U.S. patent application number 10/939765 was filed with the patent office on 2005-03-17 for vegetable oil lubricant comprising all-hydroprocessed synthetic oils.
This patent application is currently assigned to RENEWABLE LUBRICANTS. Invention is credited to Garmier, William W..
Application Number | 20050059562 10/939765 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34312415 |
Filed Date | 2005-03-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050059562 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Garmier, William W. |
March 17, 2005 |
Vegetable oil lubricant comprising all-hydroprocessed synthetic
oils
Abstract
The present invention discloses vegetable oil based compositions
having an effective combination of properties including lubricity,
rheology, electrical insulating value and microbial
biodegradability making them particularly useful for the proper
functioning of mechanical devices.
Inventors: |
Garmier, William W.;
(Hartville, OH) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Daniel A. Thomson
Brouse McDowell, LPA
Ste. 500
106 S. Main Street
Akron
OH
44308-1471
US
|
Assignee: |
RENEWABLE LUBRICANTS
|
Family ID: |
34312415 |
Appl. No.: |
10/939765 |
Filed: |
September 13, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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60502669 |
Sep 12, 2003 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
508/437 ;
508/433; 508/486; 508/491; 508/500 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10M 2207/401 20130101;
C10M 2223/043 20130101; C10M 2215/224 20130101; C10N 2030/64
20200501; C10M 2207/4045 20130101; C10M 2205/026 20130101; C10M
2209/084 20130101; C10N 2040/08 20130101; C10M 2203/1006 20130101;
C10M 2207/026 20130101; C10M 2215/064 20130101; C10M 2215/08
20130101; C10M 2215/223 20130101; C10M 169/04 20130101; C10M 111/02
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
508/437 ;
508/433; 508/500; 508/491; 508/486 |
International
Class: |
C10M 111/02 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A lubricant composition comprising: a) at least one vegetable
oil selected from the group comprising: natural vegetable oil,
synthetic vegetable oil, genetically modified vegetable oil, and
mixtures thereof; b) at least one synthetic base oil having a
sulfur content equal to or less than about 0.03 percent and
saturates equal to or greater than about 90 percent; and, c) at
least one antioxidant.
2. The composition in claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is
selected from the group comprising: sunflower oil, canola oil,
soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil, castor bean oil,
cotton oil, lesquerella oil, crambe oil, safflower oil, high oleic
sunflower oil, high oleic canola oil, high oleic soybean oil, high
oleic corn oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic cotton oil, high
oleic safflower oil, and mixtures thereof.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is present
in an amount greater than about 10%, based on total weight.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is present
in an amount less than about 90%, based on total weight.
5. The composition in claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is present
in a range from about 10% to about 90%, based on total weight.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the vegetable oil is present
in a range from about 30% to about 70%, based on total weight.
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the vegetable oil is present
in a range from about 40% to about 60%, based on total weight.
8. The composition as described in claim 1, wherein the base oil is
an all-hydroprocessed synthetic base oil.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the base oil is present in
an amount greater than about 10%, based on total weight.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the base oil is present in
an amount less than about 90%, based on total weight.
11. The composition in claim 1, wherein the base oil is present in
a range from about 10% to about 90%, based on total weight.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the base oil is present in
a range from about 30% to about 70%, based on total weight.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the base oil is present in
a range from about 40% to about 60%, based on total weight.
14. The composition in claim 1, wherein the antioxidant is selected
from the group comprising: amines, phenols, and mixtures
thereof.
15. The composition in claim 1, wherein the antioxidant is present
in a range from about 0.01% to about 5.0%, based on total
weight.
16. The composition in claim 15, wherein the antioxidant is present
in a range from about 0.25% to about 1.5%, based on total
weight.
17. The composition in claim 16, wherein the antioxidant is present
in a range from about 0.5% to about 1.0%, based on total
weight.
18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further
comprises at least one additive, the additive chosen from the group
comprising: anti-wear inhibitor, extreme pressure additive,
friction modifier, rust inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor, pour point
depressant, tackifier, viscosity modifier, metal deactivator, foam
inhibitor, emulsifier, and demulsifier.
19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the at least one additive
is a phosphorous amine salt of the formula: 14wherein R.sup.9 and
R.sup.10 are independently aliphatic groups containing from about 1
up to about 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are
independently hydrogen or aliphatic groups containing from about 1
up to about 18 aliphatic carbon atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and
X is oxygen or sulfur.
20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the phosphorous amine salt
further comprises: R.sup.9 contains from about 8 up to 18 carbon
atoms, R.sup.10 is 15wherein R.sup.11 is an aliphatic group
containing from about 6 up to about 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.22 and
R.sup.23 are hydrogen, m is 2, n is 1 and X is oxygen.
21. The composition of claim 18, wherein the at least one additive
is chosen from the group comprising: phosphorous amine salt having
the formula: 16wherein R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently
aliphatic groups containing from about 1 up to about 24 carbon
atoms, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are independently hydrogen or
aliphatic groups containing from about 1 up to about 18 aliphatic
carbon atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and X is oxygen or sulfur;
phosphorous amine salt having the formula: 17wherein R.sup.9 and
R.sup.10 are independently aliphatic groups containing from about 1
up to about 24 carbon atoms, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are
independently hydrogen or aliphatic groups containing from about 1
up to about 18 aliphatic carbon atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and
X is oxygen or sulfur, wherein R.sup.9 contains from about 8 up to
18 carbon atoms, R.sup.10 is 18wherein R.sup.11 is an aliphatic
group containing from about 6 up to about 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.22
and R.sup.23 are hydrogen, m is 2, n is 1 and X is oxygen;
phosphorous compound having the formula: 19wherein R.sup.19,
R.sup.20, and R.sup.21 are independent hydrogen, an aliphatic or
alkoxy group containing from 1 up to about 12 carbon atoms, or an
aryl or aryloxy group wherein the aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl
and the aryloxy group is phenoxy or naphthoxy and X is oxygen or
sulfur; N-acyl derivative of sarcosine having the formula:
20wherein R.sup.8 is an aliphatic group containing from 1 up to
about 24 carbon atoms; imidazoline; triazole; substituted triazole;
tolu-triazole; alkylated polystyrene; polyalkyl methacrylate;
ethylene vinyl acetate; polyisobutylenes; polybutenes;
polymethacrylates; olefin copolymer; ester of styrene maleic
anyhdride copolymer; hydrogenated styrene-diene copolymer;
hydrogenated radial polyisoprene; alkylated polystyrene; fumed
silica; complex ester; and food grade tackifier.
