U.S. patent application number 10/958941 was filed with the patent office on 2005-06-23 for vibration dampening material and method of making same.
Invention is credited to DiMario, Carmen N., Falone, Thomas, Vito, Robert A..
Application Number | 20050137025 10/958941 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40328782 |
Filed Date | 2005-06-23 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050137025 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Vito, Robert A. ; et
al. |
June 23, 2005 |
Vibration dampening material and method of making same
Abstract
A material adapted to regulate vibration by distributing and
partially dissipating vibration exerted thereon.
Inventors: |
Vito, Robert A.; (Berwyn,
PA) ; DiMario, Carmen N.; (West Chester, PA) ;
Falone, Thomas; (Micklelton, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
VOLPE AND KOENIG, P.C.
UNITED PLAZA, SUITE 1600
30 SOUTH 17TH STREET
PHILADELPHIA
PA
19103
US
|
Family ID: |
40328782 |
Appl. No.: |
10/958941 |
Filed: |
October 5, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10958941 |
Oct 5, 2004 |
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10856215 |
May 28, 2004 |
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10856215 |
May 28, 2004 |
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10659560 |
Sep 10, 2003 |
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10659560 |
Sep 10, 2003 |
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09939319 |
Aug 27, 2001 |
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6652398 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
473/300 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B32B 2398/10 20130101;
B32B 7/02 20130101; B32B 2307/744 20130101; A63B 60/08 20151001;
B32B 5/02 20130101; B32B 2307/56 20130101; A63B 60/06 20151001;
A63B 2059/581 20151001; B25G 1/01 20130101; A63B 60/54 20151001;
A63B 59/50 20151001; A63B 2102/18 20151001; B32B 2307/536 20130101;
A63B 60/10 20151001; B32B 27/12 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
473/300 |
International
Class: |
A63B 053/14 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A golf club grip, comprising: a grip body having a generally
tubular shape configured to cover a portion of a golf club shaft,
the grip body being formed by a reinforced elastomer material that
regulates and dissipates vibration, the grip body defining a first
direction, tangential to an outer surface of the grip body, and a
second direction, generally perpendicular to the outer surface of
the grip body, the reinforced elastomer material comprising: first
and second elastomer layers; and a reinforcement layer disposed
between and generally separating the first and second elastomer
layers, the reinforcement layer comprising a cloth layer formed of
a plurality of woven high tensile fibrous material, the plurality
of woven high tensile fibrous material being connected to the first
and second elastomer layers generally uniformly throughout to
provide substantially complete coverage between the first and
second elastomer layers, the cloth layer being generally compliant
only in the second direction so as to be generally non energy
storing in the second direction, wherein the high tensile fibrous
material generally distributes impact energy parallel to the first
direction and into the first and second elastomer layers.
2. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement layer
is generally coextensive with the grip body.
3. The golf club grip of claim 2, wherein the reinforcement layer
is generally parallel to the outer surface of the grip body.
4. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the cloth layer generally
separates the first and second elastomer layers and generally
provides uniform coverage therebetween.
5. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the first and second
elastomer layers are formed by thermoset elastomer.
6. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement layer
consists only of the cloth layer.
7. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the reinforcement layer
substantially prevents the grip body from elongating in a direction
parallel to a longitudinal axis of the golf club shaft when
dissipating impact vibration.
8. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the cloth layer is
generally interlocked in and generally held in position by the
first and second elastomer layers.
9. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the cloth layer is
generally embedded in and generally held in position by the first
and second elastomer layers.
10. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the cloth layer is
generally held in position by the first and second elastomer layers
to prevent sliding movement therebetween in the first
direction.
11. A golf club grip, comprising: a grip body having a generally
tubular shape configured to cover a portion of a golf club shaft,
the grip body being formed by a reinforced elastomer material that
regulates and dissipates vibration, the grip body defining a first
direction, tangential to an outer surface of the grip body, and a
second direction, generally perpendicular to the outer surface of
the grip body, the reinforced elastomer material comprising: first
and second elastomer layers; and a reinforcement layer disposed
between and generally separating the first and second elastomer
layers, the reinforcement layer comprising a cloth layer formed of
fiberglass, the fiberglass being connected to the first and second
elastomer layers generally uniformly throughout to provide
substantially complete coverage between the first and second
elastomer layers, the cloth layer being generally compliant only in
the second direction so as to be generally non energy storing in
the second direction, wherein the fiberglass generally distributes
impact energy parallel to the first direction and into the first
and second elastomer layers.
12. The golf club grip of claim 11, wherein the reinforcement layer
is generally coextensive with the grip body.
13. The golf club grip of claim 12, wherein the reinforcement layer
is generally parallel to the first major surface.
14. The golf club grip of claim 11, wherein the cloth layer
generally separates the first and second elastomer layers and
generally provides uniform coverage therebetween.
15. The golf club grip of claim 11, wherein the reinforcement layer
substantially prevents the grip body from elongating in a direction
parallel to a longitudinal axis of the golf club shaft when
dissipating impact vibration.
16. The golf club grip of claim 11, wherein the reinforcement layer
consists only of the cloth layer.
17. The golf club grip of claim 11, wherein the cloth layer is
generally interlocked in and generally held in position by the
first and second elastomer layers.
18. The golf club grip of claim 11, wherein the cloth layer is
generally embedded in and generally held in position by the first
and second elastomer layers.
19. The golf club grip of claim 1, wherein the cloth layer is
generally held in position by the first and second elastomer layers
to prevent sliding movement therebetween in the first
direction.
