U.S. patent application number 10/884355 was filed with the patent office on 2005-03-17 for antifungal paints and coatings.
This patent application is currently assigned to Reactive Surfaces, Ltd.. Invention is credited to McDaniel, C. Steven.
Application Number | 20050058689 10/884355 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34083332 |
Filed Date | 2005-03-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050058689 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
McDaniel, C. Steven |
March 17, 2005 |
Antifungal paints and coatings
Abstract
Antifungal and antibacterial peptides, polypeptides and proteins
as antifungal additives for paint and other coatings are disclosed,
along with antifungal compositions, and coated surfaces with
antifungal properties. Methods of using the coatings for treating
and/or inhibiting growth of mold, mildew and other fungi and
bacteria on objects such as building materials that are susceptible
to such infestation are also disclosed.
Inventors: |
McDaniel, C. Steven;
(Austin, TX) |
Correspondence
Address: |
C. Steven McDaniel
McDaniel & Associates, P.C.
P.O. Box 2244
Austin
TX
78768-2244
US
|
Assignee: |
Reactive Surfaces, Ltd.
|
Family ID: |
34083332 |
Appl. No.: |
10/884355 |
Filed: |
July 2, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60485234 |
Jul 3, 2003 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/426 ;
514/2.4; 514/3.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 37/46 20130101;
C09D 5/14 20130101; A01N 37/46 20130101; A01N 37/46 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101; A01N 25/10 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/426 ;
514/002 |
International
Class: |
A61K 038/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A bioactive surface coating composition comprising an antifungal
or antibacterial peptidic agent in a sufficient amount to inhibit
or prevent the growth of a fungus or bacterium on a surface coated
with said surface coating composition.
2. The composition of claim 1 comprising: a naturally occurring or
synthetic substance that serves as a growth surface by said fungus
or bacterium in the absence of a sufficient amount of said
antifungal or antibacterial peptidic agent and/or another
antifungal or antibacterial agent, and a sufficient amount of said
antifungal or antifungal peptidic agent to inhibit or prevent
growth.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein said surface coating
composition comprises paint.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition comprises a
resin in an amount effective to form a resinous coat from said
surface coating composition when said composition is applied to
said surface.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition comprises a
binder in an amount effective to enhance adherence of said coat
formed from said composition.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition comprises a
pigment or dye component in an amount effective to impart a color
to said coat.
7. The composition of claim 1 comprising at least one liquid
component selected from the group consisting of solvents, thinners,
diluents, plasticizers and water.
8. The composition of claim 1 comprising an additive selected from
the group consisting of preservatives, wetting agents, buffers,
rheology modifiers, defoamers, catalysts, anti-skinning agents,
light stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, dehydrators, electrical
agents, and anti-insect agents.
9. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a clear
coating.
10. The coating of claim 9, wherein the clear coating comprises a
lacquer, a varnish, a shellac, a stain, a water repellent coating,
or a combination thereof.
11. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a
multicoat system.
12. The coating of claim 11, wherein the multicoat system comprises
2 to 10 layers.
13. The coating of claim 12, wherein one layer of the multicoat
system comprises the biomolecular composition.
14. The coating of claim 12, wherein a plurality of layers of the
multicoat system comprise the biomolecular composition.
15. The coating of claim 12, wherein each layer of the multicoat
system is coating is 15 um to 150 um thick.
16. The coating of claim 11, wherein the multicoat system comprises
a sealer, a water repellent, a primer, an undercoat, or a
topcoat.
17. The coating of claim 17, wherein the multicoat system comprises
a topcoat.
18. The coating of claim 17, wherein the topcoat comprises the
biomolecular composition.
19. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a binder,
a liquid component, a colorant, an additive, or a combination
thereof.
20. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating undergoes film
formation.
21. The coating of claim 20, wherein film formation occurs at
ambient conditions.
22. The coating of claim 20, wherein film formation occurs at
baking conditions.
23. The coating of claim 22, wherein baking conditions is between
40.degree. C. and 50.degree. C.
24. The coating of claim 22, wherein baking conditions is between
40.degree. C. and 65.degree. C.
25. The coating of claim 22, wherein baking conditions is between
40.degree. C. and 110.degree. C.
26. The coating of claim 20, wherein the coating comprises a
volatile component and a non-volatile component.
27. The coating of claim 26, wherein the coating undergoes film
formation by loss of part of the volatile component.
28. The coating of claim 26, wherein the volatile component
comprises a volatile liquid component.
29. The coating of claim 28, wherein the volatile liquid component
comprises a solvent, a thinner, a diluent, or a combination
thereof.
30. The coating of claim 26, wherein the non-volatile component
comprises a binder, a colorant, a plasticizer, a coating additive,
or a combination thereof.
31. The coating of claim 20, wherein film formation occurs by
crosslinking of a binder.
32. The coating of claim 31, wherein film formation occurs by
crosslinking of a plurality of binders.
33. The coating of claim 20, wherein film formation occurs by
irradiating the coating.
34. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating produces a
self-cleaning film.
35. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating is a non-film
forming coating.
36. The coating of claim 35, wherein the non-film forming coating
comprises a non-film formation binder.
37. The coating of claim 35, wherein the non-film forming coating
comprises a coating component in a concentration that is
insufficient to produce a solid film.
38. The coating of claim 37, wherein the coating component
comprises a binder that contributes to thermoplastic film
formation.
39. The coating of claim 37 wherein the coating component
contributes to thermosetting film formation.
40. The coating of claim 39, wherein the coating component
comprises a binder, catalyst, initiator, or combination
thereof.
41. The coating of claim 37, wherein the coating component has a
concentration of 0%.
42. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating produces a
temporary film.
43. The coating of claim 110, wherein the temporary film has a poor
resistance to a coating remover.
44. The coating of claim 110, wherein the temporary film has a poor
scrub resistance, a poor solvent resistance, a poor water
resistance, a poor weathering property, a poor adhesion property,
or a combination thereof.
45. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises an
architectural coating, an industrial coating, a specification
coating, or a combination thereof.
46. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises an
architectural coating.
47. The coating of claim 46, wherein the architectural coating
comprises a wood coating, a masonry coating, an artist's coating,
or a combination thereof.
48. The coating of claim 46, wherein the architectural coating has
a pot life of at least 12 months at ambient conditions.
49. The coating of claim 46, wherein the architectural coating
undergoes film formation at ambient conditions.
50. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises an
industrial coating.
51. The coating of claim 50, wherein the industrial coating
comprises an automotive coating, a can coating, sealant coating, a
marine coating, or a combination thereof.
52. The coating of claim 51, wherein the industrial coating
undergoes film formation at baking conditions.
53. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a
specification coating.
54. The coating of claim 53, wherein the specification coating
comprises a pipeline coating, traffic marker coating, aircraft
coating, a nuclear power plant coating, or a combination
thereof.
55. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a
water-borne coating.
56. The coating of claim 55, wherein the water-borne coating is a
latex coating.
57. The coating of claim 55, wherein the water-borne coating has a
density of 1.20 kg/L to 1.50 kg/L.
58. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a
solvent-borne coating.
59. The coating of claim 58, wherein the solvent-borne coating has
a density of 0.90 kg/L to 1.2 kg/L.
60. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a viscosity
during application of 72 Ku to 95 Ku.
61. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a viscosity
prior to application of 100 P to 1000 P.
62. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a viscosity
during application of 0.5 P to 2.5 P.
63. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a viscosity of
100 P to 1000 P upon a surface immediately after application.
64. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a
binder.
65. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
thermoplastic binder, a thermosetting binder, or a combination
thereof.
66. The coating of claim 65, wherein the coating comprises a
thermoplastic binder.
67. The coating of claim 66, wherein the coating produces a film by
thermoplastic film formation.
68. The coating of claim 65, wherein the coating comprises a
thermosetting binder.
69. The coating of claim 68, wherein the coating produces a film by
thermosetting film formation.
70. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an
oil-based binder.
71. The coating of claim 70, wherein the oil-based binder comprises
an oil, an alkyd, an oleoresinous binder, a fatty acid epoxide
ester, or a combination thereof.
72. The coating of claim 71, wherein the coating produces a layer
15 um to 25 .mu.m thick upon the vertical surface or 15 um to 40
.mu.m thick upon the horizontal surface.
73. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an
oil.
74. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an
alkyd.
75. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an
oleoresinous binder.
76. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a fatty
acid epoxide ester.
77. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
polyester resin.
78. The coating of claim 76, wherein the polyester resin comprises
a hydroxy-terminated polyester.
79. The coating of claim 76, wherein the polyester resin comprises
a carboxylic acid-terminated polyester.
80. The coating of claim 76, wherein the coating comprises a
urethane, an amino resin, or a combination thereof.
81. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
modified cellulose.
82. The coating of claim 80, wherein the modified cellulose
comprises a cellulose ester.
83. The coating of claim 80, wherein the modified cellulose
comprises a nitrocellulose.
84. The coating of claim 80, wherein the coating comprises an amino
binder, an acrylic binder, urethane binder, or a combination
thereof.
85. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
polyamide.
86. The coating of claim 84, wherein the coating comprises an
epoxide.
87. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an amino
resin.
88. The coating of claim 86, wherein the coating comprises an
acrylic binder, an alkyd resin, a polyester binder, or a
combination thereof.
89. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an
urethane binder.
90. The coating of claim 88, wherein the coating comprises a
polyol, an amine, an epoxide, a silicone, a vinyl, a phenolic, a
triacrylate, or a combination thereof.
91. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
phenolic resin.
92. The coating of claim 90, wherein the coating comprises an alkyd
resin, an amino resin, a blown oil, an epoxy resin, a polyamide, a
polyvinyl resin, or a combination thereof.
93. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises an epoxy
resin.
94. The coating of claim 92, wherein the coating comprises an amino
resin a phenolic resin, a polyamide, a ketimine, an aliphatic
amine, or a combination thereof.
95. The coating of claim 92, wherein the epoxy resin comprises a
cycloaliphatic epoxy binder.
96. The coating of claim 94, wherein the coating comprises a
polyol.
97. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
polyhydroxyether binder.
98. The coating of claim 94, wherein the coating comprises an
epoxide, a polyurethane comprising an isocyanate moiety, an amino
resin, or a combination thereof.
99. The coating of claim 61, wherein the binder comprises an
acrylic resin.
100. The coating of claim 98, wherein the coating comprises an
epoxide, a polyurethane comprising an isocyanate moiety, an amino
resin, or a combination thereof.
101. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
polyvinyl binder
102. The coating of claim 100, wherein the coating comprises an
alkyd, an urethane, an amino-resin, or a combination thereof.
103. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a rubber
resin.
104. The coating of claim 102, wherein the rubber resin comprises a
chlorinated rubber resin, a synthetic rubber resin, or a
combination thereof.
105. The coating of claim 102, wherein the coating comprises an
acrylic resin, an alkyd resin, a bituminous resin, or a combination
thereof.
106. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
bituminous binder.
107. The coating of claim 105, wherein the coating comprises an
epoxy resin.
108. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
polysulfide binder.
109. The coating of claim 107, wherein the coating comprises a
peroxide, a binder comprising an isocyanate moiety, or a
combination thereof.
110. The coating of claim 64, wherein the binder comprises a
silicone binder.
111. The coating of claim 109, wherein the coating comprises an
organic binder.
112. The coating of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a liquid
component.
113. The coating of claim 111, wherein the liquid component
comprises a solvent, a thinner, a diluent, a plasticizer, or a
combination thereof.
114. The coating of claim 111, wherein the liquid component
comprises a liquid organic compound, an inorganic compound, water,
or a combination thereof.
115. The coating of claim 111, wherein the liquid component
comprises a liquid organic compound.
116. The coating of claim 114, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises a hydrocarbon, an oxygenated compound, a chlorinated
hydrocarbon, a nitrated hydrocarbon, a miscellaneous organic liquid
component, a plasticizer, or a combination thereof.
117. The coating of claim 115, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises a hydrocarbon.
118. The coating of claim 116, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an
aliphatic hydrocarbon, a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon, a terpene, an
aromatic hydrocarbon, or a combination thereof.
119. The coating of claim 117, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an
aliphatic hydrocarbon.
120. The coating of claim 118, wherein the aliphatic hydrocarbon
comprises a petroleum ether, pentane, hexane, heptane, isododecane,
a kerosene, a mineral spirit, a VMP naphthas, or a combination
thereof.
121. The coating of claim 117, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises a
cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon.
122. The coating of claim 120, wherein the cycloaliphatic
hydrocarbon comprises cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane,
ethylcyclohexane, tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, or a
combination thereof.
123. The coating of claim 117, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises a
terpene.
124. The coating of claim 122, wherein the terpene comprises wood
terpentine oil, pine oil, .alpha.-pinene, .beta.-pinene, dipentene,
D-limonene, or a combination thereof.
125. The coating of claim 117, wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an
aromatic hydrocarbon.
126. The coating of claim 124, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon
comprises benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, cumene, a type I
high flash aromatic naphthas, a type II high flash aromatic
naphthas, mesitylene, pseudocumene, cymol, styrene, or a
combination thereof.
127. The coating of claim 115, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises an oxigenated compound.
128. The coating of claim 126, wherein the oxigenated compound
comprises an alcohol, an ester, a glycol ether, a ketone, an ether,
or a combination thereof.
129. The coating of claim 127, wherein the oxigenated compound
comprises an alcohol.
130. The coating of claim 128, wherein the alcohol comprises
methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol,
2-butanol, tert-butanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, hexanol,
methylisobutylcarbinol, 2-ethylbutanol, isooctyl alcohol,
2-ethylhexanol, isodecanol, cylcohexanol, methylcyclohexanol,
trimethylcyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, methylbenzyl alcohol,
furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, diacetone alcohol,
trimethylcyclohexanol, or a combination thereof.
131. The coating of claim 127, wherein the oxigenated compound
comprises an ester.
132. The coating of claim 127, wherein the ester comprises methyl
formate, ethyl formate, butyl formate, isobutyl formate, methyl
acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl
acetate, isobutyl acetate, sec-butyl acetate, amyl acetate, isoamyl
acetate, hexyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, benzyl acetate, methyl
glycol acetate, ethyl glycol acetate, butyl glycol acetate, ethyl
diglycol acetate, butyl diglycol acetate, 1-methoxypropyl acetate,
ethoxypropyl acetate, 3-methoxybutyl acetate, ethyl
3-ethoxypropionate, isobutyl isobutyrate, ethyl lactate, butyl
lactate, butyl glycolate, dimethyl adipate, glutarate, succinate,
ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butyrolactone, or a
combination thereof.
133. The coating of claim 127, wherein the oxigenated compound
comprises a glycol ether.
134. The coating of claim 132, wherein the glycol ether comprises
methyl glycol, ethyl glycol, propyl glycol, isopropyl glycol, butyl
glycol, methyl diglycol, ethyl diglycol, butyl diglycol, ethyl
triglycol, butyl triglycol, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,
methoxypropanol, isobutoxypropanol, isobutyl glycol, propylene
glycol monoethyl ether, 1-isopropoxy-2-propanol, propylene glycol
mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, methyl
dipropylene glycol, methoxybutanol, or a combination thereof.
135. The coating of claim 127, wherein the oxigenated compound
comprises a ketone.
136. The coating of claim 134, wherein the ketone comprises
acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl
isopropyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone,
methyl amyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, diethyl ketone, ethyl
amyl ketone, dipropyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone,
methylcylcohexanone, trimethylcyclohexanone, mesityl oxide,
diisobutyl ketone, isophorone, or a combination thereof.
137. The coating of claim 127, wherein the oxigenated compound
comprises an ether.
138. The coating of claim 136, wherein the ether comprises diethyl
ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, di-sec-butyl ether, methyl
tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, metadioxane, or a
combination thereof.
139. The coating of claim 115, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises a chlorinated hydrocarbon.
140. The coating of claim 138, wherein the chlorinated hydrocarbon
comprises methylene chloride, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,
ethyl chloride, isopropyl chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,
1,2,2-tetrachlorethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
1,2-dichloropropane, chlorobenzene, or a combination thereof.
141. The coating of claim 115, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises a nitrated hydrocarbon.
142. The coating of claim 140, wherein the nitrated hydrocarbon
comprises a nitroparaffin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or a combination
thereof.
143. The coating of claim 115, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises a miscellaneous organic liquid.
144. The coating of claim 140, wherein the miscellaneous organic
liquid comprises carbon dioxide; acetic acid, methylal,
dimethylacetal, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide,
dimethylsulfoxide, tetramethylene suflone, carbon disulfide,
2-nitropropane, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoric triamide,
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, or a combination thereof.
145. The coating of claim 115, wherein the liquid organic compound
comprises a plasticizer.
146. The coating of claim 144, wherein the plasticizer comprises an
adipate, an azelate, a citrate, a chlorinated plasticizer, an
epoxide, a phosphate, a sebacate, a phthalate, a polyester, a
trimellitate, or a combination thereof.
147. The coating of claim 111, wherein the liquid component
comprises an inorganic compound.
148. The coating of claim 146, wherein the inorganic compound
comprises ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen
cyanide, sulfur dioxide, or a combination thereof.
149. The coating of claim 111, wherein the liquid component
comprises water.
150. The coating of claim 148, wherein the liquid component further
comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol,
tert-butanol, ethylene glycol, methyl glycol, ethyl glycol, propyl
glycol, butyl glycol, ethyl diglycol, methoxypropanol,
methyldipropylene glycol, dioxane, tetrahydorfuran, acetone,
diacetone alcohol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide,
ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethylene, p-xylene, toluene, diisobutyl
ketone, tricholorethylene, trimethylcyclohexanol, cyclohexyl
acetate, dibutyl ether, trimethylcyclohexanone,
1,1,1-tricholoroethane, hexane, hexanol, isobutyl acetate, butyl
acetate, isophorone, nitropropane, butyl glycol acetate,
2-nitropropane, methylene chloride, methyl isobutyl ketone,
cyclohexanone, isopropyl acetate, methylbenzyl alcohol,
cyclohexanol, nitroethane, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl acetate,
diethyl ether, butanol, butyl glycolate, isobutanol, 2-butanol,
propylene carbonate, ethyl glycol acetate, methyl acetate, methyl
ethyl ketone, or a combination thereof.
151. The coating of claim 19, wherein the coating comprises a
colorant.
152. The coating of claim 150, wherein the colorant comprises a
pigment, a dye, a combination thereof.
153. The coating of claim 151, wherein the colorant comprises a
pigment.
154. The coating of claim 152, wherein the biomolecule composition
comprises 0.001% to 100% of the pigment.
155. The coating of claim 151, wherein the pigment volume
concentration of the coating is 20% to 60%.
156. The coating of claim 152, wherein the pigment comprises a
corrosion resistance pigment, a camouflage pigment, a color
property pigment, an extender pigment, or a combination
thereof.
157. The coating of claim 155, wherein the pigment comprises a
corrosion resistance pigment.
158. The coating of claim 156, wherein the corrosion resistance
pigment comprises aluminum flake, aluminum triphosphate, aluminum
zinc phosphate, ammonium chromate, barium borosilicate, barium
chromate, barium metaborate, basic calcium zinc molybdate, basic
carbonate white lead, basic lead silicate, basic lead
silicochromate, basic lead silicosulfate, basic zinc molybdate,
basic zinc molybdate-phosphate, basic zinc molybdenum phosphate,
basic zinc phosphate hydrate, bronze flake, calcium barium
phosphosilicate, calcium borosilicate, calcium chromate, calcium
plumbate, calcium strontium phosphosilicate, calcium strontium zinc
phosphosilicate, dibasic lead phosphite, lead chromosilicate, lead
cyanamide, lead suboxide, lead sulfate, mica, micaceous iron oxide,
red lead, steel flake, strontium borosilicate, strontium chromate,
tribasic lead phophosilicate, zinc borate, zinc borosilicate, zinc
chromate, zinc dust, zinc hydroxy phosphite, zinc molybdate, zinc
oxide, zinc phosphate, zinc potassium chromate, zinc
silicophosphate hydrate, zinc tetraoxylchromate, or a combination
thereof.
159. The coating of claim 156, wherein the coating is a metal
surface coating.
160. The coating of claim 156, wherein the coating is a primer.
161. The coating of claim 155, wherein the pigment comprises a
camouflage pigment.
162. The coating of claim 160, wherein the camouflage pigment
comprises an anthraquinone black, a chromium oxide green, or a
combination thereof.
163. The coating of claim 155, wherein the pigment comprises a
color property pigment.
164. The coating of claim 162, wherein the color property pigment
comprises a black pigment, a brown pigment, a white pigment, a
pearlescent pigment, a violet pigment, a blue pigment, a green
pigment, a yellow pigment, an orange pigment, a red pigment, a
metallic pigment, or a combination thereof.
165. The coating of claim 163, wherein the color property pigment
comprises aniline black; anthraquinone black; carbon black; copper
carbonate; graphite; iron oxide; micaceous iron oxide; manganese
dioxide, azo condensation, benzimidazolone, iron oxide; metal
complex brown; antimony oxide; basic lead carbonate; lithopone;
titanium dioxide; white lead; zinc oxide; zinc sulphide; titanium
dioxide and ferric oxide covered mica, bismuth oxychloride crystal,
dioxanine violet, carbazol Blue; carbazole Blue; cobalt blue;
copper phthalocyanine; dioxanine Blue; indanthrone; phthalocyanin
blue; Prussian blue; ultramarine; chrome green; chromium oxide
green; halogenated copper phthalocyanine; hydrated chromium oxide;
phthalocyanine green; anthrapyrimidine; arylamide yellow; barium
chromate; benzimidazolone yellow; bismuth vanadate; cadmium sulfide
yellow; complex inorganic color pigment; diarylide yellow; disazo
condensation; flavanthrone; isoindoline; isoindolinone; lead
chromate; nickel azo yellow; organic metal complex; quinophthalone;
yellow iron oxide; yellow oxide; zinc chromate; perinone orange;
pyrazolone orange; anthraquinone; benzimidazolone; BON arylamide;
cadmium red; cadmium selenide; chrome red; dibromanthrone;
diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment; disazo condensation pigment; lead
molybdate; perylene; pyranthrone; quinacridone; quinophthalone; red
iron oxide; red lead; toluidine red; tonor pigment; .beta.-naphthol
red; aluminum flake; aluminum non-leafing, gold bronze flake, zinc
dust, stainless steel flake, nickel flake, nickel powder, or a
combination thereof.
166. The coating of claim 155, wherein the pigment comprises an
extender pigment.
167. The coating of claim 165, wherein the extender pigment
comprises a barium sulphate, a calcium carbonate, a kaolin, a
calcium sulphat, a silicate, a silica, an alumina trihydrate; or a
combination thereof.
168. The coating of claim 19, wherein the coating comprises an
additive.
169. The coating of claim 167, wherein the additive comprises
0.001% to 20.0% by weight, of the coating.
170. The coating of claim 167, wherein said additive comprises an
accelerator, an adhesion promoter, an antifoamer, anti-insect
additive, an antioxidant, an antiskinning agent, a buffer, a
catalyst, a coalescing agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a defoamer, a
dehydrator, a dispersant, a drier, electrical additive, an
emulsifier, a filler, a flame/fire retardant, a flatting agent, a
flow control agent, a gloss aid, a leveling agent, a marproofing
agent, a preservative, a silicone additive, a slip agent, a
surfactant, a light stabilizer, a rheological control agent, a
wetting additive, or a combination thereof.
171. The coating of claim 167, wherein the additive comprises a
preservative.
172. The coating of claim 170, wherein the preservative comprises
an in-can preservative, an in-film preservative, or a combination
thereof.
173. The coating of claim 170, wherein the preservative comprises a
biocide.
174. The coating of claim 172, wherein the biocide comprises a
bactericide, a fungicide, an algaecide, or a combination
thereof.
175. The coating of claim 167, wherein the additive comprises a
wetting additive, a dispersant, or a combination thereof.
176. The coating of claim 167, wherein the additive comprises an
anti-foamer, a defoamer, or a combination thereof.
177. The coating of claim 169, wherein the additive comprises a
rheological control agent.
178. The coating of claim 176, wherein the rheological control
agent comprises a thickener, a viscosifier, or a combination
thereof.
179. The coating of claim 169, wherein the additive comprises a
corrosion inhibitor.
180. The coating of claim 178, wherein said corrosion inhibitor
comprises an in-can corrosion inhibitor, a flash corrosion
inhibitor, or a combination thereof.
181. The coating of claim 169, wherein the additive comprises a
light stabilizer.
182. The coating of claim 180, wherein the light stabilizer
comprises a UV absorber, a radical scavenger, or a combination
thereof.
183. The composition of claim 1 wherein said antifungal or
antibacterial peptidic agent comprises at least one stabilized
peptide that is active for inhibiting the attachment and/or growth
of said fungus or bacterium.
184. The composition of claim 182 wherein said stabilized peptide
comprises at least one microencapsulated peptide, polypeptide or
protein.
185. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one said peptide,
polypeptide or protein is synthetic.
186. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one said peptide,
polypeptide or protein is derived from a naturally occurring
source
187. The composition of claim 1 wherein said antifungal or
antibacterial peptidic agent comprises an amino acid sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 1-199.
188. The composition of claim 186 wherein the amino acid sequence
of at least one said peptide is selected from the group consisting
of SEQ ID Nos. 1-47.
189. The composition of claim 186 wherein each said amino acid is
independently selected from the group consisting of the
D-stereoisomer and L-stereoisomer forms of said amino acids.
190. The composition of claim 186 wherein at least one said amino
acid is cyclic.
191. The composition of claim 1 wherein said fungus comprises at
least one species from at least one genus selected from the group
consisting of Stachybotrys, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium,
Altemaria, Aureobasidium, Phoma and Cladosporium.
192. The composition of claim 1 wherein said fungus comprises at
least one species from at least one genus selected from the group
consisting of Rhizoctonia, Ceratocystis, Pythium, Mycosphaerella
and Candida.
193. The composition of claim 1 comprising the property of
water-repellency.
194. The composition of claim 1 comprising a powder or dry
consistency.
195. The composition of claim 1 comprising a liquid or semi-liquid
consistency.
196. A bioactive elastomeric composition comprising an antifungal
or antibacterial peptidic agent in a sufficient amount to inhibit
or prevent the growth of a fungus or bacterium on a surface formed
from said elastomeric composition when said composition is used for
its intended purpose.
197. A bioactive sealant composition comprising an antifungal or
antifungal peptidic agent in a sufficient amount to inhibit or
prevent the growth of a fungus or bacterium on a surface formed
from said sealant composition when said composition is used for its
intended purpose.
198. A bioactive polymeric composition comprising an antifungal or
antifungal peptidic agent in a sufficient amount to inhibit or
prevent the growth of a fungus or bacterium on a membrane formed
from said polymeric composition when said composition is used for
its intended purpose.
199. A method of inhibiting or preventing the growth of fungus or
bacterium on a surface of an inanimate object, said composition
comprising applying the composition of claim 1 to said surface.
200. A method of providing or enhancing resistance to fungal or
bacterial infestation and/or growth on a paint film or another
coating on a surface of an inanimate object, the method comprising
adding to a paint or coating composition an antifungal or
antibacterial peptidic agent in a sufficient amount to inhibit or
prevent the growth of a fungus or bacterium on a coat formed from
said composition when said composition is used for its intended
purpose comprising applying said composition to said surface.
201. A method of providing or enhancing resistance to fungal or
bacterial infestation and/or growth on at least one surface of an
inanimate object comprising applying to at least one said surface a
composition comprising an antifungal or antifungal peptidic
agent.
202. The method of claim 201 comprising painting or coating said
object with said composition.
203. The method of claim 201 wherein said object is at least
partially porous, said applying comprising impregnating at least a
portion of said object with a composition comprising an antifungal
peptidic agent.
204. The method of claim 200 wherein said object comprises a
surface contaminated with a fungus or bacterium.
205. The method of claim 200 wherein said object comprises an
indoor or outdoor surface.
206. The method of claim 200 wherein said object comprises at least
one porous, semi-porous or non-porous material chosen from the
group consisting of wall board, ceiling tile, paper, fabric,
concrete, stone, brick, wood, plastic, ceramic, and leather.
207. An fungus-resistant or bacterium-resistant coated surface of
an inanimate object comprising a film or coating formed from the
composition of claim 1.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/485,234 filed
Jul. 3, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein
in its entirety.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] 1. Field of the Invention
[0004] The present invention generally relates to antifungal and
antibacterial compositions and methods employing such compositions
to deter or prevent fungal growth in stored coatings and on
susceptible surfaces. More particularly, the present invention
relates to such compositions containing antifungal and
antibacterial peptides, polypeptides or proteins and to methods of
making and using such compositions.
[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0006] Fungal growth on indoor and outdoor surfaces is a major
environmental concern today affecting home, work and recreational
environments. Not only can fungus (e.g., mold, mildew) be unsightly
on exposed surfaces, it can destroy wood, fiber and other materials
if left untreated, causing severe damage to buildings and other
structures and equipment. Over the past few years it has become
increasingly apparent that exposure to certain fungi or their
spores can seriously impact the health of humans, pets and other
animals. Although fungi are certainly not the only factors that
detrimentally affect indoor air quality, in many instances they
have been identified as a primary contributor to indoor air quality
problems. In fact, the term "sick building syndrome" was recently
coined to describe buildings in which various physical, chemical
and biological factors, including growing fungi and/or their
spores, have severely compromised the air quality leading to
discomfort or illness of the occupants. Concerns such as allergies,
asthma, infections, and the long-term repercussions of mold toxins
are just a few of the many real health effects associated with mold
contamination of indoor and outdoor environments.
[0007] Fungi (including true fungi, molds and mildews) are
eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls, similar to plants, but
do not contain chlorophyll. There are between 100,000-200,000
species of fungi, mold and mildew, depending on which
classification methods are used. Of particular concern are the
pathogenic fungi, which can cause significant harm to individuals
who are exposed to them. About 300 species are presently known to
be pathogenic for man, but it is thought that there are many other
as yet unrecognized fungal pathogens. The field of medical mycology
has emerged as a result of the growing number of fungal-related
illnesses and deaths.
[0008] Fungi grow as saprophytes, i.e., in a suitable moist
environment they are able to decompose organic matter to obtain the
nourishment needed for growth. Building and decorative materials
such as wood, paper-coated wallboard, wallpaper, fabrics, carpet
and leather can provide the necessary organic matter. Today, an
especially problematic fungal genus sometimes found in buildings
that have excess indoor moisture is Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys
chartarum, commonly found in nature growing on cellulose-rich plant
materials, has often been found in water-damaged building
materials, such as ceiling tiles, wallpaper, sheet-rock and
cellulose resin wallboard (fiberboard). Depending on the particular
conditions of temperature, pH and humidity in which the mold is
growing, Stachybotrys may produce mycotoxins, compounds that have
toxic properties.
[0009] Other common fungi that can grow in residential and
commercial buildings are Aspergillus species (sp.)., Penicillium
sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria dianthicola, Aureobasidium pullulans
(aka Pullularia pullulans), Phoma pigmentivora and Cladosporium sp.
The moist indoor environment which promotes growth of these fungi
can arise from water damage, excessive humidity, water leaks,
condensation, water infiltration, or flooding, in some cases due to
defects in building construction, faulty mechanical system design,
and/or operational problems. Even modern homes and commercial
buildings are not immune to fungal invasion despite the use of
technologically advanced building materials and more energy
efficient construction and operation than in buildings of the past.
Modern homes tend to be less well ventilated, and although the use
of air conditioning reduces humidity making it harder for mold to
grow, today's central air conditioning systems can also facilitate
the spread of mold spores throughout a home. Increased use of paper
products in homes and commercial buildings today further encourages
mold growth. Heavy contamination of indoor or outdoor surfaces by
dirt and/or oil can also provide a food source for a fungus.
Vulnerable structures and materials that are difficult to access
for cleaning, or for which cleaning is neglected, are particularly
vulnerable to attack by fungi. Fungi are also known to contaminate
stored paints, fuels, and many other industrial products.
[0010] Fungal colonies typically take on filamentous form, having
long filament-like cells called hyphae. Under the right
environmental conditions, hyphae grow into an intertwining network
called the mycelium. A mycelium can be visible to the naked eye,
appearing as unsightly fuzzy green, bluish-gray or black spots, for
example. When conditions for growth are less favorable, many
varieties of fungi can respond by forming spores on specialized
hyphal cells. Spores are the primary means for dispersal and
survival of fungi, and can remain dormant for months or even
years--even withstanding extremely adverse conditions, to germinate
and flourish again when environmental variables such as light,
oxygen levels, temperature, and nutrient availability again become
favorable. Thick-walled spores are substantially more resistant to
common disinfective agents than are the thinner-walled vegetative
fungal cells. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, there is no practical way to eliminate all mold and mold
spores in the indoor environment.
[0011] As mentioned above, paints and paint films or coatings are
known to be vulnerable to mold contamination due to the presence of
common organic components that act as cellulosic thickeners,
surfactants and defoamers, and which can also serve as a source of
food for fungus cells. Some of these components are casein,
acrylic, polyvinyl and other carbon polymers. For example, latex is
a water-dispersed binder comprising a carbon polymer. Inside the
paint can, certain fungi (e.g., yeasts) can convert enough
carbon-containing food sources to CO.sub.2 to swell or even explode
the can. Fungi can also discolor and reduce the viscosity of the
paint, and produce foul odors. Both in-can preservation of paints
and protection of the end use paint films, and the surfaces they
cover, from mold, mildew and yeasts is necessary. To combat fungi,
a variety of coating materials have been formulated which include
organic or inorganic chemicals to discourage or prevent the growth
of mildew on the paint film. Ideally, these chemical fungicides or
mildewcides slowly leach out of the paint to the surface, and
maintain their inhibitory properties for the life of the paint
film, causing little or no harm to the environment. In practice,
however, the antifungal properties of most coating compositions in
use today persist for variable lengths of time, depending on the
amount of exposure to the elements, abrasion and erosion.
[0012] Most antifungal chemicals are non-specific as to the
organism affected and can be detrimental to the environment,
including toxicity to plant and animal life. It is more difficult
to identify fungus-specific agents than it is to discover bacteria
specific-agents because fungal cells share many similarities with
the cells of higher organisms, whereas bacterial cells are
distinctly different. For this reason, fungicides tend to be more
toxic to humans and animals than are bactericides. U.S. Pat. No.
5,882,731 (Owens) describes a number of common and proprietary
chemical mildewcide-containing products that have been investigated
as additives for water-based latex mixtures. Some known antifungal
agents that have been used in the coatings industry are: copper
(II) 8-quinolinolate (CAS No. 10380-28-6); zinc oxide (CAS No.
1314-13-2); zinc-dimethyl dithiocarbamate (CAS No. 137-30-4);
2-mercaptobenzothiazole- , zinc salt (CAS No. 155-04-4); barium
metaborate (CAS No. 13701-59-2); tributyl tin benzoate (CAS No.
4342-36-3); bis tributyl tin salicylate (CAS No. 22330-14-9),
tributyl tin oxide (CAS No. 56-35-9); parabens: ethyl
parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 120-47-8), propyl parahydroxybenzoate
(CAS No. 94-13-3) methyl parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 99-76-3) and
butyl parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 94-26-8);
methylenebis(thiocyanate) (CAS No. 6317-18-6);
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5);
2-mercaptobenzo-thiazole (CAS No. 149-30-4);
5-chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isot- hiazolone (CAS No. 57373-19-0);
2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (CAS No. 57373-20-3); zinc
2-pyridinethiol-N-oxide (CAS No. 13463-41-7);
tetra-hydro-3,5-di-methyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (CAS No.
533-74-4); N-trichloromethyl-thio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide
(CAS No. 133-06-2); 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (CAS No.
26530-20-1); 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile (CAS No.
1897-45-6); 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (CAS No. 55406-53-6);
diiodomethyl-p-tolylsulfone (CAS No. 20018-09-1);
N-(trichloromethyl-thio- )phthalimide (CAS No. 133-07-3); potassium
N-hydroxy-methyl-N-methyl-dithi- ocarbamate (CAS No. 51026-28-9);
sodium 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (CAS No. 15922-78-8);
2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (CAS No. 21564-17-0);
2-4(-thiazolyl) benzimidazole (CAS No. 148-79-8). See V. M. King,
"Bactericides, Fungicides, and Algicides," Ch. 29, pp. 261-267; and
D. L. Campbell, "Biological Deterioration of Paint Films," Ch. 54,
pp. 654-661; both in PAINT AND COATING TESTING MANUAL, 14.sup.th
ed. of the Gardner-Sward Handbook, J. V. Koleske, Editor (1995),
American Society for Testing and Materials, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Currently, the Pesticide Action Network North America (PAN) lists
in its Internet chemical database, www.panna.org, the
above-mentioned chemicals plus more than 700 additional chemicals
designated as pesticides having antifungal properties in soil and
wood.
[0013] The mode of action of some of the metal-based antifungal
agents is thought to be chelation of metals that are necessary to
growth of the organisms. Some of the nitrogen-and/or
sulfur-containing antifungal agents are thought to act by
uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the fungal cells, or
inhibiting oxidation of glucose. The paraben compounds (aka
hydroxybenzoate) are thought to affect membrane activity and
integrity.
[0014] Due to environmental and safety concerns, there is
increasing pressure today on the coatings industry to eliminate
some of the more effective but more toxic chemical preservatives
from paints and other coating compositions. Yet at the same time,
consumers wish to avoid purchasing spoiled or poorly performing
products. Thus, there is a great need in the industry today for
safe and effective alternatives to conventional antifungal
agents.
[0015] Various naturally occurring biological products that are
said to possess antifungal activity are described in the background
discussion of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,602,097; and 5,885,782
[each incorporated in their entirety by reference herein]. In many
cases, the active component of those natural antifungal agents has
not been identified nor completely characterized. Since most of the
known naturally occurring antifungal agents are poorly
characterized at best, the persistence and toxicity of such
compounds in the environment is also unknown. Furthermore, the fact
that many of those compounds are produced by microbes in the
environment suggests that they may have a limited spectrum of
antifungal activity. A drawback of most of the antifungal agents in
use today is that they are as toxic to higher organisms as they are
to the target fungi. The more target-specific antifungal agents
tend to be very rare and/or costly.
[0016] Recently developed methods permit the preparation of
synthetic peptide combinational libraries ("SPCLs") that are
composed of equimolar mixtures of free peptides that can be used
with in vitro methods to determine bioactivity (Furka, A., et al.
Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 37:487 (1991), Houghten, R. A., et al.
Nature 354:84 (1991), Houghten, R. A., et al. BioTechniques 13:412
(1992). Libraries can consist of D- or L-amino acid stereoisomers
or combinations of L- and D- and/or non-naturally-occurring amino
acids. Other methods for synthesizing peptides of defined sequence
are also known. Similarly, large-scale preparative methods are
known. Certain recombinant methods for producing peptides have also
been described, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,351. While U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,020,312; 5,602, 097; and 5,885,782 describe agricultural uses for
certain synthetic antifungal peptides, none of those or any other
peptidic agents have been previously investigated as additives for
use in the paints and coatings industry.
[0017] Although significant advancement has been made in
identifying various chemical agents and natural and synthetic
peptides or proteins that demonstrate antifungal activity for
certain uses (e.g., medical treatment or agricultural use), there
is no indication that any such biomolecule could be used
successfully in paints or other coating materials for protecting or
treating non-living objects. Antifungal or fungus-resistant paints
and other coating compositions are needed which do not suffer from
the same limitations as conventional surface coating materials
containing existing fungicides and antifungal agents. Ideally, an
antifungal paint will contain fungus-specific fungus
deterring/inhibiting/killing agents that are stable in paints and
other coating mixtures during storage, persist in the resulting
coat or film that is spread out over a surface in need of
protection from fungal infestation, and which are safer to the
environment. Better antifungal materials would be especially
welcomed by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and by the
architectural, marine and industrial maintenance industries. In
particular, antifungal and antibacterial additives to paints and
coatings that work alone or synergistically with existing
antifungal agents would be desirable.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0018] The compositions and methods of the present invention
overcome some of the disadvantages of previous antifungal or
fungus-resistant paints, coatings and other compositions such as
elastomers, textile finishes, adhesives, and sealants. It was not
previously known to combine a natural, synthetic or recombinant
antifungal peptide, polypeptide or peptide with a paint or other
coating material to provide a coated surface with sustainable
antifungal activity that protects the recipient surface from fungal
infestation and defacement, and which also provides fungus
resistance to the composition itself. It is now disclosed that
antifungal peptidic agents offer a new tool in the arsenal of
fungicidal and fungistatic chemicals. Accordingly, new antifungal
and antibacterial paints, coatings, films and other compositions
are provided which contain one or more bioactive peptides,
polypeptides and/or proteins as antifungal and antibacterial
peptidic agents. Methods of using the antifungal and antibacterial
additives and compositions for treating existing fungal or
bacterial colonies and/or for deterring or preventing fungal or
bacterial infestations and inhibiting cell growth or proliferation
on a variety of inanimate objects such as interior and exterior
architectural surfaces and building materials are also provided.
The compositions and methods disclosed herein avoid many of the
drawbacks of existing methods and compositions which rely on
non-specific chemical bacteriocides, fungicides, or antifungal
agents. By application of a protective coating comprising one or
more antifungal or antibacterial protein, polypeptide or peptide,
one can prevent or deter or lessen the infestation and growth of
fungus or bacterium. At the same time, the associated
discoloration, disfiguration and/or degradation of the supporting
substrate or surface can be avoided or reduced. The compositions of
the invention are especially useful on surfaces where conditions
are conducive to deposition and development of fungus or bacteria,
and where control of fungal or bacterial growth is preferably
accomplished with compositions which are not toxic to humans, pets
and other animals or harmful to the environment.
[0019] In accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, an
antifungal coating composition is provided that is effective for
inhibiting the growth of Stachybotrys fungi. In some embodiments,
an antifungal coating composition is provided that is effective for
inhibiting the growth of one or more of the Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, and Cladosporium genera of
fungi. In some embodiments, an antifungal coating composition is
effective for inhibiting the growth of Rhizoctonia, Ceratocystis,
Pythium, Mycosphaerella, and Candida genera of fungi. In certain
instances, a coating is provided that is either antifungal,
antibacterial, or both antifungal and antibacterial.
[0020] In certain embodiments of the present invention,
compositions are formulated for use as paints and the like, for
coating surfaces. In certain embodiments, such coating includes
impregnating porous or semi-porous materials that are capable of
supporting fungal growth. These compositions contain various
antifungal peptides or proteins, as described herein, and may also
contain chemicals and other substances that are conventional and
well known in the art. One of the important benefits of certain
preferred embodiments of the present invention is that little or no
formulation modification, other than the inclusion of the presently
described antifungal peptide component, is needed to obtain
substantial enhancement of fungus resistant, antifungal or
fungicidal properties of the coating composition.
[0021] A further embodiment comprises using a film or coat
comprising the coating composition, or the composition itself, to
protect an object or material selected from the group consisting of
wood, paint, adhesive, glue, paper, textile, leather, plastic,
cardboard, caulking, from infestation and growth of a fungus.
[0022] A preferred coating material comprises a paint or coating.
In some embodiments the paint or coating is applied
prophylactically over a "clean" surface that is not contaminated by
fungal spores. In other embodiments the paint or coating is applied
to a surface already contaminated by fungal spores or growing
fungus.
[0023] In certain embodiments of the present invention, a paint or
other surface-coating composition is provided that contains an
antifungal protein, polypeptide or peptide additive that retains
its antifungal activity after being admixed with said paint or
other surface-coating composition, and retains antifungal activity
after the paint or surface-coating composition is applied to a
surface. Even after drying, the paint or other surface-coating
composition renders the coated surface antifungal. More
specifically, an antifungal paint or other surface-coating
composition comprising antifungal protein, polypeptide or peptide
additive is capable of biologically interacting with a susceptible
fungus cell or spore in a manner that inhibits or prevents growth
of the fungus, preferably for extended periods of time. Some
additives of the present invention remained stable in the coating
for an extended period of time (e.g., months) at ambient
conditions. It is contemplated that with certain antifungal
compositions, especially those containing microencapsulated
antifungal peptides, the extended period of activity may comprise
years. In a preferred embodiment, a polymer-based compound that
prophalactically and continuously deters fungal infestation,
inhibits or kills fungal cells is provided.
[0024] It is contemplated that in certain embodiments the
compositions and methods of the present invention may be used to
produce a fungal cell growth inhibitory surface, or a fungal cell
killing surface, that remains active for extended periods. Such an
antifungal surface may not need additional treatment with fungicide
compositions, clean-up treatments to effect decontamination and
cosmetic painting, thereby simplifying upkeep of the physical
condition and appearance of fungus infestation prone surfaces such
as building exteriors. It is contemplated that in some embodiments
the compositions of the present invention may be easily applied to
susceptible surfaces in advance of and/or during exposure to a
fungus organism.
[0025] Isolated naturally occurring proteins, polypeptides and/or
peptides are employed in some embodiments, and in preferred
embodiments synthetic proteins, polypeptides and/or peptides are
employed. In some embodiments, combinations of natural and/or
synthetic proteins, polypeptides and peptides are employed. Still
other embodiments employ at least one recombinant protein,
polypeptide and/or peptide that is produced using specific
expression vectors in a variety of host cells.
[0026] Antifungal peptides are chemically defined species that are
easily synthesized and purified. They are not necessarily dependent
upon the genetic stability or growth properties of microorganisms
for their production. The methods and compositions of the present
invention employ an array of different antibiotic compounds which
are shown to have particular effectiveness in inhibiting the growth
of or killing fungal cells. The compositions of the invention are
effective in controlling the growth of fungi, and yet demonstrate a
high degree of specificity to the target fungi, low toxicity and
controlled persistence in the environment. Using the preferred
methods it is possible to produce and identify desirable antifungal
agents for use in paints and coatings in a much shorter time, and
with a considerably higher-probability of success, than screening
natural isolates for antifungal peptides. Since the preferred
methods of production can control the chemical nature of the
antifungal agents thus produced, synthesis and purification (if
needed) of the peptides is much less problematic (e.g., cysteine is
eliminated, which amino acid's free sulfhydryl groups can cause
unwanted cross linking). Thus, in some embodiments, the paint
compositions of the present invention comprise peptides of
precisely known chemical structure and characteristics. The use of
D-amino acids increases the stability of certain of these compounds
by being insensitive to common biological degradation pathways that
degrade L-amino acid peptides. For instance, L-amino acid peptides
may be stabilized by addition of D-amino acids at one or both of
the peptide termini. However, biochemical pathways are available
which will degrade even D-amino acids in these peptides so that
long-term environmental persistence is not a problem. Of course,
where the compositions of the invention act rapidly or need not
otherwise be stabilized, L-amino acids or mixtures of L- and
D-amino acids may be useful. Unlike antifungal agents which only
work as one or another stereoisomer, the compositions of the
invention work well as either one or another stereoisomer or as a
mixed stereoisomeric composition. Research leading to the current
invention evaluated SPCLs for activity against fungal pathogens,
including pathogens of plants as well as those of animals. The
library was composed of 52,128,400 six-residue peptides, each
peptide being composed of D-amino acids and having non-acetylated
N-termini and amidated C-termini. However, it is not necessary for
a peptide composition of demonstrable antibiotic activity to be
completely defined as to each residue. In fact, in certain
instances, especially where the peptide compositions of the
invention are being used to treat an array of fungal target
organisms each with a different causative agent, mixed peptide
compositions will be preferred. This is also likely to be the case
where there is a desire to treat a fungal target with lower
concentrations of numerous antifungal additives rather than a
higher concentration of a single chemical composition. In other
instances where, for instance, due to the increased cost of testing
or producing a completely defined peptide antibiotic is
prohibitive, the mixed peptide compositions of the invention having
one or more variable amino acid residues may be preferred. In other
instances, it may be possible to use peptide antibiotic
compositions in coatings that have not been purified, that have not
had their side chains de-blocked, and/or have not been cleared from
the synthetic resin used to anchor the growing amino acid chains.
Thus, antibiotic compositions comprising equimolar mixture of
peptides produced in a synthetic peptide combinatorial library
utilizing the methods of the invention have been derived and shown
to have desirable antibiotic activity. In certain embodiments,
these relatively variable compositions are specifically those based
upon the sequences of one or more of the peptides disclosed in any
of the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,602,097; and 5,885,782.
[0027] The antibiotic compositions of the invention may also
comprise a carrier. In certain instances, the carrier will be one
suitable for permanent surface coating applications. In other
instances, the carrier will be one suitable for use in applying the
antibiotic compositions in semi-permanent or temporary coatings. In
either instance, the carrier selected should preferably be a
carrier whose chemical and/or physical characteristics do not
significantly interfere with the antibiotic activity of the peptide
composition. It is known, for instance that certain microsphere
carriers may be effectively utilized with proteinaceous
compositions in order to deliver these compositions to a site of
preferred activity such as onto a surface. Liposomes may be
similarly utilized to deliver labile antibiotics. Saline solutions,
coating-acceptable buffers and solvents and the like may also be
utilized as carriers for the peptide compositions of the invention.
Those peptides have been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of
fungal cells from at least the Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Ceratocystis,
Pythium, Mycosphaerella and Candida species, and are believed to be
active against additional genera, including at least some of those
that are capable of infesting building materials and other
inanimate objects.