22. The composition of claim 18, wherein the anti-wear inhibitor is
from about 0.1% to about 4% by total weight, the corrosion
inhibitor is from about 0.01% to about 4% by total weight, the
metal deactivator is from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by total
weight, the pour point depressant is from about 0.2% to about 4% by
total weight, and the viscosity modifier is from about 0.5% to
about 30% by total weight.
23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the corrosion inhibitor is
from about 0.05% to about 2% by total weight, the metal deactivator
is from about 0.05% to about 0.2% by total weight, and the
viscosity modifier is from about 1% to about 20% by total
weight.
24. The composition of claim 1, wherein the synthetic base oil has
a viscosity index equal to or greater than about 120.
25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has an
oxidation characteristic in a range from about 60 to about 600
minutes.
26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the oxidation
characteristic is in a range from about 200 to about 400
minutes.
27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the base oil is at least
one oil chosen from the group comprising: synthetic ester base oil,
polyalphaolefin, unrefined oil, refined oil, re-refined oil, and
mixtures thereof.
28. A method of making a lubricant composition, the method
comprising the steps of: providing at least one vegetable oil
selected from the group comprising: natural vegetable oil,
synthetic vegetable oil, genetically modified vegetable oil, and
mixtures thereof; providing at least one synthetic base oil having
a sulfur content equal to or less than about 0.03 percent and
saturates equal to or greater than about 90 percent; providing at
least one antioxidant; and, blending together the vegetable oil,
the base oil, and the at least one antioxidant.
29. The method claim 28, wherein the vegetable oil is selected from
the group comprising: sunflower oil, canola oil, soybean oil, corn
oil, peanut oil, palm oil, castor bean oil, cotton oil, lesquerella
oil, crambe oil, safflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, high
oleic canola oil, high oleic soybean oil, high oleic corn oil, high
oleic peanut oil, high oleic cotton oil, high oleic safflower oil,
and mixtures thereof.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein the vegetable oil is present in
an amount greater than about 10%, based on total weight.
31. The method of claim 28, wherein the vegetable oil is present in
an amount less than about 90%, based on total weight.
32. A lubricant composition comprising: a) at least one vegetable
oil selected from the group comprising: sunflower oil, canola oil,
soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil, castor bean oil,
cotton oil, lesquerella oil, crambe oil, safflower oil, high oleic
sunflower oil, high oleic canola oil, high oleic soybean oil, high
oleic corn oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic cotton oil, high
oleic safflower oil, and mixtures thereof, wherein the at least one
vegetable oil is present in a range from about 40% to about 60%; b)
at least one synthetic base oil having a sulfur content equal to or
less than about 0.03 percent, saturates equal to or greater than
about 90 percent, and a viscosity index equal to or greater than
about 120, wherein the base oil is present in a range from about
40% to about 60%; c) at least one antioxidant selected from the
group comprising amines, phenols, and mixtures thereof, wherein the
antioxidant is present in a range from about 0.5% to about 1.0%;
and, d) at least one additive, the additive chosen from the group
comprising: anti-wear inhibitor, extreme pressure additive,
friction modifier, rust inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor, pour point
depressant, tackifier, viscosity modifier, metal deactivator, foam
inhibitor, emulsifier, and demulsifier, wherein the corrosion
inhibitor is about 0.05% to about 2% by total weight, the metal
deactivator is about 0.05% to about 0.2% by total weight, the pour
point depressant is about 0.2% to about 4% by total weight, and the
viscosity modifier is about 1% to about 20% by total weight.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This application claims priority to a provisional
application Ser. No. 60/502,669, filed Sep. 12, 2003.
[0002] The present invention is directed to lubricant compositions.
Specifically, it relates to vegetable oil based lubricants that
comprise synthetic oils made by all-hydroprocessing routes. More
specifically, it relates to lubricants that provide enhanced
properties including viscosity index, pour points, low temperature
pumpability, low volatility, oxidation stability, electrical
insulating value, the ability to formulate different viscosities,
and microbial biodegradability.
[0003] It is generally known that vegetable oil based lubricants
can be formed using additives including the non-lube portion of
natural vacuum gas oil feedstock. Historically, base oil
manufacturers have often used traditional chemical-solvent refining
processes to remove the undesirable non-lube molecules from the gas
oil portion of the crude oil. Such refining is considered a
subtraction process in that the solvents do not change the
molecular structure of the desired product. To further enhance the
characteristics of the solvent refined base oil, hydrogenation
(i.e., hydrofinishing) is sometimes used to saturate the molecules
making them less susceptible to oxidative degradation when used as
a lubricant. It is generally recognized that hydrofinishing
associated with solvent processes, although useful, is typically
very mild, resulting in minimal change to the primary, secondary,
and tertiary structure of the finished product.
[0004] Viscosity Index (VI) measures the resistance of an oil to
viscosity change as temperature changes. The higher the VI, the
more stable the viscosity over a wide temperature range. In other
words, the higher the VI, the less an oil will thicken as it gets
cold and the less it will thin out at higher
temperatures--providing better lubricant performance at both
temperature extremes.
[0005] Hydrocracking and hydroisomerization are refining processes
that use catalyst and hydrogen at high pressure to make
high-quality lubricant base oils. Hydrocracking is used to improve
VI and remove impurities, while hydroisomerization converts wax
molecules into high quality lubricant components.
[0006] Groups I, II, and III are broad categories of base stocks
developed by the American Petroleum Institute for the purpose of
creating guidelines for licensing engine oils. Typically,
solvent-refined base oils fall into Group I, while hydroprocessed
base stocks fall into Group II. Unconventional Base Oils (UCBOs) or
Very-High VI stocks are normally categorized as Group III.
[0007] Group II+, though not an official API designation is a term
used increasingly to describe Group II stocks of higher VI
(110-119) and lower volatility than typical group II stocks.
[0008] Group I oils contain high levels of sulfur and aromatics,
which are compounds that can diminish performance. Hydroprocessed
Group II and III oils have lower levels of these impurities, which
result in enhanced oxidation performance for fully-formulated
lubricants.
