U.S. patent application number 10/722127 was filed with the patent office on 2005-03-03 for fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure.
Invention is credited to Orr, William C..
Application Number | 20050044778 10/722127 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33452969 |
Filed Date | 2005-03-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050044778 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Orr, William C. |
March 3, 2005 |
Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure
Abstract
Metallic vapor phase fuel compositions relating to a broad
spectrum of pollution reducing, improved combustion performance,
and enhanced stability fuel compositions for use in jet, aviation,
turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion applications
include co-combustion agents preferably including
trimethoxymethylsilane.
Inventors: |
Orr, William C.; (Denver,
CO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HOGAN & HARTSON LLP
ONE TABOR CENTER, SUITE 1500
1200 SEVENTEENTH ST
DENVER
CO
80202
US
|
Family ID: |
33452969 |
Appl. No.: |
10/722127 |
Filed: |
November 24, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10722127 |
Nov 24, 2003 |
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08986891 |
Dec 8, 1997 |
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6652608 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
44/320 ; 44/378;
44/385; 44/388; 44/435; 44/443; 44/444 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/19 20130101; C10L
1/12 20130101; C10L 1/301 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
044/320 ;
044/435; 044/378; 044/388; 044/385; 044/444; 044/443 |
International
Class: |
C10L 001/28; C10L
001/24; C10L 001/18; C10L 001/12; C10L 001/26 |
Claims
1. A carboneous fuel containing triemethoxymethylsilane.
2. A carboneous fuel containing a combustion catalyst,selected from
the group of triemethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosp hite,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenamino-oxy)silane,
tetraalkyloxysilanes, tetramethoxysilane, tetiraethoxysilane,
tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilarie, a
dialkylphosphites, dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,
trialkylphosphites, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,
tripropylphosphit<$, triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phosphite),
dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethylmethyl-phos-phonate,
P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-orthoacetate, trimethylorthovalerate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho-formate, aIkyloxymethanes,
tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane,
tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,
tetratert-butoxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite,
trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylortho-butyrate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane,
diethoxyethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethoxymethylmethane,
tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane,
trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacial acetic acid,
acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethyl ester
(acetyloxy) acetic acid; aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid
hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid,
ethoxyacetic acid, methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy
methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,
ethoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic
acid, oxoacetic acid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid,
methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid,
propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates, methyl ester acetic
acid, ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of butanic acid,
ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic acid,
3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic acid,
2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate, dipropyl
carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate,
tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine
oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic acid,
dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphosphinic acid,
diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phosphonic acid,
(1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethyl ester
phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylester
phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methyl
monoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic
acid, methyl-O, 0-dimetnylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester
phosphoric acid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl
phosphate, ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid,
triethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate, 0, O,
0,'-triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester phosphorous
acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester phosphorous
acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid, O,O,S-tiethyl ester
phosphorodithioic acid, 2-methyl-1,2,propanediol,
2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3,-propanediol,
2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2,propanediol,
1,1',1",1'"-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane, methyl
propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl
propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether,
1,1'-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-met- hyl-propane,
1-(1-methylethoxy)-propane, 2,2',2"-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)]tr- is
propane, 1,1',1"-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane,
2-methyl-1-nitro propane, 2-methyl-2-nitro propane,
hydracrylonitrile, 1,1,1-triethoxy-propane,
1,1,3-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,1-trimethoxy-propan- e,
1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane,
2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and mixture.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the combustion catalyst is
selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethpxy-methyl-vinyl-silane- , methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
di-methoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenami- nooxy)silane,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite,
di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite,
triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite),
dimethyl-methylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium
pryo-phosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
tri-methylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,
tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including
homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture
thereof.
4. The composition of claim.3, wherein the catalyst is selected
from group consisting of. trimethoxymethylsilane,
dimethylphosphite, diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane,
tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane,
triethbxymethylmethane, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,
tetranitromethane, and mixture.
5. The composition of claim 2, wherein said carboneous fuel is a
hydrocarbon fuel.
6. The composition of claim 2, wherein said carboneous fuel is an
Enhanced Combustion Structure ("ECS) compound having a latent heat
of vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its
boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by
laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), C2-C12 aldehydes,
aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, ether acids, C3 to C15 di-ethers,
C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-CIS ketones, ketonic acids,
C3-C15 esters, alkyl formates, acetates, diacetates, butyrates,
othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers,
C2-C12 glycols, glycol ethers, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20
dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates,
C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides,
hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates,
oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids, C3 to C8 hyrodoxy esters
of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,
boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides.,
acetates, acetyls, methyl esters, nitrates, di-nitrates,
nitro-ethers, aldehydic acids, anhydrides, carbonic esters,
carboxylic acids, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, formic
acids, hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates,
alkyl/cyclo/cycloalkyl/aryl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane,
nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines,
nitrosyls, imides, methylamines, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia,
orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic
acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound
optionally containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,
alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,
amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, car borne thoxy, carbonyl,
carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,
glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy, nitrosyl
radical, and mixtures thereof.
7. The composition of claim 7, wherein said ECS oxygenate is
selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ethers,
ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary methyl amyl ether, tertiary
methyl ethyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether, dimethyl ether,
DIPE, methyl ester, C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, dimethyl
carbonate, diethyl.sup.1 carbonate, methylal, ethylal, and
mixture.
8. The composition of claim 2, wherein said fuel contains at least
one ribn-leaded element or derivative organic or inorganic compound
(NLEC") containing said non-lead element, selected from the group
consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A,
6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version),
and mixture, wherein said element or derivative compound, is
combustible and optionally has a minimum heating value of 4,000
Kcal/kg.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said NLEC is a combustible
element or compound containing at least one element selected from
the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth,
beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium,
gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium,
manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium,
palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium,
silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium,
lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafium,
praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodyium, uranium, tungsten,
promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium, ruthenium, osmium,
europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium, curium,
platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold, dysprosium,
californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium,
arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium,
lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof, including organic and
inorganic derivatives.
10. The fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate selected from
MTBE, ETBE, DMC, DEC, methylal, ethylal, methanol, ethanol, or
mixture, and a compound selected from[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]
triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl, dimethoxymethylsilane,
benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
N-l-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)pro- pyl)diethylenetriamine,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol,
octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,
hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,
hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g.
tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane,
benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,
diphenyl-silanediol, dihexylsilanediol,
(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassium
ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium
butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide,
potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide,
potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate,
potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic
acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate,
potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate
(potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium
phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium
L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate
(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt
II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium
ferricyanide, or mixture.
11. A composition comprising MMT and a compound selected from the
group consisting of triemethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenamino-oxy)silane,
tetraalkyloxysilanes, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane,
tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, a
dialkylphosphites, dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite,
trialkylphosphites, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite,
tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phosphite),
dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethylmethyl-phos-phonate,
P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-orthoacetate, trimethylorthovalerate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho-formate, alkyloxymethan.es,
tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane,
tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,
tetratert-butpxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite,
trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate, trimet{circumflex over
( )}hylortho-butyrate, triethylortho-butyrate, trimet
hylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane,
diethoxyethane, tetramethpxymethane, triethoxymethylmethane,
tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane,
trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacia acetic acid,
acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethyl ester
(acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid
hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid,
ethoxyacetic acid, methoxy ethyl ester of ;>>acetic acid,
methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic
acid, ethoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of
acetic acid, oxoacetic acid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid,
methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid,
propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates, methyl ester acetic
acid ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of butanic acid,
ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic acid,
3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic acid,
2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate, dipropyl
carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate,
tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine
oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic acid,
dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphosphinic acid,
diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phosphonic acid,
(1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethyl ester
phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylester
phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methyl
monoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic
acid, methyl-O,O-dimethylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester
phosphoric acid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl
phosphate, ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester phosphoric acid,
triethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate,
O,O,O,-triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester
phosphorous acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester
phosphorous acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid, O,O,S-tiethyl
ester phosphorodithioic acid, 2-methyl-1,2,propanediol,
2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3,-p- ropanediol,
2-methyl-2-propyl-l,3,-propanediol, 1-nitrate-1,2,propanediol,
1,1',1",1'"-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane, methyl
propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl
propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether,
1,1'-[methylenebis (oxy)] bis [2-methyl-propane,
methylethoxy)-propane, 2,2',2"-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)] tris
propane, 1,1',1"-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane,
2-methyl-1-nitro propane, 2-methyl-2-nitro propane,
hydracrylonitrile, 1,1,1-triethoxy-propane,
1,1,3-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,1-trimethoxy-propan- e,
1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane,
2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and mixture.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the compound is selected
from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetra-methylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silan- e, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenamin- ooxy)silane,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite,
di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite,
triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite),
dimethyl-methylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium
pryo-phosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
tri-methylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,
tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including
homolgues, analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture thereof.
The composition of claim 2, additionally containing a glycol ether
or a nitrogen containing compound.
Description
[0001] The present invention is a CIP of my U.S. application Ser.
No. 8/986,891 (Fuel Compositions Exhibiting Improved Fuel
Stability, filed Dec. 8, 1997) and relates to a broad spectrum of
pollution reducing, improved combustion performance, and enhanced
stability fuel compositions for use in jet, aviation, turbine,
diesel, gasoline, and other combustion applications. More
particularly, the present invention relates to fuel compositions
employing certain co-combustion agents, including
trimethoxymethylsilane.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Growth in environmental concerns related to pollutants
generated by hydrocarbon based fuels, especially emissions related
to greenhouse gases, has given raise to the need to find new fuels
and methods of combustion capable of reducing such emissions,
namely carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide (NxO), NOx, methane, ozone,
CFC's, halons and similar gases. Increases of nitrous oxide gases
occurring post exhaust catalyst have recently been discovered.
Similar to CFC's, nitrous oxides are about a 1000 times more potent
than CO2 in their adverse effect. It has been found the effect of
the exhaust catalyst, itself, may actually tend to increase the
concentrations of nitrous oxides. Thus, there is a current need to
reduce overall nitrous oxide emissions and additionally find a
means reducing the effect the exhaust catalyst has upon increasing
said emissions.
[0003] International Patent Applications, PCT/US95/02691,
PCT/US95/06758, and PCT/US96/09653, incorporated in their entirety
herein by reference, speak to a new form of combustion known as
metallic vapor combustion, wherein combustion does not take place
on the surface of the metal, or on and/or within the molten layer
of oxide covering the metal, typical of heretofore metallic
combustion. Rather, combustion is characterized as being highly,
with a luminous reaction zone extending some distance from the
metal's surface or the normal flame front, at a high burning rate,
wherein metallic oxide particles are formed in the submicron
range.
[0004] This is a highly expansive brillant type of combustion,
where for example the laminar flame of a Bunsen burner shows an
extended luminous zone to extend beyond the boundary of the normal
flame front. This combustion yields vastly accelerated
flame/exhaust gas velocities compared to traditional combustion, in
turn generating greater amounts of useable free energy.
[0005] Said PCT Applications disclose fuel compositions and
combustion techniques achieving vapor phase combustion based on an
enhanced combustion structure ("ECS"), which incorporates a free
radical generating oxygenate compound("ECS oxygenate") and a high
energy combustible non-lead metallic, preferably an "ECS metallic"
containing ECS structure. Applicant's metallic together with an ECS
compound yield vapor phase combustion. In the aforementioned
Applications and herein metallic shall mean at least one non-leaded
element or derivative organic or inorganic compound containing said
non-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B,
4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the
Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), and mixture, wherein said
element or derivative compound, is combustible, and optionally has
a minimum heating value of 4,000 Kcal/kg, and wherein vapor phase
combustion occurs. As noted, in the aforementioned Applications and
herein, an ECS metallic is a metallic capable of increasing burning
velocity and/or reducing combustion temperature. It is any non-lead
metallic (or non-metallic) which may be employed in the practice of
this invention. Said metallic may be employed with hydrogen or a
hydrocarbon fuel, absent an ECS compound.