20. A golf club grip, comprising: a grip body having a generally
tubular shape configured to cover a portion of a golf club shaft,
the grip body being formed by a reinforced elastomer material that
regulates and dissipates vibration, the grip body defining a first
direction, tangential to an outer surface of the grip body, and a
second direction, generally perpendicular to the outer surface of
the grip body, the reinforced elastomer material comprising: first
and second elastomer layers; and a reinforcement layer disposed
between and generally separating the first and second elastomer
layers, the reinforcement layer being generally coextensive with
the grip body, the reinforcement layer consisting of a single cloth
layer formed of a plurality of woven high tensile fibrous material,
the plurality of woven high tensile fibrous material being
connected to the first and second elastomer layers generally
uniformly throughout to provide substantially complete coverage
between the first and second elastomer layers, the reinforcement
layer substantially prevents the grip body from elongating in a
direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the golf club shaft
when dissipating vibration, the cloth layer being generally
compliant only in the second direction so as to be generally non
energy storing in the second direction, wherein the high tensile
fibrous material is generally interlocked in and held in position
by the first and second elastomer layers so that the high tensile
fibrous material generally distributes impact energy parallel to
the first direction and into the first and second elastomer layers.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application, currently pending, which is a continuation of and
claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/659,560,
currently pending, which is a divisional of and claims priority to
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/939,319, filed on Aug. 27,
2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,398; priority to each of the above
identified applications is claimed and each of the above identified
applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein as if
fully set forth in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The present invention is directed to a material adapted to
reduce vibration and, more specifically, to a method of making a
material adapted to dissipate and evenly distribute vibrations
acting on the material.
[0003] Handles of sporting equipment, bicycles, hand tools, etc.
are often made of wood, metal or polymer that transmit vibrations
that can make the items uncomfortable for prolonged gripping.
Sporting equipment, such as bats, balls, shoe insoles and
sidewalls, also transmit vibrations during the impact that commonly
occurs during athletic contests. These vibrations can be
problematic in that they can potentially distract the player's
attention, adversely effect performance, and/or injure a portion of
a player's body.
[0004] Rigid polymer materials are typically used to provide grips
for tools and sports equipment. The use of rigid polymers allows
users to maintain control of the equipment but is not very
effective at reducing vibrations. While it is known that softer
materials provide better vibration regulation characteristics, such
materials do not have the necessary rigidity for incorporation into
sporting equipment, hand tools, shoes or the like. This lack of
rigidity allows unintended movement of the equipment encased by the
soft material relative to a user's hand or body.
[0005] Prolonged or repetitive contact with excessive vibrations
can injure a person. The desire to avoid such injury can result in
reduced athletic performance and decreased efficiency when working
with tools.
[0006] Clearly what is needed is a method of making a material
adapted to regulate vibration that provides the necessary rigidity
for effective vibration distribution and for a user to maintain the
necessary control of the implement; that can dampen and reduce
vibrational energy; and that includes a support structure that is
embedded on and/or within a main vibration dissipating
material.
SUMMARY
[0007] One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a
golf club grip including a grip body having a generally tubular
shape configured to cover a portion of a golf club shaft. The grip
body is formed by a reinforced elastomer material that regulates
and dissipates vibration. The grip body defines a first direction,
tangential to an outer surface of the grip body, and a second
direction, generally perpendicular to the outer surface of the grip
body. The reinforced elastomer material includes first and second
elastomer layers. A reinforcement layer disposed between and
generally separating the first and second elastomer layers. The
reinforcement layer including a cloth layer formed of a plurality
of woven high tensile fibrous material. The plurality of woven high
tensile fibrous material are connected to the first and second
elastomer layers generally uniformly throughout to provide
substantially complete coverage between the first and second
elastomer layers. The cloth layer is generally compliant only in
the second direction so as to be generally non energy storing in
the second direction. The high tensile fibrous material generally
distributes impact energy parallel to the first direction and into
the first and second elastomer layers.
[0008] In a separate embodiment, the present invention is directed
to a golf club grip including a grip body having a generally
tubular shape configured to cover a portion of a golf club shaft.
The grip body is formed by a reinforced elastomer material that
regulates and dissipates vibration. The grip body defines a first
direction, tangential to an outer surface of the grip body, and a
second direction, generally perpendicular to the outer surface of
the grip body. The reinforced elastomer material includes first and
second elastomer layers. A reinforcement layer is disposed between
and generally separates the first and second elastomer layers. The
reinforcement layer includes a cloth layer formed of fiberglass.
The fiberglass is connected to the first and second elastomer
layers generally uniformly throughout to provide substantially
complete coverage between the first and second elastomer layers.
The cloth layer is generally compliant only in the second direction
so as to be generally non energy storing in the second direction.
The fiberglass generally distributes impact energy parallel to the
first direction and into the first and second elastomer layers.
[0009] In a separate embodiment, the present invention is directed
to a golf club grip including a grip body having a generally
tubular shape configured to cover a portion of a golf club shaft.
The grip body is formed by a reinforced elastomer material that
regulates and dissipates vibration. The grip body defines a first
direction, tangential to an outer surface of the grip body, and a
second direction, generally perpendicular to the outer surface of
the grip body. The reinforced elastomer material includes first and
second elastomer layers. A reinforcement layer is disposed between
and generally separates the first and second elastomer layers. The
reinforcement layer is generally coextensive with the grip body.