[0009] Recent refining processes have formed a new class of
synthetic oils. For example, a technical paper by the Chevron
Products Company entitled: "The Synthetic Nature Of Group III Base
Oils", Presented at the 1999 Lubricants & Waxes Meeting,
November 11-12, Houston Tex. (National Petrochemical & Refiners
Association) discloses an all-hydroprocessing manufacturing route
that combines three catalytic processes to significantly and
selectively change the size, shape, and heteroatom content of the
molecules to improve their lubricating properties. Hydrogen is
added at high temperature and pressure in all three steps to make
oil of exceptional stability. Impurities such as sulfur and
nitrogen are essentially completely removed. In Group III
manufacturing, feedstock is converted to saturates, which are
enriched in isoparaffins. Reactive species, such as those
containing aromatics, sulfur, and nitrogen are virtually gone and
species that create problems with low temperature performance, such
as normal paraffins, are also eliminated. Finally, the paper
concludes the analysis of the feed and product from a commercial
Group III production run, which shows that a vast majority of feed
molecules are synthetically altered by the three catalytic
processes used to make modern all-hydroprocessed Group III base
oils. These results support the claim that modern Group III base
oils, made utilizing an all-hydroprocessing route, are essentially
man-made or synthetic and have advantages over old technology
hydrocracked base oils. In addition, their high performance in
lubricant applications allows them to be used in high performance
products often formulated with traditional synthetics such as
polyalphaolefin (PAO). The reference did not teach the use of
all-hydroprocessed group III base oils as a raw material for the
preparation of biodegradable vegetable oil based lubricants.
[0010] Patents that generally disclose lubricants that can be
formed using vegetable oil and group III oils include U.S. Pat. No.
6,103,673; U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,840; U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,745; and
U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,458 all of which are from the Lubrizol
Corporation (Wickliffe, Ohio). Additional patents include U.S. Pat.
No. 6,303,547 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,622 both from the Ethyl
Corporation (Richmond, Va.).
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,458 discloses that compositions
comprising (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b)
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD), a derivative of DMTD, or
mixtures thereof; (c) a friction modifier; and (d) a dispersant,
are useful for lubricating a transmission having a plurality of wet
clutches and a plurality of partial power transmission shafts,
wherein shifting of gears occurs by a process comprising
synchronization of an engaged and a non-engaged partial
transmission shaft and engagement of a wet clutch.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,745 discloses that a continuously
variable transmission can be lubricated by supplying to them a
composition of (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) a
dispersant; and (c) a detergent. At least one of the dispersant (b)
and the detergent (c) is a borated species, and the amount of boron
present in the composition is sufficient to impart improved
friction and anti-seizure properties to the composition when
employed in said transmission.
[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,622 discloses mixtures of the reaction
product of at least one C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carboxylic acid and at
least one amine selected from the group comprising: guanidine,
aminoguanidine, urea, thioruea and salts thereof and a
phosphorus-containing dispersant are useful as gear oil
additives.
[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,547 discloses that the reaction product
of at least one C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carboxylic acid and at least one
amine selected from the group comprising: guanidine,
aminoguanidine, urea, thioruea and salts thereof is useful as a
gear oil additive.
[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,840 discloses a lubricating/functional
fluid composition which exhibits in use improved antiwear and
antifoaming properties. The improvements result from use of
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thia- diazole and derivatives thereof together
with silicone and/or fluorosilicone antifoam agents.
[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,673 discloses a composition comprising
of an oil of lubricating viscosity; a shear stable viscosity
modifier; at least 0.1 percent by weight of an overbased metal
salt; at least 0.1 percent by weight of at least one phosphorus
compound; and 0.1 to 0.25 percent by weight of a combination of at
least two friction modifiers provides an improved fluid for
continuously variable transmissions. At least one of the friction
modifiers is selected from the group comprising: zinc salts of
fatty acids having at least 10 carbon atoms, hydrocarbyl
imidazolines containing at least 12 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl
group, and borated epoxides. The total amount of the friction
modifiers is limited to those amounts which provide a
metal-to-metal coefficient of friction of at least about 0.120 as
measured at 110.degree. C. by ASTM-G-77.
[0017] The references do not disclose enabling lubricant
formulations containing a combination of vegetable oil and
hydroprocessed base oils (group III) and thus fail to teach or
suggest the advantages associated with such formulations. Because
all-hydroprocessed Group III stocks are manufactured with no
solvent refining steps, when it comes to purity, they far surpass
Group II or III base oils made in "hybrid" plants that maintain
some solvent processing. In fact, they contain the lowest levels of
impurities currently available in mineral-based oils, which, in
turn gives them a significant performance advantage.
[0018] All-hydroprocessing includes three steps as follows:
hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and hydrofinishing. In the first
step, hydrocracking, the majority of sulfur, nitrogen, and
essentially all other non-hydrocarbon impurities are removed and
most aromatics are saturated via hydrogen addition. Molecular
reshaping of remaining saturated species occurs as rings are opened
and paraffin isomers are redistributed, driven by thermodynamics
with reaction rates facilitated by catalysts. Clean fuels are
by-products of this and subsequent steps of the process. In the
second step, hydroisomerization, n-paraffins and other molecules
with waxy side chains are isomerized into branched molecules with
much lower pour points. The majority of remaining aromatics are
saturated and the majority of remaining sulfur and nitrogen species
are removed. In the final step, hydrofinishing, any remaining
non-isoparaffin impurities (sulfur species, nitrogen species,
aromatics, and olefins) are removed to trace levels.
[0019] Environmental issues related to discarded and/or spent
lubricants are also concerns that need to be addressed. For
example, biodegradable resistant lubricants can stress an ecosystem
when improperly discarded or accidentally discharged into the
environment. The invasive and persistent nature of such materials
continues to be a health concern in aquatic and landfill
environments. To overcome these issues, research efforts continue
to explore new raw materials and/or new combinations of raw
materials to provide improved lubricants having a higher degree of
microbial biodegradability.
[0020] Patents that teach biodegradable lubricants include U.S.
Pat. No. 5,736,493; U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,992; U.S. Pat. No.
5,863,872; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,055; U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,124; U.S.
Pat. No. 6,620,772; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,454 all of which are
from Renewable Lubricants, Inc. (Hartville, Ohio), and the contents
of which are herein incorporated by reference. The patents describe
a combination of natural oils, synthetic oils, and antioxidants to
provide effective lubricant compositions. Other related patents
that teach the importance of vegetable oil based compositions and
their biodegradability includes U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,292 granted to
Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation. Although the lubricants
described above have effective lubricating and biodegradable
properties, in the spirit of continuous improvement, alternative
compositions and the improvements there from are needed.