[0006] As set forth herein "ECS metallic" can be read as any
non-lead metallic (and non-metallic as set forth below), or any
organic or inorganic derivative thereof, which accomplishes the
vapor phase combustion object of this invention. As set forth in
the disclosure below ECS metallic contemplates any metallic or
non-metallic accomplishing this object. An ECS metallic need not
contain ECS structure (e.g. high kinetic energy free radicals),
albeit said ECS structure is preferred. A "non-lead element or
derivative" herein shall also be read as "ECS metallic."
[0007] It is noted, a principal ECS metallic of the aforementioned
PCT applications was manganese, chiefly methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl. Due to recent concerns over the
neurotoxicity of manganese combustion products, and the potential
neurotoxicity of other combustion metal oxides, a need exists to
find a high energy, non-manganese, non-neurotoxic replacement ECS
metallic or group of metallics capable of achieving vapor phase
combustion.
EXAMPLE A
[0008] A fuel composition containing hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel
and at least one organic or inorganic compound containing a
non-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B,
4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the
Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), wherein said non-lead
derivative compound simultaneously increases combustion burning
velocity and/or reduces combustion temperature, wherein said
composition is improved over the hydrogen or the co-fuel alone;
optionally showing improved thermal efficiency. Said composition
optionally containing an ECS oxygenate.
[0009] As noted, in the aforementioned Applications, Applicant has
discovered, under these his combustion conditions, the metallic,
itself, becomes an integral and powerful agent in the combustion
process, improving combustion thermal efficiencies, translating
into improved fuel economy, net available, work, power generation,
thrust, and the like (e.g. increased miles/gal. (kilometers/liter),
increased flight range/Kg, increased kilowatts generated/liter),
while simultaneously reducing hazardous pollutants.
[0010] In the context of this invention, Applicant generally refers
to thermal efficiency in both its chemical and mechanical context,
e.g. the efficiency of the chemical reaction and the amount of
useful work generated in the system, e.g. free energy.
[0011] Applicant has found, thermal efficiency, particularly as
measured as a function of net useful work generated by the system
is increased. Often substantially.
[0012] For example, Applicant's has discovered thermal efficiency
improvements over existing unadjusted fuels and combustion systems
to be on the order of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0% to 20%.
And, depending upon the circumstances (e.g. combustion systems,
fuel configurations) average improvements can range from 2.0% to
5.0%, 5.0% to 10.0% or higher, withmodest improvements ranging from
0.05% to 1.0% to 2.0%. Exceptional improvements will range from
10%, 25% to 40%, 30% to 80%, or more.
[0013] In the context of this invention "unadjusted" fuels mean
conventional existing hydrocarbon fuels concurrent to this
invention, which have not been adjusted to improve burning
velocity, increase latent heats of vaporization, T-90 temperatures,
mid range distillation temperatures, aromatic or sulfur contents.
These value are variously set forth herein and to the extent they
are known in the industry incorporated herein by reference.
EXAMPLE B
[0014] The compositions of Example A, containing hydrogen or a
hydrocarbon, wherein said composition's burning velocity and/or
combustion temperature permit said non-lead derivative compound to
replace need for an ECS compound, however, said composition
experiencing luminous vapor phase combustion.
EXAMPLE C
[0015] The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
derivative is a sodium, potassium, phosphorous, boron, or silicon
derivative, including mixture.
EXAMPLE D
[0016] The aforementioned composition, wherein said non-lead
derivative is trimethoxymethylsilane or homologue, analogue, isomer
or derivative.
[0017] The aforementioned PCT Applications speak to the use of
symmetrical alkyl carbonates (e.g. dimethyl carbonate "DMC") as a
preferred ECS oxygenate, which the art discloses as having
potential hydrolytic or stability problems when in an acidic or
aqueous environments. See for example, EPO Application #91306278.2
Karas, which reasonably suggests fuels containing a symmetrical
diakyl-carbonate, like DMC, which have pH's perhaps 11 or lower, as
being potentially problematic. Thus, there is a need to mitigate
this potential fuel stability problem.
[0018] Additionally, the use of less expensive longer chain or more
complex, viscous fuels, e.g., heavy oils, heavy fuel oils, diesels,
etc., have attendant handling, emission and combustion problems,
which warrant solution, especially if solved simultaneously with
the above related problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0019] The instant invention resides in an improvement to the
aforementioned PCT Applications, and simultaneously solves the
noted problems. Namely, the invention reduces combustion greenhouse
gases of C02, NOx, ozone, methane, and problematic
chlororfluorocarbons and nitrous oxides. The invention, is
particularly able to control and reduce NOx emissions generated
post exhaust emissions catalyst.
[0020] The invention also beneficially improves a broad class of
combustion systems and emissions in general, while simultaneously
improving fuel economy, flight range, thrust and/or power.
[0021] The invention more particularly relates to discovery of a
class of non-manganese, non-toxic ECS metal and metalloid
compounds, including a combination thereof, capable of achieving
vapor phase combustion, but which do not have manganese's
associated neurotoxicity problem. Metallics of particular interest
include alkali/alkali earth metals, sodium, potassium, boron,
aluminum, silicon and phosphorus.
[0022] The invention resides in the combination of metallics,
metalloids (herein after nonlead element compounds "NLEC's" ) which
include combining an ECS metallic with and ECS co-combustion metal,
metalloid, or carbon catalyst structurally similar to
triemethoxymethylsilane or dimethyl-phosphite. Said catalyst is
contemplated in combination with Applicant's ECS metallics to
improve vapor phase burning, achieving the objects of this
invention.
[0023] The invention further resides in discovery of a means of
maintaining stability of fuels containing symmetrical lower dialkyl
carbonates, while simultaneously improving the handling of fuels
containing alkali/alkali earth metals, which can be highly
alkaline. In accordance therewith, the fuel compositions of the
present invention exhibits improved stability and handling
attributes when the fuel compositions are constructed to a weakly
alkaline (7.5 to 11.0 pH), substantially neutral (6.5 to 7.5 pH),
or slightly acidic (4.5 to 6.9 pH) environments, whether or not
water is present. In such cases there is no handling hazard or
hydrolysis problem. Thus, in the case of symmetrical lower dialkyl
carbonate containing fuels, long term storage is possible absent
any deterioration of stability. Likewise the handling hazards of
strongly alkaline compositions due to the presence of alkaline or
alkaline earth metals is additionally controlled.
[0024] Additionally, it has been discovered the presence of lower
dialkyl carbonates and ECS metals in the fuel compositions of the
present invention allow for the use of highly viscous base
hydrocarbon fuels, which otherwise might not be used.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0025] ECS Components
[0026] The free radical generating ECS oxygenates of this invention
include C2-C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic acids), C2-C12 ethers
(including ether acids), C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15 alcohols,
C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-CIS esters (alkyl
formates, acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters,
C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12
glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20
asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to
C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic
acids (including formic acids), amines, nitrates, di-nitrates,
oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids (including C3 to C8
hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of
acetic acid, etc.), boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids,
orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, methyl esters, nitrates,
di-nitrates, nitro-ethers. Applicant's ECS compounds increasing
burning velocity and/or increase latent heat of vaporization, and
those that are set forth in the aforementioned prior references are
incorporated by reference.
[0027] Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds which include one to
ten oxygen atoms are desireable, with to one to three oxygen atoms
more desirable. If organic, those oxygenated compounds having
carbon atoms of one to 20 atoms are desireable, with one to ten
more desireable, with one to five being yet more preferred. Those
with three atoms or less are most preferred. Compounds where oxygen
represents 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or more, by weight are desired.
Specific oxygenated compounds can be found in detail in Organic
Chemistry 6.sup.th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons,
N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford
University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N.
S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lanqe's Handbook
of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992).
[0028] ECS oxygenates of particular interest (homologues,
analogues, derivative, and isomers thereof), include tertiary
hydrocarbyl ethers, including but not limited to methyl tertiary
butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary
methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiary methyl ethyl ether (TEME),
ethyl, tertiary amyl ether; C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, including
but not limited to ethanol, methanol; lower diakyl carbonates,
including but not limited to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) , diethyl
carbonate (DEC); ethers having dual linkage (e.g. diethers),
including but not limited to di-ethers, including methyal
(methylene di methyl ether or dimethoxy methane), ethylal (diethoxy
methane); carbons having multiple alkyloxy groups, including but
not limited to tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, anhydrides
and hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, including but not
limited to methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester
of acetic acid.
[0029] Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds may be included in
weight percent of the final composition in that amount, which
results in optimal vapor phase combustion. Concentrations ranging
from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6,
3.7, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 percent weight by oxygen are contemplated. Other
oxygen concentrations range from 0.01 to 3.7, 0.1 to 80.0, 1.0 to
5.0, 1.0 to 10.0, 1.0 to 15.0, 1.0 to 20.0, 1.0 to 30.0, 1.0 to
40.0, 1.0 to 53 percent oxygen by weight in the composition.
[0030] Preferred ECS structure/components (e.g. oxygenates,
metallics, and hydrocarbon base, if any) are characterized as those
yielding in precombustion a significant portion of reactive high
kinetic energy free radicals (e.g. H, H.sub.2, O, 00, CO, F, F2,
F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, BF, AL ALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, KO,
KOO, ONH, ON, NH, NH2, OCH.sub.3, OCH,OCH.sub.2, OH, Cl, CN, OCOO,
COOH, C2H5OOC, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO, or CONH2), as a weight percent
of their total precombustion vapors. Thus, components containing
one or more of these radicals is desired. Preferred weight percent
contributed by the substituent is equal to or greater than 2%, 5%,
10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, of the precombustion vapors. Similarly
Applicant 's ECS compounds should contain one or more radicals of
same structure.
[0031] The preferred reactive high kinetic energy free radicals of
this invention are those radicals that generate laminar bunsen
flame velocities in excess of 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,
70, 75, 80, 90 or more, cm/sec, (laminar bunsen burner flame with
methanol at a 57.2 cm/sec bench mark), more preferably in excess of
50, 60, 65, or 70 cm/sec., and ideally those having at least one
free or unused valency electron; said ideal radical is
characterized as being a chain carrier in the main chain reaction
of combustion, effectively disassociating and re-associating during
combustion. As used herein flame velocity or propagation is the art
definition, which can be defined as the volumetric velocity of the
stream of the combustible mixture divided by the surface of the
inner cone of a laminar Bunsen flame. As contemplated herein and in
the examples below, said noted flame velocities (for ECS compound)
may be translated to the finished fuels themselves (e.g. finished
fuels may have a burning velocity of 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
64, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more, cm/sec. As contemplated herein,
these laminar flames values are measured using the internal angle
of the Bunsen flame, which are parallel to the external vertical
(flowing) flame wall to the peak of the flame head, thus
compensating for the luminous zone, which masks the normal outer
edge and peak of the flame head of the flame which may also be used
to measure flame velocities (see FIG. 1).
[0032] Thus, the preferred ECS oxygenates, metallics, and/or
hydrocarbon bases, if any, have higher relative flame velocities.
As a rule, when combusted in air (as a function of their own
constitution and as measured in a laminar Bunsen flame), flame
velocities should equal or exceed 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,
140, 150 cm/sec., with those exceeding 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, or
more, preferred. The higher the burning velocity the better. It is
recognized individual ECS oxygenates may have higher burning
velocities than individual metallics, compared to hydrocarbon base
fuels. However, ESC oxygenate/metallic combinations should have
synergistic laminar burning velocities preferably exceeding 48, 50,
55, 60, 65, 70, or more cm/sec.
[0033] FIG. 1
[0034] FIG. 1 shows the method of calculating laminar
burning'.sup.1 velocity (LHV or BV) employing a Bunsen Burner, and
the differences seen between a conventional (clear), fuel flame
compared to a luminous flame. Burning velocity is calculated as 1/2
Sin of the interior angle (.theta.) at the head of the flame
(times) the gas velocity (VG), or BV.
[0035] Laminar Flame Velocity (LFV) and Burning Velocity (BV) are
interchangeable terms herein. In the case of luminous flames, 0
measurements (the angle found at the flame peak) are made inside
below the luminous portion of the flame (see FIG. 1).