The reinforcement layer consists of a single cloth layer formed of
a plurality of woven high tensile fibrous material. The plurality
of woven high tensile fibrous material is connected to the first
and second elastomer layers generally uniformly throughout to
provide substantially complete coverage between the first and
second elastomer layers, the reinforcement layer substantially
prevents the grip body from elongating in a direction parallel to a
longitudinal axis of the golf club shaft when dissipating
vibration. The cloth layer is generally compliant only in the
second direction so as to be generally non energy storing in the
second direction. The high tensile fibrous material is generally
interlocked in and held in position by the first and second
elastomer layers so that the high tensile fibrous material
generally distributes impact energy parallel to the first direction
and into the first and second elastomer layers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed
description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention
will be better understood when read in conjunction with the
appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention,
there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently
preferred. It is understood, however, that the invention is not
limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentality shown. In
the drawings:
[0011] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment
of the material of the present invention illustrating a single
layer vibration dissipating material with a support structure
embedded therein, the material extends along a longitudinal portion
of an implement and covers a proximal end thereof;
[0012] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the material of FIG. 1
separate from any implement, padding, equipment or the like;
[0013] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the material of FIG. 1
separate from any implement, padding, equipment or the like;
[0014] FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a second preferred
embodiment of the material of the present invention with the
support structure embedded thereon and the vibration dissipating
material penetrating the support structure;
[0015] FIG. 2B is cross-sectional view of a third preferred
embodiment of the material of the present invention with the
support structure embedded within the vibration dissipating
material and the vibration dissipating material penetrating the
support structure, the support structure is positioned off center
within the vibration dissipating material;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a first preferred
embodiment of the support structure as taken along the lines 3-3 of
FIG. 2, the support structure is formed of polymer and/or elastomer
and/or fibers, either of which may contain fibers, passageways
extend through the support structure allowing the vibration
dissipating material to penetrate the support structure;
[0017] FIG. 4 is cross-sectional view of a second preferred
embodiment of the support structure as viewed in a manner similar
to that of FIG. 3 illustrating a support structure formed by woven
fibers, passageways through the woven fibers allow the support
structure to be penetrated by the vibration dissipating
material;
[0018] FIG. 5 is cross-sectional view of a third preferred support
structure as viewed in a manner similar to that of FIG. 3, the
support structure formed by plurality of fibers, passageways past
the fibers allow the vibration dissipating material to penetrate
the support structure;
[0019] FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of the support structure
of FIG. 3;
[0020] FIG. 7 is perspective view of the material of FIG. 1
configured to form a grip for a bat; and
[0021] FIG. 8 is perspective view of the material of FIG. 1
configured to form a grip for a racquet.
[0022] FIG. 9 is an elevational view of a baseball bat having a
cover in the form of a sleeve on the handle area in accordance with
this invention;
[0023] FIG. 10 is an enlarged fragmental cross-sectional view of
the bat and sleeve shown in FIG. 9;
[0024] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the results in the
application of shock forces on a cover in accordance with this
invention;
[0025] FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 10 showing an alternative
sleeve mounted on a different implement;
[0026] FIG. 13 is a view similar to FIGS. 10 and 12 showing still
yet another form of sleeve in accordance with this invention; FIG.
14 is a cross-sectional longitudinal view showing an alternative
cover in accordance with this invention mounted on a further type
of implement;
[0027] FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional longitudinal view showing an
alternative cover in accordance with this invention mounted on a
further type of implement;
[0028] FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional end view of yet another cover
in accordance with this invention;
[0029] FIG. 16 is an elevational view of a hammer incorporating an
abrasive dampening handle in accordance with this invention; FIG.
17 is an elevational view showing a portion of a handlebar
incorporating a vibration dampening cover in accordance with this
invention;
[0030] FIG. 17 is an elevational view showing a portion of a
handlebar incorporating a vibration dampening cover in accordance
with this invention;
[0031] FIG. 18 is a view similar to FIG. 17 of yet another practice
of this invention; and
[0032] FIGS. 19-22 are plan views of various forms of the
intermediate force dissipating layer which is used in certain
practices of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0033] Certain terminology is used in the following description for
convenience only and is not limiting. The words Aright,@ Aleft,@
Atop,@ and Abottom@ designate directions in the drawings to which
reference is made. The words Ainwardly@ and Aoutwardly@ refer to
directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center
of the material and designated parts thereof. The term Aimplement,@
as used in the specification and in the claims, means Aany one of a
baseball bat, racquet, hockey stick, softball bat, sporting
equipment, firearm, or the like.@ The above terminology includes
the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and
words of similar import. Additionally, the words Aa@ and Aone@ are
defined as including one or more of the referenced item unless
specifically stated otherwise.
[0034] Referring to FIGS. 1-8, wherein like numerals indicate like
elements throughout, there are shown preferred embodiments of a
material, generally designated 10, that is adapted to regulate
vibration. Briefly stated, the material 10 preferably includes a
vibration dissipating material 12 (preferably an elastomer layer).
The vibration dissipating material 12 penetrates a support
structure 17 to embed the support structure 17 thereon (as shown in
FIG. 2A) and/or therein (as shown in FIG. 2B). The support
structure 17 is preferably semi-rigid and supports the vibration
dissipating material 12.
[0035] The material 10 of the present invention was the result of
extensive research and was thoroughly tested by Villanova
University's Department of Mechanical Engineering by a professor
having a Ph.D. in vibratory physics. Testing of the material 10
determined that the material 10 can reduce the magnitude of
sensible vibration by eighty (80%) percent. The material 10 has
verified, superior vibration dissipation properties due to the
embedded support structure 17 that is located on and/or in the
elastomer 12. In addition to evenly distributing vibration, the
support structure 17 contributes to the absorption of vibration and
supports the vibration dissipating material 12 to prevent the layer
of vibration dissipating material 12 from twisting or otherwise
becoming unsuitable for use as a grip or padding.
[0036] While it is preferred that the vibration dissipating
material layer 12 be formed by elastomer, those of ordinary skill
in the art will appreciate from this disclosure that the vibration
dissipating material 12 can be formed by any suitable polymer
without departing from the scope of the present invention. For
clarity only, the vibration dissipating material 12 will be often
described herein as being an elastomer without any mention of the
material possibly being a polymer. However, it should understood
that even when the layer 12 is only described as being an
elastomer, that the present invention also includes the material 12
being a any suitable polymer.
[0037] The material 10 of the present invention can be incorporated
into athletic gear, grips for sports equipment, grips for tools,
and protective athletic gear. More specifically, the material 10
can be used: to form grips for a tennis racquet, hockey sticks,
golf clubs, baseball bats or the like; to form protective athletic
gear for mitts, headbands, mouth guards, face protection devices,
helmets, gloves, pads, hip pads, shoulder pads, chest protectors,
or the like; to form seats or handle bar covers for bicycles,
motorcycles, or the like; to form boots for skiing, roller blading
or the like; to form footwear, such as shoe soles and inserts; to
form grips for firearms, hand guns, rifles, shotguns, or the like;
and to form grips for tools such as hammers, drills, circular saws,
chisels or the like.