[0021] Therefore, there remains a need for vegetable oil based
lubricants, comprising synthetic oils made by all-hydroprocessing
routes, which provide enhanced properties including viscosity
index, pour points, low temperature pumpability, low volatility,
oxidation stability, electrical insulating value, the ability to
formulate different viscosities, and microbial
biodegradability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0022] The present invention is directed to vegetable oil based
lubricants using all-hydroprocessed synthetic based oils. The
lubricants are shown to provide enhanced properties including
viscosity index, pour point, low temperature pumpability, low
volatility, oxidation stability, electrical insulating value, and
microbial biodegradability.
[0023] The lubricants of the present invention comprise:
[0024] 1) at least one vegetable oil selected from the group
comprising: natural vegetable oil, synthetic vegetable oil,
genetically modified vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof:
[0025] 2) at least one all-hydroprocessed synthetic base oil having
a sulfur content equal to or less than 0.03 percent, saturates
equal to or greater than 90 percent, and a viscosity index equal to
or greater than 120: and
[0026] 3) at least one antioxidant.
[0027] The lubricants are characterized as having enhanced
microbial biodegradability making them environmentally friendly.
Surprisingly, some compositions can have an all-hydroprocessed
based oil content greater than about 60% and pass ultimate
biodegradability test method ASTM D-5864 Pw1. Ultimate
biodegradability Pw1 is the fastest and most complete type of
biodegradation as defined by ASTM D-5864. Furthermore, the
inventive compositions have excellent rheological properties and a
super high viscosity index of about 120 to 200, making them
particularly useful as hydraulic oils, transmission fluids, engine
oils, gear oil, rock drill oil, circulating oils, drip oils,
spindle oils, compressor oils, grease base oils, corrosion
inhibitor oils, heat transfer oils, cable oils, chain oils, general
purpose oils, metal working oils, and electrical insulating
oils.
[0028] In another aspect, the present invention discloses a method
for the preparation of vegetable oil based lubricants comprising
the steps of:
[0029] 1) providing at least one vegetable oil selected from the
group comprising:
[0030] natural vegetable oil, synthetic vegetable oil, genetically
modified vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof:
[0031] 2) providing at least one all-hydroprocessed synthetic base
oil having a sulfur content equal to or less than 0.03 percent,
saturates equal to or greater than 90 percent, and a viscosity
index equal to or greater than 120;
[0032] 3) providing at least one antioxidant; then
[0033] blending 1), 2), and 3) to form said lubricant.
[0034] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of
enhancing the lubrication of mechanical equipment comprising the
steps of:
[0035] a) providing at least one lubricant comprising:
[0036] 1) at least one vegetable oil selected from the group
comprising: natural vegetable oil, synthetic vegetable oil,
genetically modified vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof;
[0037] 2) at least one all-hydroprocessed synthetic base oil having
a sulfur content equal to or less than 0.03 percent, saturates
equal to or greater than 90 percent, and a viscosity index equal to
or greater than 120;
[0038] 3) at least one antioxidant; then
[0039] b) adding an effective amount of said lubricant into said
equipment.
[0040] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a
lubricant composition includes at least one vegetable oil selected
from the group comprising: natural vegetable oil, synthetic
vegetable oil, genetically modified vegetable oil, and mixtures
thereof, at least one synthetic base oil having a sulfur content
equal to or less than about 0.03 percent and saturates equal to or
greater than about 90 percent, and at least one antioxidant.
[0041] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the vegetable oil is selected from the group comprising: sunflower
oil, canola oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil,
castor bean oil, cotton oil, lesquerella oil, crambe oil, safflower
oil, high oleic sunflower oil, high oleic canola oil, high oleic
soybean oil, high oleic corn oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic
cotton oil, high oleic safflower oil, and mixtures thereof.
[0042] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the vegetable oil is present in an amount greater than about 10%,
based on total weight.
[0043] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the vegetable oil is present in an amount less than about 90%,
based on total weight.
[0044] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the vegetable oil is present in a range from about 10% to about
90%, based on total weight.
[0045] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the vegetable oil is present in a range from about 30% to about
70%, based on total weight.
[0046] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the vegetable oil is present in a range from about 40% to about
60%, based on total weight.
[0047] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is an all-hydroprocessed synthetic base oil.
[0048] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is present in an amount greater than about 10%, based
on total weight.
[0049] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is present in an amount less than about 90%, based on
total weight.
[0050] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is present in a range from about 10% to about 90%,
based on total weight.
[0051] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is present in a range from about 30% to about 70%,
based on total weight.
[0052] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is present in a range from about 40% to about 60%,
based on total weight.
[0053] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the antioxidant is selected from the group comprising: amines,
phenols, and mixtures thereof.
[0054] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the antioxidant is present in a range from about 0.01% to about
5.0%, based on total weight.
[0055] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the antioxidant is present in a range from about 0.25% to about
1.5%, based on total weight.
[0056] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the antioxidant is present in a range from about 0.5% to about
1.0%, based on total weight.
[0057] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the composition further includes at least one additive, the
additive chosen from the group comprising: anti-wear inhibitor,
extreme pressure additive, friction modifier, rust inhibitor,
corrosion inhibitor, pour point depressant, tackifier, viscosity
modifier, metal deactivator, foam inhibitor, emulsifier, and
demulsifier.
[0058] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the at least one additive is a phosphorous amine salt of the
formula: 1
[0059] wherein R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 24 carbon atoms,
R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are independently hydrogen or aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 18 aliphatic carbon
atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and X is oxygen or sulfur.
[0060] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the phosphorous amine salt includes R.sup.9 contains from about 8
up to 18 carbon atoms, R.sup.10 is 2
[0061] wherein R.sup.11 is an aliphatic group containing from about
6 up to about 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are hydrogen,
m is 2, n is 1 and X is oxygen.