[0036] BV calculations may be adjusted for temperature and
pressure. Higher pressures reduce measurable BVs while higher
temperatures increase them. As provided herein, BV values herein
are those that would be equivalent to those with methanol being
benchmarked at 57:2 cm/sec.
[0037] Preferred latent heats of vaporization of ECS components
(e.g. oxygenates, metallics, and/or hydrocarbon bases) at
60.degree. F. are those equal to or greater than 60, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, 100, 1,05, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150,
155, 150, 160, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250,
270, 290, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500 btu/lb, or
more. Those greater than 100, 115 btu/lb are more desireable.
Alternatively, preferred latent heats of vaporization (enthalpy of
vaporization at boiling point) equal to or greater than 21, 22, 23,
24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45,
47, or higher, jK mole.sup.-1 are desireable, with those' no less
than 28.0 jK mole.sup.-1, more desireable. The higher the latent
heat of vaporatization the better. It is an embodiment of this
invention to employ hydrocarbon bases having enhanced LHV's (see
below).
[0038] The ECS non-lead metals, metalloids, non-metals (herein
"metals or metallics") are those which are combustible and which
having high heating value, exceeding 2,000 to 6,000, 6,500, 7,000,
7,500, 8,000, 8,500, 9,000, 9,500, 10,000, 10,500, 11,000, 12,000,
or more, Kcal/kg, and which contain at least one element selected
from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth,
beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium,
gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium,
manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium,
palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium,
silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium,
lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium,
praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, uranium, tungsten,
promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium, ruthenium, osmium,
europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium, curium,
platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold, dysprosiutn,
californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium,
arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium,
lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof, including organic and
inorganic derivatives thereof (as set forth in more detail
below).
[0039] The preferred metals herein have oxides whose heats of
formation are negative, and should be equal or exceed (e.g. be more
negative) about -10,000 to -75,000 calories/mole. More preferred
are those equal or exceeding -100,000 to -400,000 gr calories/mole,
and greater (more negative). Simple oxides containing one or two
oxygens may have heats of formation equal or exceeding -50,000 to
-200,000, or greater, calories/mole are acceptable.
[0040] Vapor Phase Combustion
[0041] This invention contemplates a vapor phase form/method of
combusting a metallic, wherein said method comprises: introducing
kinetic free radicals having enhanced combustion structure (ECS)
into a combustion chamber; igniting and combusting a flammable
metallic or metal compound in presence of said free radicals at
temperature below said metal's oxide boiling point and preferably
above said metal or metallic compound's boiling point; combusting
said metal wherein accelerated burning occurs, as evidenced by a
brilliant luminous reaction zone extending some distance from the
metal 's surface; wherein metallic oxide particles resulting from
combustion are in submicron range and/or remain in a gaseous
state.
[0042] The composition's ingredients and proportions are tailored
to accomplish this objective. Varying compositions and ingredients
will necessarily yield differing results. However, in the claims
below providing for vapor phase combustion, the ingredients and
ranges are at a minimum optimized/arranged to achieve this
result.
[0043] Non-Toxic ECS Metals
[0044] It is an object of this invention to eliminate neurotoxic
manganese or other hazardous metal oxides of combustion, including
concentrations thereof deemed to be toxic. It is a principal object
of this invention to use metals and metal combinations, whose
combustion product, oxides, carbonates, etc., are relatively
non-toxic and absent neurotocity.
[0045] However, it is expressly recognized differing metals, and
metallic blends yield different combustion products. Differing ECS
metallic applications will results in different combustion
products. In some applications and compositions the metal
combustion products generated may be toxic. Yet in other
compositions, and/or applications, the same metallic or metallics
may elicit essentially non-toxic combustion products.
[0046] Thus, it is expressly contemplated differing applications of
the same metal, or differing metals acting together in combustion
may produce non-toxic combustion products, while in other
circumstances would produce toxic combustion products.
[0047] It is contemplated certain risk metals generating
potentially toxic combustion products may be employed in
applications where risk is acceptable, e.g. advanced jet, rocket,
or outer space applications. Thus, metallics hazardous on earth
could be employed in space.
[0048] It is also contemplated manganese containing metallic may be
included in small concentrations in a mixture with non-manganese
metallics. For example, methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl
may be added in small concentrations, perhaps as an anti-knock
enhancer in the case of gasoline. It may be included in other fuels
as well.
[0049] In the practice of this invention alkali/alkali earth
metals, whose metal oxides are non-toxic are preferred.
Particularly preferred metals include lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium, cesium, magnesium, and calcium. More preferred are
lithium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.
[0050] Other non-lead, non-manganese metals, whose combustion
product is moderately to relatively non-toxic, and desireable in
the practice of this invention, include: aluminum, boron, bismuth,
cerium, gallium, lithium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sodium,
magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, indium, iron, copper, zinc, silicon,
iodine, cobalt, molybdenum, nitrogen, praseodymium, rhenium,
rubidium, fluorine, tin, titanium, chromium, selenium, vanadium,
boron, nickel, niobium, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, zirconium.
Blends of these metals, including their derivative compounds are
contemplated.
[0051] However, slightly more desirable metals include: aluminum,
boron, bismuth, calcium, cerium, cesium, gallium, lithium,
potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, silicon, indium,
molybdenum, nitrogen, potassium, praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium,
tin, titanium, selenium, boron, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium,
zirconium.
[0052] Even more desirable are aluminum, lithium, potassium,
sodium, boron, potassium, magnesium, silicon, nitrogen, selenium,
boron, and germanium.
[0053] It is an embodiment of this invention to substitute
Applicant s non-toxic metallics for Mn in the aforementioned PCT
Applications.
[0054] Tests
[0055] Applicant conducted a series of horse power (HP) tests
employing an air cooled honda 75 cc, four stroke engine, rated at 2
horse power on a DYNOJET MODEL 100 DYNAMOMETER and found increases
in HP above the engine's rate HP for certain compositions.
Increased HP is an indication that the fuel would also show
improvements in emissions, fuel economy, thrust, flight range, and
the like, if measured. For purpose of this test only HP was
measured. Certain test fuels required blending agents.
[0056] The tests were conducted to show changes in rated horse
power due only to changes in fuel composition. For purpose of the
test the bike's gasoline tank was disconnected. Tests measurements
were performed after the engine had been warmed up. After each test
fuel, the carburetor was drained of excess fuel and flushed to
avoid fuel contamination.
[0057] After warm up, the test procedure included bringing the
warmed bike to a stop (while engine operating) , .circle-solid.then
shifting the bike into first gear and engaging the transmission and
rear wheel on the dynamometer, with operator upon the bike. After
shifting into second gear, the dynamometer was activated and the
throttle was immediately opened to "wide open." The bike operated
under full throttle until it reached a speed of about 30 mph (in
second gear), when the test was terminated. Below are example fuels
where improvement is indicated.
[0058] 1. Base gasoline with 0.00156% vol methoxy-methylsilane
[0059] 8. Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol
trimethoxy-methylsilane
[0060] 9. Base gasoline with 0.125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane
[0061] 10 Base gasoline with 0.25% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane
[0062] 11 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane,
2.5% O2 wt DMC
[0063] 12 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol trimethoxy-methylsilane,
3.5% O2 wt Ethanol
[0064] 13 Base gasoline with 0.00156% vol dimethyl-phosphite
[0065] 14 Base gasoline with 0.003125% vol dimethyl-phosphite
[0066] 15 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol dimethyl-phosphite
[0067] 16 Base gasoline with 0.125% vol dimethyl-phosphite
[0068] 17 Base gasoline with 0.25% vol dimethyl-phosphite
[0069] 18 Base gasoline with 0.003125% vol dimethyl-phosphite, 2.7%
O2 wt MTBE
[0070] 19 Base gasoline with 0.03125% vol dimethyl-phosphite, 2.5%
O2 wt DMC
[0071] 20 Base gasoline with 0.0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide
[0072] 21 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide
[0073] 22 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethoxide
[0074] 23 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.7 vol
% MTBE
[0075] 24 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.5 vol
% DMC
[0076] 25 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.7%
O2 wt MTBE
[0077] 26 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.7% 02
wt MTBE
[0078] 27 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.5% O2
wt DMC
[0079] 28 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triet- hoxysilane
[0080] 29 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trieth- oxysilane
[0081] 30 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume [2-(cyclohexenyl)
ethyl]triethoxysilane
[0082] 31 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trietho- xysilane, 2.7% O2 wt MTBE
[0083] 32 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume [2-(cyclohexenyl)
ethyl]triethoxysilane, 2.5% O2 wt DMC
[0084] 33 Base gasoline with 0.125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethox- ysilane, 3.5% O2 wt Ethanol
[0085] 34 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triet- hoxysilane, 0.003125 vol %
trimethoxymethylsilane
[0086] 35 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trieth- oxysilane, 0.03125 vol %
trimethoxymethylsilane
[0087] 36 Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trietho- xysilane, 0.03125 vol %
trimethoxymethylsilane
[0088] 37 Base gasoline with 0.003125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triet- hoxysilane, 0.003125 vol %
dimethylphosphite
[0089] 38 Base gasoline with 0.03125% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trieth- oxysilane, 0.25 vol %
trimethoxymethylsilane, 2.7% O2 wt MTBE
[0090] 39 Base gasoline with 0.25% volume
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxy- silane, 0.25 vol %
dimethylphosphite, 2.5% O2 wt DMC
[0091] Base gasoline with 0.00625% volume hexamethyldisilane
[0092] Base gasoline with 0.0625% volume hexamethyldisilane
[0093] 40 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.03125
vol % trimethoxy methylsilane, 2.5% O2 wt DMC
[0094] 43 Base gasoline with 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.03125
vol %,trimethoxy methylsilane, 3.5% O2 .wt Ethanol
[0095] 44 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.0625
vol % trimethoxy methylsilane, 2.0% O2 wt MTBE
[0096] 45 Base gasoline with 0.03125% wt potassium ethoxide,
0.003125 vol % dimethylphosphite, 2.5% O2 wt DMC
[0097] 46 Base gasoline with 0.003125% wt potassium ethoxide,
0.0625 vol % dimethyl phosphite, 3.5% O2 wt Ethanol
[0098] 47 Base gasoline with 0.125% wt potassium ethoxide, 0.0625
vol % dimethylphosphite, 2.2% O2 wt MTBE
[0099] 48 Base gasoline with 0.03125 % wt potassium phenoxide,
0.03125 vol % dimethyl phosphite, 2.2% O2 wt MTBE
[0100] 49 Base gasoline 0.03125% wt potassium tert-butoxide,
0.003125 vol % dimethyl phosphite, 1.5% O2 wt MTBE
[0101] Applicant's has found a synergism of Applicant's ingredients
and compositions. Synergisms appear to exist between
trimethoxymethylsilane, base fuels, base fuels with DMC. Ethanol,
and MTBE. Show similar results exist with dimethylphosphite. Like
trimethoxymethylsilane, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane,
hexamethyldisilane, potassium ethoxide, potassium phenoxide, and
dimethylphosphite show improvement in hydrocarbon bases alone, but
better improvement when present with ECS compounds MTBE, DMC and
Ethanol, and still better improvement when either dimethylphosphite
and trimethoxymethylsilane are used with the other metallics, such
as MMT.
[0102] Trimethoxymethylsilane and dimethoxyphosphite appear
interchangeable in certain applications.
[0103] Practice
EXAMPLE 1
[0104] A non-toxic vapor phase combustion composition
comprising:
[0105] 1) an ECS oxygenate (preferably selected from a hydrocarbyl
ether, an alcohol, carbonate, or methylal/ethylal), 2) an ECS
metallic, preferably a non-neurotoxic ECS alkali/alkali earth
metallic derivative (preferably an.alkyloxide of potassium or a
potassium ferricyanide) , or a derivative of lithium, boron,
silicon, or aluminum, optionally; 3) a hydrocarbon, and/or
optionally a 4) a co-combustion catalyst (preferably a silicon
alkyloxy derivative, like trimethoxymethylsilane, or an
alkyl/dialkyl phosphite like dimethylphosphite.
EXAMPLE 2
[0106] The above examples, wherein the composition constructed to
have a pH ranging from 3.0 to 12.0, 3.5 to 11.5, 4.0 to 11.0, 4.5
to 11.5, more preferably 5.5 to 9.5, even more preferably 6.5 to
6.9.