[0028] Similarly, processes for inhibiting growth of fungal cells
comprise contacting the fungal cell with a paint or coating
composition comprising at least one peptide. Using the techniques
of the invention, selected pathogenic fungi, some pathogens of
plants and others pathogens of animals, have been tested. The
processes of the invention have, therefore, been specifically shown
to be effective where the fungal cell is a fungal cell selected
from the group of fungi consisting of Fusarium and Aspergillus. The
processes of the invention are applied to fungal cells of a
pathogen of an animal, such as a human. A method for selecting
antibiotic compositions is also described. The method comprises
first creating a synthetic peptide combinatorial library as
described herein. Next, as further described in detail herein, a
step of contacting a battery of fungal cells with aliquots of the
synthetic peptide combinatorial library, each of which aliquots
represents an equimolar mixture of peptides in which at least the
two C-terminal amino acid residues are known and which residues are
in common for each peptide in said mixture is accomplished. After
allowing an appropriate period for growth, a next step is
accomplished in which the growth of the battery of fungal cells as
compared to untreated control cells is measured. Lastly, a
determination is made of which of the aliquots most reduces the
growth of fungal cells in a coating overall in the battery of
fungal cells. Of course, the same method may be carried out in
which each of the aliquots represents an equimolar mixture of
peptides in which at least three, four, five or more C-terminal
amino acid residues are known (depending upon the overall length of
the ultimate peptide in the SPCL). Typically, such increasingly
defined aliquots will be sequentially tested in order to select the
succeeding best candidate peptides for testing. Thus, an additional
step in the method entails utilizing the determination of which of
the aliquots reduces the growth of fungal cells in a coating
overall in said battery of fungal cells to select which aliquots to
next test of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library where at
least one additional C-terminal amino acid residue is known.
[0029] A method of treating or preventing growth of a fungus on a
susceptible surface is also disclosed. These and other objects,
features and advantages of the present invention will be readily
apparent to one skilled in the art from the following detailed
description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0030] The following detailed description, specific examples and
claims, while indicating the preferred embodiments of the
invention, are given by way of illustration only and are considered
representative of other embodiments. Accordingly, it will be
readily apparent to one skilled in the art from this detailed
description and the claims which follow that various changes,
substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention
disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the
invention.
[0031] Paints and other conventional protective or decorative
coating materials typically contain polymeric substances such as
casein, acrylic, polyvinyl and carbon polymers (e.g., binders)
which can serve as nutrients for fungal cells. As discussed above
in the Background of the Invention, not only can these nutrient
substances support the growth of fungus on paint films or coated
surfaces, fungus can also grow inside cans of liquid paints and
coating compositions during storage. It was, therefore, an
unexpected discovery that certain synthetic peptides, when added to
a range of conventional paint and coating materials, render those
compositions resistant to fungal infestation and growth. It was
also surprising to find that such additives worked alone or in
conjunction with existing biocides in a coating.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Antifungal Peptide Additives for a Coating Composition
[0032] A group of preferred antifungal peptides that have either
demonstrated activity as additives for coating mixtures, or that
are expected to demonstrate such activity, are disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,020,312 (Edwards); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 (Edwards);
and U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,097 (Edwards), the disclosures of which are
hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
Preferred sequences that will be employed include one or more of
SEQ ID Nos. 1-47, preferably SEQ ID Nos. 25-47. These and other
peptides with antifungal activity are identified using methods and
testing protocols like those described in the above-referenced
patents. Additional peptides that are expected to demonstrate the
desired activity in coatings are listed in Table I. The screening
method generally includes:
[0033] (a) creating a synthetic peptide combinatorial library using
known methods and materials;
[0034] (b) testing a battery of fungal cells that are known to, or
suspected of, infesting a building material or other object having
a fungus-infestation susceptible surface with aliquots of the
synthetic peptide library, wherein each aliquot comprises an
equimolar mixture of peptides in which at least one of the
C-terminal amino acid residues are known and which residues are in
common for each peptide in the mixture;
[0035] (c) admixing said aliquots with a coating typically used on
such building material and coating a surface with the
admixture;
[0036] (d) allowing an appropriate period of time for growth of the
fungal cell under suitable culture conditions;
[0037] (e) comparing the growth of the treated fungal cells with
untreated control cells;
[0038] (f) identifying which of the aliquots reduced the growth of
the fungal cells; and, optionally, assessing the relative growth
inhibitory activity of each aliquot compared to that of other
aliquots (e.g., comparing IC.sub.50 data).
1TABLE 1 Seq. Name Source ID Activity Reference Synthetic 1 Fungi
U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 2 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 3 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 4 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 5 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 6 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 7 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 8 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 9 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 10 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 11 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 12 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 13 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 14 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 15 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 16 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 17 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 18 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 19 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 20 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 21 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 22 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 23 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 24 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 25 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 26 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 27 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 28 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 29 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 30 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 31 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 32 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 33 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 34 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 35 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 36 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 37 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 38 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 39 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 40 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 41 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 42 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 43 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 44 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Synthetic 45 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 46 Fungi U.S.
Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 47 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782
Tachystatin A Horseshoe Crab 48 Gram+ & Gram-, Fujitani (2002)
Fungi Androctonin Androctonus 49 Gram+ & Gram-, Mandard (1999)
Australis Fungi Tritrpticin Synthetic 50 Gram+ & Gram-, Schibli
(1999) Fungi HNP-3 Defensin Human 51 Gram+ & Gram-, Hill (1991)
Virus, Fungi Anti-fungal protein 1 Phytolacca 52 Fungi Gao (2001)
(pafp-s) Americana Magainin 2 Synthetic construct 53 Gram+ &
Gram-, Hara (2001) Fungi Indolicidin Bos Taurus 54 Gram+ &
Gram-, Rozek (2000) Virus, Fungi Defensin heliomicin Heliothis
virescens 55 Fungi Lamberty (2001) Defensin heliomicin Heliothis
virescens 56 Gram+ & Gram-, Lamberty (2001) Fungi Sativum
defensin 1 Seed of Pea 57 Fungi Almeida (2002) (psd1) Gomesin
Synthetic 58 Gram+ & Gram-, Mandard (2002) Fungi, Mammalian
cells Lactoferricin B Bovine 59 Gram+ & Gram-, Hwang (1998)
Virus, Fungi, Cancer cells PW2 Synthetic 60 Fungi Tinoco (2002)
Hepcidin 20 Human 61 Fungi Hunter (2002) Hepcidin 25 Human 62 Fungi
Hunter (2002) AC-AMP2 Amaranthus 63 Gram+, Fungi Martins (1996)
caudatus NK-Lysin Sus scrofa 64 Gram+ & Gram-, Liepinsh (1997)
Fungi Magainin 2 African clawed frog 65 Gram+ & Gram-, Gesell
(1997) Fungi, cancer cells Melittin B Honey bee venom 66 Gram+
& Gram-, Eisenberg Fungi, Mammalian cells Thanatin Podisus 67
Gram+ & Gram-, Mandard (1998) maculiventris Fungi Antimicrobial
Common ice plant 68 Gram+ & Gram-, Michalowski (1998) peptide 1
Fungi Melanotropin alpha Bovine 69 Gram+, Fungi Cutuli (2000)
(Alpha-MSH) CORTICOSTATIN Rabbit 70 Gram+ & Gram-, Selsted
(1988) III (MCP-1) Virus, Fungi CORTICOSTATIN Rabbit 71 Gram+ &
Gram-, Selsted (1988) III (MCP-1) Virus, Fungi Cecropin B Chinese
oak silk 72 Gram+ & Gram-, Qu (1982) moth Fungi Seminalplasmin
Bovine 73 Gram+ & Gram-, Theil (1983) Fungi, Mammalian cells
NP-3A defensin Rabbit 74 Gram+ & Gram-, Zhu (1992) Virus, Fungi
HNP-1 Defensin Human 75 Gram+ & Gram-, Zhang (1992) Virus,
Fungi HNP-2 Defensin Human 76 Gram+ & Gram-, Selsted (1989)
Virus, Fungi HNP-4 Defensin Human 77 Gram+ & Gram-, Wilde
(1989) Fungi Histatin 5 Human 78 Gram+ & Gram-, Raj (1998)
Fungi Histatin 3 Human 79 Gram+ & Gram-, Oppenheim (1988) Fungi
Histatin 8 80 Gram+ & Gram-, Yin (2003) Fungi Tracheal Bovine
81 Gram+ & Gram-, Zimmermann (1995) antimicrobial peptide Fungi
AMP1 (MJ-AMP1) Garden four-o'clock 82 Gram+, Fungi Cammue (1992)
AMP2 (MJ-AMP2) Garden four-o'clock 83 Gram+, Fungi Cammue (1992)
MBP-1 Maize 84 Gram+ & Gram-, Duvick (1992) Fungi AFP2 Rape 85
Fungi Terras (1993) AFP1 Turnip 86 Fungi Terras (1993) AFP2 Turnip
87 Fungi Terras (1993) ADENOREGULIN Two coloured leaf 88 Gram+
& Gram-, Mor (1994) frong Fungi Protegrin 2 Pig 89 Gram+ &
Gram-, Kokryakov (1993) Virus, Fungi Protegrin 3 Pig 90 Gram+ &
Gram-, Kokryakov (1993) Virus, Fungi Histatin 1 Crab eating 91
Gram+ & Gram-, Xu (1990) macaque Fungi Peptide PGQ African
clawed frog 92 Gram+ & Gram-, Moore (1991) Fungi Ranalexin Bull
frog 93 Gram+ & Gram-, Halverson (2000) Fungi GNCP-2 Guinea pig
94 Gram+ & Gram-, Nagaoka (1991) Virus, Fungi Protegrin 4 Pig
95 Gram+ & Gram-, Zhao (1994) Virus, Fungi Protegrin 5 Pig 96
Gram+ & Gram-, Zhao (1995) Virus, Fungi BMAP-27 Bovine 97 Gram+
& Gram-, Skerlavaj (1996) Fungi BMAP-28 Bovine 98 Gram+ &
Gram-, Skerlavaj (1996) Fungi Buforin I Asian toad 99 Gram+ &
Gram-, Park (1996) Fungi Buforin II Asian toad 100 Gram+ &
Gram-, Yi (1996) Fungi BMAP-34 Bovine 101 Gram+ & Gram-,
Scocchi (1997) Fungi Tricholongin Trichoderma 102 Gram+ &
Gram-, Rebuffat (1991) longibrachiatum Fungi Dermaseptin 1
Sauvage's leaf frog 103 Gram+ & Gram-, Mor (1994) Fungi
Pseudo-hevein Para rubber tree 104 Fungi Soedjanaatmadja (Minor
hevin) (1994) Gaegurin-1 Wrinkled frog 105 Gram+ & Gram-, Park
(1994) Fungi Skin peptide Two-colored leaf frog 106 Gram+ &
Gram-, Mor (1994) tyrosine-tyrosine Fungi Penaeidin-1 Penoeid
shrimp 107 Gram+ & Gram-, Destoumieux (2000) Fungi Neutrophil
defensin Golden hamster 108 Gram+, Fungi Mak (1996) 1 (HANP-1)
Neutrophil defensin Golden hamster 109 Gram+, Fungi Mak (1996) 3
(HANP-3) Misgurin Oriental weatherfish 110 Gram+ & Gram-, Park
(1997) Fungi PN-AMP Japenese morning 111 Gram+, Fungi Koo (1998)
glory Histone H2B-1 Rainbow trout 112 Gram+ & Gram-, Robinette
(1998) (HLP-1) (Fragment) Fungi Histone H2b-3 Rainbow trout 113
Fungi Robinette (1998) (HLP-3) (Fragment) Neutrophil defensin
Rhesus macaque 114 Gram+ & Gram-, Tang (1999) 2 (RMAD-2) Fungi
Termicin Pseudacanthotermes 115 Gram+, Fungi Lamberty (2001)
spiniger Spingerin Pseudacanthotermes 116 Gram+ & Gram-,
Lamberty (2001) spiniger Fungi Aurein 1.1 Southern bell frog 117
Gram+ & Gram-, Rozek (2000) Fungi Ponericin G! Ponerine ant 118
Gram+ & Gram-, Orivel (2001) Fungi Brevinin-1BB Rio Grande
leopard 119 Gram+ & Gram-, Goraya (2000) frog Fungi
Ranalexin-1CB Gree frog 120 Gram+ & Gram-, Halverson (2000)
Fungi Ranatuerin-2CA Green frog 121 Gram+ & Gram-, Halverson
(2000) Fungi Ranatuerin-2CB Green frog 122 Gram+ & Gram-,
Halverson (2000) Fungi Ginkbilobin Ginkgo 123 Gram+ & Gram-,
Wang (2000) Virus, Fungi Alpha-basrubrin Malabar spinach 124 Virus,
Fungi Wang (2001) (Fragment) Pseudin 1 Paradoxical frog 125 Gram+
& Gram-, Olson (2001) Fungi Parabutoporin Scorpion 126 Gram+
& Gram-, Moerman (2002) Fungi, Mammalian cells Opistoporin 1
African yellow leg 127 Gram+ & Gram-, Moerman (2002) scorpion
Fungi, Mammalian cells Opistoporin 2 African yellow leg 128 Gram+
& Gram-, Moerman (2002) scorpion Fungi, Mammalian cells Histone
H2A Rainbow trout 129 Gram+, Fungi Fernandes (2002) (fragment)
Dolabellanin B2 Sea hare 130 Gram+ & Gram-, Iijima (2002) Fungi
Cecropin A Nocutuid moth 131 Gram+ & Gram-, Bulet (2002) Fungi
HNP-5 Defensin Human 132 Gram+ & Gram-, Jones (1992) Fungi
HNP-6 Defensin Human 133 Gram+ & Gram-, Jones (1993) Fungi
Holotricin 3 Holotrichia 134 Fungi Lee (1995) diomphalia Lingual
antimicrobial Bovine 135 Gram+ & Gram-, Schonwetter (1995)
peptide Fungi RatNP-3 Rat 136 Gram+ & Gram-, Yount (1995)
Virus, Fungi GNCP-1 Guinea pig 137 Gram+ & Gram-, Nagaoka
(1993) Virus, Fungi Penaeidin-4a Penoeid shrimp 138 Gram+ &
Gram-, Destoumieux (2000) Fungi Hexapeptide Bovine 139 Gram+ &
Gram-, Vogle (2002) Virus, Fungi, Cancer cells P-18 140 Gram+ &
Gram-, Lee (2002) Fungi, Cancer cells MUC7 20-Mer Human 141 Gram+
& Gram-, Bobek (2003) Fungi Nigrocin 2 Rana nigromaculata 142
Gram+ & Gram-, Park (2001) Fungi Nigrocin 1 Rana nigromaculata
143 Gram+ & Gram-, Park (2001) Fungi Lactoferrin (Lf) 144 Fungi
Ueta (2001) peptide 2 lb-AMP3 Impatiens balsamina 145 Gram+, Fungi
Ravi (1997) lb-AMP4 Impatiens balsamina 146 Gram+ Fungi Ravi (1997)
Dhvar4 Synthesis 147 Gram+ & Gram-, Ruissen (2002) Fungi Dhvar5
Synthesis 148 Gram+ & Gram-, Ruissen (2002) Fungi Synthetic 149
Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 150 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207
Synthetic 151 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 152 Fungi U.S.
App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 153 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic
154 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 155 Fungi U.S. App.
10/601,207 Synthetic 156 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 157
Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 158 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207
Synthetic 159 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 160 Fungi U.S.
App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 161 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic
162 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 163 Fungi U.S. App.
10/601,207 Synthetic 164 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 165
Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 166 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207
Synthetic 167 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 168 Fungi U.S.
App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 169 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic
170 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 171 Fungi U.S. App.
10/601,207 Synthetic 172 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 173
Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 174 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207
Synthetic 175 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 176 Fungi U.S.
App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 177 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic
178 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 179 Fungi U.S. App.
10/601,207 Synthetic 180 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 181
Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 182 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207
Synthetic 183 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 184 Fungi U.S.
App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 185 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic
186 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 187 Fungi U.S. App.
10/601,207 Synthetic 188 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 189
Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 190 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207
Synthetic 191 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 192 Fungi U.S.
App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 193 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic
194 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 195 Fungi U.S. App.
10/601,207 Synthetic 196 Fungi U.S. App. 10/601,207 Synthetic 197
Gram+ & Gram-, U.S. App. 10/601,207 Fungi Synthetic 198 Gram+
& Gram-, U.S. App. 10/601,207 Fungi Synthetic 199 Gram+ &
Gram-, U.S. App. 10/601,207 Fungi
[0039] In the above-referenced U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,885,782;
and 5,602,097 an iterative process was used to identify active
peptide sequences with broad spectrum antifungal activity. A
representative method employs a hexapeptide library with the first
two amino acids in each peptide chain individually and specifically
defined and with the last four amino acids consisting of equimolar
mixtures of 20 amino acids. Four hundred (400) (20.sup.2) different
peptide mixtures each consisting of 130,321 (19.sup.4)(cysteine was
eliminated) individual hexamers were evaluated. In such a peptide
mixture, the final concentration for each peptide was 9.38 ng/ml,
in a mixture composed of 1.5 mg (peptide mix)/ml solution. This
mixture profile assumed that an average peptide has a molecular
weight of 785. This concentration was sufficient to permit testing
for antifungal activity. Both D- and L-amino acid containing
peptides may be constructed and tested to identify peptide
compositions that can inhibit or kill fungi that can grow on the
surfaces of inanimate objects. Peptide compositions comprising
substantially homogeneous peptide compositions, as well as mixtures
of peptides derived from amino acids that are between 3 to 25
residues in length (a length readily accomplished using standard
peptide synthesis procedures), especially six residues in length,
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,885,782; and
5,602,097. A preferred antifungal peptide that inhibits or kills
one or more fungus that infests and grows on the surfaces of
inanimate objects is a hexapeptide having the amino acid sequence
Phe Arg Leu Lys Phe His (SEQ ID No. 41).
[0040] Homogeneous peptide compositions are chiefly composed of a
single active peptide species of a well-defined sequence. Minor
amounts (less than 20% by moles) of impurities may coexist with the
peptide in these compositions so long as they do not interfere with
the growth inhibitory properties of the active peptide(s). Target
fungi include but are not limited to those fungi that can infest
indoor and outdoor structures and building materials causing
defacement (e.g., deterioration or discoloration), odor,
environment hazards, and other undesirable effects. Alternatively
to using one or more isolated antifungal peptides as the antifungal
peptidic agent, the agent may instead be a peptide library aliquot
containing a mixture of peptides in which at least two (and
preferably three or four) of the N-terminal amino acid residues are
known. If the peptidic agent is a mixture of peptides, at least one
will have antifungal activity. As will be apparent in examples
which follow, for ease of production and lower cost, in many
instances it will be preferred to use a peptide library aliquot
that contains at least one antifungal peptide, preferably the
hexapeptide of SEQ ID No. 41, but is impure to the extent that it
may also include peptides of unknown exact sequence which may or
may not have antifungal activity. In addition, the peptide or
peptide library may be one that has side chains blocked, is
attached to the synthetic resin or both blocked and attached.
Example 2
Identifying Antifungal Peptides that Inhibit Target Organisms
[0041] The testing methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312;
5,885,782; and 5,602,097 may be employed to screen the peptide
library for antifungal activity against a wide variety of fungus
genera and species. Preferably the methods are modified to screen
against fungal organisms that are known to, or suspected of,
infesting construction materials or other vulnerable materials and
surfaces. More preferably, fungal cells used for screening the
peptide library include members of the genera Stachybotrys
(especially Stachybotrys chartarum), Aspergillus species (sp.),
Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria dianthicola,
Aureobasidium pullulans (aka Pullularia pullulans), Phoma
pigmentivora and Cladosporium sp. Cell culture conditions may also
be modified appropriately to provide favorable growth and
proliferation conditions, as is within the capability of one of
ordinary skill in the art. The above-mentioned methods will be used
to identify peptides or groups of peptides that demonstrate
broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Similar methods will be used to
identify particular peptides or groups of peptides that target
specific fungus genera or species. Alternatively, but less
preferred, any other suitable peptide/polypeptide/protein screening
method could be used instead to identify antifungal peptide
candidates for testing as active antifungal agents in paints and
other coating materials.
[0042] It is known that certain of the peptides of particular
usefulness in the coatings of the invention, as disclosed in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,602,097; and 8,885,782, exhibit variable
abilities to inhibit fungal growth as adjudged by the minimal
inhibitory concentrations (MIC mg/ml) and/or the concentrations
necessary to inhibit growth of fifty percent of a population of
fungal spores (IC50 mg/ml). MICs may range depending upon peptide
additive and target organism from about 3 to about 300 mg/ml, while
IC50's may range depending upon peptide additive and target
organisms from about 2 to about 100 mg/ml. Target organisms
susceptible to these amounts include Fusarium oxysporum, Fusariam
Sambucinum, Rhizoctonia Solani, Ceratocystis Fagacearum, Pphiostoma
ulmi, Pythium ultimum, Magaporthe Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus
fumigatus, and Aspergillus Parasiticus.
[0043] The mode of action of antifungal peptides, polypeptides and
proteins, by which they exert their inhibitory or fungicidal
effects, can be varied. For instance, certain peptides may operate
to destabilize fungal cell membranes, while the modes of action of
others could include disruptions of macromolecular synthesis or
metabolism. While the modes of action of some known antifungal
peptides have been determined (see, e.g., Fiedler, H. P., et al.
1982. Nikomycins: microbial inhibitors of chitin synthase. J. Chem.
Technol. Biotechnol. 32:271-280; Isono, K. and S. Suzuki. 1979. The
polyoxins: pyrimidine nucleoside peptide antibiotics inhibiting
fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Heterocycles 13:333-351), mechanisms
which explain their modes of action and specificity have typically
not yet been determined. Initial studies to elucidate antifungal
mode of action of peptides involves a physical examination of
mycelia and cells to determine if the peptides can perturb membrane
functions responsible for osmotic balance, as has been observed for
other peptides (Zasloff, M. 1987. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
84:5449-5453). Disruption of appressorium formation may also be the
mechanism by which some peptides inhibit fungal growth (see e.g.,
published U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/601,207, expressly
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For the purposes
of preparing and using antifungal peptides, polypeptides and/or
proteins as active antifungal agents in paints and other coating
compositions, it is not necessary to understand the mechanism by
which the desired antifungal effect is exerted on fungus cells.
Example 3
Varying the Amino Acid Sequence of Antifungal Peptides
[0044] For the purposes of preparing antifungal paints and other
coating compositions containing antifungal peptidic agents, it
should be appreciated that it is not necessary for the amino acid
sequence of a peptide having demonstrable antifungal activity to be
completely defined. In certain situations, especially where an
antifungal peptide is being used to target an array of fungal
genera or species, mixed peptide additives may be preferable. This
is also likely to be the case where there is a desire to treat or
prevent infestation by a particular species of fungus using lower
concentrations of numerous antifungal peptides rather than a higher
concentration of a single peptide. In other situations where, for
instance, due to the increased cost of testing or producing a
completely defined peptide antifungal peptide is prohibitive, the
mixed peptide compositions having one or more variable amino acid
residues may be preferred. Similarly, it may be preferable to leave
synthetic peptides of the invention blocked and/or covalently
attached to the synthetic resin so long as sufficient antifungal
activity is exhibited in the coating. Thus, antifungal additive
compositions comprising equimolar mixtures of peptides produced in
a synthetic peptide combinatorial library utilizing the methods
described herein and/or in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312, 5,885,782, or
5,602,097 may be employed as antifungal agents in paints, coatings
and films.
[0045] The antifungal peptide additives for the coatings of the
invention may be constructed using a variety of amino acid
precursors. Of course, the peptides may be homogenous compositions
containing only D-, L- or cyclic (non-racemic) amino acids. The
chemical structure of such amino acids (which term is used herein
to include imino acids), regardless of stereoisomeric
configuration, may be based upon that of the nineteen or twenty
naturally-occurring amino acids: alanine (Ala; A), arginine (Arg;
R), asparagine (Asn; N), aspartate (Asp; D), glutamine (Gln; Q),
glutamate (Glu; E), glycine (Gly; G), histidine (His; H),
isoleucine (lle; I), leucine (Leu; L), lysine (Lys; K), methionine
(Met; M), proline (Pro; P), phenylalanine (Phe; F), serine (Ser;
S), threonine (Thr; T), tryptophan (Trp; W), tyrosine (Tyr; Y), and
valine (Val; V). Cysteine (Cys; C) is preferably excluded to
prevent disulfide linkage problems in the products. The
compositions of the invention may also be non-homogenous,
containing for instance both D-, L- and/or cyclic amino acids. The
peptide compositions may also contain amino acids which are other
than the naturally-occurring amino acids (e.g., norleucine), as are
known to those of skill in the art. The peptides may also be
constructed as retroinversopeptidomimetics of any of the peptides
shown to be active in either the D- or L-configurations. It is
known, for instance, that the retroinversopeptidomimetic of SEQ ID
No. (41) is inhibitory (albeit less so than either the D- or
L-configurations) against certain household fungi such as Fusarium
and Aspergillus (Guichard, 1994).