[0062] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the at least one additive is chosen from the group comprising (in
the following list, the different additives are separated by
semicolons): phosphorous amine salt having the formula: 3
[0063] wherein R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 24 carbon atoms,
R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are independently hydrogen or aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 18 aliphatic carbon
atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and X is oxygen or sulfur;
phosphorous amine salt having the formula: 4
[0064] wherein R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 24 carbon atoms,
R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are independently hydrogen or aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 18 aliphatic carbon
atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and X is oxygen or sulfur, wherein
R.sup.9 contains from about 8 up to 18 carbon atoms, R.sup.10 is
5
[0065] wherein R.sup.11 is an aliphatic group containing from about
6 up to about 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are hydrogen,
m is 2, n is 1 and X is oxygen; phosphorous compound having the
formula: 6
[0066] wherein R.sup.19, R.sup.20, and R.sup.21 are independent
hydrogen, an aliphatic or alkoxy group containing from 1 up to
about 12 carbon atoms, or an aryl or aryloxy group wherein the aryl
group is phenyl or naphthyl and the aryloxy group is phenoxy or
naphthoxy and X is oxygen or sulfur; N-acyl derivative of sarcosine
having the formula: 7
[0067] wherein R.sup.8 is an aliphatic group containing from 1 up
to about 24 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, R.sup.8 contains from
6 to 24 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment from 12 to 18 carbon
atoms. An example of an additive of N-acyl derivative of sarcosine
is N-methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadec- enyl) glycine wherein R.sup.8 is a
heptadecenyl group; imidazoline; triazole; substituted triazole;
tolu-triazole; alkylated polystyrene; polyalkyl methacrylate;
ethylene vinyl acetate; polyisobutylenes; polymethacrylates; olefin
copolymer; ester of styrene maleic anyhdride copolymer;
hydrogenated styrene-diene copolymer; hydrogenated radial
polyisoprene; alkylated polystyrene; fumed silica; complex ester;
and food grade tackifier.
[0068] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the anti-wear inhibitor is from about 0.1% to about 4% by total
weight, the corrosion inhibitor is from about 0.01% to about 4% by
total weight, the metal deactivator is from about 0.05% to about
0.3% by total weight, the pour point depressant is from about 0.2%
to about 4% by total weight, and the viscosity modifier is from
about 0.5% to about 30% by total weight.
[0069] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the corrosion inhibitor is from about 0.05% to about 2% by total
weight, the metal deactivator is from about 0.05% to about 0.2% by
total weight, and the viscosity modifier is from about 1% to about
20% by total weight.
[0070] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the synthetic base oil has a viscosity index equal to or greater
than about 120.
[0071] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the composition has an oxidation characteristic in a range from
about 60 to about 600 minutes.
[0072] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the oxidation characteristic is in a range from about 200 to about
400 minutes.
[0073] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
the base oil is at least one oil chosen from the group comprising:
synthetic ester base oil, polyalphaolefin, unrefined oil, refined
oil, re-refined oil, and mixtures thereof.
[0074] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a method of making a lubricant composition includes the steps of
providing at least one vegetable oil selected from the group
comprising: natural vegetable oil, synthetic vegetable oil,
genetically modified vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof, providing
at least one synthetic base oil having a sulfur content equal to or
less than about 0.03 percent and saturates equal to or greater than
about 90 percent, providing at least one antioxidant, and blending
together the vegetable oil, the base oil, and the at least one
antioxidant.
[0075] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a lubricant composition includes at least one vegetable oil
selected from the group comprising: sunflower oil, canola oil,
soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil, castor bean oil,
cotton oil, lesquerella oil, crambe oil, safflower oil, high oleic
sunflower oil, high oleic canola oil, high oleic soybean oil, high
oleic corn oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic cotton oil, high
oleic safflower oil, and mixtures thereof, wherein the at least one
vegetable oil is present in a range from about 40% to about 60%, at
least one synthetic base oil having a sulfur content equal to or
less than about 0.03 percent, saturates equal to or greater than
about 90 percent, and a viscosity index equal to or greater than
about 120, wherein the base oil is present in a range from about
40% to about 60%, at least one antioxidant selected from the group
comprising amines, phenols, and mixtures thereof, wherein the
antioxidant is present in a range from about 0.5% to about 1.0%,
and at least one additive, the additive chosen from the group
comprising: anti-wear inhibitor, extreme pressure additive,
friction modifier, rust inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor, pour point
depressant, tackifier, viscosity modifier, metal deactivator, foam
inhibitor, emulsifier, and demulsifier, wherein the corrosion
inhibitor is about 0.05% to about 2% by total weight, the metal
deactivator is about 0.05% to about 0.2% by total weight, the pour
point depressant is about 0.2% to about 4% by total weight, and the
viscosity modifier is about 1% to about 20% by total weight.
[0076] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
a mechanical device containing at least one lubricant, the at least
one lubricant includes at least one vegetable oil selected from the
group comprising: natural vegetable oil, synthetic vegetable oil,
genetically modified vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof, at least
one synthetic base oil having a sulfur content equal to or less
than 0.03 percent, saturates equal to or greater than 90 percent,
and a viscosity index equal to or greater than 120, and at least
one antioxidant, wherein the lubricant has a viscosity index
greater than 120 and passes biodegradability test method ASTM
D-5864 (Pw1).
[0077] Other aspects, objects, features, and advantages of the
present invention would be apparent to one ordinarily skilled in
the art from the following detailed description illustrating the
embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0078] The compositions of the present invention comprise at least
one vegetable oil selected from the group comprising: natural
vegetable oil, synthetic vegetable oil, genetically modified
vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment of the
invention, the vegetable oils include safflower, canola, peanut,
corn, rapeseed, sunflower, cottonseed, lesquerella, palm, castor,
meadow foam, and soybean. Suitable vegetable oils are further
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,454 B1, incorporated herein by
reference. In another embodiment of the present invention, the
vegetable oils are high oleic sunflower and high oleic canola,
primarily because of availability. In one embodiment of the present
invention, the vegetable oil is present in the composition in a
range of from about 10 percent to about 90 percent, in another
embodiment the vegetable oil is from about 30 percent to about 70
percent, and in another embodiment, the vegetable oil is from about
40 percent to about 60 percent. A vegetable content greater than
90, although still contemplated within the present invention, is
less desirable in that there is a reduction in oxidation and cold
temperature stability.
[0079] The composition of the present invention comprises at least
one all-hydroprocessed synthetic base oil (group III).
All-hydroprocessed synthetic base oils are available in the
industry from base oil producers like Chevron and can be produced
in different viscosity ranges but are normally in 2, 4, and 7
centistokes (cSt) @ 100.degree. C. The all-hydroprocessed base oil
is present in the composition in a range of from about 10 percent
to about 90 percent, and in one embodiment, from about 30 percent
to about 70 percent, and in another embodiment, from about 40
percent to about 60 percent. A Group III base oil content greater
than 80 percent is less desirable in that there is a reduction in
biodegradability.