EXAMPLE 3
[0107] The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is an
alkali/alkali earth metal (a non-limiting example, potassium
ethoxide) and the co-combustion agent is a phosphorus derivative
(non-limiting example dimethyl or diethyl phosphite), wherein the
composition has a pH equal or less than 10.5, 9.5, 8.5, 7.5, but
greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.0, (substantially neutral is
preferred).
EXAMPLE 4
[0108] The above Examples, wherein the ECS metallic is selected
from alkyl metal and alkyl earth metal salts, naptha's,
ferricyanides, organo-metallics (optionally containing oxygen
and/or nitrogen) and derivative compound, including potassium
alkanols, potassium alkyl oxides, e.g. potassium methoxide,
potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide,
potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium
tert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide,
potassium phenoxide, etc. Other non-limiting examples of potassium
salts include potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium
hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid,
potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium
benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt
hexoic acid), potassium acetates, potassium formates, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium
phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium
L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate. Corresponding sodium,
lithium, rubidium, cesium compounds are contemplated. Mixtures are
contemplated.
EXAMPLE 4A
[0109] The above examples, wherein said ECS metallic is selected
from potassium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium
phenoxide, potassium acetate, potassium napthenate and mixture.
EXAMPLE 4B
[0110] The above examples, wherein said fuel contains a TMMS
co-combustion catalyst.
EXAMPLE 4B
[0111] The above examples, wherein said fuel contains stabilizer
selected from TMMS, toluene, glycols, glycol ethers and
mixture.
EXAMPLE 4C
[0112] The above examples, wherein the ECS component is oxygenated,
selected from C2-C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic acids), C2-G12
ethers (including ether acids), C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1-C15
alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15
esters (alkyl formates, acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.),
othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20 glycol ethers,
C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates,
C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates,
C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides,
carboxylic acids (including formic acids), amines, nitrates,
di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids (including C3
to C8 hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, methoxy methyl
ester of acetic acid, etc.), boric acids, orthoborates,
hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetate's, acetyls, nitrates,
di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, homologues, analogue, derivative and
mixture.
EXAMPLE 5
[0113] The above Examples, wherein the ECS metallic is selected
from a silicon derivative including: [2-(cyclohexenyl)
ethyl]triethoxysilane.sub- .v cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane,
benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylene-diamine,
N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-p- ropyl)diethylenetriamine,
N-(3(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylenediamine,
1-(trimethyl(silyl)-pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol,
octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,
hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyl-disilane,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,
hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g.
tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),
3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane, benzytrimethylsilane,
benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltri-methylsilylamine,
diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,
(trimethyl-silyl)cyclopentadiene, including homologues, analogues
and derivative thereof.
EXAMPLE 5A
[0114] A fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate increasing
burning velocity and/or reducing combustion temperature, optionally
selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, DEC, methylal, ethylal, methanol,
ethanol, or mixture, and an ECS metal selected from
methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl,
[2-(cyclbhexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane,
cyclohexenyl/dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)pro-
pyl)diethylenetriamine,N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolidine, triphenyl>>silanol,
octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,
hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl
disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane,
allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane,
tetrabutylsilane, etc.), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,
benzytrimethylsilane, benzytriethylsilane,
N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, diphenyl-silanediol,
dihexylsilanediol, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium
methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium
isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium
tert-butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide,
potassium phenoxide, potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium
hydrogenpht'halate, potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium
acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium
dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride,
potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate,
potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate,
potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt,
monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium
hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium
hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium
sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
EXAMPLE 6
[0115] The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is selected
from a spiral compound based upon ferricyanhydric acid derivatives,
namely ferricyanides. See Dictionary of Chemical Solubilties,
supra, pages 334-342, which lists various ferrocyanides (as herein
provided ferrocyanides include cyanoferrates, ferricyanides, and
the like), incorporated herein by reference. Alkali and alkali
earth metal ferrocyanides are desireable. Transition metal
ferrocyanides are desireable. Nitrogen ferrocyanides are
desireable. Non-limiting examples include: potassium
hexacyanoferrate (II) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) are
desireable. Non-limiting examples include potassium hexacyanocobalt
II-ferrate, potassium Hexacyanocobalt III, potassium
hexachloroosmate (IV), potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV),
potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexafluoromanganate (IV),
potassium Hexaflourozirconate. potassium hexathiocyanatoplatinate
(IV), potassium sodium ferricyanide, potassium hexacyanoplatinate,
potassium hexacyanoruthinate (Il)hydrate, potassium
hexacyanoplatinate (IV), potassium hexafluoroaluminate, potassium
hexafluoroarsenate, potassium hexafluorophosphite, potassium
hexafluorophosphite, potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium
hexahydroxyantimonate, potassium hexafluoro titante, Potassium
copper ferracyanide, potassium cyanide, iron (III) ferrocyanide,
sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate, magnesium ferrocyanide, magnesium
potassium ferrocyanide. Naturally other cyano-spiral, including
hexacyano compounds are contemplated. Substitutions for potassium
and/or iron are also contemplated. Examples of such substitution
include potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), sodium
hexacyanocobaltate (III), etc. Structurally similar compounds,
analogues, and homologues, etc., are incorporated herein by
reference and contemplated.
EXAMPLE 6a
[0116] The example of 5, 5A, 6, wherein said composition contains a
solvent is selected from alkyl ketones (acetone, etc.), alkyl
alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isobutanol), alkyl ethers, glycerols,
alkanol amines (ethanolamine, etc.), and other solvent known in the
art and soluble with said hexacyanides (herein incorporated by
reference) , Applicant's ECS oxygenates, and optionally with a
hydrocarbon (incorporated herein by refer-ence). or other known
solvent is employed capable of creating a solution, which is
soluble in ECS oxygenate and/or a hydrocarbon base.
EXAMPLE 6b
[0117] The example of 6 and 6a, containing an ECS oxygenate in a
combustion improving amount, and
[0118] II) a combustion improving amount of a ferricyanide; and
optionally: III) a co-combustion catalyst, IV) hydrogen or a
hydrocarbon base fuel, V) an oxidizer, VI) a solvent;
[0119] wherein said composition is optionally VII) characterized as
having a pH of from 4.5 to 10.5; and
[0120] VIII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase composition
characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone
extending from surface of said element.
EXAMPLE 6c
[0121] The example 6, 6a and,6b, wherein the ECS oxygenate is
selected from the group consisting of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, ethanol,
methanol, DMC, EMC or mixture; the ferricyanide is optionally, a
potassium based; the composition comprises a hydrocarbon base; and
the composition optionally contains a mutual solvent.
EXAMPLE 6D
[0122] A fuel composition containing an NLEC (MMT) and a compound
selected from triemethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
ethoxytrimethylsilane,,i- sobutyltriethoxy-silane,
tetramethylsilane; dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane,
methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane,
diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane,
vinyltris(2butyldenamin- o-oxy)silane,'tetraalkyloxysilanes,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, a dialkylphosphites,
dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,
dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites,
trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite,
triisopropylphosphite, tributyl-phosphite),
dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethylmethyl-phos-phonate,
P-pyrophosphate, trimethyl-orthoacetate, trimethylorthovalerate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, trimethylortho-formate, aikyloxymethanes,
tetraalkyloxymethanes, tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane,
tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,
tetratert-butoxy-methane, potassium pryophosphite,
trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylortho-butyrate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane,
diethoxyethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethoxymethylmethane,
tri-methoxymethylmethane, tetraethoxymethane,
trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane, glacial acetic acid,
acetic acide anhydride, (acetyloxy) acid acid, ethyl ester
(acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid
hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid, methoxyacetic acid,
ethoxyacetic acid, methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy
methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,
ethoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic
acid, oxoacetic acid, an alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid,
methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid,
propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates, methyl ester acetic
acid, ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of butanic acid,
ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxybutanic
acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic acid, 2hydroxyethylester of
butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl
carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine
oxide, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine,
diethyl-phosphinic acid, dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl
diethylphosphinic acid, diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester
phosphonic acid, (1, 1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl
diethyl ester phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl
dimethylester phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic
acid, methyl monoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester
phosphonic acid, methyl-0,0-dimethylester phosphonothioic acid,
diethyl ester phosphoric acid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid,
tributyl phosphate, ethylphosphate, trimethyl ester ester
phosphoric acid, triethyl ester ester phosphoric acid, tripropyl
phosphate, O,O,O,-triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester
phosphorous acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester
pho'sphorous acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid, 0,O,S-tiethyl
ester phosphorodithioic acid, 2methyl-1,2,propanediol,
2methyl-2nitro-1,3,-propanediol, 2methyl-2propyl-1,3,-propanediol,
1-nitrate-1,2,propanediol,
1,1',1",1'"-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetr- akis propane,
methyl propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether,
ethyl propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether,
1,1'-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-methyl-propane,
1-(1-methylethoxy)-propane, 2,2',2"-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)]tris
propane, 1,1',1"-[methylidynetris(oxy- )]tris[2-methyl propane,
2methyl-1-nitro propane, 2methyl-2nitro propane, hydracrylonitrile,
1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,3-triethoxy-propane,
1,1,1-trimethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane,
1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2-pyrrolidinone, phenol, and
mixture.
[0123] The above example where MMMT is combined with a combustion
catalyst selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
di-methoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2butyldenaminooxy)silane,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite,
di-tert-butylphosphite( trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite,
triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite),
dimethyl-methylpHosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium
pryo-phosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacet.ate,
tri-methylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,
tri-methylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl
dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propy- l)ethylenediamine,
N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl) diethylenetriamine,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,1-(trimethyl(silyl-)pyrrolid-
ine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane,
2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclot- risilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane,
hexamethyldisilane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane,
hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane,
tetraalkylsilanes (e.g. tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane,
benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,
diphenyl-silanediol, dihexylsilanediol,
(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassium
ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium
butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide,
potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide,
potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate,
potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic
acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate,
potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate
(potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium
phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium
L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate
(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt
II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium
ferricyanide, or mixture.
EXAMPLE 7
[0124] The example of 6, wherein said hexacyanide is preferably
potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) or (III), and optionally contains a
mutual solvent, optionally containing a co-combustion catalyst.
EXAMPLE 8
[0125] The Examples above, wherein the ECS oxygenated is methyl
tertiary butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE),
tertiary methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiary methyl ethyl ether
(TEME), ethyl tertiary amyl ether; C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols,
including but not limited to ethanol,, methanol; lower diakyl
carbonates, including but not limited to dimethyl carbonate (DMC),
diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethers having dual linkage, including but
not limited to methyal (methylene di methyl ether or dimethoxy
methane), ethylal (diethoxy methane); carbons having multiple
alkyloxy groups, including but not limited to tetramethoxymethane,
anhydrides and hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, including but not
limited to methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester
of acetic acid.
EXAMPLE 9
[0126] A fuel composition comprising: I) an ECS oxygenate in a
combustion improving amount, and
[0127] II) a combustion improving, amount of at least one
combustible element or compound containing at least one element
selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine,
bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
francium,. gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium,
magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus,
potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium,
rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium,
yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium,
hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, uranium,
tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium, ruthenium,
osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gadolinium, curium,
platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver, gold, dysprosium,
californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium,
arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium,
lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof, including organic and
inorganic derivatives, and
[0128] III) a co-combustion catalyst, and
[0129] IV) optionally hydrogen or a hydrocarbon base fuel, and
[0130] V) optionally an oxidizer, and
[0131] VI) optionally wherein said fuel composition has a pH of
from 4.5 to 10.5, and
[0132] VII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase composition
characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone
extending from surface of said element.
EXAMPLE 10
[0133] The fuel of Example 9, wherein the ECS oxygenate is selected
from the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ethers, ethyl
tertiary butyl ether, tertiary methyl amyl ether, tertiary methyl
ethyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether, C1 to C6 aliphatic
alcohols, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and mixture.