[0046] Preferred antifungal paints and coatings will comprise one
or more of the peptides disclosed in SEQ ID Nos. 1-199, more
preferably SEQ ID Nos. 1-47. These sequences establish a number of
precise chemical compositions which have been shown to have
antifungal activity against a spectrum of fungi, but which were not
previously known to be useful for treating and/or protecting
building materials and other non-living objects from infestation by
fungi. A highly preferred antifungal peptide is the hexapeptide of
SEQ ID No. 41.
[0047] In certain instances, the peptides will have completely
defined sequences. In other instances, the sequence of the
antifungal peptide will be defined for only certain of the
C-terminal amino acid residues leaving the remaining amino acid
residues defined as equimolar ratios. For example, certain of the
peptides of SEQ ID Nos. 1-199 have somewhat variable amino acid
compositions. Thus, in each aliquot of the SPCL containing a given
SEQ ID Nos. having a variable residue, the variable residues will
each be uniformly represented in equimolar amounts by one of
nineteen different naturally-occurring amino acids in one or the
other stereoisomeric form. However, the variable residues may be
rapidly defined using the method described in one or more of U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,602, 097; and 5,885,782 to identify peptides
that possess activity for controlling fungal growth. In the cited
patents it was demonstrated that peptides encompassed by the
C-terminal sequence "XXXXRF" (SEQ ID No. 1) exhibited antifungal
activity for a wide spectrum of fungi. For ease of reference,
peptides herein are written in the C-terminal to N-terminal
direction to denote the sequence of synthesis. However, the
conventional N-terminal to C-terminal manner of reporting amino
acid sequences is utilized in the Sequence Listings. This
relatively variable composition, therefore, is described as an
antifungal peptide even though it is likely that not every peptide
encompassed by that general sequence will possess the same or any
antifungal activity.
[0048] In the next round of identification of antifungal peptides
encompassed by the general sequence "XXXXRF" (SEQ ID No. 1) parent
composition of known antifungal activity, "XXXLRF" (SEQ ID No. 9)
peptides mixtures were found to exhibit significant antibiotic
activity (also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,602, 097;
and 5,885,782). Similarly to the parent composition "XXXXRF" (SEQ
ID No. 1), the "XXXLRF" (SEQ ID No. 9) peptides will have a mixed
equimolar array of peptides representing the same nineteen amino
acid residues, some of which may have antifungal activity and some
of which may not have such activity. Overall, however, the "XXXLRF"
(SEQ ID No. 9) peptide composition is itself an antifungal agent.
This process is carried out to the point where completely defined
peptides are produced and tested for their antifungal activity, as
described in Example 2 or using any suitable method that would be
known to one of skill in the art. As a result, and as was
accomplished for the representative peptide "FHLRF" (SEQ ID No.
31), all amino acid residues in a six residue peptide will be
known.
[0049] It will be recognized by those of skill in the art that the
peptides to be employed as antifungal agents for paints, coatings
and other compositions, once selected, may be modified to contain
functionally equivalent amino acid substitutions and yet retain the
same or similar antifungal characteristics. The importance of the
hydropathic index of amino acids in conferring biological function
on a protein has been discussed generally by Kyte and Doolittle, J.
Mol. Biol., 157:105-132, 1982. It is well known that certain amino
acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar
hydropathic index or score and still retain similar if not
identical biological activity. As displayed in Table 2 below, amino
acids are assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of their
hydrophobicity and charge characteristics. It is believed that the
relative hydropathic character of the amino acid determines the
secondary structure of the resultant protein, which in turn defines
the interaction of the protein with the substrate molecule.
Similarly, in peptides whose secondary structure is not a principal
aspect of the interaction of the peptide, position within the
peptide and the characteristic of the amino acid residue determine
the interactions the peptide has in a biological system. It is
proposed that biological functional equivalence may typically be
maintained where amino acids having no more than a +/-1 to 2
difference in the index value, and more preferably within a +/-1
difference, are exchanged.
2 TABLE 2 AMINO ACID HYDROPATHIC INDEX Isoleucine 4.5 Valine 4.2
Leucine 3.8 Phenylalanine 2.8 Cysteine/Cystine 2.5 Methionine 1.9
Alanine 1.8 Glycine -0.4 Threonine -0.7 Tryptophan -0.9 Serine -0.8
Tyrosine -1.3 Proline -1.6 Histidine -3.2 Glutamic Acid -3.5
Glutamine -3.5 Aspartic Acid -3.5 Asparagine -3.5 Lysine -3.9
Arginine -4.5
[0050] Thus, it is expected that isoleucine, for example, which has
a hydropathic index of +4.5, can be substituted for valine (+4.2)
or leucine (+3.8), and still obtain a protein having similar
biologic activity. Alternatively, at the other end of the scale,
lysine (-3.9) can be substituted for arginine (-4.5), and so on.
Accordingly, these amino acid substitutions are generally based on
the relative similarity of R-group substituents, for example, in
terms of size, electrophilic character, charge, and the like. In
general, although these are not the only such substitutions, the
preferred substitutions which take various of the foregoing
characteristics into consideration include the following:
3 TABLE 3 Originally Screened Exemplary Residue Substitutions
alanine gly; ser arginine lys asparagine gln; his aspartate glu
cysteine ser glutamate asp glutamine asn glycine ala histidine asn;
gln isoleucine leu; val leucine ile; val lysine arg; gln; glu
methionine met; leu; tyr serine thr threonine ser tryptophan tyr
tyrosine trp; phe valine ile; leu
Example 4
Stabilized Antifungal Peptide Compositions
[0051] A variety of modifications can be made to the peptides as
long as antifungal activity is retained. Some modifications may be
used to increase the intrinsic antifungal potency of the peptide.
Other modifications may facilitate handling of the peptide. Peptide
functional groups that may typically be modified include hydroxyl,
amino, guanidinium, carboxyl, amide, phenol, imidazol rings or
sulfhydryl. Typical reactions of these groups include but are not
limited to acetylation of hydroxyl groups by alkyl halides.
Carboxyl groups may be esterified, amidated or reduced to alcohols.
Carbodiimides or other catalysts may be used to catalyze the
amidation of carboxyl groups. The amide groups of asparagine or
glutamine may be deamidated under acidic or basic conditions.
Acylation, alkylation, arylation or amidation reactions readily
occur with amino groups such as the primary amino group of the
peptide or the amino group of lysine residues. The phenolic group
of tyrosine can be halogenated or nitrated. Examples where
solubility of a peptide could be decreased include acylating
charged lysine residues or acetylating the carboxyl groups of
aspartic and glutamic acids. Techniques and materials that are
suitable for carrying out each of these modifications are well
known in the art and have been described in the literature.
[0052] Another way in which the antifungal activity of the peptides
may be stabilized in paints and other coatings and compositions is
by linking or conjugation to another molecule. Peptides may be
conjugated to soluble or insoluble carrier molecules to modify
their solubility properties as needed. Examples of soluble carrier
molecules include polymers of polyethyleneglycol and
polyvinylpyrrolidone. Alternatively, a peptide may be chemically
linked or tethered to an insoluble molecule. Examples of insoluble
polymers include sand or other silicates, and polystyrene,
cellulose and polyvinylchloride. Such polymers are often employed
in coatings. The molecular size of the conjugated polymer chosen
for conjugating with an antifungal peptide is preferably suited for
carrying out the desired additional function in the coating.
Techniques and materials for conjugating peptides to other
molecules are well known in the art and have been described in the
literature.
[0053] Still another way in which the antifungal activity may be
controlled or stabilized is by microencapsulating the peptides to
enhance their stability in liquid coating compositions and in the
final paint film or coat. For example, polyester microspheres may
be used to encapsulate and stabilize the peptides in a paint
composition during storage, or to provide for prolonged, gradual
release of the peptide after it is dispersed in a paint film
covering a surface that is vulnerable to attachment and growth of
fungal cells or spores. Any suitable microencapsulation technique
as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be
employed. Such encapsulation may enhance, or confer a particulate
nature to, one or more antifungal peptide. The encapsulating
membrane may provide protection to the peptide from peptidases,
proteases, and other peptide bond or side chain modifying
substances, it may serve to increase the average particle size of
the antifungal peptidic agent to a desired range, and it may allow
controlled release of the peptide(s) from the encapsulating
material, alter surface charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity,
solubility and/or dispersability of the particulate material, or
any combination of those functions. Examples of microencapsulation
(e.g., microsphere) compositions and techniques are described in
Wang, H. T. et al., J. of Controlled Release 17:23-25, 1991; and
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,324,683; 4,839,046; 4,988,623; 5,026,650;
5,153,131; 6,485,983; 5,627,021 and 6,020,312). Other
microencapsulation methods which may be employed are those
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,827,531; 6,103,271; and
6,387,399.
Example 5
Large-scale Production of Antifungal Peptides
[0054] An antifungal peptide sequence identified as described above
may be grown in bacterial, insect, or other suitable cells
employing techniques and materials that are well known in the art,
except DNA encoding the antifungal peptides described herein will
be used instead of a previous DNA sequence. For example, an
expression vector will include a DNA sequence encoding SEQ ID No. 1
in the correct orientation and reading frame with respect to the
promoter sequence to allow translation of the DNA encoding the SEQ
ID No. 1. Examples of the cloning and expression of an exemplary
gene and DNAs are known. Either batch culture production methods or
continuous fed-batch culture methods may be employed to produce
commercial-scale quantities of antifungal peptides.
Example 6
Antifungal Additives Isolated from Microorganisms
[0055] Although synthetically obtained antifungal peptidic agents
(i.e., peptides, polypeptides and proteins) that are identified and
produced as described above are highly preferred, it is also
possible to employ suitable naturally occurring antifungal peptidic
agents, and microbes that produce such agents, as additives in
paints and other coatings. A number of such naturally occurring
peptide additives are listed in Table 1. A drawback to this is the
time-consuming process of searching for naturally produced
antifungal agents with very low-probability of success. The use of
natural antifungal products isolated in commercial quantity from
microorganisms is also limited in usefulness due in large part to
purification problems. Large-scale cell culture of the antifungal
agent-producing microorganism is required for the purification of
the antifungal product. In many instances, the cultural isolate
responsible for the production of the antifungal agent is not an
isolate which is easily batch-cultured or it is entirely incapable
of batch culturing. Furthermore, complicated purification
strategies are often required to purify the active product to a
reasonable level of homogeneity. A substantial disadvantage to the
use of naturally derived antifungal agents is the potential for
co-purification of unwanted microbial byproducts, especially
byproducts which are undesirably toxic. In many cases, these
factors lead to high production costs and make large-scale
isolation of antifungal products from natural isolates impractical.
Purifications may be even more difficult where racemized mixtures
are possible where only a single stereoisomer is active, or where
disulfide linkages are possible between peptide monomers. Even when
desirable naturally occurring antifungal proteins or polypeptides
are isolated, for example, and their amino acid sequences at least
partially identified, synthesis of the native molecule, or portions
thereof, may be problematic due to the need for specific disulfide
bond formation, high histidine requirements, and so forth.
Nonetheless, natural sources provide additional sequences to be
explored as coating additives.
Example 7
Coating Formulations Containing Antifungal Peptide Additives
[0056] One or more of the antifungal peptides or peptide
compositions, prepared as described in any of the foregoing
examples, is mixed with a base paint or other coating, which may be
any suitable commercially available product, a wide variety of
which are well known in the art. Preferably the base composition is
free of chemicals and other additives that are toxic to humans or
animals, and/or that fail to comply with applicable environmental
safety rules or guidelines. In some instances, it may be preferred
to custom blend a paint or coating mixture using any combination of
various naturally-occurring and synthetic components and additives
that are known in the art and are also described in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/655,345 filed Sep. 4, 2003 or U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/792,516 filed on Mar. 3, 2004, which are
hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
[0057] Coating components generally include a binder, a liquid
component, a colorizing agent, one or more additive, or a
combination of any of those. A coating typically comprises a
material often referred to as a "binder," which is the primary
material in a coating capable of producing a film. In most
embodiments, a coating will comprise a liquid component (e.g., a
solvent, a diluent, a thinner), which often confers and/or alters
the coating's rheological properties (e.g., viscosity) to ease the
application of the coating to a surface. Usually a coating (e.g., a
paint) will comprise a colorizing agent (e.g., a pigment), which
usually functions to alter an optical property of a coating and/or
film. A coating will often comprise an additive, which is a
composition incorporated into a coating to (a) reduce and/or
prevent the development of a physical, chemical, and/or aesthetic
defect in the coating and/or film; (b) confer some additional
desired property to a coating and/or film; or (c) a combination
thereof. Examples of an additive include an accelerator, an
adhesion promoter, an antifloating agent, an antiflooding agent, an
antifoaming agent, an antioxidant, an antiskinning agent, a buffer,
a catalyst, a coalescing agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a defoamer,
a dehydrator, a dispersant, a drier, an electrical additive, an
emulsifier, a film-formation promoter, a fire retardant, a flow
control agent, a gloss aid, a leveling agent, a light stabilizer, a
marproofing agent, a matting agent, a neutralizing agent, a
preservative, a rheology modifier, a slip agent, a viscosity
control agent, a wetting agent, or a combination thereof. The
content for an individual coating additive in a coating generally
is 0.0001% to 20.0%, including all intermediate ranges and
combinations thereof. However, in many instances it is preferred if
the concentration of a single additive in a coating comprises
between 0.0001% and 10.0%, including all intermediate ranges and
combinations thereof.
[0058] Some of the usual types of components of paints and coatings
are summarized as follows:
[0059] Binders: oil-based (e.g., oils, alkyd resins, oleoresinous
binders, and fatty acid epoxy esters; polyester resins; modified
cellulose; polyamide; amidoamine; amino resins; urethanes; phenolic
resins; epoxy resins; polyhydroxyether; acrylic resins; polyvinyl
binders; rubber resins; bituminous; polysulfide and silicone.
[0060] Liquid Components: solvents; thinners; diluents;
plasticizers; and water (e.g., hydrocarbons; oxygenated solvents;
chlorinated hydrocarbons, nitrated hydrocarbons, other organic
liquids)
[0061] Colorants: pigments and dyes.
[0062] Additives: preservatives (e.g.,
biocides/bactericides/fungicides/al- gaecides); wetting agents;
buffers (e.g., ammonium bicarbonate, both monobasic and
dibasicphosphate buffers, Trizma base and zwitterionic buffers);
rheology modifiers; defoamers; catalysts (e.g., driers, acids,
bases, urethane catalysts); antiskinning agents; light stabilizers;
corrosion inhibitors; dehydrators; electrical additives; and
anti-insect additives.
[0063] Preservatives serve to reduce or prevent the deterioration
of a coating and/or film by a microorganism, by acting as a
biocide, which kills an organism, a biostatic, which reduces or
prevents the growth of an organism, or a combination of effects.
Examples of a biocide include, for example, a bactericide, a
fungicide, an algaecide, or a combination thereof.
[0064] A preferred paint or coating composition contains, as a
preservative, an antifungal peptidic agent (i.e., one or more
peptides, polypeptides or proteins), according to any of Examples
1-6. An antifungal peptidic agent may be used as a partial or
complete substitute ("replacement") for another fungicide and/or
fungistatic that is typically used in a fungus prone composition.
It is contemplated that 0.0001% to 100%, including all intermediate
ranges and combinations thereof, of a conventional antifungal
component in a coating formulation may be substituted by an
antifungal peptidic agent. In some formulations, the concentration
of antifungal peptidic agent may exceed 100%, by weight or volume,
of the non-peptidic antifungal component (fungicide or fungistat)
that is being replaced. A conventional non-peptidic antifungal
component may be replaced with an antifungal peptidic agent
equivalent to 0.001% to 500% (by weight, or by volume), including
all intermediate ranges and combinations thereof, of the
substituted antifungal component. For example, to produce a coating
with similar fungal resistance properties as a non-substituted
formulation, it may require that 20% (e.g., 0.2 kg) of a chemical
fungicide may be replaced by 10% (e.g., 0.1 kg) of an antifungal
peptidic agent. In another exemplary formulation, to produce a
coating with similar fungal resistance as a non-substituted
formulation, it may require replacing 70% of a chemical fungicide
(e.g., 0.7 kg) with the equivalent of 127% (e.g., 1.27 kg) of
antifungal peptidic agent. The various assays described herein, or
as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of
the present disclosure, may be used to determine the fungal
resistance properties of a composition (e.g., a coating, a film)
produced by direct addition of an antifungal peptidic agent and/or
substitution of some or all of a non-peptidic or chemical
antifungal component by an antifungal peptidic agent. Such
additives may be directly admixed with the coating, applied as a
primer coating, applied as an overcoat, or any combination of these
application techniques.
[0065] A preservative may comprise an in-can preservative, an
in-film preservative, or a combination thereof. An in-can
preservative is a composition that reduces or prevents the growth
of a microorganism prior to film formation. Addition of an in-can
preservative during a water-borne coating production typically
occurs with the introduction of water to a coating composition.
Typically, an in-can preservative is added to a coating composition
for function during coating preparation, storage, or a combination
thereof. An in-film preservative is a composition that reduces or
prevents the growth of a microorganism after film formation.
Oftentimes an in-film preservative is the same chemical as an
in-can preservative, but added to a coating composition at a higher
(e.g., two-fold) concentration for continuing activity after film
formation.
[0066] Examples of preservatives that have been used in coatings
include a metal compound (e.g., an organo-metal compound) biocide,
an organic biocide, or a combination thereof. Examples of a metal
compound biocide include barium metaborate (CAS No. 13701-59-2),
which is a fungicide and bactericide; copper (II) 8-quinolinolate
(CAS No. 10380-28-6), which is a fungicide; phenylmercuric acetate
(CAS No. 62-38-4), tributyltin oxide (CAS No. 56-35-9), which is
less preferred for use against Gram-negative bacteria; tributyltin
benzoate (CAS No. 4342-36-3), which is a fungicide and bactericide;
tributyltin salicylate (CAS No. 4342-30-7), which is a fungicide;
zinc 2-pyridinethiol-N-oxide (CAS No. 13463-41-7), which is a
fungicide; zinc oxide (CAS No. 1314-13-2), which is a
fungistatic/fungicide and algaecide; a combination of
zinc-dimethyldithiocarbamate (CAS No. 137-30-4) and zinc
2-mercaptobenzothiazole (CAS No. 155-04-4), which acts as a
fungicide; zinc 2-pyridinethiol-N-oxide (CAS No. 13463-41-7), which
is a fungicide; a metal soap; or a combination thereof. Examples of
metals comprised in a metal soap biocide include copper, mercury,
tin, zinc, or a combination thereof. Examples of an organic acid
comprised in a metal soap biocide include a butyl oxide, a laurate,
a naphthenate, an octoate, a phenyl acetate, a phenyl oleate, or a
combination thereof. It is anticipated that they peptide additives
of the present invention will work in combination with or
synergistically with such preservative.
[0067] An example of an organic biocide that acts as an algaecide
includes
2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine (CAS
No. 28159-98-0). Examples of an organic biocide that acts as a
bactericide include a combination of 4,4-dimethyl-oxazolidine (CAS
No. 51200-87-4) and 3,4,4-trimethyloxazolidine (CAS No. 7567343-7);
5-hydroxy-methyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicylco (3.3.0.) octane (CAS No.
59720-42-2); 2(hydroxymethyl)-aminoethanol (CAS No. 34375-28-5);
2-(hydroxymethyl)-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (CAS No. 52299-20-4);
hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine (CAS No. 108-74-7);
1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azonia-adamantane chloride (CAS
No. 51229-78-8); 1-methyl-3,5,7-triaza-1-azonia-adamantane chloride
(CAS No. 76902-90-4); p-chloro-m-cresol (CAS No. 59-50-7); an
alkylamine hydrochloride; 6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (CAS
No. 828-00-2); 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS No.
26172-55-4); 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS No. 2682-20-4);
1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (CAS No. 6440-58-0);
hydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (CAS No. 27636-82-4); or a
combination thereof. Examples of an organic biocide that acts as a
fungicide include a parabens; 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (CAS No.
148-79-8); N-trichloromethyl-thio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide
(CAS No. 133-06-2); 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (CAS No.
26530-20-1); 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile (CAS No.
1897-45-6); 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (Cas No. 55406-53-6);
N-(trichloromethyl-thio)phthalimide (Cas No. 133-07-3);
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Cas No. 1897-45-6); potassium
N-hydroxy-methyl-N-methyl-dithiocarbamate (Cas No. 51026-28-9);
sodium 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (Cas No. 15922-78-8); or a
combination thereof. Examples of a parbens include butyl
parahydroxybenzoate (Cas No. 94-26-8); ethyl parahydroxybenzoate
(Cas No. 12047-8); methyl parahydroxybenzoate (Cas No. 99-76-3);
propyl parahydroxybenzoate (Cas No. 94-13-3); or a combination
thereof. Examples of an organic biocide that acts as an bactericide
and fungicide include 2-mercaptobenzo-thiazol- e (Cas No.
149-30-4); a combination of 5-chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazoli- ne
(Cas No. 26172-55-4) and 2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (Cas No.
2682-20-4); a combination of 4-(2-nitrobutyl)-morpholine (Cas No.
2224-44-4) and 4,4'-(2-ethylnitrotrimethylene dimorpholine (Cas No.
1854-23-5); tetra-hydro-3,5-di-methyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione
(Cas No. 533-74-4); potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate (Cas No.
128-03-0); or a combination thereof. An example of an organic
biocide that acts as an algaecide and fungicide includes
diiodomethyl-p-tolysulfone (Cas No. 20018-09-1). Examples of an
organic biocide that acts as an algaecide, bactericide and
fungicide include glutaraldehyde (CAS No. 111-30-8);
methylenebis(thiocyanate) (Cas No. 6317-18-6);
1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobut- ane (CAS No. 35691-65-7);
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5);
2-(thiocyanomethyl-thio)benzothiazole (CAS No. 21564-17-0); or a
combination thereof. An example of an organic biocide that acts as
an algaecide, bactericide, fungicide and molluskicide includes
2-(thiocyanomethyl-thio)benzothiozole (CAS No. 21564-17-0) and
methylene bis(thiocyanate) (CAS No. 6317-18-6).
[0068] In certain situations of use, an applicable environmental
law or regulation may encourage the selection of an organic biocide
such as a benzisothiazolinone derivative. An example of a
benzisothiazolinone derivative is Busan.TM. 1264 (Buckman
Laboratories, Inc.), Proxel.TM. GXL (Avecia Inc.), or
Preventol.RTM. VP OC 3068 (Bayer Corporation), which comprises
1,2-benzisothiazolinone (CAS No. 2634-33-5). In the case of
Busan.TM. 1264, the primary use is a bactericide and/or fungicide
at 0.03% to 0.5% in a water-borne coating.
[0069] Often, a preservative is a proprietary commercial
formulation and/or a compound sold under a tradename. Examples
include organic biocides under the tradename Nuosept.RTM.)
(International Specialty Products), which are typically used in a
water-borne coating. Specific examples of a Nuosept.RTM. biocide
includes Nuosept.RTM. 95, which comprises a mixture of bicyclic
oxazolidines, and is typically added to 0.2% to 0.3% concentration
to a coating composition; Nuosept.RTM. 145, which comprises an
amine reaction product, and is typically added to 0.2% to 0.3%
concentration to a coating composition; Nuosept.RTM. 166, which
comprises 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine (CAS No. 51200-87-4), and is
typically added to 0.2% to 0.3% concentration to a basic pH
water-borne coating composition; or a combination thereof. A
further example is Nuocide.RTM. (International Specialty Products)
biocides, which are typically used fungicides and/or algaecides.
Examples of a Nuocide.RTM. biocide is Nuocide.RTM. 960, which
comprises 96% tetrachlorisophthalonitrile (CAS No. 1897-45-6), and
is typically used at 0.5% to 1.2% in a water-borne or solvent-borne
coating as a fungicide; Nuocide.RTM. 2010, which comprises
chlorothalonil (CAS No. 1897-45-6) and IPBC (CAS No. 55406-53-6) at
30%, and is typically used at 0.5% to 2.5% in a coating as a
fungicide and algaecide; Nuocide.RTM. 1051 and Nuocide.RTM. 1071,
each which comprises 96%
N-cyclopropyl-N-(1-dimethylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-d-
iamine (CAS No. 28159-98-0), and is typically used as an algaecide
in antifouling coatings at 1.0% to 6.0% or water-based coatings at
0.05% to 0.2%, respectively; and Nuocide.RTM. 2002, which comprises
chlorothalonil (CAS No. 1897-45-6) and a triazine compound at 30%,
and is typically used at 0.5% to 2.5% in a coating and/or a film as
a fungicide and algaecide.
[0070] An additional example of a tradename biocide for coatings
includes Vancide.RTM. (R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.). Examples of
a Vancide.RTM. biocide include Vancide.RTM. TH, which comprises
hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl- -s-triazine (CAS No. 108-74-7), and is
generally used in a water-borne coating; Vancide.RTM. 89, which
comprises N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohe- xene-1,2-dicarboximide
(CAS No. 133-06-2) and related compounds such as captan (CAS No.
