U.S. patent application number 10/953609 was filed with the patent office on 2005-03-03 for fuel composition.
Invention is credited to Posselt, Dietmar, Schwahn, Harald.
Application Number | 20050044779 10/953609 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34219395 |
Filed Date | 2005-03-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050044779 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schwahn, Harald ; et
al. |
March 3, 2005 |
Fuel composition
Abstract
A fuel composition containing, as major component, a gasoline
having an aromatics content of not more than 42 vol % and a sulfur
content of not more than 150 ppm by weight, and, as minor
component, at least one gasoline additive having a detergent action
or an anti-valve-seat-wear action, in which this gasoline additive
contains at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon group having a
number-average molecular weight of from 85 to 20,000 and at least
one polar group.
Inventors: |
Schwahn, Harald; (Wiesloch,
DE) ; Posselt, Dietmar; (Heidelberg, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KEIL & WEINKAUF
1350 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W.
WASHINGTON
DC
20036
US
|
Family ID: |
34219395 |
Appl. No.: |
10/953609 |
Filed: |
September 30, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10953609 |
Sep 30, 2004 |
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09889404 |
Jul 17, 2001 |
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09889404 |
Jul 17, 2001 |
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PCT/EP00/00911 |
Feb 5, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
44/403 ; 44/414;
44/415; 44/419; 44/432 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/191 20130101;
C10L 1/238 20130101; C10L 1/1985 20130101; C10L 1/1905 20130101;
C10L 10/08 20130101; C10L 1/2364 20130101; C10L 1/143 20130101;
C10L 1/2222 20130101; C10L 1/2383 20130101; C10L 10/18 20130101;
C10L 1/19 20130101; C10L 1/2437 20130101; C10L 1/1881 20130101;
C10L 1/1966 20130101; C10L 1/198 20130101; C10L 1/2225 20130101;
C10L 1/1641 20130101; C10L 1/231 20130101; C10L 1/224 20130101;
C10L 10/04 20130101; C10L 1/188 20130101; C10L 1/1616 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
044/403 ;
044/414; 044/419; 044/415; 044/432 |
International
Class: |
C10L 001/30; C10L
001/18; C10L 001/24; C10L 001/12; C10L 001/22 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 9, 1999 |
DE |
19905211.5 |
Claims
1. A fuel composition containing, as major component, a gasoline
having an aromatics content of not more than 42 vol % and a sulfur
content of not more than 150 ppm by weight, and, as minor
component, at least one gasoline additive having a detergent action
or an anti-valve-seat-wear action, wherein this gasoline additive
contains at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon group having a
number-average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of from 85 to 20,000 and
at least one polar group selected from (a) monoamino or polyamino
groups containing up to 6 nitrogen atoms, of which at least one has
alkaline properties, (b) nitro groups, optionally combined with
hydroxyl groups, (c) hydroxyl groups combined with monoamino or
polyamino groups, in which at least one nitrogen atom has alkaline
properties, (d) carboxylic acid groups or the alkali metal or
alkaline earth metal salts thereof, (e) sulfo groups or the alkali
metal or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, (f)
polyoxy-(C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkylene) groups which are terminated by
hydroxyl groups, monoamino or polyamino groups, in which at least
one nitrogen atom has alkaline properties, or by carbamate groups,
(g) carboxylate groups, (h) groups derived from succinic anhydride
and containing hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido
groups and (i) groups produced by Mannich reaction of substituted
phenols with aldehydes and mono- or poly-amines.
2. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (a), polyalkene monoamine
or polyalkene polyamines based on polypropylene, polybutylene or
polyisobutylene having a molecular weight M.sub.n of from 300 to
5000.
3. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (b), reaction products of
polyisobutenes having an average degree of polymerization P of from
5 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and
oxygen.
4. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (c), reaction products of
polyisobutene epoxides, obtained from polyisobutylene containing
predominantly terminal double bonds and having a molecular weight
M.sub.n of from 300 to 5000, with ammonia, mono- or
poly-amines.
5. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (d), copolymers of
C.sub.2-C.sub.40 olefins with maleic anhydride having a total
molecular weight of from 500 to 20,000 whose carboxylic acid groups
are completely or partially converted to the alkali metal or
alkaline earth metal salts and the remainder of the carboxylic acid
groups has been caused to react with an alcohol or amine.
6. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (e), an alkali metal or
alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl sulfosuccinate.
7. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (f), a polyether or
polyether amine, obtainable by reaction of a C.sub.2-C.sub.30
alkanol, C.sub.6-C.sub.60 alkanediol, mono- or di-(C.sub.2-C.sub.30
alkyl)amine, C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkylcyclohexanol or C.sub.1-C.sub.30
alkylphenol with from 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and/or
propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino
group and, in the case of polyether amines, by subsequent reductive
amination with ammonia, a monoamine or a poly-amine.
8. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (g), an ester of a mono-,
di- or tri-carboxylic acid with a long-chain alkanol or polyol.
9. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (h), a derivative of
polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride, obtained by reaction of
conventional or highly reactive polyisobutylene having a molecular
weight M.sub.n of from 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride by thermal
treatment or via the chlorinated polyisobutylene.
10. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing, as
gasoline additive containing polar groups (i), a reaction product
of a polyisobutene-substituted phenol with formaldehyde and a mono-
or poly-amine.
11. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing a gasoline
having an olefin content of not more than 21 vol %.
12. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing a gasoline
having a benzene content of not more than 1.0 vol %.
13. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing a gasoline
having an oxygen content of not more than 2.7 wt %.
14. A fuel composition as defined in claim 1, containing the
gasoline additives containing the polar groups (a) to (i) in a
concentration of from 1 to 5000 ppm by weight.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to a fuel composition
containing, as major component, a specific gasoline and, as minor
component, selected gasoline additives.
[0002] Carburettors and inlet systems of Otto engines, and also
injection systems for fuel proportioning, are subjected to
increasing load due to contamination caused by dust particles from
the air, unburned hydrocarbon residues from the combustion chamber
and crankcase breather gases passed to the carburettor.
[0003] These residues shift the air-to-fuel ratio during idling and
in the lower partial load region, so that the mixture becomes
leaner and combustion less complete and consequently the content of
unburned or partly burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas increases
and the gasoline comsumption rises.
[0004] It is known to avoid these drawbacks by using fuel additives
for cleaning the valves and carburettors or injection systems of
Otto engines (cf eg: M. Rossenbeck in "Katalysatoren, Tenside,
Mineraloladditive", edited by J. Falbe, U. Hasserodt, page 223, G.
Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1978).
[0005] Furthermore, the problem of valve seat wear occurs in the
case of Otto engines of less recent design when fuelled with
unleaded gasolines. To counteract this, anti-valve-seat-wear
additives based on alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds
have been developed.
[0006] For trouble-free running, modern Otto engines require
automotive fuels having a complex set of properties which can only
be guaranteed when use is made of appropriate gasoline additives.
Such gasolines usually consist of a complex mixture of chemical
compounds and are characterized by physical parameters. The
inter-relationship between gasolines and appropriate additives in
known fuel compositions is still unsatisfactory as regards their
detergent action or their pollution-abating properties and their
anti-valve-seat-wear action.
[0007] It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a
more effective gasoline/additive formulation.
[0008] Accordingly, we have found a fuel composition which
contains, as major component, a gasoline having an aromatics
content of not more than 42 vol % and a sulfur content of not more
than 150 ppm by weight, and, as minor component, at least one
gasoline additive having a detergent action or an
anti-valve-seat-wear action, which gasoline additive contains at
least one hydrophobic hydro-carbon group having a number-average
molecular weight (M.sub.n) of from 85 to 20,000 and at least one
polar group selected from
[0009] (a) monoamino or polyamino groups containing up to 6
nitrogen atoms, of which at least one has alkaline properties,
[0010] (b) nitro groups, optionally combined with hydroxyl
groups,
[0011] (c) hydroxyl groups combined with monoamino or polyamino
groups, in which at least one nitrogen atom has alkaline
properties,
[0012] (d) carboxylic acid groups or the alkali metal or alkaline
earth metal salts thereof,
[0013] (e) sulfo groups or the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal
salts thereof,
[0014] (f) polyoxy-(C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkylene) groups which are
terminated by hydroxyl groups, by monoamino or polyamino groups, in
which at least one nitrogen atom has alkaline properties, or by
carbamate groups,
[0015] (g) carboxylate groups,
[0016] (h) groups derived from succinic anhydride and containing
hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups and
[0017] (i) groups produced by Mannich reaction of substituted
phenols with aldehydes and mono- or poly-amines.