[0080] The composition of the present invention comprises at least
one antioxidant. In one embodiment of the present invention, the
antioxidants include amine and/or phenol, but other antioxidants
may be used. Antioxidants are described in more detail in U.S.
patents incorporated herein by reference. The antioxidant is
present in the composition in a range of from about 0.01 percent to
about 5.0 percent, and in one embodiment, from about 0.25 percent
to about 1.5 percent, and in another embodiment from about 0.5
percent to about 1.0 percent. The lubricant has an oxidation
characteristic using ASTM D-2272 in a range of from about 60 to
about 600 minutes, and in one embodiment from about 200 minutes to
about 400 minutes. This test method uses an oxygen pressured bomb
to evaluate the oxidation stability of new and in service turbine
oils having the same composition (base stock and additives) in the
presence of water and a copper catalyst coil at 150.degree. C. or
according to the selected standard
[0081] Other Base Oils
[0082] If desired, the inventive lubricant may contain other oils
comprising (1) synthetic ester base oil, (2) a polyalphaolefin, or
(3) unrefined, refined, or re-refined oils, and mixtures of (1),
(2), and (3). These base oils are further described in U.S. patents
incorporated herein by reference. The base oils can be present in
the composition in a range of from about 10 percent to about 80
percent, and in one embodiment, from about 30 percent to about 70
percent, and in another embodiment, from about 40 percent to about
60 percent.
[0083] If desired, the inventive lubricant may contain other
ingredients/additives including antiwear inhibitors, rust/corrosion
inhibitors, pour point depressants, tackifiers, viscosity
improvers, metal deactivators, extreme pressure (EP) additives,
friction modifiers, foam inhibitors, emulsifiers, or demulsifiers.
Other ingredients and additives are further described in more
detail in U.S. patents incorporated herein by reference.
[0084] The additives in this invention include:
[0085] The Anti-wear Inhibitor, Extreme Pressure Additive and
Friction Modifier
[0086] To prevent wear on the metal surface, the present invention
utilizes an anti-wear inhibitor/EP additive and friction modifier.
Anti-wear inhibitors, EP additives, and fiction modifiers are
available off the shelf from a variety of vendors and
manufacturers. Some of these additives can perform more than one
task and any may be utilized in the present invention that is food
grade. One food grade product that can provide anti-wear, EP,
reduced friction and corrosion inhibition is phosphorous amine salt
of the formula: 8
[0087] wherein R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 24 carbon atoms,
R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are independently hydrogen or aliphatic
groups containing from about 1 up to about 18 aliphatic carbon
atoms, the sum of m and n is 3 and X is oxygen or sulfur. In one
embodiment, R.sup.9 contains from about 8 up to 18 carbon atoms,
R.sup.10 is 9
[0088] wherein R.sup.11 is an aliphatic group containing from about
6 up to about 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 are hydrogen,
m is 2, n is 1 and X is oxygen. An example of one such phosphorous
amine salt is Irgalube.RTM. 349, which is commercially available
from Ciba-Geigy.
[0089] Another food grade anti-wear/EP inhibitor/friction modifier
is phosphorous compound of the formula: 10
[0090] wherein R.sup.19, R.sup.20, and R.sup.21 are independent
hydrogen, an aliphatic or alkoxy group containing from 1 up to
about 12 carbon atoms, or an aryl or aryloxy group wherein the aryl
group is phenyl or naphthyl and the aryloxy group is phenoxy or
naphthoxy and X is oxygen or sulfur. An example of one such
phosphorus compound is triphenyl phosphothionate (TPPT), which is
commercially available from Ciba-Geigy under the trade name
Irgalube.RTM. TPPT.
[0091] The anti-wear inhibitors, EP, and friction modifiers are
typically about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent of the lubricant
composition and may be used separately or in combination.
[0092] The Corrosion Inhibitor
[0093] To prevent corrosion of the metal surfaces, the present
invention utilizes a corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors are
available off the shelf from a variety of vendors and
manufacturers. Any corrosion inhibitor may be utilized in the
present invention that is food grade.
[0094] The corrosion inhibitor is typically about 0.01 to about 4
weight percent of the lubricant composition.
[0095] In one embodiment, the corrosion inhibitor is comprised of a
corrosion additive and a metal deactivator. The corrosion inhibitor
and the metal deactivator can be food grade and comply with FDA
regulations. One additive is the N-acyl derivative of sarcosine,
which has the formula: 11
[0096] wherein R.sup.8 is an aliphatic group containing from 1 up
to about 24 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, R.sup.8 contains from
6 to 24 carbon atoms and in another embodiment, from 12 to 18
carbon atoms. An example of an additive of N-acyl derivative of
sarcosine is N-methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl) glycine wherein
R.sup.8 is a heptadecenyl group. This derivative is available from
Ciba-Geigy under the trade name Sarkosyl.RTM. 0.
[0097] Another additive is imidazoline of the formula: 12
[0098] wherein R.sup.17 is an aliphatic group containing from 1 up
to about 24 carbon atoms and R.sup.18 is an alkylene group
containing from 1 up to about 24 carbon atoms. In one embodiment,
R.sup.17 is an alkenyl group containing from 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
In one embodiment, R.sup.18 contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and
in another embodiment, R.sup.18 is an ethylene group. An example of
one such imadazoline has the formula: 13
[0099] and is commercially available from Ciba-Geigy under the
trade name Amine 0.
[0100] Typically, the corrosion additive is about 0.01 to about 4
weight percent of the lubricant composition. If the additive is the
N-acyl derivative of sarcosine, then, in one embodiment, it is
about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent of the lubricant composition.
If the additive is imidazoline, then, in one embodiment, it is
about 0.05 to about 2 weight percent of the lubricant composition.
The lubricant can include more than one corrosion additive. For
example, the lubricant can include both the N-acyl derivative of
sarcosine and imidazoline.
[0101] The Metal Deactivator
[0102] One metal deactivator is triazole or substituted triazole.
For example, toly-triazole or tolu-triazole may be utilized in the
present invention. However, in one embodiment the triazole is
tolu-triazole sold commercially by Ciba-Geigy under the trade name
Irgamet.RTM. 39, which is a food grade triazole.
[0103] Typically, the metal deactivator is about 0.05 to about 0.3
weight percent of the lubricant composition. If the metal activator
is Irgamet 39, then it is about 0.05 to about 0.2 weight percent of
the lubricant composition.
[0104] Although the anti-wear inhibitor and the corrosion inhibitor
have been described separately, they can be included in a single
chemical additive. For example, both the anti-wear inhibitor and
the corrosion inhibitor are included in the non-food grade additive
Lubrizol.RTM.5186B, which is available form Lubrizol Corporation.