133-06-2), and is used as a fungicide in a coating composition; or
a combination thereof. A bactericide and/or fungicide for coatings,
particularly a water-borne coating, is a Dowicil.TM. (Dow Chemical
Company). Examples of a Dowicil.TM. biocide include Dowicil.TM.
QK-20, which comprises 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (CAS No.
10222-01-2), and is used as a bactericide at 100 ppm to 2000 ppm in
a coating; Dowicil.TM. 75, which comprises
1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1- -azoniaadamantane chloride (CAS
No. 51229-78-8), and is used as a bactericide at 500 ppm to 1500
ppm in a coating; Dowicil.TM. 96, which comprises 7-ethyl
bicyclooxazolidine (CAS No. 7747-35-5), and is used as a
bactericide at 1000 ppm to 2500 ppm in a coating; Bioban.TM.
CS-1135, which comprises 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine (CAS No.
51200-87-4), and is used as a bactericide at 100 ppm to 500 ppm in
a coating; or a combination thereof. An additional example of a
tradename biocide for coatings includes Kathon.RTM. (Rohm and Haas
Company). An example of a Kathon.RTM. biocide includes Kathon.RTM.
LX, which typically comprises
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS no 26172-55-4) and
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS no 2682-20-4) at 1.5%, and is
added from 0.05% to 0.15% in a coating. Examples of tradename
fungicides and algaecides include those described for
Fungitrol.RTM. (International Specialty Products), which are often
formulated for solvent-borne and water-borne coatings, and in-can
and film preservation. An example is Fungitrol.RTM. 158, which
comprises 15% tributyltin benzoate (CAS No. 4342-36-3) (15%) and
21.2% alkylamine hydrochlorides, and is typically used at 0.35% to
0.75% in a water-borne coating for in-can and film preservation. An
additional example is Fungitrol.RTM. 11, which comprises
N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide (CAS No. 133-07-3), and is
typically used at 0.5% to 1.0% as a fungicide for solvent-borne
coating. A further example is Fungitrol.RTM. 400, which comprises
98% 3-iodo-2-propynl N-butyl carbamate ("IPBC") (Cas No.
55406-53-6), and is typically used at 0.15% to 0.45% as a fungicide
for a water-borne or a solvent-borne coating. See Table 4.
4TABLE 4 Company Product Roster Arch Chemicals, Inc. Zinc Ornadine
(Zinc Pyrithione/fungicide/algaecide) 800.344.9168/Fax: Sodium
Omadine (Sodium Pyrithione/fungicide- 203.271.4060 algaecide)
E-mail: sales@archbiocides.com Copper Omadine (Copper
Pyrithione/algaecide) www.archbiocides.com Triadine 174
(Triazine/bactericide) Omacide IPBC (Iodopropynyl-butyl
carbomate/fungicide) Other: antifouling agents Avecia Protection
& Hygiene Proxel GXL (BIT) Wilmington, DE Proxel BDZO (BIT)
800.523.7391/Fax: Proxel BZ (BIT/ZPT) 302.477.8120 Proxel TN
(BIT/Triazine) E-mail: biocides@avecia.com Proxel XL2 (BIT)
www.avecia.com/biocides Densil C404 (Chlorthalonil) Densil P
(Densil P) Densil DN (BUBIT) Vantocil IB (PHMB) BASF Corp. Myacide
AS Technical (Bronopol, solid) Mount Olive, NJ Myacide AS 2, 30 and
15 (Bronopol, solutions) 973.426.4358/Fax: Myacide GDA Technical
(50% Glutaraldehyde) 973.426.3863 Myacide GA 42, 26 & 15
(Glutaraldehyde, solut.) www.biocides.basf-corp.com Protectol PE
(Phenoxyethanol, liquid) Daomet Technical (Dazoment, solid) Myacide
HT Technical (Triazine, liquid) Buckman Laboratories, Inc. Busan
(wood preservative/pkg. pres.) Memphis, TN Butrol (corrosion
inhibitor/rust inhibitor) E-mail: knetix@buckman.com Busan
(bactericide; mold inhibitor and biocide) Cognis Corp. Nopcocide
N400 (Cholorthalonil-40% solution) Ambler, PA Nopcocide N-98
(Chlorothalonil-100%) 800.445.2207/Fax: Nopcocide P-20 (IPBC-20%
solution) 215.628.1111 Nopcocide P-40 (IPBC-40% solution) E-mail:
Nopcocide P-100 (IPBC-100% active) shruti.singhal@cognis.com
www.cognis.com International Specialty Fungitrol (fungicides)
Products Biotrend (biocides) aka ISP Nuocide
(fungicides/algaecides) Wayne, NJ Nuosept (antimicrobial agents)
800.622.4423/Fax: 973.628.4001 E-mail: info@ispcorp.com
www.ispcorp.com Rohm and Haas Company Katon LX 1.5% (preservative)
Philadelphia, PA Rocima 550 (preservative) www.rohmhaas.com Rocima
607 (preservative) Rozone 2000 (dry film fungicide) Skane M-8 (dry
film fungicide) Troy Corp. Polyphase 678 Florham Park, NJ Polyphase
663 Fax: 973.443.0843 Polyphase CST E-mail: marketing@troycorp.com
Polyphase 641 www.troycorp.com Troysan 680 Mergal K10N
[0071] As would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art,
determination of whether damage to a coating and/or film is due to
microorganisms (e.g., film algal defacement, film fungal
defacement), as well as the efficacy of addition of a preservative
to a coating and/or film composition in reducing microbial damage
to a coating and/or film, may be empirically determined by
techniques such as those that are described in "ASTM Book of
Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint--Tests for Chemical, Physical, and
Optical Properties; Appearance," D3274-95, D4610-98, D2574-00,
D3273-00, D3456-86, D5589-97, and D5590-00, 2002; and in "Paint and
Coating Testing Manual, Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward
Handbook," (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), pp. 654-661, 1995. Examples of
microorganisms typically selected in such procedures as positive
controls of a coating and/or film damaging microorganism include,
for example, Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC 10196), Aspergillus flavus
(ATCC 9643), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 9642), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(ATCC 10145), Aureobasidium pullulans (ATCC 9348), Penicillium
citrinum (ATCC 9849), Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC 9644), or a
combination thereof.
[0072] In general, a preservative, and use of a preservative in a
coating, is known to those of skill in the art, and all such
materials and techniques for using a preservative in a coating may
be applied in the practice of the present invention (see, for
example, Flick, E. W. "Handbook of Paint Raw Materials, Second
Edition," 263-285 and 879-998, 1989; in "Paint and Coating Testing
Manual, Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook,"
(Koleske, J. V. Ed.), pp 261-267 and 654-661, 1995; in "Paint and
Surface Coatings, Theory and Practice, Second Edition," (Lambourne,
R. and Strivens, T. A., Eds.), pp. 193-194, 371-382 and 543-547,
1999; Wicks, Jr., Z. W., Jones, F. N., Pappas, S. P. "Organic
Coatings, Science and Technology, Volume 1: Film Formation,
Components, and Appearance," pp. 318-320, 1992; Wicks, Jr., Z. W.,
Jones, F. N., Pappas, S. P. "Organic Coatings, Science and
Technology, Volume 2: Applications, Properties and Performance,"
pp. 145, 309, 319-323 and 340-341, 1992; in "Paints, Coatings and
Solvents, Second, Completely Revised Edition," (Stoye, D. and
Freitag, W., Eds.) pp 6, 127 and 165, 1998; and in "Handbook of
Coatings Additives", pp. 177-224, 1987).
[0073] It is contemplated that any previously described formulation
of a fungal-prone composition may be modified to incorporate an
antifungal peptidic agent. Examples of described coating
compositions include over 200 industrial water-borne coating
formulations (e.g., air dry coatings, air dry or force air dry
coatings, anti-skid of non-slip coatings, bake dry coatings, clear
coatings, coil coatings, concrete coatings, dipping enamels,
lacquers, primers, protective coatings, spray enamels, traffic and
airfield coatings) described in "Industrial water-based paint
formulations," 1988, over 550 architectural water-borne coating
formulations (e.g., exterior paints, exterior enamels, exterior
coatings, interior paints, interior enamels, interior coatings,
exterior/interior paints, exterior/interior enamels,
exterior/interior primers, exterior/interior stains), described in
"Water-based trade paint formulations," 1988, the over 400 solvent
borne coating formulations (e.g., exterior paints, exterior
enamels, exterior coatings, exterior sealers, exterior fillers,
exterior primers, interior paints, interior enamels, interior
coatings, interior primers, exterior/interior paints,
exterior/interior enamels, exterior/interior coatings,
exterior/interior varnishes) described in "Solvent-based paint
formulations," 1977; and the over 1500 prepaint specialties and/or
surface tolerant coatings (e.g., fillers, sealers, rust
preventives, galvanizers, caulks, grouts, glazes, phosphatizers,
corrosion inhibitors, neutralizers, graffiti removers, floor
surfacers) described in Prepaint Specialties and Surface Tolerant
Coatings, by Ernest W. Flick, Noyes Publications, 1991.
[0074] An exemplary exterior gloss alkyd house paint that comprises
an antifungal peptidic agent is as follows in Table 5:
5 TABLE 5 Component Weight or Volume Grind: first alkyd 232.02 lb
or 29.9 gallons second alkyd 154.2 lb or 20 gallons aliphatic
solvent: duodecane 69.55 lb or 1.7 gallons lecithin 7.8 lb or 0.91
gallons TiO.sub.2 185.25 lb or 5.43 gallons 10 micron silica 59.59
lb or 2.7 gallons bentonite clay 18.00 lb or 1.44 gallons second
alkyd 97.22 lb or 12.61 gallons first alkyd 69.84 lb or 9.00
gallons antifungal peptidic agent - effective amount/up to
optionally, in combination with 7.8 lb or 0.82 gallons a
conventional mildewcide Letdown: aliphatic solvent: dudecane) 19.50
lb or 3.00 gallons first drier: 12% solution cobalt) 2.00 lb or
0.23 gallons second drier: 18% solution Zr) 2.92 lb or 0.32 gallons
third drier: 10% solution Ca) 8.00 lb or 0.98 gallons Anti skinning
agent: 3.22 lb or 0.42 gallons methyl ethyl ketoxime Aliphatic
solvent 9.75 lb or 1.50 gallons
[0075] A preferred exterior flat latex house paint comprising an
antifungal peptidic agent will contain the following components,
listed in typical order of addition in Table 6:
6 TABLE 6 Component Weight or Volume water 244.5 lb or 29.47
gallons hydroxyethylcellulose 3 lb or 0.34 gallons glycols 60 lb or
6.72 gallons polyacrylate dispersant 6.8 lb or 0.69 gallons
Antifungal Peptidic Agent effective amount up to optionally, other
biocide(s) 10 lb or 1 gallons non-ionic surfactant 1 lb or 0.11
gallons titanium dioxide 225 lb or 6.75 gallons silicate mineral
160 lb or 7.38 gallons calcined clay 50 lb or 2.28 gallons acrylic
latex, @ 60% 302.9 lb or 34.42 gallons coalescent 9.3 lb or 1.17
gallons defoamers 2 lb or 0.26 gallons ammonium hydroxide 2.2 lb or
0.29 gallons 2.5% HEC solution 76 lb or 9.12 gallons antifungal
peptidic agent 1.8 lb or 0.82 gallons
[0076] From these representative formulations, it will be readily
appreciated that a wide variety of paints and other coating
compositions may be improved by addition of an antifungal peptidic
agent. Some of these include industrial water-borne coating
formulations (e.g., air dry coatings, air dry or force air dry
coatings, anti-skid of non-slip coatings, bake dry coatings, clear
coatings, coil coatings, concrete coatings, dipping enamels,
lacquers, primers, protective coatings, spray enamels, traffic and
airfield coatings); architectural water-borne coating formulations
(e.g., exterior paints, exterior enamels, exterior coatings,
interior paints, interior enamels, interior coatings,
exterior/interior paints, exterior/interior enamels,
exterior/interior primers, and exterior/interior stains); solvent
borne coating formulations (e.g., exterior paints, exterior
enamels, exterior coatings, exterior sealers, exterior fillers,
exterior primers, interior paints, interior enamels, interior
coatings, interior primers, exterior/interior paints,
exterior/interior enamels, exterior/interior coatings, and
exterior/interior varnishes); and prepaint specialties and/or
surface tolerant coatings (e.g., fillers, sealers, rust
preventives, galvanizers, caulks, grouts, glazes, phosphatizers,
corrosion inhibitors, neutralizers, graffiti removers and floor
surfacers).
[0077] An antifungal paint or coating containing an antifungal
peptidic agent may then be tested and used as described elsewhere
herein, or the product may be employed for any other suitable
purpose as would be recognized by one of skill in the art in light
of this disclosure. For instance, the physical properties (e.g.,
purity, density, solubility, volume solids and/or specific gravity,
rheology, viscometry, and particle size) of the resulting
antifungal liquid paint or other coating product, can be assessed
using standard techniques that are known in the art and/or as
described in PAINT AND COATING TESTING MANUAL, 14.sup.th ed. of the
Gardner-Sward Handbook, J. V. Koleske, Editor (1995), American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Ann Arbor, Mich., and
applicable published ASTM test methods. Alternatively, any other
suitable testing method as would be known to one of ordinary skill
in the art in light of the present disclosures, may be employed for
assessing physical properties of the paint or coating mixture
containing an above-described antifungal peptide additive.
Example 8
Inhibition of In-Can Mold Growth by Antifungal Peptides
[0078] As mentioned in the background discussion, the quality of a
liquid coating mixture may suffer markedly if microorganisms
degrade one or more of the components during storage. Since many of
the coating products in use today contain ingredients that make it
susceptible or prone to fungal infestation and growth, it is common
practice to include a preservative. Although bacterial
contamination may be a contributing factor, fungi are typically a
primary cause of deterioration of a liquid paint or coating. Foul
odor, discoloration, thinning and clumping of the product, and
other signs of deterioration of components render the product
commercially unattractive and/or unsatisfactory for the intended
purpose. If the container will be opened and closed a number of
times after its initial use, in some instances over a period of
several months or years, it will inevitably be inoculated with
ambient fungus organisms or spores subsequent to purchase by the
consumer.
[0079] To avoid spoilage, it is especially desirable to ensure that
the product will remain stable and usable for the foreseeable
duration of storage and use by enhancing the long-term antifungal
properties of the paint or coating with an antifungal peptide
agent. The in-can stability and prospective shelf life of a paint
or coating mixture containing an above-described antifungal peptide
agent may be assessed using any appropriate testing method as would
be known to one of skill in the art using conventional
microbiological techniques. A fungus known to infect paints or
other coatings is preferably employed as the test organism.
Example 9
Testing Protocols for Evaluating Antifungal Coatings
[0080] One suitable assay protocol for evaluating coatings
containing an antifungal peptide is described by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in D-5590-94 ("Standard
Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and
Related Coatings to Fungal Defacement by Accelerated Four-Week Agar
Plate Assay"), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The test method is modified as indicated below, and generally
comprises:
[0081] (a) preparing a set of four 1.times.10 cm aluminum coupons
approximately {fraction (1/32)} in thick are prepared as follows:
(1) blank Al coupon; (2) Al coupon coated with an aqueous solution
of a peptide produced and identified as described in the preceding
examples, and allowed to dry; (3) Al coupon coated on both sides
with a base paint composition, allowed to dry, and then the paint
film is coated with a like amount of the same test peptide solution
as applied to coupon 2; and (4) Al coupon painted with a paint
mixture containing the same base paint composition as for coupon 3
and a like amount of the peptide, as for coupons 2 and 3.
Preferably duplicate or triplicate sets of these specimens are
prepared. Optionally, a conventional biocide may be included as a
positive control. The base paint composition may be any suitable
water-based latex paint, without biocides, which is available from
a number of commercial suppliers.
[0082] (b) Each of the specimens from (a) is placed on a bed of
nutrient agar and uniformly innoculated with a fungal suspension. A
preferred test organism is Fusarium oxysporum. The fungal
suspension may be applied by atomizer or by pipet, however a thin
layer of nutrient agar mixed with the fungal innoculum is
preferred.
[0083] (c) The specimens are incubated at about 28.degree. C. under
85 to 90% relative humidity for 4 weeks.
[0084] (d) Fungal growth on each specimen is preferably rated
weekly as follows: None=0; traces of growth (<10% coverage)=1;
light growth (10-30%)=2; moderate growth (30-60%)=3; and heavy
growth (60% to complete coverage)=4.
[0085] Another suitable assay protocol for testing the antifungal
properties of a coating or paint film containing an antifungal
peptide is described by the ASTM in D-5590-94 ("Standard Test
Method for Resistance to Growth of Mold on the Surface of Interior
Coatings in an Environmental Chamber"), which is hereby
incorporated herein by reference. The testing protocol generally
includes
[0086] (a) Preparation of the Coated Surface. Duplicate or
triplicate sets of approximately {fraction (1/2)} in. thick,
3.times.4 in. untreated wooden or gypsum board panels are prepared
as follows: (1) blank panel; (2) coated with an aqueous solution of
a peptide produced and identified as described in the preceding
examples, and allowed to dry; (3) coated on both sides with a base
paint composition, allowed to dry, and then the paint film is
coated with a like amount of the same test peptide solution as
applied to panel 2; and (4) painted with a paint mixture containing
the same base paint composition as for panel 3 and a like amount of
the peptide, as for panels 2 and 3. Optionally, a conventional
biocide may be included as a positive control.
[0087] (b) Contamination. The panels are randomly arranged and
suspended in an environmental cabinet above moist soil that has
been inoculated with the desired fungus, preferably Fusarium
oxysporum. Enough free space is provided to allow free circulation
of air and avoiding contact between the panels and the walls of the
cabinet.
[0088] (c) Incubation. The panels are incubated for two weeks at
30.5-33.5.degree. C. and 95-98% humidity.
[0089] (d) Scoring. A set of panels (test, control, and,
optionally, a positive control) are removed for analysis at
intervals, preferably weekly. The mold growth on the specimen
panels is rated as described above.
[0090] Alternatively, one or more equivalent testing protocols may
be employed, and field tests of coating compositions containing
laboratory-identified antifungal peptides or candidate peptides may
be carried out in accordance with conventional methods as would be
known to those of skill in the art.
Example 10
Latex Paints with Antifungal Peptidic Agents
[0091] Both the interior latex (Olympic Premium, flat, ultra white,
72001) and acrylic paints (Sherwin Williams DTM, primer/finish,
white, B66W1; 136-1500) appeared to be toxic to both Fusarium and
Aspergillus. Therefore, eight individual wells (48-well microtito
plate) of each paint type were extracted on a daily basis with 1 ml
of phosphate buffer for 5 days (1-4 & 6) and then allowed the
plates were allowed to dry before running the assay. Each well
contained 16 ul of respective paint.
[0092] Extract Testing:
[0093] The extract from two wells each of the two paints for each
day was tested for toxicity by mixing the extract 1:1 with
2.times.medium and inoculating with spores (10E4) of Aspergillus or
Fusarium. The extracts had no affect on growth of either test
fungus.
[0094] Well Testing:
[0095] The extracted and non-extracted wells for each of the paints
were tested with a range of inoculum levels in growth medium using
the two different fungi. For Fusarium the range was 10E1-10E4 and
for Aspergillus 10E2-10E5.
[0096] Well Testing of Acrylic Paint Plates:
[0097] Both Fusarium and Aspergillus grew in all extracted wells at
all inoculum levels. Only Aspergillus grew in non-extracted wells
at the 10E5 level and not at lower levels indicative of an inherent
biocidal capability.
[0098] Well Testing of Latex Paint Plates:
[0099] Fusarium grew in the extracted wells only at the 10E4
inoculum level but not at 10E1-10E3. Aspergillus grew in all
extracted wells showing an inoculum level effect. No growth was
observed for either Fusarium or Aspergillus in non-extracted
wells.
[0100] Conclusion:
[0101] Extraction of the toxic factor(s) found in both paints was
possible. However, it appeared that it may be less extractable from
the latex paint.
[0102] Evaluation of Peptide Activity in Presence of Acrylic and
Latex Paints
[0103] It was established that it was possible to extract both
acrylic and latex paints dried in a 48-well format to make them
non-toxic to the test microorganisms--Fusarium and Aspergillus.
Using that information an experiment was designed to determine the
effect the paint has on peptide activity against two test
organisms.
[0104] Experimental Design:
[0105] 1. Coat 48-well plastic plates with 16 .mu.l of acrylic or
latex paint. Dry for two days under hood.
[0106] 2. Extract designated wells with 1-ml phosphate buffer
changing the buffer on a daily basis for 7 days. Control wells were
not extracted to confirm paint toxicity.
[0107] 3. Add 20 .mu.l of peptide series in duplicate to designated
dry paint coated wells. Peptide, SEQ ID No. 41, series were added
in a two-fold dilution series to wells and allowed to dry. The
concentration of peptide added ranged from 200 .mu.g/20 .mu.l to
1.5 .mu.g/20 .mu.l.
[0108] Inoculated Paint-Coated Plates as Follows:
[0109] 1. Extracted control wells received 180 .mu.l of medium+20
.mu.l of spore suspension (104 spores/20 .mu.l of medium). Inoculum
was either Fusarium or Aspergillus in each case.
[0110] 2. Non-extracted control wells received 180 .mu.l of
medium+20 .mu.l of spore suspension (10.sup.4 spores/20 .mu.l of
medium).
[0111] 3. Extract wells with dried peptide series received 180
.mu.l of medium+20 .mu.l of spore suspension (10.sup.4 spores/20
.mu.l of medium). In duplicate.
[0112] 4. Extract wells that did not have dried peptide series
received 160 .mu.l of medium+20 .mu.l of spore suspension
(10.sup.4/20 .mu.l of medium)+20 .mu.l peptide series as above. In
duplicate.
[0113] 5. Plates were observed for growth over a 5-day period.
[0114] Growth and Peptide Controls:
[0115] 1. Use sterile non-paint coated 48 well plastic plates
[0116] 2. Growth control wells for each test fungus received 180
.mu.l of medium+20 .mu.l of spore suspension (10.sup.4 spores/20
.mu.l of medium).
[0117] 3. Peptide activity controls received 160 .mu.l of medium+20
.mu.l of spore suspension (10.sup.4 spores/20 .mu.l of medium)+20
.mu.l peptide series as above. Peptide series were added in a
two-fold dilution series to wells and range from 200 .mu.g/20 .mu.l
to 1.5 .mu.g/20 .mu.l. Therefore, the range of peptide tested was
200 .mu.g/200 .mu.l or 1.0 .mu.g/.mu.l (1000 .mu.g/ml) to 0.0075
.mu.g/.mu.l (7.5 .mu.g/ml).
[0118] 4. Uninoculated medium served as blank for absorbance
readings taken at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h.
[0119] Results:
[0120] Unextracted wells containing either latex or acrylic paint
inhibited growth of both Fusarium and Aspergillus. Extracted wells
containing either latex or acrylic paint allowed growth of both
Fusarium and Aspergillus.
[0121] The calculated MIC for Fusarium in peptide activity control
experiments was 15.62 .mu.g/ml. For Aspergillus the calculated MIC
was 61.4 .mu.g/ml.
[0122] For extracted acrylic-coated plates the following results
were obtained.
[0123] Controls as stated in above.
[0124] For Fusarium with dried peptide, inhibition was seen at 1000
and 500 .mu.g/ml after 5 days. Spores exposed to liquid peptide
added to dry paint wells were inhibited at 1000, 500 and 250
.mu.g/ml after 4 days, and 1000 and 500 .mu.g/ml after 5 days.
[0125] For Aspergillus with dried peptide, inhibition was seen at
1000 .mu.g/ml after 5 days. Spores exposed to liquid peptide added
to dry paint wells were inhibited at 1000 and 500 .mu.g/ml after 5
days.
[0126] For extracted latex-coated plates the following results were
obtained.
[0127] Controls as stated above.
[0128] For Fusarium with dried peptide, inhibition was seen at 1000
.mu.g/ml after 5 days. Spores exposed to liquid peptide added to
dry paint wells were inhibited at 1000 .mu.g/ml after 5 days.
[0129] For Aspergillus with dried peptide, inhibition was seen at
1000 .mu.g/ml after 5 days. Spores exposed to liquid peptide added
to dry paint wells were inhibited at 1000 .mu.g/ml after 5
days.
Example 11
Coating a Surface to Inhibit Fungus Infestation and Growth
[0130] When anchorage, food and moisture are available, fungus
microorganisms are able to survive where temperatures permit.
Particularly susceptible surfaces include porous materials such as
stone, brick, wall board (sheetrock) and ceiling tiles; and
semi-porous materials, including concrete, unglazed tile, stucco,
grout, painted surfaces, roofing tiles, shingles, painted or
treated wood and textiles. Any type of indoor or outdoor object,
structure or material that is capable of providing anchorage, food
and moisture to fungal cells is potentially vulnerable to
infestation with mold, mildew or other fungus. Moisture generally
appears due to condensation on surfaces that are at or below the
dew point for a given relative humidity. To inhibit or prevent
fungus infestation and growth, one or more antifungal peptidic
agents from Example 1 or 3-6, preferably approximately 250-1000
mg/L of the hexapeptide of SEQ ID No. 41, is dissolved or suspended
in water and applied by simply brushing or spraying the solution
onto a pre-painted surface such as an exterior wall that is
susceptible to mold infestation. Conventional techniques for
applying or transferring a coating material to a surface are well
known in the art and are suitable for applying the antifungal
peptide composition. The selected peptides have activity for
inhibiting or preventing the growth of one or more target fungi.