[0134] Co-Combustion Agent/Catalyst
[0135] As evident in the tests above, it has been found the
combustion activity employing Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds
and metallics is unexpectedly improved by the combination of a
co-combustion catalyst, such as trimethoxymethylsilane or
dimethyl-phosphite.
[0136] As contemplated in the claims hereto, co-combustion agents
may serve a multiple role, including acting as a stabilizing
agents. As set forth in greater detail below TMMS and other
co-catalysts acts in combination with certain beneficial components
to stabilize the fuel composition. Thus, as set forth herein a
co-combustion catalyst can serve as a stabilizing agent.
[0137] The co-combustion catalyst (combustion co-catalyst) is a
combustible compound generally having a structure of M-r.sub.n,
wherein M is a metal, metalloid, or non-metal. Selected M include,
but are not limited to, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, boron,
aluminum, gallium, indium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antinomy,
bismuth, sulfur, and wherein r is either an alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy,
or carboxyl radical, and wherein n is the number up to the number
of valence electrons of M or the total possible number of radicals
available.
[0138] If n is greater than one, then r1, r2, etc., may be a
heterogeneous or homogenous, an alkyloxy, nitro, or other radical,
including an alkyl or aryl radical. If n is greater than 1, one or
more r may be alkyl or cyclomatic radicals may be substituted.
However, compounds with at least one alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, or
carboxyl radical are desired. Compounds containing a blend of alkyl
or alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, carboxyl radicals are contemplated.
Thus, alkyloxymetallics and polyalkyloxymetallics are expressly
contemplated.
[0139] If r is greater than one, then one or more r may be
substituted for direct or indirectly connected ring systems, for
example r1 may be a phenyl radical connected directly, or
indirectly connected through an alkyl group to M, where r2, r3,
etc., may be an alkyloxy or alkyl radical. Likewise, when more than
one r may be substituted for sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine,
or other metal, metalloid or non-metal of this invention.
[0140] Preferred co-combustion catalysts have one or more alkyloxy,
carboxyl, oxy, or hydroxy radicals. More preferred catalysts have
one or more alkyloxy, oxy, carboxyl, hydroxy, radicals, and at
least one alkyl radical. A ring system radical may be substituted
for the alkyl radical.
[0141] Non-limiting examples of co-combustion catalyst, including
derivative, analogue, homologue and isomers thereof, include
polyalkyloxysilaries: trimethoxymethylsilane,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silan- e, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2butyldenamin- o-oxy)silane,
tetraalkyloxysilanes (e.g. tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane,
tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane,
etc.); alkylphosphites, polyalkylphosphites (e.g.
dimethyl-phosphite, diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,
dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trimethylphosphite,
triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite,
tributylphosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate,
diethylmethylphosphonate, P-pyrophosphate, alkylphosphoramides,
polyalkylphosphoramides e.g. hexamethylphosphoramide,
hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide,
hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, triethylphosphoramide,
trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide,
triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphoramide,
tri-isobutylphosphorami- de, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide,
tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide,
dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH30)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide,
dipropoxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide,
dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide,
di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusamide,
diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide (CH30)2PONH2),
diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide,
diisopropylphosphoramide, dibutyl-phospnoramide,
diisobutylphosphoramide, di-sec-butylphosphoramide,
di-tert-butylphosphoramide, diphenylphosphoramide,
dimethylethylphosphoramide, diethylmethylphosphoramide,
dipropylmethylphosphoramide, diisopropyimethylphosphoramide,
di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide, di-iso-butylmethylphosphoramide,
di-sec-butylmethylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylmethylphosphoramide,
diphenylmethyl phosphoramide), trimethyl-orthoacetate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthobutyrate,
trimethylorthoformate; aIkyloxymethanes (tetramethoxy-methane,
tetraethoxymethane, tetrapropoxymethane, tetraisopropoxy-methane,
tetratertbutoxy-methane, etc.), polyalkyloxymethanes; potassium
pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylortho-butyrate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, dimethoxymethane,
diethoxyethane, tetramethbxymethane, tri-methoxymethylmethane,
tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylethane, triethoxymethylethane,
trimethoxymethylmethane, triethoxy-methylmethane, glacial acetic
acids, including but not limited to acetic anhydrides, (acetyloxy)
acid, ethyl ester acetyloxy) acetic acid, aminooxo acetic acid,
aminooxo acetic acid hydrazide, ammonium acetate, acetoacetic acid,
hydroxyacetic acid glycolic acid), methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyacetic
acid, methoxy ethyl ester of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of
acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy ethyl ester
of acetic acid, propoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, oxoacetic
acid, alkylhydroxyesters of acetic acid (including but not limited
to methylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, ethylesterhydroxy-acetic acid,
propylesterhydro-xyacetic acid, alkyl acetates including methyl
ester acetic acid), ethyl arsenate, ethyl arsenite, methyl ester of
butanic acid, ethyl ester of butanic acid, 2-hydroxybutanic acid,
3-hydroxybutanic acid, 3-hydroxy-ethylester of butanic acid,
2-hydroxyethylester of butanic acid, diphenyl carbonate, dipropyl
carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate,
tetranitromethane, triethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine
oxide, triethylphosphine, diethyl-phosphinic acid,
dimethylphosphinic acid, ethyl diethylphosphinic
acid,diethylphosphonic chloride, dibutyl ester phosphonic acid,
(1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphonic acid, ethenyl diethyl ester
phosphoric acid, diethyl ethylphosphonate, ethyl dimethylester
phosphonic acid, methyl dimethylester phosphonic acid, methyl
monoethylester phosphonic acid, methyl monomethylester phosphonic
acid, methyl-0,0-dimethylester phosphonothioic acid, diethyl ester
phosphoric acid, dimethyl ester phosphoric acid, tributyl
phosphate, ethylghosphate, trimethyl ester phosphoric acid,
triethyl ester""phosphoric acid, tripropyl phosphate,
0,0,0,-triethyl ester phosphorothioic acid, diethylester
phosphorous acid, dimethylester phosphorous acid, tributyl ester
phosphorous acid, triphenyl ester phosphorous acid,0,0,S-tiethyl
ester phosphorodithioic acid, 2methyl-1,2,propanediol,
2methyl-2nitro-1,3,-propanediol, 2methyl-2propyl-1,3,-propanediol,
1-nitrate-1,2
[0142] ,propanediol,
1',1',1"-[methanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]-tetrakis propane, methyl
propyl ether, isopropylmethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, ethyl
propyl ether, propylmethyl ether, butyl methyl ether, tertiary
butyl methyl ether, 1,1'-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-methyl-propane- ,
1-(1-methylethoxy)-propane, 2',2"-[methylidyne-tris(oxy)]tris
propane, 1,1',1"-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris[2-methyl propane,
2methyl-1-nitro propane, 2methyl-2nitro propane, hydracrylonitrile,
1,1,1-triethoxy-propane, 1,1,3-triethoxy-propane,
1,1,1-trimethoxy-propan- e, 1,1,3-trimethoxy-propane,
1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitro-propane, 2pyrrolidinone, and phenol.
Similar structured compounds of aluminum, gallium, germanium,
nitrogen, and sulfur are contemplated and incorporated by
reference.
[0143] It is to be appreciated not every possible combination of
this invention is available due to potential incompatibilities, and
certain combinations are more effective than others. Thus, it is
contemplated a wide range of substitution be made to best practice
the invention. Where necessary mutual solvents are
contemplated.
[0144] As contemplated herein and in the claims below, any
reference to trimethoxymethylsilane ("TMMS") or dimethylphosphite
or co-combustion catalyst contemplates substitution with one or
more the above disclosed co-combustion catalysts, or any
structurally similar compound. It is contemplated the majority of
the Applicant's ECS metallics (including those disclosed herein),
including contemplated cyclomatic metallics, alkali/alkali earth
metals, metal alkanols, metallic hexacyanides, inorganic metallics
and non-metals alike, which achieve vapor phase combustion on their
own, can be benefited from simultaneous use of co-combustion agent.
Thus, it is an embodiment of this invention, and the aforementioned
PCT Applications, wherever an ECS metallic is disclosed, that a
co-combustion agent be additionally added.
EXAMPLE 11
[0145] A fuel composition comprising: 1) an ECS oxygenate, 2) a
co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydrocarbon or 4) an
ECS metallic; said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to
4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or
optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8,
7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH
of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5.
EXAMPLE 11A
[0146] A fuel composition comprising: 1) a hydrocarbon, 2) a
co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) an ECS oxygenate, or 3)
an ECS metallic; said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to
4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or
optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8,
7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH
of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5,
EXAMPLE 11B
[0147] A fuel composition comprising: 1) an ECS metallic; 2) a
co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydrocarbon, 4) an ECS
oxygenate, said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0,
9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or
optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8,
7.7., 7.6, .7-5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a
pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5,
EXAMPLE 12
[0148] The composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the a
co-combustion catalyst is selected from group consisting of
trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,
isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite,
di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite,
triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite),
dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium
pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including homolgues,
analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture thereof.
EXAMPLE 12
[0149] The fuel composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the
co-combustion catalyst is selected from group consisting of
trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite, diethyphosphite,
tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane,
triethoxymethylmethane, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,
tetranitromethane, and mixture.
EXAMPLE 13
[0150] The fuel composition of Example 11, 11A, 11B, wherein the
ECS oxygenate is optionally selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC,
methanol, ethanol, methylal, or mixture, and the ECS metal is a
combustible compound is selected from
(2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl
dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propy- l)ethylenediamine,
N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolid- ine, triphenylsilanol,
octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclot- risilazane,
hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,
hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g.
tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane,
benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,
diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,
(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassium
ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium
butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium.tert-butoxide,
potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pent6xide, potassium phenoxide,
potassium salt, of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate,
potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic
acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate,
potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate
(potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium
phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium
L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate
(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt
II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium
ferricyanide, or mixture.
EXAMPLE 14
[0151] A luminous combustion composition comprising:'
[0152] I) a combustion improving amount of at least one ECS
compound, said compound characterized as reducing combustion
temperature and/or increasing burning velocity, having a minimum
latent heat of evaporation of 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its boiling
temperature, and a minimum burning rate (as measured by laminar
Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec, said compound optionally selected from
the group consisting of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carbonic
esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters,
di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, ketones,
nitrates, di-nitrates, peroxides, hydroperoxides, phenols, said
compound optionally containing at least one alkyl, alkyloxy,
dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate,
aldehyde, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy,
carboxyl, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl,
imide, methoxy, methylenedioxy or nitrosyl radical, including
derivatives, analogues, and homologues, and mixture;
[0153] II) a combustion improving amount of at least one non-leaded
element or derivative organic or inorganic compound containing said
non-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B,
4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, IB, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the
Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), and mixture, wherein said
element or derivative compound, is combustible and optionally has a
minimum heating value of 4,000 Kcal/kg;
[0154] III) a combustion co-catalyst; optionally a:
[0155] IV) stabilizer,
[0156] V) a co-fuel and/or oxidizer;
[0157] VI) wherein a luminous reaction zone extends from the
surface of said non-lead element or derivative compound in
combustion, optionally, where resultant oxides of said non-lead
element are formed in the submicron range; and
[0158] VII) wherein said composition has a thermal efficiency of at
least 2% greater than unadjusted co-fuel (if any)
EXAMPLE 15
[0159] A fuel composition comprising:
[0160] I) a, hydrocarbon fuel base; and
[0161] II) an ECS oxygenate selected from the group consisting of
C2-C12 aldehydes, aidehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, ether acids,
C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids,
C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C3-C20
glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20
dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 asymmetrical alkyl carbonates, C3-C20
di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides,
hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates,
oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids,.circle-solid.C3 to C8
hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, methoxy methyl ester of acetic
acid,acetic acid anhydrides, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid,
boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides,
acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates, di-nitrates,
nitro-ethers; and
[0162] III) an ECS metallic selected from the group consisting of
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl.
dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propy-
l)ethylenediamine,N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolid- ine, triphenylsilanol,
octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclot- risilazane,
hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,
hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g.
tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, 'etc.),
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane,
benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,
diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,
(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassium
ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium
butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide,
potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide,
potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate,
potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic
acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate,
potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate
(potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium
phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium
L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate
(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt
II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium
ferricyanide, or mixture; and,
[0163] IV) optionally aco-combustion catalyst; and
[0164] V) optionally a hydrocarbon base; and
[0165] VI) optionally an oxider, and
[0166] VII) wherein said fuel is a vapor phase composition
characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone
extending from surface of said element.