[0018] The aromatics content of the gasoline is preferably not more
than 40 vol % and more preferably not more than 38 vol %. Preferred
ranges for the aromatics content are from 20 to 42 vol % and
particularly from 25 to 40 vol %.
[0019] The sulfur content of the gasoline is preferably not more
than 100 ppm by weight and more preferably not more than 50 ppm by
weight. Preferred ranges for the sulfur content are from 0.5 to 150
ppm by weight and particularly from 1 to 100 ppm by weight.
[0020] In a preferred embodiment, the gasoline has an olefin
content of not more than 21 vol %, preferably not more than 18 vol
% and more preferably not more than 10 vol %. Preferred ranges for
the olefin content are from 6 to 21 vol % and particularly from 7
to 18 vol %.
[0021] In another preferred embodiment, the gasoline has a benzene
content of not more than 1.0 vol % and preferably not more than 0.9
vol %. Preferred ranges for the benzene content are from 0.5 to 1.0
vol % and preferably from 0.6 to 0.9 vol %.
[0022] In another preferred embodiment, the gasoline has an oxygen
content of not more than 2.7 wt %, preferably from 0.1 to 2.7 wt %,
more preferably from 1.0 to 2.7 wt % and most preferably from 1.2
to 2.0 wt %.
[0023] Particular preference is given to a gasoline which has an
aromatics content of not more than 38 vol % and at the same time an
olefin content of not more than 21 vol %, a sulfur content of not
more than 50 ppm by weight, a benzene content of not more than 1.0
vol % and an oxygen content of from 1.0 to 2.7 wt %.
[0024] The content of alcohols and ethers in the gasoline is
normally relatively low. Typical maximum contents are methanol 3
vol %, ethanol 5 vol %, isopropanol 10 vol %, tert-butanol 7 vol %,
isobutanol 10 vol % and ethers containing 5 or more carbon atoms in
the molecule 15 vol %.
[0025] The summer vapor pressure of the gasoline is usually not
more than 70 kPa and preferably not more than 60 kPa (at 37.degree.
C.).
[0026] The research octane number ("RON") of the gasoline is
usually from 90 to 100. A usual range for the corresponding motor
octane number ("MON") is from 80 to 90.
[0027] The above characteristics are determined by conventional
methods (DIN EN 228).
[0028] The hydrophobic hydrocarbon group in the gasoline additives,
which provides sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a
number-average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of from 85 to 20,000,
preferably from 113 to 10,000 and more preferably from 300 to 5000.
Typical hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups, particularly in conjunction
with the polar groups (a), (c), (h) and (i), are polypropenyl,
polybutenyl and polyisobutenyl radicals having molecular weights
M.sub.n of from 300 to 5000, preferably from 500 to 2500 and more
preferably from 750 to 2250.
[0029] The following examples of individual gasoline additives
having a detergent action or an anti-valve-seat-wear effect are
mentioned by way of example.