The applied peptide solution is then dried on the painted surface,
preferably by allowing it to dry under ambient conditions. If
desired, drying can be facilitated with a stream of warm, dry air.
Optionally, the application procedure may be repeated one or more
times to increase the amount of antifungal peptide that is
deposited per unit area of the surface. As a result of the
treatment, when the treated surface is subsequently subjected to
the target mold organisms or spores and growth promoting conditions
comprising humidity above about typical indoor ambient humidity,
presence of nutrients, and temperature above about typical indoor
ambient temperature and not exceeding about 38.degree. C., the
ability of the surface to resistance fungal infestation and growth
is enhanced compared to its pre-painted condition before
application of the antifungal peptide.
[0131] A simple spray-coated surface may not provide sufficient
durability for certain applications such as surfaces that are
exposed to weathering. Longer-term protection may be provided
against adhesion and growth of mold by mixing one or more of the
antifungal peptides with a base paint or other coating composition,
which may be any suitable, commercially available product as are
well known in the art. Preferably the base composition is free of
chemicals and other additives that are toxic to humans or animals,
and/or that fail to comply with applicable environmental safety
rules or guidelines. The typical components, additives and
properties of conventional paints and coating materials, and
film-forming techniques, are well known in the art and are also
described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,345 filed Sep.
4, 2003 and U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/792,516 filed Mar. 3, 2004,
which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0132] If additional, long-term protection against growth and
adhesion of mold, mildew and fungus is desired, the paint or other
coating composition may include a barrier material that resists
moisture penetration and also prevents or deters penetration and
adhesion of the microorganisms and the airborne contaminants which
serve as food for the growing organisms. Some typical water
repellent components are acrylic, siliconates, metal-stearates,
silanes, siloxane and paraffinic waxes. The user will preferably
take additional steps to deter mold infestation include avoiding
moisture from water damage, excessive humidity, water leaks,
condensation, water infiltration and flooding, and taking
reasonable steps to avoid buildup of organic matter on the treated
surface.
Example 12
Method of Treating a Fungus-infested Surface
[0133] Although it is preferred that in situations where existing
fungal growth is present, the mold colonies and spores are first
removed or substantially eliminated before application of one of
the present antifungal coatings, it is expected that in some
situations an antifungal compositions will be applied to existing
mold infected surfaces. In this case, the composition, containing
one or more antifungal peptides, may inhibit, arrest the growth of,
or substantially eradicate the mold. Early detection and treatment
is highly preferred in order to minimize the associated
discoloration or other deterioration of the underlying surface due
to mold growth. The treatment procedure may consist of simply
applying one or more coats of an antifungal peptide solution, paint
or other coating composition as described above in Example 11.
Example 13
Method of Impregnating a Porous Substrate to Inhibit Fungus
Growth
[0134] Porous or semi-porous objects or materials such as paper,
fabrics, carpet, some types of stone, and many other items that are
employed indoors or outdoors, have internal surface areas that can
be susceptible to infestation by mold and are very difficult to
treat effectively by conventional methods. It is within the scope
of the present invention to impregnate such porous objects with a
coating material containing one or more antifungal peptide, as
described in one or more of the preceding examples. The liquidity
of the composition is such that it is capable of penetrating into
the pores of the object. In this way, an effective amount of the
antifungal peptide is deposited on the internal surfaces as well as
the exterior ones. Circumstances requiring treatment of a porous
surface may benefit from using a relatively thin coating material
rather than a thick, pigmented paint, in order to facilitate
penetration of the pores.
Example 14
Coating a Fruit or Grain Storage Vessel to Inhibit Mold
[0135] The interior walls of grain silos or other fruit or grain
storage or transportation tanks are coated with a peptidic
antifungal composition of Example 12 or 13 to deter the attachment
and growth of mold organisms inside the container. By selecting
antifungal peptides that target specific organisms, and are
non-toxic to humans or animals, mold contamination of a wide
variety of agricultural products may be deterred.
Example 15
Use of Antifungal/Anti-Bacterial Peptides
[0136] Over the past decade, outbreaks of food poisoning and
hospital-acquired infections by so-called "super bugs" have become
increasingly frequent. These are strains of bacteria that are
resistant to conventional antibiotics, such as
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and
Vero-cytotoxin producing variants of Escherichia coli. Worldwide
public concern about hygienic surfaces have also been heightened
today due to the emergence and spread of new viral infections such
as SARS. The current proliferation of antimicrobial cleaners,
utensils, food preparation surfaces and coating systems aimed at
fulfilling the demands of an increasingly hygiene conscious public
are a testament to those widespread concerns.
[0137] Some of the antifungal peptides, particularly the 8-10 amino
acid residue long peptides also have the property of inhibiting the
growth of bacteria, including disease-causing bacteria such as
Staphalococcus and Streptococcus. Thus, it is known that peptides
such as 41, 197, 198, and 199, can inhibit growth of E amylovora,
E. carotovora, E. coli, R. solanocerum, S. aureus, and S. faecalis
in standard media at IC50's of between 10-1100 mg/ml and MIC's of
between 20-1700 mg/ml. Staphalococcus and Streptococcus bacteria
are of special concern in hospital environments where antibiotic
resistance is increasingly common. A multipurpose paint or coating
is prepared by combining one or more antifungal peptide selected as
described in any of Examples 1-6 with one or more antibacterial
peptide. One such combination is the peptide of SEQ ID No. 41 and
the peptide of SEQ ID No. 41. Alternatively a peptide is selected
with both antifungal and antibacterial peptides 6-10. Paints and
other coatings containing the antifungal/antibacterial peptides
will be applied to surfaces to lend antifungal and anti-bacterial
properties to those surfaces. It is expected that the use of these
and other antifungal/antibacterial peptidic agents will avoid the
problem human toxicity that is associated with conventional
biocidal compounds in today's paints and coatings. The advantage of
combined antifungal and antibacterial activity will find particular
usefulness in hospital environments and other health care
settings.
Example 16
Combined Use of Antifungal Peptides and Other Antimicrobials
[0138] A paint composition containing one or more conventional
antifungal substance may be modified by addition of one or more of
the antifungal peptides described herein. As described in preceding
examples, the antifungal peptidic agent may be a single peptide of
precisely known sequence, preferably the hexapeptide of SEQ ID No.
198 or an antifungal/antibacterial peptide as described in Example
15. Alternatively, the peptidic agent may be a peptide library
aliquot containing a mixture of peptides in which at least two (and
preferably three or four) of the N-terminal amino acid residues are
known. If the peptidic agent is a mixture of peptides, one or more
peptide will have antifungal activity.
[0139] Combining a non-peptidic antifungal agent with one or more
antifungal peptide may provide antifungal activity over and above
that seen with either the peptide(s) or the non-peptidic agent
alone. The expected additive inhibitory activity of the combination
is calculated by summing the inhibition levels of each component
alone. The combination is then tested on the test organism to
derive an observed additive inhibition. If the observed additive
inhibition is greater than that of the expected additive
inhibition, synergy is exhibited. More specifically, a synergistic
combination of an antifungal peptide, or an aliquot of a peptide
library containing at least one antifungal peptide, occurs when two
or more fungal cell growth-inhibitory substances distinct from the
peptide or peptide library aliquot are observed to be more
inhibitory to the growth of a test organism than the sum of the
inhibitory activities of the individual components alone.
[0140] A testing method for determining additive or synergistic
combinations comprises first creating a synthetic peptide
combinatorial library. Each aliquot of the library represents an
equimolar mixture of peptides in which at least the two C-terminal
amino acid residues are known. Using the testing methods described
in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312, 5,885,782, and
5,602,097 it is possible to determine for each such aliquot of the
synthetic peptide combinatorial library, a precisely calculated
concentration at which it will inhibit a test fungus in a coating.
Next, the aliquot of the synthetic peptide combinatorial library is
mixed with at least one non-peptide antifungal compound to create a
test mixture. As with the peptide component of the mixture, the
baseline ability of the non-peptide antifungal substance to inhibit
the test fungus is determined initially. Next, the test fungus is
contacted with the test mixture, and the inhibition of growth of
the test organism is measured as compared to at least one untreated
control. More controls are desirable, such as a control for each
individual component of the mixture. Similarly, where there are
more than two components being tested, the number of controls to be
used must be increased in a manner well known to those of skill in
the art of growth inhibition testing. From the separate test
results for the peptidic and non-peptidic agents the expected
additive effect on inhibition of growth is determined using
standard techniques. After the growth inhibition tests are complete
for the combination of peptidic and non-peptidic agents, the actual
or observed effect on the inhibition of growth is determined. The
expected additive effect and the observed effect are then compared
to determine whether a synergistic inhibition of growth of the test
fungus has occurred. The methods used to detect synergy may utilize
non-peptide antimicrobial agents in combination with the inhibitory
peptides described above.
[0141] As described above, an antifungal peptidic agent may be used
in combination with one or more existing fungicides and/or
fungistatics identified herein or as would be known to one of
ordinary skill in the art. It is expected that some such
combinations of the antifungal peptidic agent with another
fungicide and/or fungistatic may provide advantages such as a
broader range of activity against various organisms, a synergistic
antifungal or preservative effect, or a longer duration of
effect.
[0142] Another potentially advantageous combination includes an
antifungal peptidic agent and a preservative that acts against
non-fungal organisms (e.g., a bactericide, an algaecide), as it is
contemplated that many fungal prone compositions and surfaces
coated with such compositions are also susceptible to damage by a
variety of organisms. Examples of preservatives that an antifungal
peptidic agent may substitute for and/or be combined include, but
are not limited to those non-peptidic antimicrobial compounds
(i.e., biocides, fungicides, algaecides and mildewcides) have been
shown to be of utility and are currently available and approved for
use in the U.S./NAFTA, Europe, and the Asia Pacific region. These
antimicrobial agents are listed in Table 3, together with the name
of a supplier.
[0143] Certain peptides contemplated for use as described herein
have been shown (in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312;
5,602,097; and 5,885,782) to involve synergy between antifungal
peptides and non-peptide antifungal agents that is useful in
controlling growth of the Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Ceratocystis,
Pythium, Mycosphaerella, Aspergillus and Candida genera of fungi.
In particular, synergistic combinations have been described and
successfully used to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus
and A. paraciticus, and also Fusarium oxysporum with respect to
agricultural applications. It is expected that these and other
synergistic combinations of peptide and non-peptide agents will be
useful as additives in paints, coatings and other compositions for
deterring, preventing, or treating a fungal infestations.
Example 17
Combined Use of Antifungal Peptides and OP Degrading Agents
[0144] Beyond the concerns about food poisoning and hospital
acquired infections by antibiotic-resistant "super bugs," and
worries about SARS-like outbreaks, there is also a need to prevent
or protect against the possibility of contamination of public
facilities and surfaces by toxic chemicals due to accidental
spills, improper application of certain insecticides, or as a
result of deliberate criminal or terroristic acts. In particular,
organophosphorus compounds ("organophosphate compounds" or "OP
compounds") and organosulfur ("OS") compounds, which are used
extensively as insecticides, are highly toxic to many organisms,
including humans. OP compounds function as nerve agents, and some
of the most toxic OP compounds are known to have been used as
chemical warfare agents. As discussed in more detail in copending
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,435 filed Sep. 4, 2003,
some OP chemical warfare agents can be taken up through skin
contact and can remain on material, equipment and terrain for long
periods of time (e.g., weeks). By addition of a thickener (e.g., a
variety of carbon polymers), even volatile OP agents may be
rendered less volatile and more persistent on a contaminated
surface.
[0145] Thus, it can be readily appreciated that in some situations
a multifunctional surface treatment that combines antifungal
properties with the ability to degrade organophosphorus compounds
would be desirable. Such composition may be in the form of a
coating, a paint, a non-film forming coating, an elastomer, an
adhesive, an sealant, a material applied to a textile, or a wax,
and may be modified by addition of one or more antifungal peptide
selected as described in Examples 1-6 and an organophosphorus
compound detoxifying agent such as an OP degrading enzyme or
cellular material containing such activity. Suitable OP degrading
agents are described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/655,435 filed Sep. 4, 2003 and U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/792,516 filed Mar. 3, 2004 and hereby incorporated herein by
reference.
Example 18
Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers Containing Antifungal
Peptides
[0146] The antifungal additives described above are expected to be
additionally useful for coating or mixing into sealants and
elastomers such as grouts and caulks, especially those that are in
frequent contact with, or constantly exposed to fungal nutrients
and/or moisture. Examples of adhesives and sealants (e.g., caulks,
acrylics, elastomers, phenolic resin, epoxy, polyurethane,
anaerobic and structural acrylic, high-temperature polymers,
water-based industrial type adhesives, water-based paper and
packaging adhesives, water-based coatings, hot melt adhesives, hot
melt coatings for paper and plastic, epoxy adhesives, plastisol
compounds, construction adhesives, flocking adhesives, industrial
adhesives, general purpose adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives,
sealants, mastics, urethanes) for various surfaces (e.g., metal,
plastic, textile, paper), and techniques of preparation and assays
for properties, have been described in Skeist, I., ed., Handbook of
Adhesives, 3rd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990;
Satriana, M. J. Hot Melt Adhesives: Manufacture and Applications,
Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey, 1974; Petrie, E. M., Handbook
of Adhesives and Sealants, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000; Hartshorn,
S. R., ed., Structural Adhesives-Chemistry and Technology. Plenum
Press, New York, 1986; Flick, E. W., Adhesive and Sealant Compound
Formulations, 2nd Ed., Noyes Publications, New Jersey, 1984; Flick,
E., Handbook of Raw Adhesives 2nd Ed., Noyes Publications, New
Jersey, 1989; Flick, E., Handbook of Raw Adhesives, Noyes
Publications, New Jersey, 1982; Dunning, H. R., Pressure Sensitive
Adhesives--Formulations and Technology, 2nd Ed., Noyes Data
Corporation, New Jersey, 1977; and Flick, E. W., Construction and
Structural Adhesives and Sealants, Noyes Publications, New Jersey,
1988. An adhesive, sealant or elastomer composition containing one
or more conventional antifungal substance may be modified by
addition of one or more of the antifungal peptides described in
Examples 1-6. The antifungal peptidic agent may be a single peptide
of precisely known sequence, preferably the hexapeptide of SEQ ID
No. 41 or an antifungal/antibacteria- l peptide as described in
Example 14. Alternatively, the peptidic agent may be a peptide
library aliquot containing a mixture of peptides in which at least
two (and preferably three or four) of the N-terminal amino acid
residues are known. If the peptidic agent is a mixture of peptides,
at least one peptide will have antifungal activity.
Example 19
Antifungal Textile Finish
[0147] An antifungal peptidic agent may also be incorporated into a
material applied to a textile, such as, for example, a textile
finish. Textile finishes (e.g., soil-resistant finishes,
stain-resistant finishes) and related materials for application to
a textile are described, for example, in Johnson, K., ANTISTATIC
COMPOSITIONS FOR TEXTILES AND PLASTICS, Noyes Data Corporation, New
Jersey, 1976; Rouette, H. K., ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TEXTILE FINISHING,
Springer, Verlag, 2001; TEXTILE FINISHING CHEMICALS: AN INDUSTRIAL
GUIDE, by Ernest W. Flick, Noyes Publications, 1990; and HANDBOOK
OF FIBER FINISH TECHNOLOGY, by Philip E. Slade, Marcel Dekker,
1998. One type of water repellent and/or oil repellent textile
finish is Scotchguard.TM. (3M Corporate Headquarters, Maplewood,
Minn., U.S.A.). A textile finish may be modified by addition of one
or more of the antifungal peptides described in Examples 1-6. The
antifungal peptidic agent may be a single peptide of precisely
known sequence, preferably the hexapeptide of SEQ ID No. 41 or an
antifungal/antibacterial peptide as described in Example 15.
Alternatively, the peptidic agent may be a peptide library aliquot
containing a mixture of peptides in which at least two (and
preferably three or four) of the N-terminal amino acid residues are
known. If the peptidic agent is a mixture of peptides, at least one
peptide will have antifungal activity.
Example 20
Polymer-Linked Antifungal Peptides
[0148] In Example 4, above, conjugation of a peptide to a polymer
carrier molecule or insoluble substrate is described for
stabilizing the antifungal activity in the paint film or coating.
That capability may also be used to advantage by chemically linking
or otherwise associating one or more antifungal peptides to a
polymeric material or plastic fabric which would otherwise be more
susceptible to infestation, defacement or deterioration by fungus.
Conventional techniques for linking the N- or C-terminus of a
peptide to a long-chain polymer may be employed. The antifungal
peptide may include additional amino acids on the linking end to
facilitate linkage to the PVC polymer. A PVC-membrane such as a
flexible or retractable roof or covering for an outdoor stadium, is
treated to chemically link antifungal peptides to at least a
portion of the outer surface of the membrane prior to its
installation. Where an installed polymer membrane covering is
already infested by mold, and it is not practical for it to be
removed and replaced by a antifungal peptide-linked polymer
membrane, it may be feasible to clean the existing infestation or
discoloration, and then apply or bond a suitable antifungal coating
containing a stabilized antifungal peptide. PVC is only one of many
well-known types of plastic or polymer-containing materials that
could be linked to an antifungal peptide in this manner.
Example 21
Kit for Preparing an Antifungal Coating
[0149] For ease of production, in most instances an antifungal
paint or coating product containing antifungal peptidic agents will
be provided to the consumer as a single premixed formulation.
Alternatively, in order to optimize the initial activity and extend
the useful lifetime of the antifungal coating, the antifungal
peptidic agent may instead be packaged separately from the paint or
coating product into which the antifungal agent is to be added. For
increased stability, the peptidic agent may also contain a suitable
solid or liquid carrier. As in preceding examples, the antifungal
peptidic agent may comprise one or more "pure" antifungal peptides
of defined sequence, or it may include a peptide library aliquot
containing a mixture of peptides in which at least two (and
preferably three or four) of the N-terminal amino acid residues are
known (as in SEQ ID Nos. 1-24). If the peptidic agent is a mixture
of peptides, at least one will have antifungal activity.
[0150] In some situations it may also be preferred to store a
fungal-prone material in a separate container ("pot") prior to
application, in order to minimize the occurrence of fungal
contamination prior to use and for other reasons. Separation of
conventional coating components is typically done to reduce film
formation during storage for certain types of coatings.
Accordingly, some or all of the different components of the
antifungal composition are stored in a plurality of containers, or
as a multi-pack kit, and the components are admixed prior to and/or
during application. For example, 0.001% to 100%, including all
intermediate ranges and combinations thereof, of the antifungal
peptidic agent may be stored in a separate container from one or
more fungal-prone materials of the final composition. A multi-pack
kit may include one or more pots of a fungal-prone material,
preferably including 2- to 5-packs of fungal-prone material. A new
antifungal composition may be prepared at or near the time of use
by combining a fungal-prone material (e.g., carbon
polymer-containing binder) with other coating components, including
an antifungal peptide, polypeptide or protein, as described
herein.
[0151] Definitions
[0152] The terms used herein have their customary and usual
meanings, and are intended to encompass at least the following
definitions, consistent with their use elsewhere herein:
[0153] As used herein other than the claims, the terms "a", "an",
"the" and "said" means "at least one" or "one or more."
[0154] As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction
with the words "comprises" or "comprising," the words "a", "an",
"the" or "said" may refer to one or more than one. As used herein
"another" may mean at least a second or more.
[0155] "Fungus" includes multicellular and unicellular organisms in
the fungus family, including the true fungi, molds, mildews and
yeasts. "Mold" is sometimes used herein as a synonym for fungi,
where the context permits, especially when referring to indoor
contaminants. However, the term "mold" also, and more specifically,
denotes certain types of fungi. For example, the plasmodial slime
molds, the cellular slime molds, water molds, and the everyday
common mold. True molds are filamentous fungi consisting of the
mycelium, specialized, spore-bearing structures called
conidiophores, and conidia (spores). "Mildew" is another common
name for certain fungi, including the powdery mildews and the downy
mildews. "Yeasts" are unicellular members of the fungus family. For
the purposes of the present disclosure, where any of the terms
fungus, mold, mildew and yeast is used, the others are implied
where the context permits.
[0156] "Building materials" include, but are not limited to,
conventional and non-conventional indoor and outdoor construction
and decorative materials, such as wood, sheet-rock (wallboard),
paper or vinyl coated wallboard, fabrics (textiles), carpet,
leather, ceiling tiles, cellulose resin wall board (fiberboard),
stone, brick, concrete, unglazed tile, stucco, grout, painted
surfaces, roofing tiles, shingles, and other materials that are
cellulose-rich, or are capable of providing nutrients to fungi, or
are capable of harboring nutrient materials and supporting fungal
infestation.
[0157] "Bioactive" means having an effect on a living organism,
especially fungal cells, when the context allows.
[0158] An "antifungal peptide" refers specifically to a contiguous
amino acid sequence from 3 to 100 amino acid residues in length,
including all intermediate ranges, and which is capable of exerting
antifungal activity, as defined above. For simplicity, where the
context permits, the term "antifungal peptide" also refers to
antifungal polypeptides (i.e., a contiguous amino acid sequence
from 101 to 10,000 amino acid residues in length, including all
intermediate ranges, and antifungal proteins which are
proteinaceous molecules having a contiguous amino acid sequence of
more than 10,000 amino acid residues length. Preferably such
peptides, polypeptides and proteins are not encoded by the genome
of an organism.
[0159] "Antifungal peptidic agent" refers to a peptide, polypeptide
or protein having the ability to inhibit the growth of one or more
genera and/or species of fungi. It is also intended to encompass
mixtures of such peptides, polypeptides and proteins, together with
any associated stabilizers, carriers, and inactive
peptides/polypeptides/proteins. Where the context allows, the term
"antifungal peptidic agent" may also refer to a peptide library
aliquot containing a mixture of peptides in which at least two of
the N-terminal amino acid residues are known. If the peptidic agent
is a mixture of peptides, at least one will have antifungal
activity.
[0160] "Antifungal activity" refers to inhibition of fungal cell
attachment and/or growth, and is may also refer to fungal cell
killing, as the context permits. Accordingly, some antifungal
peptidic agents can also be denoted as "fungistatic agents" or
"fungicides."
[0161] "Inhibition of fungal growth" refers to cessation or
reduction of fungal cell proliferation, and can also include
inhibition of expression of cellularly produced proteins in static
fungal cell colonies. Such inhibition can provide or facilitate
disinfection, decontamination or sanitization of inanimate objects,
which refer to the process of reducing the number of fungus
microorganisms to levels that no longer pose a threat (e.g., to
property or human health). Use of a bioactive antifungal agent can
be accompanied by manual removal of mold-contaminated building
materials, in some instances.
[0162] The term "biocide" as used herein refers to a substance that
kills microorganisms and their spores. Depending on the type of
microorganism killed, a biocidal substance may be further defined
as a bactericide, fungicide, or algaecide. The term "biostatic"
refers to a substance that prevents the growth of the microorganism
and its spores, and encompasses bacteristatic, fungistatic and
algaestatic compounds.
[0163] A "fungicide" is a biocidal substance used to kill or
inactivate a specific microbial group, the fungi. The term
"fungistatic," is used to denote substances that prevent fungal
microorganisms from growing or reproducing, but do not result in
substantial inactivation or killing.
[0164] An "effective amount" refers to a concentration of
antifungal peptide that is capable of exerting the desired
antifungal effect, as defined above.
[0165] An "inanimate object" refers to structures and objects other
than living organisms. Examples of inanimate objects are
architectural structures having painted or unpainted surfaces such
as the exterior and interior walls of buildings, industrial
equipment, outdoor sculptures and furniture, construction materials
for indoor or outdoor use, such as wood, stone, brick, wall board
(sheetrock), ceiling tiles, concrete, unglazed tile, stucco, grout,
roofing tiles, shingles, painted or treated wood, synthetic
composite materials, leather and textiles.
[0166] A "base" or "substrate" refers to any surface that can
potentially support the infestation and/or growth of a fungus or
spore under favorable conditions for such infestation or growth. It
is intended to include exterior surfaces of objects as well as
interior surfaces of porous and semiporous objects (e.g., high
surface area porous stone structures), constitutes a surface on
which a coating can be directly applied and/or impregnated.
[0167] The term "coating" has its usual meaning and specifically
includes the process of applying (e.g., brushing, dipping,
spreading, spraying) or otherwise producing a coated surface, which
may also be referred to as a coating, coat, covering, film or layer
on a surface.