EXAMPLE 15A
[0167] The above examples, wherein said fuel optionally contains a
viscous hydrocarbon base and/or an oxidizer. Said fuel further
characterized as having a pH of 10.5 or less. When this fuel
composition contains a hydrocarbon base, said base may have a
viscosity outside normal industry standards (as set forth above).
However, resultant fuel's viscosity is within industry
standards.
EXAMPLE 16
[0168] The example compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is
selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or
mixture, and said ESC metal is optionally hexamethyldisilane.
EXAMPLE 17
[0169] The example compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is
selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or
mixture, and said ECS metallic is optionally potassium
ethoxide.
EXAMPLE 18
[0170] The fuel compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is
selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or
mixture, and said ECS metallic! is optionally
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane.
EXAMPLE 19
[0171] The fuel compositions above, wherein the oxygenate is
selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or
mixture, and said ECS metallic i.s optionally potassium
hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium
hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium
sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
EXAMPLE 20
[0172] The above compositions, wherein the oxygenate is a dialkyl
carbonate and the pH is substantially neutral.
EXAMPLE 21
[0173] A fuel composition comprising:
[0174] I) a hydrocarbon fuel base, and
[0175] II) a co-combustion agent selected from the group consisting
of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,
isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris (2-butyldenaminooxy) silane,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethyiphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutyiphosphite,
di-tert-butyiphosphite, trialkyiphosphites trimethyiphosphite,
triethyiphosphite, trilsopropyiphosphite, tributyiphosphite),
dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium
pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
trimethylorthdbutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including homolgues,
analogues, isomers, derivatives, and mixture thereof.
EXAMPLE 22
[0176] A fuel composition comprising: a hydrocarbon base; a
combustion improving amount of an ECS metal is a combustible
compound is selected from methylcyclopentadienylmanganese
tricarbonyl, [2-(cyclohexenyl) ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl
dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl) ethylenediamine,
N-1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine,
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine,
1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolid- ine, triphenylsilanol,
octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclot- risilazane,
hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane,
hexamethyldisilthiane, allyltributylsilane, tetraalkylsilanes (e.g.
tetraethylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, etc.),
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, benzytrimethylsilane,
benzytriethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine,
diphenylsilanediol, dihexylsilanediol,
(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene, potassium methoxide, potassium
ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium
butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide,
potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide,
potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium hydrogenphthalate,
potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic
acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate,
potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate
(potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetate, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium
phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium
L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate, potassium hexacyanoferrate
(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt
II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium
ferricyanide, or mixture,optionally,a combustion improving amount
of an ECS oxygenate selected from/MTBE, ETBE, DMC, methanol,
ethanol, or mixture; optionally a co-combustion catalyst.
EXAMPLE 23
[0177] The composition of 21, wherein the ECS metallic is selected
from potassium ethoxide, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane,
potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III),
potassium hexacyanocobalt II-ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt,
potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
EXAMPLE 24
[0178] The composition of 21, wherein an. ESC oxygenate is
employed.
EXAMPLE 25
[0179] The composition of 21, containing a co-combustion agent
iselected from the group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane,
dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2butyldenaminooxy)silane,
tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane,
tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite,
dipropylphosphite, diethylphosphite, dibutylphosphite,
di-tert-butylphosphite, trialkylphosphites trimethylphosphite,
triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite),
dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, potassium
pryophosphite, trimethylorthoacetate, triethylorthoacetate,
trimethylorthobutyrate, triethylorthobutyrate,
trimethylorthovalerate, trimethylorthoformate, including homolgues,
analogues, isomersj derivatives, and mixture thereof.
EXAMPLE 26
[0180] The example of various fuel compositions contained herein,
containing a hydrocarbon base, whose viscosity is greater than
acceptable' industry standards (as set forth above); wherein the
resultant fuel composition has a pH of less than 11 (more
preferrable less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0,
6.9, 6.8, but a above 4.5, 5.5, 6.0, 6.3, 6.5 or the other ranges
set forth herein, and wherein the resultant fuel meets acceptable
industry standards for viscosity.
EXAMPLE 27
[0181] An improved fuel composition containing an alkyl carbonate
(dimethyl and/or diethyl carbonate) an ECS metal selected from an
alkali/alkali earth metal derivative, and optionally a
co-combustion catalyst, a hydrocarbon base or co-fuel(propellant),
and/or oxidizer, wherein the pH as less than about 10.5, 9.0, 8.0,
7.5, 7.0, 6.9, or less, but greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.3.
[0182] Stabilizers
[0183] In the practice of this invention, certain metallic
(non-metallic) formulations are hydroscopic or tend to destabilize
particularly when in combination with hydrocarbon co-fuels. For
example, Applicant has found alkali/alkali earth metals to be
particularly susceptible to destabilization, especially where there
is a presence of water. Other formulations need to be stabilized
due to the presence of Applicant's ingredients. Fuel
destabilization can be undetectable, to mild, to severe, and
ultimately result in the complete fuel oxidation.
[0184] Thus, it is an embodiment to employ certain classes of
stabilizers. Several are also act as co-combustion agents and/or
ECS compounds.
[0185] Principal stabilizers include ployalkyloxysilanes, glycols,
glycol ethers, including alkylene glycols, glycol esters, glycol
acetates, and aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic solvents, including
toluenes, naphthalenes, napthas and the like.
[0186] Non-limiting examples of contemplated polyalkyloxysilanes
include trimethoxymethylsilane, and those compounds, including
homologue, analogue, isomers, and derivative, which are set forth
above in co-combustion catalyst. Applicant has found TMMS is be
particularly useful.
[0187] Non-limiting examples of glycols and glycol ethers
contemplated herein include Polyhydric Alcohols (including
derivative, homologue and analogues thereof)
[0188] i. Dihydric Alcohols, Glycols, 1,2,-Diols
[0189] 1. polyethylene mono/polyalkyl/aryl ethers
[0190] 2. polyethylene mono/polyalkyl
ethers/esters/acetates/carbonates
[0191] a. ethylene/diethylen e alkyl/diakyl/aryl/alkylaryl glycol
ethers/acetates/carbonates
[0192] 3. Carbitols.TM. ethers/acetates
[0193] ii. Trihdyric Alcohols, Glycerol, propane-1,2,3,triol
[0194] iii. Tetrahydric Alcohols
[0195] iv. Pentahydric Alcohols
[0196] v. Hexhydric Alcohols
[0197] vi. And derivative
[0198] B. Polyhydric Alcohol derivative, homologue and
analogues
[0199] i. Aliphatic Hydroxy-Aldehydes
[0200] ii. Hydroxyketones
[0201] iii. Aliphatic Dialdehydes
[0202] iv. Ketonealdehydes/Diketones
[0203] v. Saturated Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids
[0204] vi. And derivative
[0205] Non-limiting examples contemplated herein include glycol
esters, diesters, ethers, diethers, monesters, monethers,
aldehydes, nitrates, nitrites, amines, acetates/carbonates.
Suitable glycol ethers include C3 to C25 combustible
glycol/diglycol derivative, analogue, homologue compounds,
including glycol or polyglycol ethers/acetates/esters/carbonat-
e/carbamate/esters (hereinafter "GLYCOLS`), including but not
limited to: diethylene glycol alkyl ethers, diethylene glycol
dialkyl ethers, diethylene glycol aryl ethers, diethylene glycol
alkyl ether acetates, diethylene glycol dialkyl ether acetates,
diethylene glycol monoalkyl ether acetates, diethylene glycol aryl
ether acetates, diethylene glycol alkyl acetates, diethylene
glycol,acetate, diethylene glycol diacetate, diethylene glycol
formate, diethylene glycol diformate, diethylene glycol butyrate,
diethylene glycol dibutyrate, diethylene glycol dibenzoate',
alkyl.circle-solid.diglycol carbonate, aryl diglycol carbonate,
ethylene glycol alkyl ethers," ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers,
ethylene glycol aryl ethers, ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether
acetates, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether acetates, ethylene glycol
aryl ether acetates, ethylene glycol alkyl acetates, ethylene
glycol acetate, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycol formate,
ethylene glycol diformate, ethylene glycol butyrate, ethylene
glycol dibutyrate, ethylene glycol dibenzoate, ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether laurate,
alkyl diglycol 'carbonate, aryl diglycol carbonate, ethylene glycol
alkyl ether acetyl ricinoleate, ethylene glycol alkyl ether
ricinoleate, ethylene glycol alkyl ether stearate, ethylene glycol
monoricinoleate, ethylene glycol monostearate, glycol carbonate,
glycol'carbamate, glycol diacetate, glycol dibutyrate, glycol
diformate, glycol dimercaptoacetate, glycol dimercaptopropioate,
glycol dipropionate, glycol stearate, glycol laurate, glycolic
acid, glycol nitrate, glycol oleate, glycol pht.halte, glycol
ricinoleate, diglycol carbonate, diglycol carbamate, diglycol
diacetate, diglycol dibutyrate, diglycol diformate, diglycol
dimercaptoacetate, diglycol dimercaptopropioate, diglycol
dipropionate, diglycol stearate, diglycol laurate, diglycolic acid,
diglycol nitrate, diglycol oleate,di glycol phthalte, diglycol
ricinoleate, Union Carbide's CARBITOL's.TM. (Examples include butyl
CARBITOL, butyl CARBITOL acetate, CARBITOL acetate, CARBITOL
solvent, dibutyl CARBITOL, diethyl CARBITOL, N-hexyl CARBITOL,
methyl CARBITOL, methyl CARBITOL acetate (see diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate,
diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol
monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol
diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, diethylene glycol
monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, 1
2-(2-Ethyloxyethoxy)ethanol, diethylene glycol monethyl
C.sub.6H.sub.1440.sub.3; Acetate C.sub.8Hi.sub.16O.sub.4)- .
[0206] Other non-limiting examples of glycol ethers/acetates
include Carbitols.TM. ethers and acetates, ethylene/diethylene
alkyl/diakyl/aryl/alkylaryl glycol ethers/acetates/carbonates (and
substitutes), C3 to C15 alkylene glycol mono/poly alkylethers,
including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol
monoalkyl ethers, ethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers, diethylene
glycol polyalkyl ethers. Other non-limiting examples of glycols and
related compounds include alkyloxy polyethylene glycols,
alkyloxypolyglycols, alkylbxypolyglycol ethers, alkylene glycol
acetates, alkylene glycols/esters/ethers/acetates-
/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles,
and the like, and polyalkylene
glycols/esters/ethers/acetates/diacetates/amin-
es/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/,nitriles, and the
like.
[0207] Other non-limiting examples include: diethylene glycol
dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol
dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, diethylene
glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dipentyl ether, diethylene
glycol dihexyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether,
diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl
ether, diethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, diethylene
glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene
glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether, ethylene
glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene
glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, ethylene
glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene
glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether,
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether,
ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, methoxy diethylene glycol, ethoxy
diethylene glycol, propoxy diethylene glycol, butoxy diethylene
glycol, methoxy ethylene glycol, ethoxy ethylene glycol, propoxy
ethylene glycol, butoxy ethylene glycol, methoxyglycol,
ethoxyglycol, propoxyglycol, butoxyglycol, pentoxyglycol,
methoxydiglycol, ethoxydiglycol, propoxydiglycol, butoxydiglycol,
pentoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol, ethoxytriglycol,
propoxytriglycol, butoxytriglycol, pentoxytriglycol,
methoxytertglycol/ethoxytertglycol, propoxytertglycol,
butoxytertglycol, pentoxytertglycol. Also contemplated are Union
Carbide's Cellosolve solvents, including Methyl Cellosolve, Ethyl
Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve, Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve,
Hexyl Cellosolve; Union Carbine's Carbitol solvents, including
Methyl Carbitol, Ethyl Carbitol, Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol,
Pentyl Carbitol, diethyl carbitol and the like.