[0038] The elastomer layer 12 acts as a shock absorber by
converting mechanical vibrational energy into heat energy. The
embedded support structure 17 redirects vibrational energy and
provides increased stiffness to the material 10 to facilitate a
user's ability to control an implement 20 encased, or partially
encased, by the material 10. The incorporation of the support
structure 17 on and/or within the material 10 allows the material
10 to be formed by a single elastomer layer without the material 10
being unsuitable for at least some of the above-mentioned uses.
However, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from
this disclosure that additional layers of material can be added to
any of the embodiments of the present invention disclosed below
without departing from the scope of the invention.
[0039] It is preferred that the material 10 have a single
contiguous elastomer body 12. Referring to FIG. 1, the support
structure has first and second major surfaces 23, 25. In one
embodiment, the elastomer 12 extends through the support structure
17 so that the portion of the elastomer 12A contacting the first
major support structure surface 23 (i.e., the top of the support
structure 17) and the portion of the elastomer 12B contacting the
second major support structure surface 25 (i.e., the bottom of the
support structure) form the single contiguous elastomer body 12.
Elastomer material provides vibration damping by dissipating
vibrational energy. Suitable elastomer materials include, but are
not limited, urethane rubbers, silicone rubbers, nitrile rubbers,
butyl rubbers, acrylic rubbers, natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene
rubbers, and the like. In general, any suitable elastomer or
polymer material can be used to form the vibration dissipating
layer 12.
[0040] The softness of elastomer materials can be quantified using
Shore A durometer ratings. Generally speaking, the lower the
durometer rating, the softer the material and the more effective a
material layer is at absorbing and dissipating vibration because
less force is channeled through the material. When a soft material
is squeezed, an individual's fingers are imbedded in the material
which increases the surface area of contact between the user's hand
and creates irregularities in the outer material surface to allow a
user to firmly grasp any implement 20 covered, or partially
covered, by the material. However, the softer the material, the
less control a user has when manipulating an implement 20 covered
by the material. If the elastomer layer is too soft (i.e., if the
elastomer layer has too low of a Shore A Durometer rating), then
the implement 20 may rotate unintentionally relative to a user's
hand or foot. The material 10 of the present invention is
preferably designed a Shore A durometer rating that provides an
optimum balance between allowing a user to precisely manipulate and
control the implement 20 and effectively damping vibration during
use of the implement 20 depending on the activity engaged in.
[0041] It is preferable, but not necessary, that the elastomer used
with the material 10 have a Shore A durometer of between
approximately ten (10) and approximately eighty (80). It is more
preferred that the elastomer 12 have a Shore A durometer of between
approximately fifteen (15) and approximately forty-five (45).
[0042] The elastomer 12 is preferably used to absorb vibrational
energy and to convert vibrational energy into heat energy. The
elastomer 12 also provides a compliant and comfortable grip for a
user to grasp (or provides a surface for a portion of a user's
body, such as the under sole of a user's foot when the material 10
is formed as a shoe insert).
[0043] In one embodiment, the material 10 preferably has a Shore A
durometer of approximately fifteen (15). In another embodiment, the
material 10 preferably has a Shore A Shore Durometer of
approximately forty two (42). In yet another embodiment, the
material 10 preferably has a Shore A Durometer of approximately
thirty-two (32). Of course, those of ordinary skill in the art will
appreciate that the Shore A Durometer of the material 10 can varied
without departing from the scope of the present invention.
[0044] Referring to FIGS. 3-5, the support structure 17 can be any
one (or combination of) of a polymer, an elastomer, a plurality of
fibers, a plurality of woven fibers, and a cloth. If the support
structure 17 and the layer 12 are both polymers or both elastomers,
then they can be the same or different from each other without
departing from the scope of the present invention. If vibration
dissipating material is 12 if formed of the same material as the
support structure 17, then the support structure 17 can be made
more rigid than the main layer 12 by embedding fibers 14 therein.
It is preferable that the support structure 17 is generally more
rigid than the vibration dissipating material 12.
[0045] Referring specifically to FIG. 3, the support structure 17
may be formed of an elastomer that may but does not necessarily,
also have fibers 14 embedded therein (examplary woven fibers are
shown throughout portions of FIG. 3). Referring to FIG. 4, the
support structure 17 may be formed by a plurality of woven fibers
18. Referring to FIG. 5, the support structure 17 may be formed by
a plurality of fibers 14. Regardless of the material forming the
support structure 17, it is preferable that passageways 19 extend
into the support structure 17 to allow the elastomer 12 to
penetrate and embed the support structure 17. The term Aembed,@ as
used in the claim and in the corresponding portions of the
specification, means Acontact sufficiently to secure thereon and/or
therein.@ Accordingly, the support structure 17 shown in FIG. 2 A
is embedded by the elastomer 12 even though the elastomer 12 does
not fully enclose the support structure 17. Additionally, as shown
in FIG. 2 B, the support structure 17 can be located at any level
or height within the elastomer 12 without departing from the scope
of the present invention. While the passageways 19 are shown as
extending completely through the support structure 17, the
invention includes passageways 19 that extend partially through the
support structure 17.
[0046] Referring again to FIG. 2A, in one embodiment, it is
preferred that the support structure 17 be embedded on the
elastomer 12, with the elastomer penetrating the support structure
17. The support structure 17 being generally along a major material
surface 38 (i.e., the support structure 17 is generally along the
top of the material).
[0047] The fibers 14 are preferably, but not necessarily, formed of
aramid fibers. Referring to FIG. 4, the fibers 14 can be woven to
form a cloth 16 that is disposed on and/or within the elastomer 12.
The cloth layer 16 can be formed of woven aramid fibers or other
types of fiber. The aramid fibers 14 block and redirect vibrational
energy that passes through the elastomer 12 to facilitate the
dissipation of vibrations. The aramid fibers 18 redirect
vibrational energy along the length of the fibers 18. Thus, when
the plurality of aramid fibers 18 are woven to form the cloth 16,
vibrational energy emanating from the implement 20 that is not
absorbed or dissipated by the elastomer layer 12 is redistributed
evenly along the material 10 by the cloth 16 and preferably also
further dissipated by the cloth 16.