[0168] Where the context so indicates, the term "coating" may
instead refer to the coating composition or mixture that is
applied. For example, a coating composition may be capable of
undergoing a change from a fluent to a nonfluent condition by
removal of solvents, vehicles or carriers, by setting, by chemical
reaction or conversion, or by solidification from a molten state.
The coating or film that is formed may be hard or soft, elastic or
inelastic, permanent or transitory. Where the context allows, the
act of coating also includes impregnating a surface or object by
causing a coating material to extend or penetrate into the object,
or into the interstices of a porous, cellular or foraminous
material. The general composition and properties of conventional
coating materials are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/655,345 filed Sep. 4, 2003, which is hereby incorporated herein
by reference. Additionally, the use of the term "coating" ("coat,"
"surface coat," "surface coating") is also intended to be
consistent with its use in PAINT and Coating Testing Manual,
Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook (Koleske, J. V.
Ed.), p. 696, 1995; and in "ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01,
Paint--Tests for Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties;
Appearance," D16-00, 2002, i.e., "a liquid, liquefiable or mastic
composition that is converted to a solid protective, decorative, or
functional adherent film after application as a thin layer."
Examples of a coating include a clear coating and a paint.
[0169] A "paint" generally refers to a "pigmented liquid,
liquefiable or mastic composition designed for application to a
substrate in a thin layer which is converted to an opaque solid
film after application. Used for protection, decoration or
identification, or to serve some functional purpose such as the
filling or concealing of surface irregularities, the modification
of light and heat radiation characteristics, etc," [Paint and
Coating Testing Manual, Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward
Handbook (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), p. 696, 1995]. Surface treatments,
particularly coatings and paints, have been described in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/655,345 filed Sep. 4, 2003 (Attorney
Docket No. RACT-00200). "Elastomers" or rubbers are polymers that
can undergo large, but reversible, deformations upon a relatively
low physical stress. Elastomers (e.g., tire rubbers, polyurethane
elastomers, polymers ending in an anionic diene, segmented
polyerethane-urea copolymers, diene triblock polymers with
styrene-alpha-methylstyrene copolymer end blocks, poly
(p-methylstyrene-b-p-methylstyrene), polydimethylsiloxane-vinyl
monomer block polymers, chemically modified natural rubber,
polymers from hydrogenated polydienes, polyacrylic elastomers,
polybutadienes, trans-polyisoprene, polyisobutene,
cis-1,4-polybutadiene, polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers, block
polymers, polyester thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic
polyurethane elastomers) and techniques of elastomer synthesis and
elastomer property analysis have been described, for example, in
Walker, B. M., ed., Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1979; Holden, G., ed., et. al.,
Thermoplastic Elastomers, 2nd Ed., Hanser Publishers, Verlag,
1996.
[0170] An "adhesive" is a composition that is capable of uniting,
bonding or holding at least two surfaces together, preferably in a
strong and permanent manner (e.g., glue, cement, paste).
[0171] A "sealant" is a composition capable of attaching to at
least two surfaces, filling the space between them to provide a
barrier or protective coating (e.g., by filling gaps or making a
surface nonporous).
[0172] A "fungal-prone material" is a substance that is capable of
serving as a food source for a fungus, or is a material that
contains one or more such substance. For example, in the context of
a paint or coating composition, a fungal-prone material may be a
binder containing a carbon-based polymer that serves as a nutrient
for a fungus.
[0173] All patents, published patent applications and other
publications cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by
reference to the extent that they describe materials and methods
supplementary to that set forth herein. One skilled in the art will
readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to
carry out any objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned
as well as those inherent therein. The preferred antifungal
compositions and methods described herein are exemplary and
intended to be representative of other embodiments which will be
apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the present
disclosure. For instance, in light of the present disclosure and
representative examples, changes in the disclosed compositions and
methods and other uses will occur to those skilled in the
respective arts of preparing and using paints and coatings, textile
finishes, waxes, elastomers, adhesives and sealants which are
encompassed within the spirit of the invention and defined by the
scope of the appended claims. The present examples, therefore, are
not to be considered as limiting the scope of the present
invention.
REFERENCES
[0174] "ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint--Tests for
Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance" (2002) ASTM
International, West Conshohocken.
[0175] Almeida, et al., J. Mol. Bio. 315(4); 749-57, 2002.
[0176] Bobek, et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47(2); 643-52,
2003.
[0177] Bulet, et al., submitted to SWISS-PROT data bank; 2002.
[0178] Cablo, Ed., Handbook of Coatings Additives, pp. 177-224,
1987.
[0179] Cammue, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267; 2228-33,1992.
[0180] Campbell, Paint & Coating Testing Manual, 14.sup.th Ed.
of Gardner-Sward Handbook, Ch. 54, pp. 654-61, 1995.
[0181] Cutuli, et al., J Leukoc Biol. 27(2); 233-39, 2000.
[0182] Destoumieux, et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57; 1260-71,
2000.
[0183] Dunning, H. R., Pressure Sensitive Adhesives-Formulations
and Technology, 2.sup.nd Ed., Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey,
1977.
[0184] Duvick, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267; 18814-20,1992.
[0185] Eisenberg, et al.
[0186] Fernandes, et al., Biochem. J. 368; 611-20, 2002.
[0187] Fiedler, et al., J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 32:271-280,
1982.
[0188] Flick, E. W., Adhesive and Sealant Compound Formulations,
2.sup.nd Ed., Noyes Publications, New Jersey, 1984.
[0189] Flick, E. W., Construction and Structural Adhesives and
Sealants, Noyes Publications, New Jersey, 1988.
[0190] Flick, E. W., Handbook of Paint Raw Materials, Noyes Data
Corporation/Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A., 1982.
[0191] Flick, E. W., Handbook of Paint Raw Materials, Second
Edition, Noyes Data Corporation/Noyes Publications, Park Ridge,
N.J., U.S.A., 1989.
[0192] Flick, E. W., Textile Finishing Chemicals: An Industrial
Guide, Noyes Publications, 1990.
[0193] Flick, Handbook of Paint Raw Materials, Second Edition,
263-85, 879-998,1989.
[0194] Fujitani, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277; 23651, 2002.
[0195] Furka, et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 37:487, 1991.
[0196] Gao, et al., Biochemistry 40 (37); 10973-78, 2001.
[0197] Gesell, et al., J. Biomol. NMR 9; 127, 1997.
[0198] Goraya, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 267; 894-900, 2000.
[0199] Guichard, et al., PNAS USA, 91:9765-69,1994.
[0200] Halverson, et al., Peptides 21; 469-76, 2000.
[0201] Hara, et al., Biopolymers 58(4); 437-46, 2001.
[0202] Hartshorn, S. R., Ed., Structural Adhesives-Chemistry and
Technology, Plenum Press, New York, 1986.
[0203] Hill, et al., Science 251; 1481-85, 1991.
[0204] Holden, G., et. al., Eds., Thermoplastic Elastomers,
2.sup.nd Ed., Hanser Publishers, Verlag, 1996.
[0205] Houghten, BioTechniques, 13:412, 1992.
[0206] Houghten, Nature, 354:84, 1991.
[0207] Hunter, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277; 35797, 2002.
[0208] Hwang, et al., Biochemistry 37; 4288, 1998.
[0209] Iijima, et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol. 0; 2002.
[0210] Isono, et al., J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 32:271-80,
1979.
[0211] Johnson, K., Antistatic Compositions for Textiles and
Plastics, Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey, 1976.
[0212] Jones, et al., FEBS Lett. 315; 187-92, 1993.
[0213] Jones, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 367; 23216-25, 1992.
[0214] King, Paint & Coating Testing Manual, 14.sup.th Ed. of
Gardner-Sward Handbook, Ch. 29, pp. 261-67, 1995.
[0215] Kokryakov, et al., FEBS Lett. 327; 231-36, 1993.
[0216] Koo, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1382; 80-90, 1998.
[0217] Kyte, et al., J. Mol. Biol., 157:105-32, 1982.
[0218] Lamberty, et al., Biochemistry 40; 11995, 2001.
[0219] Lamberty, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 376; 4085-92, 2001.
[0220] Lambourne, et al., Eds., Paint and Surface Coatings, Theory
and Practice, Second Edition, pp. 193-94, 371-82, and 543-47,
1999.
[0221] Lee, et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18; 1049-52,1995.
[0222] Lee, et al., Protein Pept Lett 9(5); 395-402, 2002.
[0223] Liepinsh, et al., Nat Struct Biol. 4; 793, 1997.
[0224] Mak, et al., Infect. Immun. 64; 4444-49, 1997.
[0225] Mandard, et al., Eur J. Biochem. 256; 404, 1998.
[0226] Mandard, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 269; 1190, 2002.
[0227] Mandard, et al., J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 17; 367, 1999.
[0228] Martins, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 258; 322, 1996.
[0229] Michalowski, et al., submitted to EMBL GenBank DDBJ
databases, 1998.
[0230] Moore, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266; 19851-57,1991.
[0231] Mooreman, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 269; 4799-810, 2002.
[0232] Mor, et al., Eur. J. Biochem 219(1-2); 145-54,1994.
[0233] Mor, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91; 10295-99,
1994.
[0234] Nagaoka, et al., DNA Seq. 4; 123-28, 1993.
[0235] Nagaoka, et al., FEBS Lett. 280; 287-91, 1991.
[0236] Olson, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288; 1001-05,
2001.
[0237] Oppenheim, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263; 7472-77, 1988.
[0238] Orivel, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276; 17823-29, 2001.
[0239] Park, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205;
948-54,1994.
[0240] Park, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 218;
408-13,1996.
[0241] Park, et al., FEBS Lett 507(1); 95-100, 2001.
[0242] Park, et al., FEBS Lett. 411; 173-78,1997.
[0243] Petrie, E. M., Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.
[0244] Qu, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 127; 219-24,1982.
[0245] Raj, et al., Biopolymers 45(1); 51-67; 1998.
[0246] Ravi, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272; 24480-87,1997.
[0247] Rebuffat, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 201; 661-74, 1991.
[0248] Robinette, et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 54; 467-75,
1998.
[0249] Rouette, H. K., Encyclopedia of Textile Finishing,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.
[0250] Rozek, et al., Biochemistry 39; 15765, 2000.
[0251] Rozek, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 267; 5330-41, 2000.
[0252] Ruissen, et al., Peptides 2002 23(8); 1391-99, 2002.
[0253] Satriana, M. J., Hot Melt Adhesives: Manufacture and
Applications, Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey, 1974.
[0254] Schibli, et al., Biochemistry 38; 16749, 1999.
[0255] Schonwetter, et al., Science 267; 1645-48, 1995.
[0256] Scoochi, et al., FEBS Lett. 417; 311-15,1997.
[0257] Selsted, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264; 4003-07,1989.
[0258] Selsted, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85;
592-96,1988.
[0259] Skeist, I., Ed., Handbook of Adhesives, 3.sup.rd Ed., Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990.
[0260] Skerlavaj, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271; 28375-81, 1996.
[0261] Slade, P. E., et al., Handbook of Fiber Finish Technology,
Marcel Dekker, 1998.
[0262] Soedjanaatmadja, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1209;
144-48, 1994.
[0263] Stoye, et al., Eds., Paints, Coatings and Solvents, Second,
Completely Revised Edition, pp. 6, 127, and 165, 1988.
[0264] Tang, et al., Infect. Immun. 67; 6139-44,1999.
[0265] Terras, et al., FEBS Lett. 316; 233-40, 1993.
[0266] Theil, et al., EMBO J. 2; 1159-63, 1983.
[0267] Tinoco, et al., VOL.277, No. 39; 36351-56, 2002.
[0268] Ueta, et al., J Pept Res 2001 57(3); 240-49, 2001.
[0269] Vogle, et al., Biochem. Cell Biol. 80; 49-63, 2002.
[0270] Walker, B. M., Ed., Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1979.
[0271] Wang, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279; 407-11,
2000.
[0272] Wang, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288; 765-70,
2001.
[0273] Wang, et al., J. of Controlled Release 17:23-25, 1991.
[0274] Wicks, et al., Organic Coatings, Science and Technology,
Volume 1: Film Formation, Components, and Appearance, pp. 318-20,
1992.
[0275] Wicks, et al., Organic Coatings, Science and Technology,
Volume 2: Applications, Properties and Performance, pp. 145, 309,
319-23, and 340-41, 1992.
[0276] Wilde, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264; 11200-03,1989.
[0277] Xu, et al., J. Dent. Res 69; 1717-23, 1990.
[0278] Yi, et al., FEBS Lett. 398; 87-90, 1996
[0279] Yin, et al., Arch Oral Biol. 48(5); 361-68, 2003.
[0280] Yount, et al., J. Immunol. 155; 4476-84, 1995.
[0281] Zhang, et al., Biochemistry 31; 11348-56, 1992.
[0282] Zhao, et al., FEBS Lett. 346; 285-88, 1994.
[0283] Zhao, et al., FEBS Lett. 368; 197-202, 1995.
[0284] Zhu, et al, Endocrinology 130; 1413-23, 1992.
[0285] Zimmermann, et al., Biochemistry 34; 13663, 1995.
[0286] Zosloff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:5449-53,1987.
Sequence CWU 1
1
199 1 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 1 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Arg Phe
1 5 2 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 2 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe His
1 5 3 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 3 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Phe
1 5 4 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 4 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gln Arg
1 5 5 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 5 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Arg Met
1 5 6 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 6 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa His Met
1 5 7 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 7 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Leu
1 5 8 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 8 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Arg Leu
1 5 9 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 9 Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Arg Phe
1 5 10 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 10 Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Arg
Phe 1 5 11 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 11 Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe
Arg Phe 1 5 12 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 12 Xaa Xaa Xaa
Trp Arg Phe 1 5 13 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 13 Xaa Xaa
Xaa Met Arg Phe 1 5 14 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 14 Xaa
Xaa Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 15 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 15
Xaa Xaa Arg Leu Arg Phe 1 5 16 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide
16 Xaa Xaa His Leu Arg Phe 1 5 17 6 PRT artificial Synthetic
peptide 17 Xaa Xaa Thr Leu Arg Phe 1 5 18 6 PRT artificial
Synthetic peptide 18 Xaa Xaa Phe Leu Arg Phe 1 5 19 6 PRT
artificial Synthetic peptide 19 Xaa Xaa Ser Leu Arg Phe 1 5 20 6
PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 20 Xaa Xaa Ile Leu Arg Phe 1 5 21
6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 21 Xaa Xaa Leu Leu Arg Phe 1 5
22 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 22 Xaa Xaa Ala Leu Arg Phe 1
5 23 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 23 Xaa Xaa Trp Leu Arg Phe
1 5 24 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 24 Xaa Xaa Met Leu Arg
Phe 1 5 25 3 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 25 Phe Arg Phe 1 26 3
PRT artificial synthetic peptide 26 Leu Arg Phe 1 27 3 PRT
artificial synthetic peptide 27 Trp Arg Phe 1 28 3 PRT artificial
synthetic peptide 28 His Arg Phe 1 29 4 PRT artificial synthetic
peptide 29 Phe Leu Arg Phe 1 30 4 PRT artificial synthetic peptide
30 Trp Leu Arg Phe 1 31 5 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 31 Phe
His Leu Arg Phe 1 5 32 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 32 Phe
Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 33 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 33
Val Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 34 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide
34 His Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 35 6 PRT artificial synthetic
peptide 35 Ile Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 36 6 PRT artificial
synthetic peptide 36 Lys Arg Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 37 6 PRT
artificial synthetic peptide 37 Leu Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 38 6
PRT artificial synthetic peptide 38 Tyr Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 39
7 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 39 Phe His Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1
5 40 7 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 40 Ile His Phe Lys Leu Arg
Phe 1 5 41 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 41 Phe Arg Leu Lys
Phe His 1 5 42 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 42 Arg Phe Lys
Leu Arg Phe 1 5 43 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 43 Ser Phe
Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 44 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 44 Met
Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 45 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 45
Thr Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 46 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide
46 Gln Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 47 6 PRT artificial synthetic
peptide 47 Trp Phe Lys Leu Arg Phe 1 5 48 44 PRT Horseshoe Crab
Tachystatin A Peptide 48 Tyr Ser Arg Cys Gln Leu Gln Gly Phe Asn
Cys Val Val Arg Ser Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Pro Thr Ile Pro Cys Cys
Arg Gly Leu Thr Cys Arg Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Phe Pro Gly Ser Thr Tyr
Gly Arg Cys Gln Arg Tyr 35 40 49 25 PRT Androctonus australis 49
Arg Ser Val Cys Arg Gln Ile Lys Ile Cys Arg Arg Arg Gly Gly Cys 1 5
10 15 Tyr Tyr Lys Cys Thr Asn Arg Pro Tyr 20 25 50 13 PRT Synthetic
Tritrpticin 50 Val Arg Arg Phe Pro Trp Trp Trp Pro Phe Leu Arg Arg
1 5 10 51 30 PRT Human HNP-3 Defensin 51 Asp Cys Tyr Cys Arg Ile
Pro Ala Cys Ile Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gly Thr Cys Ile
Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25 30 52 38 PRT
Phytolacca americana 52 Ala Gly Cys Ile Lys Asn Gly Gly Arg Cys Asn
Ala Ser Ala Gly Pro 1 5 10 15 Pro Tyr Cys Cys Ser Ser Tyr Cys Phe
Gln Ile Ala Gly Gln Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Gly Val Cys Lys Asn Arg 35 53
23 PRT Synthetic construct Magainin 2 53 Gly Ile Gly Lys Tyr Leu
His Ser Ala Lys Lys Phe Gly Lys Ala Trp 1 5 10 15 Val Gly Glu Ile
Met Asn Ser 20 54 13 PRT Bos taurus 54 Ile Leu Pro Trp Lys Trp Pro
Trp Trp Pro Trp Arg Arg 1 5 10 55 44 PRT Heliothis virescens 55 Asp
Lys Leu Ile Gly Ser Cys Val Trp Gly Ala Val Asn Tyr Thr Ser 1 5 10
15 Asp Cys Asn Gly Glu Cys Lys Arg Arg Gly Tyr Lys Gly Gly His Cys
20 25 30 Gly Ser Phe Ala Asn Val Asn Cys Trp Cys Glu Thr 35 40 56
44 PRT Heliothis virescens 56 Asp Lys Leu Ile Gly Ser Cys Val Trp
Gly Ala Val Asn Tyr Thr Ser 1 5 10 15 Asp Cys Asn Gly Glu Cys Lys
Arg Arg Gly Tyr Lys Gly Gly His Cys 20 25 30 Gly Ser Phe Ala Asn
Val Asn Cys Trp Cys Glu Thr 35 40 57 46 PRT Seed of pea Sativum
defensin 1 (psd1) 57 Lys Thr Cys Glu His Leu Ala Asp Thr Tyr Arg
Gly Val Cys Phe Thr 1 5 10 15 Asn Ala Ser Cys Asp Asp His Cys Lys
Asn Lys Ala His Leu Ile Ser 20 25 30 Gly Thr Cys His Asn Trp Lys
Cys Phe Cys Thr Gln Asn Cys 35 40 45 58 18 PRT Synthetic Gomesin 58
Gln Cys Arg Arg Leu Cys Tyr Lys Gln Arg Cys Val Thr Tyr Cys Arg 1 5
10 15 Gly Arg 59 25 PRT Bovine Lactoferricin B 59 Phe Lys Cys Arg
Arg Trp Gln Trp Arg Met Lys Lys Leu Gly Ala Pro 1 5 10 15 Ser Ile
Thr Cys Val Arg Arg Ala Phe 20 25 60 12 PRT Synthetic PW2 60 His
Pro Leu Lys Gln Tyr Trp Trp Arg Pro Ser Ile 1 5 10 61 20 PRT Human
Hepcidin 20 61 Ile Cys Ile Phe Cys Cys Gly Cys Cys His Arg Ser Lys
Cys Gly Met 1 5 10 15 Cys Cys Lys Thr 20 62 25 PRT Human Hepcidin
25 62 Asp Thr His Phe Pro Ile Cys Ile Phe Cys Cys Gly Cys Cys His
Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser Lys Cys Gly Met Cys Cys Lys Thr 20 25 63 30 PRT
Amaranthus caudatus 63 Val Gly Glu Cys Val Arg Gly Arg Cys Pro Ser
Gly Met Cys Cys Ser 1 5 10 15 Gln Phe Gly Tyr Cys Gly Lys Gly Pro
Lys Tyr Cys Gly Arg 20 25 30 64 78 PRT Amaranthus caudatus 64 Gly
Tyr Phe Cys Glu Ser Cys Arg Lys Ile Ile Gln Lys Leu Glu Asp 1 5 10
15 Met Val Gly Pro Gln Pro Asn Glu Asp Thr Val Thr Gln Ala Ala Ser
20 25 30 Gln Val Cys Asp Lys Leu Lys Ile Leu Arg Gly Leu Cys Lys