[0208] Additional non-limiting examples of other acceptable glycols
include: triethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether triethylene
glycol, diacetate triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether triethylene
glycol, monomethyl ether triethylene glycol, monopropyl ether
triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dibutoxytetraethylene
glycol, diacetate tetraethylene glycol, aminopropyl ether
tetraethylene glycols, monobutyl ether tetraethylene glycol,
monomethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, dimethyl ether tetraethylene
glycol, diethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monoethyl ether
tetraethylene glycol, monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol,
tetraethylenepent'amine, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene
glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether,
propylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether,
propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl
ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol
monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene
glycol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, dipropylene glycol,
diethylene glycol, triproylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol,
tetramethylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
(200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 4000, 6000 Ashland
Chemical), polyethylene glycol 3350 (Spectrum), polypropylene
glycol (P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland Chemical), diacetate
diethylene glycol, diethyl ether diethylene glycol, dioleate
diethylene glycol, mono (2 hydroxylpropyl) ether diethylene glycol,
monomethyl ether acetate diethylene glycol. In the practice of this
invention, homologues, analogues, isomers and derivative of the
above are contemplated. Other polyglycols including polypropylene
gropylenediolslycol are contemplated. Applicant's Blending Agents
include all polyhydric alcohols (including derivative, homologue
and analogues thereof, including GLYCOLs, glycol ethers, acetates,
carbonates, esters, GLYCEROLS, Ethythritol's and the like) as may
be set forth in patents published by the U.S patent, EPO
Publication, or within the literature, expressly including those
found in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Lide, 74th (all
earlier and subsequent editions, Ann Arbor, CRC Press),
Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Directory, Aldrich Chemical Company (1994
and subsequent editions), Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals
(Aldrich 1996-1997 and subsequent editions), The Aldrich Structure
Index (Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee,Wis., 1996 and subsequent
editions), Handbook of Organic Chemistry, H.Beyer, W.
Walter(Prentice Hall 1996), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS),
(including line Registry File [1]), American Chemical Society,
Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State University, (From 1907 to
present), The Merck Index, 11th Ed., Budavari, O'Neil, Merck
Research Laboratories, N.J. (1989 and subsequent editions),
Hawley's "Condensed Chemical Dictionary," 12.sup.th Edition,
Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 1993, Handbook of Industrial Chemical
Additive: An International Guide by Product Tradename, Function and
Supplier (M. Ash and I Ash, VCH Publishers, NY, N.Y., 1991 and
subsequent editions) are contemplated and are herein incorporated
by reference. Polyhdyric alcohols (glycols) may simultaneously
serve multiple roles, including as an ECS compound, a Blending
Agent.
[0209] C3 to C15 alkylene glycol mono/poly alkylethers, including
ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol monoalkyl
ethers, ethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol
polyalkyl ethers. Other non-limiting examples of glycols and
related compounds include alkyloxy polyethylene glycols,
alkyloxypolyglycols, alkyloxypolyglycol ethers, alkylene glycol
acetates, alkylene glycols/esters/ethers/acetates/diaceta-
tes/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/, nitriles, and
the like, and polyalkylene glycols/esters/ethers/acetates/
diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles
and the like.
[0210] Other non-limiting examples include: diethylene glycol
dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol
dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, diethylene
glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dipentyl ether, diethylene
glycol dihexyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether,
diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl
ether, diethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, diethylene
glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene
glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether, ethylene
glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene
glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, ethylene
glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene
glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether,
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether,
ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, methoxy diethylene glycol, ethoxy
diethylene glycol, propoxy diethylene glycol, butoxy diethylene
glycol, methoxy ethylene glycol, ethoxy ethylene glycol, propoxy
ethylene glycol, butoxy ethylene glycol, methoxyglycol,
ethoxyglycol, propoxyglycol, butoxyglycol, pentoxyglycol,
methoxydiglycol, ethoxydiglycol, propoxydiglycol, butoxydiglycol,
pentoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol, ethoxytriglycol,
propoxytriglycol, butoxytriglycol, pentoxytriglycol,
methoxytertglycol, ethoxytertglycol, propoxytertglycol,
butoxytertglycol, pentoxytertglycol. Also contemplated are Union
Carbide's Cellosolve solvents, including Methyl Cellosolve, Ethyl
Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve, Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve,
Hexyl Cellosolve; Union Carbine's Carbitol solvents, including
Methyl Carbitol, Ethyl Carbitol, Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol,
Pentyl Carbitol, diethyl carbitol and the like. Additional
non-limiting examples of other acceptable glycols include:
triethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether triethylene glycol,
diacetate triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether triethylene glycol,
monomethyl ether triethylene glycol, monopropyl ether triethylene
glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dlbutoxytetraethylene glycol,
diacetate tetraethylene glycol, aminopropyl ether tetraethylene
glycols, monobutyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monomethyl ether
tetraethylene glycol, dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, diethyl
ether tetraethylene glycol, monoethyl ether tetraethylene glycol,
monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol, tetraethylenepentamine,
tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol,
propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl
ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl
ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene
glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol,
hexylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triproylene
glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, tetrapropylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol (200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540,
4000, 6000 Ashland Chemical), polyethylene glycol 3350 (Spectrum),
polypropylene glycol (P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland Chemical),
diacetate diethylene glycol, diethyl ether diethylene glycol,
dioleate diethylene glycol, mono (2 hydroxylpropyl) ether
diethylene glycol, monomethyl ether acetate diethylene glycol. In
the practice of this invention, homologues, analogues, isomers and
derivative of the above stabilizers are contemplated.
[0211] Other non-limiting examples include nonvolatile, nonion
compounds, including alkylanoic acids (ethanoic, propanoic,
butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids), their acetates, esters
and ethers. Related ethenes, butenes, propenes, hexenes, pentenes
are acceptable.
[0212] Other stabilizers of this invention may be selected from
alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, phenols, acetals, acid azides,
acid halides, acids and acid derivatives (aldehydic, aliphatic
dicaroxylic, alipatic monocarboxylic, aliphatic polycarboxylic,
amino acids, hydroamic, hydroxyacids, imidic, ketonic, nitrolic,
orthoacids, peracid, etc.), acetic acids, acetic anhydrides, acetic
acid esters, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons (including high
boiling point material), amides, amidines, amidoximes, anhydrides,
aromatic hydrocarbons, azides, azines, azelates, azo compounds,
betaines, bromoactealdehydes, bromoethanes, bromoethylenes,
bromoacetic acids, bromobutanes, bromobutenes, bromobutylenes,
bromo ethers, di bromo compounds, butyric acids, butanoic acids,
butanoic esters, esters, orthoesters, acetates, ethylene acetates,
esters, hydrates, hydrides, hydroperoxides, hydroxamic acids,
hydroxyacids, imides, imidic acids, imines, ketenes, lactams,
lactones, glycolic acids, butyric acids, heptic acids, valeric
acids, isocaproic acids, nitrolic acids, nitrosolic acids, octanoic
acids, esters of octanoic acids, onium compounds, orthoacids, ortho
borates, octynes, octenes, octanones, oximes, esters of oxalic
acid, oxalic acids, ethanoic acids, esters of ethanoic acids,
esters of nonanoic acids, propanoic acids, esters of propanoic
acid, pentanoic acids, propanediones, propanones, ethenes,
propenes, butenes, pentanes, petenes, hexenes, esters of pentanoic
acids, butanoic acids, oxalic esters, esters of butanoic acids,
pentaneoic acids, esters of pentaneoic acids, pentanedioic acids,
esters of pentanedioic acids, 2or 3-pentanones, hexanoic acids,
esters of hexnoic acids, heptanoic acids, esters of heptanoic
acids, esters of formic acid, glycol esters, octenes, octanone(s),
oxalic acids, esters of oxalic acids, esters of hexanoic acid,
hexanones, pentanedials, peroxides, furans, esters of
2furancarboxylic, acids, fuirfurals, propenes, propenoic acids,
esters of propenoic acids, ethers, butenedioc acids,
bromo-alcohols, ethanetriols, propanetriols, butanetriols,
pentanetriols, naphthalenes, hexanetriols, septanetriols,
octanetriols, nitrobenzene, iodobenzene, 2nitrophenol,
cyclohexylamine, dibutylamine, diethylamine, diethylenetriamine,
diethylethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, morpholine, triethylamine,
triethylenetetramine, triisopropanolamine, amino methyl propanol,
propylene oxide, propylene glycol, 1,2 propanediol carbonate,
salicylic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, tannic acid,
2,2,4-trimethylpentane, dimethylbenezenes, dimethyl formamide,
n-methyl-2 pyrrolidone, amyl alcohol (primary), cyclohexanol,
2-ethylhexanol, methyl amyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol,
TEXANOL ester alcohol (Eastman Chemical), UCAR Filmer IBT (Union
Carbide Corp.), amyl acetate, dibase ester, ester solvent EEP
(Ashland Chemical), 2-ethylexyl acetate, glycol ether acetates (DB,
DE, DPM, EB, EE, PM, Ashland Chemical), isobutyl acetate, isobutyl
isobutyrate, n-pentyl propionate, cyclohexanone, 2-hexanone,
3-hexanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone,
4-methyl-2-pentanone, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone, diactone alcohol,
diisobutyl ketone, ethyl methyl ketone, pinacolone, methone,
3,3-diphenyl 2-butanone, 1-hydroxy 2-butanone,
3-hydroxy-(dl)2-butanone, 3-methyl 2-butanone, oxime 2-butanone,
2-butanone, 2-methyl proponoic acid, cyclopentanone, cyclopropyl
methyl ketone, 2-tetrahdrofurylmethanol, cyclohexanone, isophorone,
methyl amyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, acetonylacetone, acetic
anhydride, benzyl alcohol (a-hydroxytoluene) and variations,
triisobutylene, tetraisobutylene, allylidene diacetate, acetol,
1(4-methyoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, isobutyrophenone, acetonylbenzene,
butyl acetate, aliphatic alcohols, n-butylbutyrate, cetyl alcohol,
cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, diethylphthalate, 2,5
dimethoxytetrahydofuran, p-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane,
5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, glycol methylene ether, propylene
carbonate, isopropylene carbonate, glycerin, 1,2,3-propanetriol,
heptane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane,
methycyclopentane, 1,4-benzenediol, isopentyl alcohol, methyl ethyl
ketone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, methyl propyl ketone, diisopropyl
ketone, 1- or 3- or 4- or 5 hydroxy 2-pentanone, diisopropyl
ketone, methyl propyl ketone, diacetone alcohol, isopentyl phenyl
ketone, 2-pentanone, diacetone alcohol, isopentyl phenol ketone,