[0048] It is preferable that the aramid fibers 18 are formed of a
suitable polyamide fiber of high tensile strength with a high
resistance to elongation. However, those of ordinary skill in the
art will appreciate from this disclosure that any aramid fiber
suitable to channel vibration can be used to form the support
structure 17 without departing from scope of the present invention.
Additionally, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate
from this disclosure that loose aramid fibers or chopped aramid
fibers can be used to form the support structure 17 without
departing from the scope of the present invention. The aramid
fibers may also be formed of fiberglass or the like.
[0049] When the aramid fibers 18 are woven to form the cloth 16, it
is preferable that the cloth 16 include at least some floating
aramid fibers 18. That is, it is preferable that at least some of
the plurality of aramid fibers 18 are able to move relative to the
remaining aramid fibers 18 of the cloth 16. This movement of some
of the aramid fibers 18 relative to the remaining fibers of the
cloth converts vibrational energy to heat energy.
[0050] The material 10 may be configured and adapted to form an
insert for shoe. When the material 10 is configured to form a shoe
insert, the material 10 is preferably adapted to extend along an
inner surface of the shoe from a location proximate to a heel of
the shoe to the toe of the shoe. In addition to forming a shoe
insert, the material 10 can be located along the sides of the shoe
to protect the wearer's foot from lateral impact.
[0051] The material 10 may be configured and adapted to form a grip
22 for an implement such as a bat, having a handle 24 and a
proximal end 26 (i.e., the end near to where the bat is normally
gripped). The material 10 is preferably adapted to enclose a
portion of the handle 24 and to enclose the proximal end 26 of the
bat or implement 20. As best shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, it is
preferable that the grip 22 be formed as a single body that
completely encloses the proximal end of the implement 20. The
material 10 may be also be configured and adapted to form a grip 22
for a tennis racket or similar implement 20 having a handle 24 and
a proximal end 26.
[0052] While the grip 22 will be described below in connection with
a baseball or softball bat, those of ordinary skill in the art will
appreciate that the grip 22 can be used with any of the equipment,
tools, or devices mentioned above without departing from the scope
of the present invention.
[0053] When the grip 22 is used with a baseball or softball bat,
the grip 22 preferably covers approximately seventeen (17) inches
of the handle of the bat as well as covers the knob (i.e., the
proximal end 26 of the implement 20) of the bat. The configuration
of the grip 22 to extend over a significant portion of the bat
length contributes to increased vibrational damping. It is
preferred, but not necessary, that the grip 22 be formed as a
single, contiguous, one-piece member.
[0054] Referring to FIG. 1, the baseball bat (or implement 20) has
a handle 24 including a handle body 28 having a longitudinal
portion 30 and a proximal end 26. The material 10 preferably
encases at least some of the longitudinal portion 30 and the
proximal end 26 of the handle 24. The grip material 10 can
incorporate any of the above-described support structures 17. The
aramid fiber layer 14 is preferably formed of woven aramid fibers
18.
[0055] As best shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the preferred grip 22 is
adapted for use with an implement 20 having a handle and a proximal
handle end. The grip 22 includes a tubular shell 32 having a distal
open end 34 adapted to surround a portion of the handle and a
closed proximal end 36 adapted to enclose the proximal end of the
handle. It is preferable not necessary, that the material
completely enclose the proximal end 26 of the handle. The tubular
shell 32 is preferably formed of the material 10 which dissipates
vibration.
[0056] Multiple methods can be used to produce the composite or
multi-layer material 10 of the present invention. Briefly speaking,
one method is to extrude the material 10 by pulling a support
structure 17 from a supply roll while placing the elastomer layer
on both sides of the support structure 17. A second method of
producing the material 10 of the present invention is to weave a
fiber onto the implement 20 and then to mold the elastomer 12
thereover. Alternatively, a support structure can be pressure fit
to an elastomer to form the material 10. Those of ordinary skill in
the art will appreciate from this disclosure that any other known
manufacturing methods can be used to form the material 10 without
departing from the scope of the present invention. Any of the below
described methods can be used to form a material 10 or grip 22
having any of the above specified Shore A Durometers and
incorporating any of the above-described support structures 17.
[0057] More specifically, one preferred method of making the
material 10 includes: providing an uncured elastomer 12. A cloth
layer is positioned on and/or within the uncured elastomer 12. The
cloth layer is formed by a plurality of woven aramid fibers 14. The
uncured elastomer 12 penetrates the cloth layer 16 to embed to the
cloth 16. The uncured elastomer 12 is at least partially cured to
form the material 10. The cloth layer 16 supports the cured
elastomer 12 and facilitates the distribution and dissipation of
vibration by the material 10.
[0058] It is preferable that the elastomer 12 is cured so that some
of the plurality of aramid fibers in the cloth layer 16 are able to
move relative to the remaining plurality of aramid fibers 18. It is
also preferable that the material 10 be configured to form a grip
for a bat and/or racquet having a handle 24 and the proximal end
26. The grip 22 preferably encloses at least a portion of the
handle 24 and the proximal end 26.
[0059] Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a
method of making a grip 22 for an implement 20 having a handle 24
and a proximal end 26. The grip 22 is formed by a single layer
material 10 adapted to regulate vibration. The method includes
providing an uncured elastomer. A plurality of fibers 14 are
positioned on and/or within the uncured elastomer 12. The uncured
elastomer 12 is at least partially cured to form the single layer
material embedding the plurality of fibers. The single layer
material 10 has first and second major material surfaces. The
single layer material 10 is positioned over at least a portion of
the handle 24 and over the proximal end 26 of the handle 24. The
first major material surface contacts the implement 20 and second
major material surface of the single layer material 10 forms a
surface for a user to grasp. This method can be used to form a grip
22 having any of the Shore A Durometers described above and can use
any of the support structure 17 also described above.