Lys Ile 35 40 45 Met Arg Ser Phe Leu Arg Arg Ile Ser Trp Asp Ile
Leu Thr Gly Lys 50 55 60 Lys Pro Gln Ala Ile Cys Val Asp Ile Lys
Ile Cys Lys Glu 65 70 75 65 23 PRT African clawed frog Magainin 2
65 Gly Ile Gly Lys Phe Leu His Ser Ala Lys Lys Phe Gly Lys Ala Phe
1 5 10 15 Val Gly Glu Ile Met Asn Ser 20 66 26 PRT Honey bee venom
Melittin B 66 Gly Ile Gly Ala Val Leu Lys Val Leu Thr Thr Gly Leu
Pro Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Ile Ser Trp Ile Lys Arg Lys Arg Gln Gln 20 25
67 21 PRT Podisus maculiventris 67 Gly Ser Lys Lys Pro Val Pro Ile
Ile Tyr Cys Asn Arg Arg Thr Gly 1 5 10 15 Lys Cys Gln Arg Met 20 68
38 PRT Common ice plant Antimicrobial peptide 1 68 Ala Lys Cys Ile
Lys Asn Gly Lys Gly Cys Arg Glu Asp Gln Gly Pro 1 5 10 15 Pro Phe
Cys Cys Ser Gly Phe Cys Tyr Arg Gln Val Gly Trp Ala Arg 20 25 30
Gly Tyr Cys Lys Asn Arg 35 69 13 PRT Bovine Melanotropin alpha
(Alpha-MSH) 69 Ser Tyr Ser Met Glu His Phe Arg Trp Gly Lys Pro Val
1 5 10 70 33 PRT Rabbit Corticostatin III (MCP-1) 70 Val Val Cys
Ala Cys Arg Arg Ala Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Glu Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala
Gly Phe Cys Arg Ile Arg Gly Arg Ile His Pro Leu Cys Cys Arg 20 25
30 Arg 71 33 PRT Rabbit Corticostatin IV (MCP-2) 71 Val Val Cys Ala
Cys Arg Arg Ala Leu Cys Leu Pro Leu Glu Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly
Phe Cys Arg Ile Arg Gly Arg Ile His Pro Leu Cys Cys Arg 20 25 30
Arg 72 35 PRT Chinese oak silk moth Cecropin B 72 Lys Trp Lys Ile
Phe Lys Lys Ile Glu Lys Val Gly Arg Asn Ile Arg 1 5 10 15 Asn Gly
Ile Ile Lys Ala Gly Pro Ala Val Ala Val Leu Gly Glu Ala 20 25 30
Lys Ala Leu 35 73 48 PRT Bovine Seminalplasmin 73 Ser Asp Glu Lys
Ala Ser Pro Asp Lys His His Arg Phe Ser Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Arg Tyr
Ala Lys Leu Ala Asn Arg Leu Ala Asn Pro Lys Leu Leu Glu 20 25 30
Thr Phe Leu Ser Lys Trp Ile Gly Asp Arg Gly Asn Arg Ser Val Lys 35
40 45 74 34 PRT Rabbit NP-3A defensin 74 Gly Ile Cys Ala Cys Arg
Arg Arg Phe Cys Pro Asn Ser Glu Arg Phe 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Tyr Cys
Arg Val Asn Gly Ala Arg Tyr Val Arg Cys Cys Ser 20 25 30 Arg Arg 75
30 PRT Human HNP-1 Defensin 75 Ala Cys Tyr Cys Arg Ile Pro Ala Cys
Ile Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gly Thr Cys Ile Tyr Gln Gly
Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25 30 76 29 PRT Human HNP-2 Defensin
76 Cys Tyr Cys Arg Ile Pro Ala Cys Ile Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr Gly
1 5 10 15 Thr Cys Ile Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25
77 33 PRT Human HNP-4 Defensin 77 Val Cys Ser Cys Arg Leu Val Phe
Cys Arg Arg Thr Glu Leu Arg Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Asn Cys Leu Ile Gly
Gly Val Ser Phe Thr Tyr Cys Cys Thr Arg 20 25 30 Val 78 24 PRT
Human Histatin 5 78 Asp Ser His Ala Lys Arg His His Gly Tyr Lys Arg
Lys Phe His Glu 1 5 10 15 Lys His His Ser His Arg Gly Tyr 20 79 32
PRT Human Histatin 3 79 Asp Ser His Ala Lys Arg His His Gly Tyr Lys
Arg Lys Phe His Glu 1 5 10 15 Lys His His Ser His Arg Gly Tyr Arg
Ser Asn Tyr Leu Tyr Asp Asn 20 25 30 80 12 PRT Histatin 8 80 Lys
Phe His Glu Lys His His Ser His Arg Gly Tyr 1 5 10 81 38 PRT Bovine
Tracheal antimicrobial peptide 81 Asn Pro Val Ser Cys Val Arg Asn
Lys Gly Ile Cys Val Pro Ile Arg 1 5 10 15 Cys Pro Gly Ser Met Lys
Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Val Gly Arg Ala Val 20 25 30 Lys Cys Cys Arg
Lys Lys 35 82 37 PRT Garden four-o'clock AMP1 (MJ-AMP1) 82 Gln Cys
Ile Gly Asn Gly Gly Arg Cys Asn Glu Asn Val Gly Pro Pro 1 5 10 15
Tyr Cys Cys Ser Gly Phe Cys Leu Arg Gln Pro Gly Gln Gly Tyr Gly 20
25 30 Tyr Cys Lys Asn Arg 35 83 36 PRT Garden four-o'clock AMP2
(MJ-AMP2) 83 Cys Ile Gly Asn Gly Gly Arg Cys Asn Glu Asn Val Gly
Pro Pro Tyr 1 5 10 15 Cys Cys Ser Gly Phe Cys Leu Arg Gln Pro Asn
Gln Gly Tyr Gly Val 20 25 30 Cys Arg Asn Arg 35 84 33 PRT Maize
MBP-1 84 Arg Ser Gly Arg Gly Glu Cys Arg Arg Gln Cys Leu Arg Arg
His Glu 1 5 10 15 Gly Gln Pro Trp Glu Thr Gln Glu Cys Met Arg Arg
Cys Arg Arg Arg 20 25 30 Gly 85 23 PRT Rape AFP2 85 Gln Lys Leu Cys
Glu Arg Pro Ser Gly Thr Trp Ser Gly Val Cys Gly 1 5 10 15 Asn Asn
Asn Ala Cys Lys Asn 20 86 27 PRT Turnip AFP1 86 Gln Lys Leu Cys Glu
Arg Pro Ser Gly Thr Trp Ser Gly Val Cys Gly 1 5 10 15 Asn Asn Asn
Ala Cys Lys Asn Gln Cys Ile Asn 20 25 87 27 PRT Turnip AFP2 87 Gln
Lys Leu Cys Glu Arg Pro Ser Gly Thr Trp Ser Gly Val Cys Gly 1 5 10
15 Asn Asn Asn Ala Cys Lys Asn Gln Cys Ile Arg 20 25 88 33 PRT Two
coloured leaf frog Adenoregulin 88 Gly Leu Trp Ser Lys Ile Lys Glu
Val Gly Lys Glu Ala Ala Lys Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Lys Ala Ala Gly
Lys Ala Ala Leu Gly Ala Val Ser Glu Ala 20 25 30 Val 89 16 PRT Pig
Protegrin 2 89 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Cys Tyr Cys Arg Arg Arg Phe Cys
Ile Cys Val 1 5 10 15 90 18 PRT Pig Protegrin 3 90 Arg Gly Gly Gly
Leu Cys Tyr Cys Arg Arg Arg Phe Cys Val Cys Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg
91 38 PRT Crab eating macaque Histatin 1 91 Asp Ser His Glu Glu Arg
His His Gly Arg His Gly His His Lys Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Lys Phe
His Glu Lys His His Ser His Arg Gly Tyr Arg Ser 20 25 30 Asn Tyr
Leu Tyr Asp Asn 35 92 24 PRT African clawed frog Peptide PGQ 92 Gly
Val Leu Ser Asn Val Ile Gly Tyr Leu Lys Lys Leu Gly Thr Gly 1 5 10
15 Ala Leu Asn Ala Val Leu Lys Gln 20 93 20 PRT Bull frog Ranalexin
93 Phe Leu Gly Gly Leu Ile Lys Ile Val Pro Ala Met Ile Cys Ala Val
1 5 10 15 Thr Lys Lys Cys 20 94 30 PRT Guinea pig GNCP-2 94 Arg Cys
Ile Cys Thr Thr Arg Thr Cys Arg Phe Pro Tyr Arg Arg Leu 1 5 10 15
Gly Thr Cys Leu Phe Gln Asn Arg Val Tyr Thr Phe Cys Cys 20 25 30 95
18 PRT Pig Protegrin 4 95 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Cys Tyr Cys Arg Gly
Trp Ile Cys Phe Cys Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 96 18 PRT Pig Protegrin 5
96 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Cys Tyr Cys Arg Pro Arg Phe Cys Val Cys Val
1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 97 27 PRT Bovine BMAP-27 97 Gly Arg Phe Lys Arg
Phe Arg Lys Lys Phe Lys Lys Leu Phe Lys Lys 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Pro
Val Ile Pro Leu Leu His Leu Gly 20 25 98 28 PRT Bovine BMAP-28 98
Gly Gly Leu Arg Ser Leu Gly Arg Lys Ile Leu Arg Ala Trp Lys Lys 1 5
10 15 Tyr Gly Pro Ile Ile Val Pro Ile Ile Arg Ile Gly 20 25 99 39
PRT Asian toad Buforin 1 99 Ala Gly Arg Gly Lys Gln Gly Gly Lys Val
Arg Ala Lys Ala Lys Thr 1 5 10 15 Arg Ser Ser Arg Ala Gly Leu Gln
Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Val His Arg 20 25 30 Leu Leu Arg Lys Gly Asn
Tyr 35 100 21 PRT Asian Toad Buforin II 100 Thr Arg Ser Ser Arg Ala
Gly Leu Gln Phe Pro Val Gly Arg Val His 1 5 10 15 Arg Leu Leu Arg
Lys 20 101 34 PRT Bovine BMAP-34 101 Gly Leu Phe Arg Arg Leu Arg
Asp Ser Ile Arg Arg Gly Gln Gln Lys 1 5 10 15 Ile Leu Glu Lys Ala
Arg Arg Ile Gly Glu Arg Ile Lys Asp Ile Phe 20 25 30 Arg Gly 102 19
PRT Trichoderma longibrachiatum Tricholongin 102 Ala Gly Phe Ala
Ala Gln Ala Ala Ala Ser Leu Ala Pro Val Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Gln Gln
Leu 103 34 PRT Sauvage's leaf frogn Dermaseptin 1 103 Ala Leu Trp
Lys Thr Met Leu Lys Lys Leu Gly Thr Met Ala Leu His 1 5 10 15 Ala
Gly Lys Ala Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Ala Asp Thr Ile Ser Gln Gly 20 25
30 Thr Gln 104 45 PRT Para rubber tree Pseudo-hevein (Minor hevein)
104 Glu Gln Cys Gly Arg Gln Ala Gly Gly Lys Leu Cys Pro Asn Asn Leu
1 5 10 15 Cys Cys Ser Gln Tyr Gly Trp Cys Gly Ser Ser Asp
Asp Tyr Cys Ser 20 25 30 Pro Ser Lys Asn Cys Gln Ser Asn Cys Lys
Gly Gly Gly 35 40 45 105 33 PRT Wrinkled frog Gaegurin-1 105 Ser
Leu Phe Ser Leu Ile Lys Ala Gly Ala Lys Phe Leu Gly Lys Asn 1 5 10
15 Leu Leu Lys Gln Gly Ala Cys Tyr Ala Ala Cys Lys Ala Ser Lys Gln
20 25 30 Cys 106 36 PRT Two-colored leaf frog Skin peptide
tyrosine-tyrosine 106 Tyr Pro Pro Lys Pro Glu Ser Pro Gly Glu Asp
Ala Ser Pro Glu Glu 1 5 10 15 Met Asn Lys Tyr Leu Thr Ala Leu Arg
His Tyr Ile Asn Leu Val Thr 20 25 30 Arg Gln Arg Tyr 35 107 50 PRT
Penoeid shrimp Penaeidin-1 107 Tyr Arg Gly Gly Tyr Thr Gly Pro Ile
Pro Arg Pro Pro Pro Ile Gly 1 5 10 15 Arg Pro Pro Leu Arg Leu Val
Val Cys Ala Cys Tyr Arg Leu Ser Val 20 25 30 Ser Asp Ala Arg Asn
Cys Cys Ile Lys Phe Gly Ser Cys Cys His Leu 35 40 45 Val Lys 50 108
33 PRT Golden hamster Neutrophil defensin 1 (HANP-1) 108 Val Thr
Cys Phe Cys Arg Arg Arg Gly Cys Ala Ser Arg Glu Arg His 1 5 10 15
Ile Gly Tyr Cys Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys Cys Arg 20
25 30 Arg 109 33 PRT Golden hamster Neutrophil defensin 3 (HANP-3)
109 Val Thr Cys Phe Cys Arg Arg Arg Gly Cys Ala Ser Arg Glu Arg Leu
1 5 10 15 Ile Gly Tyr Cys Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ile Tyr Gly Leu Cys
Cys Arg 20 25 30 Arg 110 21 PRT Oriental weatherfish Misgurin 110
Arg Gln Arg Val Glu Glu Leu Ser Lys Phe Ser Lys Lys Gly Ala Ala 1 5
10 15 Ala Arg Arg Arg Lys 20 111 41 PRT Japanese morning glory
(PN-AMP) 111 Gln Gln Cys Gly Arg Gln Ala Ser Gly Arg Leu Cys Gly
Asn Arg Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Cys Ser Gln Trp Gly Tyr Cys Gly Ser Thr
Ala Ser Tyr Cys Gly 20 25 30 Ala Gly Cys Gln Ser Gln Cys Arg Ser 35
40 112 19 PRT Rainbow trout Histone H2B-1(HLP-1)(Fragment) 112 Pro
Asp Pro Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Lys Lys Gly Ser Lys Lys Ala Val 1 5 10
15 Thr Lys Ala 113 17 PRT Rainbow trout Histone
H2B-3(HLP-3)(Fragment) 113 Pro Asp Pro Ala Lys Thr Ala Pro Lys Lys
Lys Ser Lys Lys Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Thr 114 30 PRT Rhesus macaque
neutrophil defensin 2 (RMAD-2) 114 Ala Cys Tyr Cys Arg Ile Pro Ala
Cys Leu Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr 1 5 10 15 Gly Thr Cys Phe Tyr Met
Gly Arg Val Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25 30 115 36 PRT
Pseudacanthotermes spiniger Termicin 115 Ala Cys Asn Phe Gln Ser
Cys Trp Ala Thr Cys Gln Ala Gln His Ser 1 5 10 15 Ile Tyr Phe Arg
Arg Ala Phe Cys Asp Arg Ser Gln Cys Lys Cys Val 20 25 30 Phe Val
Arg Gly 35 116 25 PRT Pseudacanthotermas spiniger Spingerin 116 His
Val Asp Lys Lys Val Ala Asp Lys Val Leu Leu Leu Lys Gln Leu 1 5 10
15 Arg Ile Met Arg Leu Leu Thr Arg Leu 20 25 117 13 PRT Southern
bell frog Aurein 1.1 117 Gly Leu Phe Asp Ile Ile Lys Lys Ile Ala
Glu Ser Ile 1 5 10 118 30 PRT Ponerine ant Ponericin G1 118 Gly Trp
Lys Asp Trp Ala Lys Lys Ala Gly Gly Trp Leu Lys Lys Lys 1 5 10 15
Gly Pro Gly Met Ala Lys Ala Ala Leu Lys Ala Ala Met Gln 20 25 30
119 24 PRT Rio Grande leopard frog Brevinin-1BB 119 Phe Leu Pro Ala
Ile Ala Gly Met Ala Ala Lys Phe Leu Pro Lys Ile 1 5 10 15 Phe Cys
Ala Ile Ser Lys Lys Cys 20 120 20 PRT Green frog Ranalexin-1CB 120
Phe Leu Gly Gly Leu Met Lys Ala Phe Pro Ala Ile Ile Cys Ala Val 1 5
10 15 Thr Lys Lys Cys 20 121 31 PRT Green frog Ranatuerin-2CA 121
Gly Leu Phe Leu Asp Thr Leu Lys Gly Ala Ala Lys Asp Val Ala Gly 1 5
10 15 Lys Leu Leu Glu Gly Leu Lys Cys Lys Ile Ala Gly Cys Lys Pro
20 25 30 122 27 PRT Green frog Ranatuerin-2CB 122 Gly Leu Phe Leu
Asp Thr Leu Lys Gly Leu Ala Gly Lys Leu Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu
Lys Cys Ile Lys Ala Gly Cys Lys Pro 20 25 123 40 PRT Ginkgo
Ginkbilobin 123 Ala Asn Thr Ala Phe Val Ser Ser Ala His Asn Thr Gln
Lys Ile Pro 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly Ala Pro Phe Asn Arg Asn Leu Arg Ala
Met Leu Ala Asp Leu 20 25 30 Arg Gln Asn Ala Ala Phe Ala Gly 35 40
124 20 PRT Malabar spinach Alpha-basrubrin (Fragment) 124 Gly Ala
Asp Phe Gln Glu Cys Met Lys Glu His Ser Gln Lys Gln His 1 5 10 15
Gln His Gln Gly 20 125 24 PRT Paradoxical frog Pseudin 1 125 Gly
Leu Asn Thr Leu Lys Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Leu His Glu Ala Ile 1 5 10
15 Lys Leu Ile Asn Asn His Val Gln 20 126 45 PRT Scorpion
Parabutoporin 126 Phe Lys Leu Gly Ser Phe Leu Lys Lys Ala Trp Lys
Ser Lys Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Leu Arg Ala Lys Gly Lys Glu Met
Leu Lys Asp Tyr Ala Lys 20 25 30 Gly Leu Leu Glu Gly Gly Ser Glu
Glu Val Pro Gly Gln 35 40 45 127 44 PRT African yellow leg scorpion
Opistoporin 1 127 Gly Lys Val Trp Asp Trp Ile Lys Ser Thr Ala Lys
Lys Leu Trp Asn 1 5 10 15 Ser Glu Pro Val Lys Glu Leu Lys Asn Thr
Ala Leu Asn Ala Ala Lys 20 25 30 Asn Leu Val Ala Glu Lys Ile Gly
Ala Thr Pro Ser 35 40 128 44 PRT African yellow leg scorpion
Opistoporin 2 128 Gly Lys Val Trp Asp Trp Ile Lys Ser Thr Ala Lys
Lys Leu Trp Asn 1 5 10 15 Ser Glu Pro Val Lys Glu Leu Lys Asn Thr
Ala Leu Asn Ala Ala Lys 20 25 30 Asn Phe Val Ala Glu Lys Ile Gly
Ala Thr Pro Ser 35 40 129 12 PRT Rainbow trout Histone H2A
(Fragment) 129 Ala Glu Arg Val Gly Ala Gly Ala Pro Val Tyr Leu 1 5
10 130 33 PRT Sea hare Dolabellanin B2 130 Ser His Gln Asp Cys Tyr
Glu Ala Leu His Lys Cys Met Ala Ser His 1 5 10 15 Ser Lys Pro Phe
Ser Cys Ser Met Lys Phe His Met Cys Leu Gln Gln 20 25 30 Gln 131 35
PRT Noctuid moth Cecropin A 131 Arg Trp Lys Val Phe Lys Lys Ile Glu
Lys Val Gly Arg Asn Ile Arg 1 5 10 15 Asp Gly Val Ile Lys Ala Ala
Pro Ala Ile Glu Val Leu Gly Gln Ala 20 25 30 Lys Ala Leu 35 132 35
PRT Human HNP-5 Defensin 132 Gln Ala Arg Ala Thr Cys Tyr Cys Arg
Thr Gly Arg Cys Ala Thr Arg 1 5 10 15 Glu Ser Leu Ser Gly Val Cys
Glu Ile Ser Gly Arg Leu Tyr Arg Leu 20 25 30 Cys Cys Arg 35 133 35
PRT Human HNP-6 Defensin 133 Ser Thr Arg Ala Phe Thr Cys His Cys
Arg Arg Ser Cys Tyr Ser Thr 1 5 10 15 Glu Tyr Ser Tyr Gly Thr Cys
Thr Val Met Gly Ile Asn His Arg Phe 20 25 30 Cys Cys Leu 35 134 84
PRT Holotrichia diomphalia Holotricin 3 134 Tyr Gly Pro Gly Asp Gly
His Gly Gly Gly His Gly Gly Gly His Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Gly His Gly
Asn Gly Gln Gly Gly Gly His Gly His Gly Pro Gly 20 25 30 Gly Gly
Phe Gly Gly Gly His Gly Gly Gly His Gly Gly Gly Gly Arg 35 40 45
Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Pro Gly His Gly Ala Gly 50
55 60 Gly Gly Tyr Pro Gly Gly His Gly Gly Gly His His Gly Gly Tyr
Gln 65 70 75 80 Thr His Gly Tyr 135 45 PRT Bovine Lingual
antimicrobial peptide 135 Gly Phe Thr Gln Gly Val Arg Asn Ser Gln
Ser Cys Arg Arg Asn Lys 1 5 10 15 Gly Ile Cys Val Pro Ile Arg Cys
Pro Gly Ser Met Arg Gln Ile Gly 20 25 30 Thr Cys Leu Gly Ala Gln
Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Arg Lys 35 40 45 136 29 PRT Rat RatNP-3 136 Cys
Ser Cys Arg Thr Ser Ser Cys Arg Phe Gly Glu Arg Leu Ser Gly 1 5 10
15 Ala Cys Arg Leu Asn Gly Arg Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys Cys 20 25 137 31
PRT Guinea pig GNCP-1 137 Arg Arg Cys Ile Cys Thr Thr Arg Thr Cys
Arg Phe Pro Tyr Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Thr Cys Ile Phe Gln Asn
Arg Val Tyr Thr Phe Cys Cys 20 25 30 138 47 PRT Penoeid shrimp
Penaeidin-4a 138 His Ser Ser Gly Tyr Thr Arg Pro Leu Pro Lys Pro
Ser Arg Pro Ile 1 5 10 15 Phe Ile Arg Pro Ile Gly Cys Asp Val Cys
Tyr Gly Ile Pro Ser Ser 20 25 30 Thr Ala Arg Leu Cys Cys Phe Arg
Tyr Gly Asp Cys Cys His Arg 35 40 45 139 6 PRT Bovine hexapeptide
139 Arg Arg Trp Gln Trp Arg 1 5 140 18 PRT penoeid shrimp 140 Lys
Trp Lys Leu Phe Lys Lys Ile Pro Lys Phe Leu His Leu Ala Lys 1 5 10
15 Lys Phe 141 20 PRT Human MUC7 20-Mer 141 Leu Ala His Gln Lys Pro
Phe Ile Arg Lys Ser Tyr Lys Cys Leu His 1 5 10 15 Lys Arg Cys Arg
20 142 21 PRT Rana nigromaculata Nigrocin 2 142 Gly Leu Leu Ser Lys
Val Leu Gly Val Gly Lys Lys Val Leu Cys Gly 1 5 10 15 Val Ser Gly
Leu Cys 20 143 33 PRT Rana nigromaculata Nigrocin 1 143 Gly Leu Leu
Asp Ser Ile Lys Gly Met Ala Ile Ser Ala Gly Lys Gly 1 5 10 15 Ala
Leu Gln Asn Leu Leu Lys Val Ala Ser Cys Lys Leu Asp Lys Thr 20 25
30 Cys 144 10 PRT lactoferrin (Lf) peptide 2 144 Phe Lys Cys Arg
Arg Trp Gln Trp Arg Met 1 5 10 145 18 PRT Impatiens balsamina
Ib-AMP3 145 Arg His Arg Cys Cys Ala Trp Gly Pro Gly Arg Lys Tyr Cys
Lys Arg 1 5 10 15 Trp Cys 146 18 PRT Impatiens balsamina Ib-AMP4
146 Gly Arg Arg Cys Cys Gly Trp Gly Pro Gly Arg Arg Tyr Cys Arg Arg
1 5 10 15 Trp Cys 147 14 PRT Synthesis dhvar4 147 Lys Arg Leu Phe
Lys Lys Leu Leu Phe Ser Leu Arg Lys Tyr 1 5 10 148 14 PRT Synthesis
dhvar5 148 Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Leu Lys Lys Arg Lys Lys Arg Lys Tyr
1 5 10 149 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 149 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Cys 1 5 150 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 150 Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Phe Cys 1 5 151 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 151 Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Asn Cys 1 5 152 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 152 Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Trp Cys 1 5 153 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 153
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Cys 1 5 154 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide
154 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Thr Cys 1 5 155 6 PRT artificial Synthetic
peptide 155 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Tyr Cys 1 5 156 6 PRT artificial
Synthetic peptide 156 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Cys 1 5 157 6 PRT
artificial Synthetic peptide 157 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Met Cys 1 5 158 6
PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 158 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Cys 1 5
159 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 159 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Glu Cys
1 5 160 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 160 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Ser
Cys 1 5 161 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 161 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Leu Cys 1 5 162 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 162 Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Pro Cys 1 5 163 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 163 Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa His Cys 1 5 164 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 164 Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Cys 1 5 165 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 165
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Ala Cys 1 5 166 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide
166 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Cys 1 5 167 6 PRT artificial Synthetic
peptide 167 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gln Cys 1 5 168 6 PRT artificial
Synthetic peptide 168 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Arg Cys 1 5 169 6 PRT
artificial Synthetic peptide 169 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Asp Cys 1 5 170 6
PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 170 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Tyr 1 5
171 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 171 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Gln
1 5 172 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 172 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Tyr
Ser 1 5 173 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 173 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Tyr Asp 1 5 174 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 174 Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Thr Gln 1 5 175 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 175 Trp Thr
Phe Arg Tyr Cys 1 5 176 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 176 Cys
Tyr Arg Phe Thr Trp 1 5 177 11 PRT Glomerella cingulata 177 Gly Tyr
Phe Ser Tyr Pro His Gly Asn Leu Phe 1 5 10 178 13 PRT Saccharomyces
cerevisiae 178 Trp His Trp Leu Gln Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Met Tyr
1 5 10 179 13 PRT Saccharomyces kluyveri 179 Trp His Trp Leu Ser
Phe Ser Lys Gly Gln Pro Met Tyr 1 5 10 180 19 PRT artificial
synthetic peptide 180 Tyr Asn Leu Glu Asp His Pro Gln Gly Asp His
Pro Lys Leu Gln Leu 1 5 10 15 Trp His Trp 181 15 PRT artificial
synthetic peptide 181 Tyr Asn Leu Glu Pro Gln Gly Pro Lys Leu Gln
Leu Trp His Trp 1 5 10 15 182 13 PRT artificial synthetic peptide
182 Tyr Met Pro Gln Gly Pro Lys Leu Gln Leu Phe His Trp 1 5 10 183
12 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 183 Tyr Met Pro Gln Gly Pro Lys
Leu Gln Leu Trp His 1 5 10 184 13 PRT artificial synthetic peptide
184 Tyr Met Pro Gln Gly Pro Arg Leu Asn Leu Trp His Trp 1 5 10 185
26 PRT M. grisea 185 Met Ser Pro Ser Thr Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Pro
Val Ala Gly Ala Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly Pro Ile His Tyr Cys Val Ile
Met 20 25 186 24 PRT N. crassa 186 Met Pro Ser Thr Ala Ala Ser Thr
Arg Val Pro Gln Thr Thr Met Asn 1 5 10 15 Phe Asn Gly Tyr Cys Val
Val Met 20 187 23 PRT C. parasitica 187 Met Pro Ser Asn Thr Gln Thr
Ser Asn Ser Ser Met Gly Val Asn Gly 1 5 10 15 Tyr Ser Tyr Cys Val
Val Met 20 188 11 PRT M. grisea 188 Gln Trp Cys Pro Arg Arg Gly Gln
Pro Cys Trp 1 5 10 189 11 PRT N. crassa 189 Gln Trp Cys Arg Ile His
Gly Gln Ser Cys Trp 1 5 10 190 13 PRT Saccharomyces cerevisiae 190
Trp His Trp Leu Gln Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Met Tyr 1 5 10 191 10
PRT C. parasitica 191 Trp Cys Leu Phe His Gly Glu Gly Cys Trp 1 5
10 192 4 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 192 Xaa Ala Ala Cys 1 193
10 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 193 Trp Cys Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa
Xaa Cys Trp 1 5 10 194 6 PRT artificial Synthetic peptide 194 Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Ile 1 5 195 10 PRT Fusarium graminearum 195 Trp Cys
Gln Gln Lys Gly Gln Pro Cys Trp 1 5 10 196 10 PRT Fusarium
graminearum 196 Trp Cys Thr Trp Lys Gly Gln Pro Cys Trp 1 5 10 197
7 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 197 Phe Arg Leu Lys Phe His Phe
1 5 198 6 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 198 Phe Arg Leu Lys His
Ile 1 5 199 5 PRT artificial synthetic peptide 199 Phe Arg Leu His
Phe 1 5
* * * * *
References