[0030] Additives containing monoamino or polyamino groups (a) are
preferably polyalkene monoamines or polyalkene polyamines based on
polypropylene or highly reactive (ie containing predominantly
terminal double bonds--mostly in the .alpha. and .beta. positions)
or conventional (ie containing predominantly centered double bonds)
polybutylene or polyisobutylene having a molecular weight M.sub.n
of from 300 to 5000. Such additives based on highly reactive
polyisobutylene which can be prepared from the polyisobutylene
containing up to 20 wt % of n-butylene units, by hydroformylation
and reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines such
as dimethylaminopropylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine,
triethylenetetramine or tetrethylenepentamine, are disclosed, in
particular, in EP-A 244,616. If the synthesis of the additives is
based on polybutylene or polyisobutylene having predominantly
centered double bonds (mostly in the .beta. and .gamma. positions)
as starting materials, an obvious choice is the synthesis method
involving chlorination and subsequent amination, or oxidation of
the double bond with air or ozone to form the carbonyl or carboxyl
compound, with subsequent amination under reductive (hydrogenating)
conditions. This amination may be carried out using the same amines
as mentioned above for the reductive amination of hydroformylated,
highly reactive polyisobutylene. Corresponding additives based on
polypropylene are described, in particular, in WO-A 94/24231.
[0031] Further preferred additives containing monoamino groups (a)
are the hydrogenation products of the reaction products of
polyisobutylenes having an average degree of polymerization P of
from 5 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides
and oxygen, as described, in particular, in WO-A 97/03946.
[0032] Further preferred additives containing monoamino groups (a)
are the compounds produced from polyisobutylene epoxides by
reaction with amines followed by dehydration and reduction of the
amino alcohols, as described, in particular, in DE-A 196 20
262.
[0033] Additives containing nitro groups, optionally combined with
hydroxyl groups (b), are preferably reaction products of
polyisobutylenes having an average degree of polymerization P of
from 5 to 100 or from 10 to 100 with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of
nitrogen oxides and oxygen, as described, in particular, in WO-A 45
96/03367 and WO-A 96/03479. These reaction products are usually
mixtures of pure nitropolyisobutanes (eg
.alpha.,.beta.-dinitropolyisobutane) and mixed
hydroxynitropolyisobutanes (eg
.alpha.-nitro-.beta.-hydroxy-polyisobutane).
[0034] Additives containing hydroxyl groups combined with monoamino
or polyamino groups (c) are in particular reaction products of
polyisobutylene epoxides, obtainable from polyisobutylene
preferably containing predominantly terminal double bonds and
having a molecular weight M.sub.n of from 300 to 5000, with ammonia
or mono- or poly-amines, as described, in particular, in EP-A
476,485.
[0035] Additives containing carboxylic acid groups or the alkali
metal or alkaline earth metal salts thereof (d) are preferably
copolymers of C.sub.2-C.sub.40 olefins with maleic anhydride having
a total molecular weight of from 500 to 20,000 whose carboxylic
acid groups have been converted entirely or partially to the alkali
metal or alkaline earth metal salts and the remainder of the
carboxylic acid groups has been caused to react with alcohols or
amines. Such additives are disclosed, in particular, in EP-A
307,815. Said additives mainly serve to prevent valve seat wear and
can be used, as described in WO-A 87/01126, with advantage combined
with conventional fuel detergents such as poly(iso)butylene amines
or polyether amines.
[0036] Additives containing sulfo groups or the alkali metal or
alkaline earth metal salts thereof (e) are preferably alkali metal
or alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl sulfosuccinate, as
described, in particular, in EP-A 639,632. Such additives mainly
serve to prevent valve seat wear and can be used with advantage
combined with conventional fuel detergents such as
poly(iso)butylene amines or polyether amines.
[0037] Additives containing polyoxy-(C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkylene)
groups (f) are preferably polyethers or polyether amines, which are
obtained by reaction of C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkanols, C.sub.6-C.sub.30
alkanediols, mono- or di-(C.sub.2-C.sub.30 alkyl)amines,
(C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl)cyclohexanols or (C.sub.1-C.sub.30
alkyl)phenols with from 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and/or
propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino
group and, in the case of polyether amines, by subsequent reductive
amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines. Such products are
described, in particular, in EP-A 310,875, EP-A 356,725, EP-A
700,985 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,416. In the case of polyethers such
products also have flotation oil characteristics. Typical examples
thereof are tridecanol butoxylates or isotridecanol butoxylates,
isononylphenol butoxylates, polyisobutenol butoxylates and
polyisobutenol propoxylates and the corresponding reaction products
with ammonia.