[0060] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a
method of making a material 10 adapted to regulate vibration. The
method includes providing a cloth 16 formed by a plurality of woven
aramid fibers 14. The cloth has first and second major surfaces. A
first elastomer layer 12A is placed on the first major surface of
the cloth. A second elastomer layer 12B is placed on the second
major surface 25 of the cloth 16. The first and second elastomer
layers 12A, 12B penetrate the cloth 16 to form a single layer
elastomer 12 having an embedded cloth 16 for support thereof.
[0061] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a
method of forming a material 10 including providing a cloth layer
16. Positioning an elastomer 12 substantially over the cloth layer
16. Applying pressure to the cloth layer 16 and the elastomer 12 to
embed the cloth layer 16 on and/or in the elastomer 12 to form the
material 10. When using this sort of pressure fit technique, those
ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from this disclosure that
the cloth layer 16 and the elastomer 12 can be placed in a mold
prior to applying pressure without departing from the scope of the
present invention.
[0062] The covering of the proximal end of an implement 20 by the
grip 22 results in reduced vibration transmission and in improved
counter balancing of the distal end of the implement 20 by moving
the center of mass of the implement 20 closer to the hand of a user
(i.e., closer to the proximal end 26). This facilitates the
swinging of the implement 20 and can improve sports performance
while reducing the fatigue associated with repetitive motion.
[0063] FIGS. 9-10 illustrate another embodiment of the present
invention. As shown therein a cover in the form of a sleeve 210 is
mounted on the handle or lower portion 218 of a baseball bat 210.
Sleeve 210 is premolded so that it can be fit onto the handle
portion of the bat 212 in a quick and convenient manner. This can
be accomplished by having the sleeve 210 made of a stretchable or
resilient material so that its upper end 214 would be pulled open
and could be stretched to fit over the knob 217 of the bat 212.
Alternatively, or in addition, sleeve 210 may be provided with a
longitudinal slit 16 to permit the sleeve to be pulled at least
partially open and thereby facilitate snapping the sleeve 210 over
the handle 218 of the bat 212. The sleeve would remain mounted in
place due to the tacky nature of the sleeve material and/or by the
application of a suitable adhesive on the inner surface of the
sleeve and/or on the outer surface of handle 218.
[0064] A characterizing feature of sleeve 210, as illustrated in
FIGS. 9-10, is that the lower end of the sleeve includes an
outwardly extending peripheral knob 2220. Knob 220 could be a
separate cap snapped onto or secured in any other manner to the
main portion of sleeve 210. Alternatively, knob 220 could be
integral with and molded as part of the sleeve 210.
[0065] In a broad practice of this invention, sleeve 210 can be a
single layer. The material would have the appropriate hardness and
vibration dampening characteristics. The outer surface of the
material would be tacky having high friction characteristics.
[0066] Alternatively, the sleeve 210 could be formed from a two
layer laminate where the vibration absorbing material forms the
inner layer disposed against the handle, with a separate tacky
outer layer made from any suitable high friction material such as a
thermoplastic material with polyurethane being one example. Thus,
the two layer laminate would have an inner elastomer layer which is
characterized by its vibration dampening ability, while the main
characteristic of the outer elastomer layer is its tackiness to
provide a suitable gripping surface that would resist the tendency
for the user's hand to slide off the handle. The provision of the
knob 220 also functions both as a stop member to minimize the
tendency for the handle to slip from the user's hand and to
cooperate in the vibration dampening affect.
[0067] FIG. 10 illustrates the preferred form of multilayer
laminate which includes the inner vibration absorbing layer 222 and
the outer tacky gripping layer 224 with an intermediate layer 226
made of a stiffening material which dissipates force. If desired
layer 226 could be innermost and layer 224 could be the
intermediate layer. A preferred stiffening material would be aramid
fibers which could be incorporated in the material in any suitable
manner as later described with respect to FIGS. 19-22. However,
fiberglass or any high tensile strength fibrous material can be
used as the stiffening material forming the layer. Additionally, in
one embodiment, the stiffening layer is substantially embedded in
or held in place by the elastomer layer(s).
[0068] FIG. 11 schematically shows what is believed to be the
affect of the shock forces from vibration when the implement makes
contact such as from the bat 212 striking a ball. FIG. 11 shows the
force vectors in accordance with a three layer laminate, such as
illustrated in FIG. 10, wherein elastomeric layers 222,224 are made
of a silicone material. The intermediate layer 226 is an aramid
layer made of aramid fibers. The initial shock or vibration is
shown by the lateral or transverse arrows 228 on each side of the
sleeve laminate 210. This causes the elastomeric layers 222,224 to
be compressed along the arc 230. The inclusion of the intermediate
layer 226 made from a force dissipating material spreads the
vibration longitudinally as shown by the arrows 232. The linear
spread of the vibration causes a rebound effect which totally
dampens the vibration.
[0069] Laboratory tests were carried out at a prominent university
to evaluate various grips mounted on baseball bats. In the testing,
baseball bats with various grips were suspended from the ceiling by
a thin thread; this achieves almost a free boundary condition that
is needed to determine the true characteristics of the bats. Two
standard industrial accelerometers were mounted on a specially
fabricated sleeve roughly in positions where the left hand and the
right hand would grip the bat. A known force was delivered to the
bat with a standard calibrated impact hammer at three positions,
one corresponding to the sweet spot, the other two simulating "miss
hits" located on the mid-point and shaft of the bat. The time
history of the force as well as the accelerations were routed
through a signal conditioning device and were connected to a data
acquisition device. This was connected to a computer which was used
to log the data.
[0070] Two series of tests were conducted. In the first test, a
control bat (with a standard rubber grip, WORTH Bat--model #C405)
was compared to identical bats with several "Sting-Free" grips
representing practices of the invention. These "Sting-Free" grips
were comprised of two layers of pure silicone with various types of
high tensile fibrous material inserted between the two layers of
silicone. The types of KEVLAR, a type of aramid fiber that has high
tensile strength, used in this test were referenced as follows:
"005", "645", "120", "909". Also, a bat with just a thick layer of
silicone but no KEVLAR was tested. With the exception of the thick
silicone (which was deemed impractical because of the excessive
thickness), the "645" bat showed the best reduction in vibration
magnitudes.
