcing means, the rebars or rods are arranged to form a
three-dimensional support structure that is cast into the concrete
or cement. Also in this method, the rebar or rod may be prestressed
prior to molding.
[0072] In this method, the slab is dried and/or cured prior to
use.
[0073] In this method, at least a portion of lightweight concrete
or cement or other materials designed to reduce the weight of the
preformed pad may be used to form the slab.
[0074] Further, as part of this method, a plurality of furrows may
be made in the top surface of the slab to ensure drainage of water
from the top surface of the slab.
[0075] Additionally, if the pad is used as a foundation for a bulk
storage tank, the slab preferably has at least a 10-foot width by
10-foot length area on the top surface that will be available for
liquid oxygen delivery after the bulk storage tank is placed on the
top surface of the slab.
[0076] The method of invention also contemplates the creation of a
cryogenic liquid storage and supply system, which can be easily
installed and removed as desired. Various embodiments of the
invention include a cryogenic liquid storage tank; and optionally,
one or more of the following pieces of equipment, which are
typically used in the industrial gas industry: a vaporizer; a
pressure control means; a gas filtering means; a telemetry unit
means; a pump means; a tank filling means; piping, a piping
support; a gas storage cylinder; and a splash pad.
[0077] In one preferred embodiment, the cryogenic system has a
fence enclosure. The fence enclosure is added for safety reasons to
protect against unauthorized entry by personnel not trained to
properly operate the cryogenic system. Additionally, the fencing
provides a demarcation of the boundary lines between what belongs
to the cryogenic system owner and what does not.
[0078] The method further includes installing the concrete
foundation at substantially the same time as any other members of
the system. As described earlier, the foundation is placed into
position by offloading it with a crane. Once the system is no
longer required at the specific location, the system is
disassembled in accordance with standard engineering practices. The
equipment is first removed, and then the slab is removed in a
similar manner as it was installed.
[0079] Once the system is dismantled, each of its pieces is
available, either separately or together, for use at another
location. In one preferred embodiment, the entire system, including
the foundation, is re-assembled for use at another location.
[0080] The invention also contemplates an apparatus for storing and
supplying cryogenic liquids comprising at least one portable
pre-cast slab foundation, as described earlier in the
specification, and a cryogenic liquid storage tank. Preferred
embodiments include one or more of the following pieces of
equipment, which are typically used in the industrial gas industry:
a vaporizer; a pressure control means; a gas filtering means; a
telemetry unit means; a pump means; a tank filling means; piping, a
piping support; a gas storage cylinder; and a splash pad.
[0081] The stored cryogenic liquid contained in the tank may be
nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium.
[0082] The details associated with the construction of such a
portable pad suitable for this use have been previously
described.
[0083] It is noted that the methods and embodiment of apparatus
described herein in detail for exemplary purposes is of course
subject to many different variations in structure, design,
application and methodology. Because many varying and different
embodiments may be made within the scope of the inventive
concept(s) herein taught, and because many modifications may be
made in the embodiment herein detailed in accordance with the
descriptive requirements of the law, it is to be understood that
the details herein are to be interpreted as illustrative and not in
a limiting sense.
[0084] Further, it will be understood that many additional changes
in the details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which
have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the
nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art
within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the
appended claims. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be
limited to the specific embodiments in the examples given above
and/or the attached drawings.
* * * * *