[0038] Additives containing carboxylate groups (g) are preferably
esters of mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids with long-chain
alkanols or polyols, in particular those having a minimum viscosity
of 2 mm.sup.2/s at 100.degree. C., as described, in particular, in
DE-A 3,838,918. The mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids used can be
aliphatic or aromatic acids, and suitable ester alcohols or ester
polyols are primarily long-chain representatives containing, for
example, from 6 to 24 carbon atoms. Typical representatives of
these esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates,
terephthalates and trimellitates of isooctanol, isononanol,
isodecanol and isotridecanol. Such products also have flotation oil
characteristics.
[0039] Additives containing groups derived from succinic anhydride
and containing hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido
groups (h) are preferably corresponding derivatives of
polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride, which are obtained by reaction
of conventional or highly reactive polyisobutylene having a
molecular weight M.sub.n of from 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride
by thermal treatment or via chlorinated polyisobutylene. Of special
interest in this respect are derivatives with aliphatic polyamines
such as ethylene-diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine
or tetrethylenepentamine. nepentamine. Such gasoline additives are
described, in particular, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,572.
[0040] Additives containing groups (i) produced by Mannich reaction
of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or poly-amines are
preferably reaction products of polyisobutylene-substituted phenols
with formaldehyde and mono- or poly-amines such as ethylenediamine,
diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetrethylenepentamine or
dimethylaminopropylamine. The polyisobutenyl-substituted phenols
can be derived from conventional or highly reactive polyisobutylene
having a molecular weight M.sub.n of from 300 to 5000. Such
"polyisobutylene Mannich bases" are described, in particular, in
EP-A 831,141.
[0041] To provide a more precise definition of the individual
gasoline additives mentioned above, the disclosures of the
aforementioned specifications of the prior art are included herein
by reference.
[0042] The fuel composition of the invention can contain yet other
conventional components and additives. Foremost examples thereof
are flotation oils not having any marked detergent action, for
example mineral flotation oils (base oils), in particular those of
the viscosity class "Solvent Neutral (SN) 500 to 2000", and
synthetic flotation oils based on olefin polymers having a
molecular weight M.sub.n of from 400 to 1800, mainly based on
polybutylene or polyisobutylene (hydrogenated or non-
hydrogenated), on poly(.alpha.-olefin)s or poly(internal
olefin)s.
[0043] Suitable solvents or diluents (for use in additive packs)
are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg solvent naphtha.
[0044] Further conventional additives are corrosion inhibitors
based, for example, on film-forming ammonium salts of organic
carboxylic acids or heterocyclic aromatics for nonferrous metal
corrosion protection, antioxidants or stabilizing agents based, for
example, on amines such as p-phenylenediamine, dicyclohexylamine or
derivatives thereof or phenols such as. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol or
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylprop- ionic acid, demulsifiers,
antistatic agents, metallocenes such as ferrocene or
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, lubricity additives
such as specific fatty acids, alkenyl succinates,
bis(hydroxyalkyl)fatty amines, hydroxyacetamide or castor oil and
also colorants (labels). Sometimes amines are also added to lower
the pH of the automative fuel.
[0045] Other suitable fuel compositions of the invention comprise,
in particular, blends of the gasoline described above with a
mixture of gasoline additives containing the polar group (f) and
corrosion inhibitors and/or lubricity improvers based on carboxylic
acids or fatty acids, which can be present as monomeric and/or
dimeric species. Typical mixtures of this type contain
polyisobutylene amines combined with alkanol-initiated polyethers
such as tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates or propoxylates,
polyisobutylene amines combined with alkanol-initiated polyether
amines such as reaction products of tridecanol or isotridecanol
butoxylate with ammonia and alkanol-initiated polyether amines such
as reaction products of tridecanol or isotridecaol butoxylate with
ammonia combined with alkanol-initiated polyethers such as
tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates or propoxylates, in each
case combined with said corrosion inhibitors or lubricity
improvers.