[0071] The second series of tests were conducted using EASTON Bats
(model #BK8) with the "645" KEVLAR in different combinations with
silicone layers: The first bat tested was comprised of one bottom
layer of silicone with a middle layer of the "645" KEVLAR and one
top layer of silicone referred to as "111". The second bat test was
comprised of two bottom layers of silicone with a middle layer of
KEVLAR and one top layer of silicone referred to as "211". The
third bat tested was comprised of one bottom layer of silicone with
a middle layer of KEVLAR and two top layers of silicone referred to
as "112". The "645" bat with the "111" configuration showed the
best reduction in vibration magnitudes.
[0072] In order to quantify the effect of this vibration reduction,
two criteria were defined: (I) the time it takes for the vibration
to dissipate to an imperceptible value; and, (2) the magnitude of
vibration in the range of frequencies at which the human hand is
most sensitive.
[0073] The sting-free grips reduced the vibration in the baseball
bats by both quantitative measures. In particular, the "645" KEVLAR
in a "111" configuration was the best in vibration reduction. In
the case of a baseball bat, the "645" reduced the bat's vibration
in about 1/5 the time it took the control rubber grip to do so. The
reduction in peak magnitude of vibration ranged from 60% to 80%,
depending on the impact location and magnitude.
[0074] It was concluded that the "645" KEVLAR grip in a "111"
combination reduces the magnitude of sensible vibration by 80% that
is induced in a baseball bat when a player hits a ball with it.
This was found to be true for a variety of impacts at different
locations along the length of the bat. Hence, a person using the
"Sting-Free" grips of the invention would clearly experience a
considerable reduction in the sting effect (pain) when using the
"Sting-free" grip than one would with a standard grip.
[0075] In view of the above tests a particularly preferred practice
of the invention involves a multilayer laminate having an aramid
such as KEVLAR, sandwiched between layers of pure silicone. The
above indicated tests show dramatic results with this embodiment of
the invention. As also indicated above, however, the laminate could
comprise other combinations of layers such as a plurality of bottom
layers of silicone or a plurality of top layers of silicone. other
variations include a repetitive laminate assembly wherein a
vibration dampening layer is innermost with a force dissipating
layer against the lower vibration dampening layer and then with a
second vibration dampening layer over the force dissipating layer
followed by a second force dissipating layer, etc. with the final
laminate layer being a gripping layer which could also be made of
vibration dampening material. Among the considerations in
determining which laminate should be used would be the thickness
limitations and the desired vibration dampening properties.
[0076] The various layers could have different relative
thicknesses. Preferably, the vibration dampening layer, such as
layer 222, would be the thickest of the layers. The outermost
gripping layer, however, could be of the same thickness as the
vibration dampening layer, such as layer 224 shown in FIG. 10 or
could be a thinner layer since the main function of the outer layer
is to provide sufficient friction to assure a firm gripping action.
A particularly advantageous feature of the invention where a force
dissipating stiffening layer is used is that the force dissipating
layer could be very thin and still achieve its intended results.
Thus, the force dissipating layer would preferably be the thinnest
of the layers, although it might be of generally the same thickness
as the outer gripping layer. If desired the laminate could also
include a plurality of vibration dampening layers (such as thin
layers of gel material) and/or a plurality of stiffening force
dissipating layers. Where such plural layers are used, the various
layers could differ in the thickness from each other.
[0077] FIGS. 9-10 show the use of the invention where the sleeve
210 is mounted over a baseball bat 212 having a knob 217. The same
general type structure could also be used where the implement does
not have a knob similar to a baseball bat knob. FIG. 12, for
example, illustrates a variation of the invention wherein the
sleeve 210A would be mounted on the handle 218A of an implement
that does not terminate in any knob. Such implement could be
various types of athletic equipment, tools, etc. The sleeve 210A,
however, would still have a knob 2220A which would include an outer
gripping layer 224A, an intermediate force dissipating layer 226A
and an inner vibration dampening layer 222A. In the embodiment
shown in FIG. 12, the handle 218A extends into the knob 220A. Thus,
the inner layer 222A would have an accommodating recess 34 for
receiving the handle 218A. The inner layer 222A would also be of
greater thickness in the knob area as illustrated.
[0078] FIG. 13 shows a variation where the sleeve 210B fits over
handle 218B without the handle 218B penetrating the knob 220B. As
illustrated, the outer gripping layer 224B would be of uniform
thickness both in the gripping area and in the knob. Similarly, the
intermediate force dissipating layer 226B would also be of uniform
thickness. The inner shock absorbing layer 222B, however, would
completely occupy the portion of the knob inwardly of the force
dissipating layer 226B since the handle 218B terminates short of
the knob 2220B.
[0079] FIG. 14 shows a variation of the invention where the
gripping cover 236 does not include a knob. As shown therein, the
gripping cover would be mounted over the gripping area of a handle
238 in any suitable manner and would be held in place either by a
previously applied adhesive or due to the tacky nature of the
innermost vibration dampening layer 240 or due to resilient
characteristics of the cover 236. Additionally, the cover might be
formed directly on the handle 238. FIG. 16, for example, shows a
cover 236B which is applied in the form of tape.
[0080] As shown in FIG. 14 the cover 236 includes one of the
laminate variations where a force dissipating layer 242 is provided
over the inner vibration dampening layer 240 with a second
vibration dampening layer 244 applied over force dissipating layer
242 and with a final thin gripping layer 246 as the outermost
layer. As illustrated, the two vibration dampening layers 240 and
244 are the thickest layers and may be of the same or differing
thickness from each other. The force dissipating layer 242 and
outer gripping layer 244 are significantly thinner.
[0081] FIG. 15 shows a cover 236A mounted over a hollow handle 238A
which is of non-circular cross-section. Handle 238A may, for
example, have the octagonal shape of a tennis racquet.