In one embodiment, Lubrizol.RTM.5186B is about 0.5 to about 2
weight percent of the lubricant composition and, in another
embodiment, about 1.25 weight percent of the lubricant. Another
example where both the anti-wear inhibitor and the corrosion
inhibitor are included in the non-food grade additive is Ciba-Geigy
3050A. In one embodiment, Ciba-Geigy 3050A is about 0.4 to about
1.75 weight percent of the lubricant composition and, in another
embodiment, about 0.95 weight percent of the lubricant.
[0105] The Pour Point Depressant
[0106] There is a natural stiffening at low temperatures of
vegetable oils, especially vegetable oils with a high
monounsaturation content. This is analogous to the stiffening of
honey or molasses at a reduced temperature. To maintain the "pour"
or "flow" of a vegetable oil at reduced temperatures, it becomes
necessary to add a pour point depressant.
[0107] Pour point depressants are available off the shelf from a
variety of vendors and manufacturers. Any pour point depressant may
be utilized in the present invention. In one embodiment, however,
the pour point depressant is an alkylated polystyrene or a
polyalkyl methacrylate.
[0108] Two different reaction routes are envisioned in preparing
the alkylated polystyrenes. The first route involves reacting
either an alkyl chloride or an alkene with styrene to form an
alkylated styrene. The alkylated styrene is then polymerized to
form an alkylated polystyrene. In the second route styrene is
polymerized to form polystyrene, and propylene, or butylenes, or
mixtures thereof are polymerized to form polypropylene,
polybutylenes, or mixtures of polypropylenes and polybutylenes,
also known as polyalkylenes. The polystyrene is then alkylated with
the polyalkylenes to form the alkylated polystyrenes.
[0109] One pour point depressant in the class of alkylated
polystyrene is Keil-Flo.TM. 150, available from Ferro
Corporation--Petroleum Additives, 3000 Sheffield Avenue, Hammond,
Ind. 46327.
[0110] The polyalkyl methacrylates suitable for use in the present
invention are prepared by the polymerization of C.sub.1-C.sub.30
methacrylates. Preparation of these polymers may further include
the use of acrylic monomers having nitrogen-containing functional
groups, hydroxy groups, and/or alkoxy groups which provide
additional properties to the polyalkyl methacrylates such as
improved dispersancy. The polyalkyl methacrylates, in one
embodiment, have a number average molecular weight of from about
10,000 to about 250,000 and in one embodiment, 20,000 to 200,000.
The polyalkyl methacrylates may be prepared by conventional methods
of free-radical or anionic polymerization. One pour point
depressant in the class of polyalkyl methacrylates is 10-310
available from RohMax, USA, Delran, N.J. 08075.
[0111] The pour point depressant is typically about 0.2 to about 4
weight percent of the lubricant composition.
[0112] Viscosity Modifier. Thickener and Tackifier
[0113] Optionally, the lubricant may further include an additive
from the group comprising viscosity modifiers, which includes, but
is not limited to, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyisobutylenes,
polybutenes, polymethacrylates, olefin copolymers, esters of
styrene maleic anyhdride copolymers, hydrogenated styrene-diene
copolymers, hydrogenated radial polyisoprene, alkylated
polystyrene, fumed silicas, complex esters, and food grade
tackifiers like natural rubber solubilized in food grade oils.
[0114] The addition of a food grade viscosity modifier, thickener,
and/or tackifier provides adhesiveness and improves the viscosity
and viscosity index of the lubricant. Some applications and
environmental conditions may require an additional tacky surface
film that protects equipment from corrosion and wear. In this
embodiment, the viscosity modifier, thickener/tackifier is about 1
to about 20 weight percent of the lubricant. However, the viscosity
modifier, thickener/tackifier can be from about 0.5 to about 30
weight percent. An example of a food grade material that can be
used in this invention is Functional V-584, a natural rubber
viscosity modifier/tackifier, which is available from Functional
Products, Inc., Macedonia, Ohio, and Indopol H-1500, a polybutene
viscosity modifier from BP North American, Naperville, Ill. Another
example is a complex ester CG 5000 that is also a multifunctional
product, viscosity modifier, pour point depressant, and friction
modifier from Inolex Chemical Co. Philadelphia, Pa.
[0115] The lubricants described in the present invention are useful
in applications including hydraulic oils, transmission fluids,
engine oils, gear oil, rock drill oil, circulating oils, drip oils,
spindle oils, compressor oils, grease base oils, corrosion
inhibitor oils, heat transfer oils, cable oils, chain oils, general
purpose oils, metal working oils, and electrical insulating
oils.
[0116] The lubricants described in the present invention can be
made using a simple blend procedure wherein the components are
mixed together using mechanical agitation. Prior to the blending
process, the components may be heated to enhance the blending
and/or mixing process.
[0117] Test Methods
[0118] The following test methods were used to characterize the
lubricant compositions of the present invention:
[0119] Formulation Number 1 ISO 32 Hydraulic Fluid
1 Viscosity @40.degree. C. ASTM D-445.sup.3 29.65 cSt Viscosity
@100.degree. C. ASTM D-445.sup.3 6.43 cSt Viscosity index ASTM
D-2270.sup.7 178 4-ball wear ASTM D-4172.sup.9 .37 Rust ASTM
D-665.sup.4 Pass Clean Oxidation ASTM D-2272.sup.8 550 to 600 Low
temperature pumpability ASTM D-4684.sup.10 1,900 cP @ -25.degree.
C. 3,200 cP @ -30.degree. C. Demulsification ASTM D-1401.sup.6
40/40/0 Flash point ASTM D-92.sup.1 226.degree. C. Pour point ASTM
D-97.sup.2 -36 Electrical insulating value ASTM D-877.sup.5 16 kv
Biodegradability ASTM D-5864.sup.11 65%
[0120] 1. Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester--This
test method describes the determination of the flash and fire point
of petroleum products by a manual Cleveland open cup apparatus or
an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus. This test method is
applicable to all petroleum products with flash points above
79.degree. C. (175.degree. F.) and below 400.degree. C.
(752.degree. F.) except fuel oils.
[0121] 2. Pour Point of Petroleum Products--This test method is
intended for use on any petroleum product. A procedure suitable for
black specimens, cylinder stock, and nondistillate fuel oil is
described in.
[0122] 3. Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
(the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)-- This test method specifies
a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, p, of
liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by
measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity
through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic
viscosity, .eta., can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic
viscosity, .nu., by the density, .pi., of the liquid. The result
obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of
the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which
primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional
(Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies
significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be
obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under
some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is
from 0.2 to 300 000 mm.sup.2/s at all temperatures.