[0046] Said gasoline additives containing the polar groups (a) to
(i) and said other components are metered to the gasoline, where
they become effective. The components or additives can be added to
the gasoline individually or as a previously prepared concentrate
(additive pack).
[0047] Said gasoline additives containing the polar groups (a) to
(i) are added to the gasoline usually in an amount of from 1 to
5000 ppm by weight, preferably from 5 to 3000 ppm by weight and
more preferably from 10 to 1000 ppm by weight. The other components
and additives mentioned, if desired, are added in conventional
amounts.
[0048] The fuel composition of the invention surprisingly allows
for the use of distinctly less detergent or anti-valve-seat-wear
agent to achieve the same detergent or pullution-abating action or
anti-valve-seat-wear action as in the case of conventional fuel
compositions of the prior art. Furthermore when the same amounts of
detergent or anti-valve-seat-wear agent are used in the fuel
composition of the invention as in conventional fuel compositions
there is achieved, surprisingly, a distinctly better detergent or
pollution-abating or anti-valve-seat-wear action.
[0049] Furthermore, the fuel composition of the invention has
additional advantages in that less sedimentation occurs in the
combustion chamber of the Otto engine and less additive migrates to
the motor oil due to fuel dilution.
[0050] The invention is illustrated by, but not restricted to, the
following examples.
EXAMPLED
[0051] The gasolines used were those listed in Table 1 complying to
the specifications stated, where OF1 stands for a typical
commercial Otto fuel.
1TABLE 1 Grading OF1 (for comparison) OF2 (invention,) aromatics
content [vol %] 48.4 41.8 benzene content [vol %] 2.0 1.0 olefin
content [vol %] 22.6 7.8 oxygen content [wt %] 0.5 1.7 sulfur
content [ppm by 245 90 weight] summer vapor pressure 78.4 69.3 (at
37.degree. C.) [kPa]
[0052] Preparation of the Fuel Compositions
Example 1
Comparative Example
[0053] 700 mg of a polyisobutylene amine, prepared from highly
reactive polyisobutylene having a molecular weight M.sub.n of 1000
by hydroformylation and subsequent reductive amination with ammonia
and dilution to equal parts by weight with C.sub.10-C.sub.14
paraffin (Kerocom.RTM. PIBA sold by BASF Aktiengesellschaft), were
dissolved in 1 kg of OF1 as indicated in Table 1.
Example 2
Invention
[0054] 700 mg of the same polyisobutylene amine as used in Example
1 were dissolved in 1 kg of OF2 as indicated in Table 1.
Example 3
Comparative Example
[0055] 600 mg of a commercial additive formulation for gasolines,
containing a conventional amount of a detergent containing
carbamate groups as in group (f), were dissolved in 1 kg of OF1 as
indicated in Table 1.
Example 4
Invention
[0056] 600 mg of the same commercial additive formulation for
gasolines as used in Example 3 were dissolved in 1 kg of OF2 as
indicated in Table 1.
Example 5
Comparative Example
[0057] 400 mg of a commercial additive formulation for gasolines,
containing a detergent, prepared by chlorination and subsequent
amination of polyisobutylene having a molecular weight M.sub.n of
950 and having predominantly centered double bonds, were dissolved
in 1 kg of OF1 as indicated in Table 1.
Example 6
Invention
[0058] 400 mg of the same commercial additive formulation for
gasolines as used in Example 5 were dissolved in 1 kg of OF2 as
indicated in Table 1.
Example 7
Comparative example
[0059] 750 mg of a commercial additive formulation for gasolines,
containing 50 wt % of the same polyisobutylene amine as used in
Example 1 and also mineral and synthetic flotation oils and
corrosion control agents (Keropur.RTM.3222 sold by BASF
Aktiengesellschaft) in conventional amounts, were dissolved in 1 kg
of OF1 as indicated in Table 1.
Example 8
Invention
[0060] 350 mg of the same commercial additive formulation for
gasolines as used in Example 7 were dissolved in 1 kg of OF2 as
indicated in Table 1.