[0082] FIG. 16 shows a further cover 236B mounted over the handle
portion of tool such as hammer 248. As illustrated, the cover 236B
is applied in tape form and would conform to the shape of the
handle portion of hammer 248. Other forms of covers could also be
applied rather than using a tape. Similarly, the tape could be used
as a means for applying a cover to other types of implements.
[0083] FIG. 17 illustrates a cover 236C mounted over the end of a
handlebar, such as the handlebar of various types of cycles or any
other device having a handlebar including steering wheels for
vehicles and the like. FIG. 17 also illustrates a variation where
the cover 236C has an outer contour with finger receiving recesses
252. Such recesses could also be utilized for covers of other types
of implements.
[0084] FIG. 18 illustrates a variation of the invention where the
cover 236D is mounted to the handle portion of an implement 254
with the extreme end 256 of the implement being bare. This
illustration is to show that the invention is intended to provide a
vibration dampening gripping cover for the handle of an implement
and that the cover need not extend beyond the gripping area. Thus,
there could be portions of the implement on both ends of the handle
without having the cover applied to those portions.
[0085] In a preferred practice of the invention, as previously
discussed, a force dissipating stiffening layer is provided as an
intermediate layer of a multilayer laminate where there is at least
one inner layer of vibration dampening material and an outer layer
of gripping material with the possibility of additional layers of
vibration dampening material and force dissipating layers of
various thickness. As noted the force dissipating layer could be
innermost. The invention may also be practiced where the laminate
includes one or more layers in addition to the gripping layer and
the stiffening layer and the vibration dampening layer. Such
additional layer(s) could be incorporated at any location in the
laminate, depending on its intended function (e.g., an adhesive
layer, a cushioning layer, etc.).
[0086] The force dissipating layer could be incorporated in the
laminate in various manners. FIG. 19, for example, illustrates a
force dissipating stiffening layer 258 in the form of a generally
imperforate sheet. FIG. 20 illustrates a force dissipating layer
260 in the form of an open mesh sheet. This is a particularly
advantageous manner of forming the force dissipating layer where it
is made of KEVLAR fibers. FIG. 21 illustrates a variation where the
force dissipating layer 262 is formed from a plurality of
individual strips of material 264 which are parallel to each other
and generally identical to each other in length and thickness as
well as spacing. FIG. 22 shows a variation where the force
dissipating layer 266 is made of individual strips 268 of different
sizes and which could be disposed in a more random fashion
regarding their orientation. Although all of the strips 268 are
illustrated in FIG. 22 as being parallel, non-parallel arrangements
could also be used.
[0087] The vibration dampening grip cover of this invention could
be used for a wide number of implements. Examples of such
implements include athletic equipment, hand tools and handlebars.
For example, such athletic equipment includes bats, racquets,
sticks, javelins, etc. Examples of tools include hammers,
screwdrivers, shovels, rakes, brooms, wrenches, pliers, knives,
handguns, air hammers, etc. Examples of handlebars include
motorcycles, bicycles and various types of steering wheels.
[0088] A preferred practice of this invention is to incorporate a
force dissipating layer, particularly an aramid, such as KEVLAR
fiber, into a composite with at least two elastomers. One elastomer
layer would function as a vibration dampening material and the
other outer elastomer layer which would function as a gripping
layer. The outer elastomer layer could also be a vibration
dampening material. Preferably, the outer layer completely covers
the composite.
[0089] There are an almost infinite number of possible uses for the
composite of laminate of this invention. In accordance with the
various uses the elastomer layers may have different degrees of
hardness, coefficient of friction and dampening of vibration.
Similarly, the thicknesses of the various layers could also vary in
accordance with the intended use. Examples of ranges of hardness
for the inner vibration dampening layer and the outer gripping
layer (which may also be a vibration absorbing layer) are 5-70
Durometer Shore A. One of the layers may have a range of 5-20
Durometer Shore A and the other a range of 30-70 Durometer Shore A
for either of these layers. The vibration dampening layer could
have a hardness of less than 5, and could even be a 000 Durometer
reading. The vibration dampening material could be a gel, such as a
silicone gel or a gel of any other suitable material. The
coefficient of friction as determined by conventional measuring
techniques for the tacky and non-porous gripping layer is
preferably at least 0.5 and may be in the range of 0.6-1.5. A more
preferred range is 0.7-1.2 with a still more preferred range being
about 0.8-1. The outer gripping layer, when also used as a
vibration dampening layer, could have the same thickness as the
inner layer. When used solely as a gripping layer the thickness
could be generally the same as the intermediate layer, which might
be about {fraction (1/20)} to 1/4 of the thickness of the vibration
dampening layer.
[0090] The grip cover of this invention could be used with various
implements as discussed above. Thus, the handle portion of the
implement could be of cylindrical shape with a uniform diameter and
smooth outer surface such as the golf club handle 238 shown in FIG.
12. Alternatively, the handle could taper such as the bat handle
shown in FIGS. 9-10. Other illustrated geometric shapes include the
octagonal tennis racquet handle 238A shown in FIG. 15 or a
generally oval type handle such as the hammer 248 shown in FIG. 16.
The invention is not limited to any particular geometric shape. In
addition, the implement could have an irregular shape such as a
handle bar with finger receiving depressions as shown in FIG. 17.
Where the outer surface of the implement handle is of non-smooth
configuration the inner layer of the cover could press against and
generally conform to the outer surface of the handle and the
outermost gripping layer of the cover could include its own finger
receiving depressions. Alternatively, the cover may be of uniform
thickness of a shape conforming to the irregularities in the outer
surface of the handle.
[0091] It is recognized by those skilled in the art, that changes
may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention
without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. For
example, the material 10 may include additional layers (e.g., two
or more additional layers) without departing from the scope of the
present invention. It is understood, therefore, that this invention
is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is
intended to cover all modifications which are within the spirit and
scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and/or
shown in the attached drawings.
* * * * *