[0123] 4. Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil
in the Presence of Water --This test method covers the evaluation
of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly
steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous
parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is
also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and
circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing
heavier-than-water fluids. For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate
ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of
a chemically resistant material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE).
[0124] 5. Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes--This test method is for
determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating liquid
specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the
power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz. This test method is used to
judge if the disk electrode breakdown voltage requirements are met
for insulating liquids, as delivered from the manufacturer, that
have never been filtered or dried. This procedure is used to
determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble
breakdown products easily settle during the interval between the
required repeated breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum
oils, hydrocarbons, and askarels (PCB) used as insulating and
cooling liquids in transformers, cables, and similar apparatus. The
procedure may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of
silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods D 2225, provided the
discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule)
per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.
[0125] 6. Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic
Fluid--This test method covers measurement of the ability of
petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although
developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of
28.8-90 cSt (mm.sup.2/s) at 40.degree. C., this test method can be
used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and
synthetic fluids. It is recommended, however, that the test
temperature be raised to 82.+-.1.degree. C. when testing products
more viscous than 90 cSt (mm.sup.2/s) at 40.degree. C. For higher
viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water,
Test Method D 2711, is recommended. Other test temperatures such as
25.degree. C. can also be used. When testing synthetic fluids whose
relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is
unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably
float on the emulsion or liquid.
[0126] 7. Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index From
Kinematic Viscosity at 40.degree. C. and 100.degree. C.-- This test
method specifies the procedures for calculating the viscosity index
of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, and related
materials from their kinematic viscosities at 40.degree. C. and
100.degree. C.
[0127] 8. Oxidation Stability of Steam Turbine Oils by Rotating
Pressure Vessel--This test method utilizes an oxygen-pressured
vessel to evaluate the oxidation stability of new and in-service
turbine oils having the same composition (base stock and additives)
in the presence of water and a copper catalyst coil at 150.degree.
C.
[0128] 9. Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid
(Four Ball Method)-- This test method covers a procedure for making
a preliminary evaluation of the anti-wear properties of fluid
lubricants in sliding contact by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test
Machine.
[0129] 10. Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of
Engine Oils at Low Temperature--This test method covers the
measurement of the yield stress and viscosity of engine oils after
cooling at controlled rates over a period exceeding 45 h to a final
test temperature between -10.degree. C. and -40.degree. C. The
viscosity measurements are made at a shear stress of 525 Pa over a
shear rate of 0.4 to 15 s.sup.-1. This test method is applicable
for unused oils, sometimes referred to as fresh oils, designed for
both light duty and heavy duty engine applications. It also has
been shown to be suitable for used diesel oils. This test method
uses the millipascal second (mPa.multidot.s) as the unit of
viscosity.
[0130] 11. Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic
Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components--This test method
covers the determination of the degree of aerobic aquatic
biodegradation of fully formulated lubricants or their components
on exposure to an inoculum under laboratory conditions. This test
method is intended to specifically address the difficulties
associated with testing water insoluble materials and complex
mixtures such as are found in many lubricants. This test method is
designed to be applicable to all lubricants that are not volatile
and are not inhibitory at the test concentration to the organisms
present in the inoculum. The percent of biodegradability rating is
explained in ASTM D-6046, Table 2 Environmental Persistence
Classification-Aerobic Fresh Water. The persistence designations
are Pw1 (with % CO.sub.2.gtoreq.60% in 28 days), Pw2 (.gtoreq.60%
in 84 days), Pw3 (.gtoreq.40% in 84 days), and Pw4 (.gtoreq.40% in
84 days). Ultimate Biodegradability Pw1 is the best rating.
FORMULATING EXAMPLES
[0131] 1. Formulation ISO 32 Hydraulic Fluid having a
biodegradability rating of Pw1 at 65%
2 Component % Weight Trisun 90 HO 46.05 Chevron 4R 50.00 Ciba 3050A
0.95 RhMx 10-310 2.00 Irgamet 39 0.10 RLI AO 0.90 Viscosity @
40.degree. C. 29.65 cSt Viscosity @ 100.degree. C. 6.43 cSt
Viscosity Index 178
[0132] 2. Formulation shows an ISO 32 Fluid with Chevron 4R greater
than 60% of the total base oil and passed ASTM D-5864 as Ultimate
Biodegradable rating Pw1 at 60.9%
3 Component % Weight Canola HO (high oleic) 37.85 Chevron 4R 60.00
LZ 5186B 1.25 RLI AO 0.90 Viscosity @ 40.degree. C. 23.76 cSt
Viscosity @ 100.degree. C. 5.43 cSt Viscosity Index 176
[0133] 3. Formulation ISO 68 Hydraulic Fluid having a Ultimate
Biodegradable rating Pw1 at 65%
4 Component % Weight Canola HO 53.85 Chevron 4R 30.00 CG 5000 9.00
Indopol H1500 3.00 LZ 5186B 1.25 RhMx 10-310 2.00 RLI AO 0.90
Viscosity @ 40.degree. C. 67.77 cSt Viscosity @ 100.degree. C.
12.71 cSt Viscosity Index 190
[0134] In the above formulations, Chevron 4R is an
all-hydroprocessed Group III oil available from Chevron, CG 5000 is
a synthetic ester available from Inolex, LZ 5186B is a non-food
grade additive available from the Lubrizol corporation, RhMx 10-310
is a pour point depressant in the class of polyalkyl methacrylates
available from RohMax, Ciba 3050A is a non-food grade additive
available from Ciba Geigy, Irgamet 39 is a food grade triazole
available from Ciba-Geigy, RLI AO is an antioxidant available from
Renewable Lubricants, Inc., TriSun 90 is a high oleic sunflower
oil, and Canola HO is a high oleic canola oil available from AC
Humko, and Indopol H-1500 is a polybutene viscosity modifier
available from BP North American.
[0135] The above examples have been depicted solely for the purpose
of exemplification and are not intended to restrict the scope or
embodiments of the invention. The invention is further illustrated
with reference to the claims that follow thereto.
[0136] Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise
indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients,
reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and
claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by
the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary,
the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification
and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon
the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present
invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the
application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the
claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in
light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying
ordinary rounding techniques.
[0137] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters
setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations,
the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are
reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however,
inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the
standard deviation found in their respective testing
measurements.
[0138] The invention has been described with reference to several
embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to
others upon a reading and understanding of the specification. It is
intended by applicant to include all such modifications and
alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended
claims or the equivalents thereof.
* * * * *