Example 9
Comparative Example
[0061] 500 mg of a commercial additive formulation for gasolines,
containing 60 wt % of the same polyisobutylene amine as used in
Example 1 and also mineral flotation oil and corrosion control
means (Keropur.RTM.3233 sold by BASF Aktiengesellschaft) in
conventional amounts, were dissolved in 1 kg of OF1 as indicated in
Table 1.
Example 10
Invention
[0062] 500 mg of the same commercial additive formulation for
gasolines as used in Example 9 were dissolved in 1 kg of OF2 as
indicated in Table 1.
Example 11
Comparative Example
[0063] 700 mg of a mixture of 50 wt % of the same polyisobutylene
amine as used in Example 1 and 50 wt % of a commercial antiwear
additive (Kerocom.RTM.3280 sold by BASF Aktiengesellschaft) were
dissolved in 1 kg of OF1 as indicated in Table 1.
Example 12
Invention
[0064] 700 mg of the same additive formulation for gasolines as
used in Example 11 were dissolved in 1 kg of OF2 as indicated in
Table 1.
[0065] Working Tests
Example 13
Comparative Example
[0066] Gasoline of Example 1 was examined as regards its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests employing a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below.
Example 14
Invention
[0067] Gasoline of Example 2 was examined as regards its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below. It was
surprising to find that compared with Example 13 perfect cleaning
of the inlet valves is achieved using the same amount of fuel
additive.
Example 15
Comparative Example
[0068] Gasoline of Example 3 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below.
Example 16
Invention
[0069] Gasoline of Example 4 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below. It was
surprising to find that compared with Example 15 virtually perfect
cleaning of the inlet valves is achieved using the same amount of
fuel additive.
Example 17
Comparative Example
[0070] Gasoline of Example 5 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below.
Example 18
Invention
[0071] Gasoline of Example 6 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below. It was
surprising to find that compared with Example 17 virtually perfect
cleaning of the inlet valves is achieved using the same amount of
fuel additive.
Example 19
Comparative Example
[0072] Gasoline of Example 7 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below.
Example 20
Invention
[0073] Gasoline of Example 8 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below. It was
surprising to find that distinctly less fuel additive is required
than in Example 19 to achieve a similar degree of inlet valve
cleanliness.
Example 21
Comparative Example
[0074] Gasoline of Example 9 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below.
Example 22
Invention
[0075] Gasoline of Example 10 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below. It was
surprising to find that compared with Example 21 distinctly better
cleaning of the inlet valves is achieved using the same amount of
fuel additive.
Example 23
Comparative Example
[0076] Gasoline of Example 11 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below.
Example 24
Invention
[0077] Gasoline of Example 12 was examined to determine its
suitability for maintaining a clean inlet system. This was done by
carrying out engine tests in the form of bench tests on a
Mercedes-Benz engine CEC F-05-A-93. As expected, the deposits on
the inlet valves were distinctly less than the basic value obtained
when no additive is used, as shown in Table 2 below. It was
surprising to find that compared with Example 23 distinctly better
cleaning of the inlet valves was achieved using the same amount of
fuel additive.
2 TABLE 2 Deposits on the inlet valves Dosage [mg/valve] Additive
[mg/kg] valve 1 valve 2 valve 3 valve 4 average Ex. 13 700 40 157 7
87 73 (547) Ex. 14 700 0 0 0 0 0 (239) Ex. 15 600 19 60 86 34 50
(274) Ex. 16 600 0 1 0 2 1 (239) Ex. 17 400 0 75 17 182 69 (402)
Ex. 18 400 0 2 2 0 1 (239) Ex. 19 750 31 120 111 30 73 (592) Ex. 20
350 46 68 38 67 55 (239) Ex. 21 500 181 95 26 68 93 (475) Ex. 22
500 27 33 14 77 38 (239) Ex. 23 700 123 12 98 55 72 (558) Ex. 24
700 82 12 23 22 35 (239) (the values in brackets refer to the basic
value of the automotive fuel not containing any additive)
[0078] (the values in brackets refer to the basic value of the
automotive fuel not containing any additive)
* * * * *