n-butyl phenol ketone, i-butyl phenol ketone, 2-butyl phenol
ketone, isopropyl acetone, 2-or 3- or 4-methoxy phenol, dihydrate
oxalic acid, pentane, phenol, 3-methoxy phenol, 1,2 or 1,3 or 1,4
or 2,4 or 2,5 or 2,6 or 3,4 or 3,5 dimethyphenol, 1-octene,
isobutyl 2-methylpropanate, 2-phenoxyethanol, ethylene acetate,
ethyl acetate, acetonphenone, benzyl acetate, 1,3 or 1,4 or 2,3
butanediol, formaldehyde, formamide, triethyl ester orthoacetic
acid, trimethyl ester orthoacetic acid, oxalic ester(diethyl ester
oxalic acid), methyl hydroperoxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, acetyl
peroxide, ethyl peroxide, di(tert-butyl) peroxide, acetic
anhydride, 2-ethyl butyl ester acetic acid, cresyl acetates,
methylglycolate, methylester phenoxy acetic acid, nitrile acid,
butyric acid, butanoic acid, 2-butyl butanoic acid, 2-ethyl
butanoic acid, tert-butyl butanoic acid, butyl nitril, propyl ester
butanic acid, diethyl acetic acid, acetonacetic acid, allyl
acetoneacetate, diacetylacetone, acetylacetone, ethyl ester benzoic
acid, butanic methyl ester, butanic ethyl ester, butanic propyl
ester, isoamyl butyrate, propyl ester butanoic acid, hexyl ester
butanoic acid, 2-methyl-(d)butanoic acid, 2-methyl-(dl) butanoic
acid, ethyl ester 3-methyl butanoic acid, methyl ester 3-methyl
butanoic acid, isopropyl ester 3-methyl butanoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl
butanoic acid, allyl ester butanoic acid, amide butanoic acid,
N,N-dimethyl butanoic acid, anhydride butanoic acid, butyl ester
butanoic acid, pentyl ester butanoic ester, propyl ester butanoic
acid, diethylacetic acid, 2-methyl-(d)butanic acid, methyl
acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl acetal, acetate, acetyl
acetone, 2,2-dimethyl ether ester propanoic acid, 2-oxo ethyl ester
propanoic acid, 2-oxo methyl ester propanoic acid, 2-oxo isobutyl
propanoic acid, 2-oxo-isopropyl propanoic acid, methyl ester
propanoic acid, ethyl ester propanoic acid, propyl ester propanoic
acid, propanoic acid, glyceric acid,.1,2 dimethoxethane, 1,2
ethanediol, 1,3 butanediol, 2,3 butanedione, 1,2,3 butanetriol,
1,2,4 butanetriol, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride,
glutaronitrile, 1,5 pentanedial, glutaraldehyde, 2,4 pentadione
(CH3COCH2COCH3), pentanic acid, levulinic acid, (CH3COCH3COC02H),
dimethyl suberate, octanedioc acid, 1,2,3 pentanetriol, 2,3,4
pentanetriol, formamide, bromoacetic acid, acetamide, pyruvic acid,
methyloxyacetic acid, propionamide, allyl bromide, diethyl acetal
propenal, diacetate propenal, propenal, 1,2 propanediol, 1,3
propanediol, glycerol, trimethyl ether glycerol, acetylpropionyl,
acetylacetone, propionic acid, methyloxyacetic acid, propionamide,
maleic anhydride, eis-crotonic acid, dimethyl oxalate, isobutyric
acid, hydroxyisobutyric acid, ethanetriols, propanetriols,
butanetriols, pentanetriols, hexanetriols, septanetriols, 1,2,3
butanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, 1,2,3 pentanetriol, 1,2,3
propanetriol, dioxypentane, 2,4-dioxypentane, hexantriols,
monobutyl ether triethylene glycol, propanoic acid, anhydride
propanoic acid, butyl ester propanoic acid, ethyl ester propanoic
acid, pentyl ester propanoic acid, octyl ester propanoic ester,
pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, methacrylic acid,
dibromobutanes (e.g. 1,2; dl-2,3; 1,4; meso-2,3; etc),
tribromobutanes (e.g. 1,1,2; 1,2,2; 2,2,3; etc.), diacetamide,
di(2-bromoethyl)ether, 2-ethylhexanol, furfuryl
alcohol,.2-propanone, 2-propen-1-ol, ethyl methanate, methyl
ethanate, pentadioic acid, pentadioic acid diethyl ester,
pentadioic acid dimethyl ester, pentadioic acid dinitril,
2,3-pentaedione, 2,4-pentadione, 1,2,3-pentanetriol, pentanoic
acid, pentanoic acid methyl ester, pentanoic acid butyl ester,
pentanoic acid ethyl ester, pentanoic acid furfuryl ester,
pentanoic acid hexyl ester, pentanoic acid nitrile, pentanoic acid
octyl ester, pentanoic acid pentyl ester. Also included are
alkyl/polyalkyl/alkylene/p- olyalkylene carbinols (non-limiting
examples include, carbinol, methyl carbinol, ethyl carbinol, propyl
carbinol, methyl ethyl carbinol, butyl carbinol, diethyl carbinol,
methyl n-propyl carbinol, dimethyl isobutyl carbinol, ethyl
isopropyl carbinol, ethyl isopropyl methyl carbinol, diisopropyl
carbinol, triethyl carbinol, isoamyl carbinol, dimethyl n-propyl
carbinol, 2-butyl methyl carbinol, methyl isobutyl carbinol,
diethyl methyl carbinol), methyl propyl ketone, methyoxacetic acid,
acetoacetic acid, methyl acetate, tert-amyl acetate, ethyl acetate,
glycol diacetate, 1,2-propendiol carbonate, 1,2-propanediol,
1,3-propanediol, adiponitrile, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol,
triethylenetetramine, butyl acetate, dimethylaniline,
di-n-propylaniline, methyl isobutyl ketone, n-amyl cyanide,
di-n-butyl carbonate, diethylacetic acid, diethyl formamide,
diisobutyl ketone, ethyl benzoate, ethyl phenylacetate,
heptadecanol, 3-heptanol, n-heptyl acetate, n-hexy ether/methyl
isopropyl ketone, 4-methyl-n-yaleric acid, o-phenetidine,
tetradecanol, triethylenetetramine, 2,6,8-trimethyl 4-nonanone,
ethanedial, carbonate 1,2-ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-ethanediol,
dimethyl ether 1,2-ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-ethanediol,
n,n-di-methyl formic acid, n,n-di-ethyl formic acid, butyl ester
formic acid, isoamyl formate, octyl pester formic acid, pentyl
ester formic acid, propyl ester formic acid, isobutyl ester formic
acid, propargl acetate, 2-methoxyethanol, cyclopentanone,
cyclopropyl methyl ketone, ethyl propenoate, 3-methyl-2-butanone,
phenol, 2-or 3-or 4-methoxyphenol, propanoic anhydride,
cyclohexanone, 4-methyl-3-penen-2-one, 2- or3-Hexanone, [2, 3 or
4]-methyl-[2 or3]-pentanone, 2-heptanone, methyl phenyl ketone,
diethyl benzene, and azulene.
[0213] Fuel soluble aromatic hydrocarbons are acceptable
stabilizers. Benzene ring compounds and derivative are contemplated
(including toluene, phenyl and derivative). Toluene is a
preferred,. Non-limit ing examples of aromatic hydrocarbon
stabilizers include benzene, toluene, benzaldehyde, benzin, benzl
alcohol, toluene bromides, toluene cresols, toluene dimethyl amino
compounds, toluene ethers, toluene oxyls, toluene alcohols. For
other example, see the benzene ring compounds and derivative in CRC
Handbook in Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed, Lide, CRC Press
(1994-1995), "Phyical Constants of Organic Compounds," Organic
Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.,
(1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford University
Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic. Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S.
Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of
Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), are
hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0214] Acceptable concentrations of polyhdyric alcohols, glycols,
stabilizers and the like include 0.001 to 40.0% volume, 0.001 to
30.0% volume, 0.001 to 25.0% volume, 0.001 to 20.0% volume, 0.001
to 10.0% volume, 0.001 to 5.0% volume, 0.001 to 4.0% volume, 0.001
to 3.0% volume, 0.001 to 2.0% volume, 0.001 to 1.0% volume, 0.05 to
2.0% volume, 0.05 to 5.0% volume, 0.05 to 8.0% volume, 0.05 to
10.0% volume, 0.05 to 15.0% volume, 0.05 to 20.0% volume, 0.1 to
10.0% volume, 1.0 to 40.0% volume, 1.0 to 30.0% volume, 1.00 to
20.0% volume, 1.00 to 10.0% volume, 1.00 to 8.0% volume, 1.0 to
5.0% volume, 1.0 to 4.0% volume, 1.0 to 3.0% volume, 2.0 to 40.0, %
volume, 2.0 to 30.0% volume, 2.00 to 20.0% volume, 2.00 to 10.0%
volume, 2.0 to 5.0% volume, 2.0 to 4.0% volume, 2.0 to 3.0% volume.
Other concentrations include volume % equal to, greater than, or
less than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%,
3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%,
10%.
[0215] Any concentration level that improves fuel soluability,
stability or that achieves a measurable or observable flame front
combustion improvement is contemplated herein.
EXAMPLES 27A
[0216] The above compositions containing an ECS metallic selected
from group, of.alkali or alkali earth metals, including derivative
compounds, said composition additionally containing a stabilizer
selected from the group of trimethoxysilane, toluene, a glycol, a
glycol ether (including mono/polyalkylene glycol
mono/polyalkylethers), including homologue, analogue and derivative
compounds and mixture.
[0217] pH Modification
[0218] A desirable pH range of the fuel composition of the present
invention, particularly when DMC is employed, is from approximately
4.5 to approximately 10.5, with a more desirable pH range of from
approximately 4.5 to approximately 9.5. An even more desireable pH
range is from approximately 4.5 to 9.0. Another highly preferred pH
range is from approximately 5.5. to 8.0. A preferred pH range is
from approximately 4.5 to approximately 6.5. The most preferred pH
range for the fuel composition of the present invention is from
approximately 6.3 to approximately 6.8. It is an object of this
invention to keep pH as close to neutral as possible, such that if
alkaline, it is only weakly alkaline (i.e., preferably equal or
less than 11.0, 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0 pH), but that it
preferably be either substantially neutral (i.e., 6.5 to 7.5) or
slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.9 pH).
[0219] When the pH of the fuel composition of the present invention
is less than 11.0, preferably 10.5 or below, 9.5 or below, and more
preferably 8.5 or below, the fuel, whether anhydrous or hydrous,
may be stored at ambient temperature (65.degree. F.) and as high as
95 F for up to 6 months, or more, absent hydrolysis.
[0220] For example, Applicant tested a fuel containing 5% by volume
dimethyl carbonate, 95% by volume unleaded regular grade
commercially available 87 octane (R+M)/2, 1/8 gram Mn/gal of
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, a pH of 7.0, and 5%
by volume of water, which was stored for six months at temperature
ranging from 65.degree. F. to 90.degree. F. Afterwards, the fuel
exhibited no hydrolysis.
[0221] The same fuel composition was subsequently titrated with
glacial acetic acid to a pH of 6.4, still containing 5% by volume
of water and was then stored for six months under the same
conditions. After which period the fuel exhibited no signs of
hydrolysis.
[0222] However, the same fuel composition was prepared with a pH of
approximately 11.0, and contained 5% by volume of water and was
stored for six months under the same conditions. The fuel showed
slight evidence of hydrolysis. The same fuel with an adjusted a pH
of 12.5, however, showed even stronger evidence of hydrolysis.
[0223] It should be appreciated that although acetic acid was used
to acidify the pH of the fuel in the present test case, other fuel
soluble acids, including but not limited to benzoic acid
derivatives e.g. 2,4-dimethyl benzoic acid, methyl red,
p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl) benzoic acid, benzoic
acid anhydride, 4-benzoyl benzoic acid, 2,4-dihdroxy benzoic acid,
2,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid, 3-ethoxy benzoic acid,
2-hydroxy-4-methyl benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy benzontrile, 4-methoxy
benzotrile, acetic acid derivatives, e.g. anhydride acetic acid,
chloroacetic acid, decyl ester acetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, and
the like, may be employed. Fuel soluble acids are incorporated, by
reference. See for example CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
75th Ed, Lide, CRC Press (1994-1995) "Dissociation Constants for
Inorganic Acids and Bases," and "Dissociation Constants for Organic
Acids and Bases," incorporated herein by reference. If an additive
acid is employed, it is preferred it be compatible with the base
fuel, the metallic and have low toxicity, low corrosivity, and be
as envirnomentally friendly as possible.
[0224] Naturally, acidic fuel components, which are indigenous to
the fuel composition, e.g. base fuel, ECS metallic, ECS oxygenate,
or an additional co-combustion catalyst, or ECS component (e.g.
aldehydic acids, ketonic acids, carboxylic acids, hydroxyacids,
orthoacids, formic acids, and the like) should be ultilized to
achieve target pH's, prior to addition of an additive acid.
Individual circumstances will dictate proper approach and additive.
Acidic metals of this invention may be used individually and/or in
conjunction with one or more other metallics to reduce pH.
Non-limiting examples of such acidic metallics include binary,
ternary and higher metallic acid salts, hydroxy acids, phosphoric
acids, etc., oxamic acid, lithium acetate acid, lithium salt acetic
acid, propanoic acid lithium salt, cyclohexanebutyric acid lithium
salt, aminobenzole acid lithium salt,/borate ester, dimethyl
borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexyl borate, didodecylborate,
di-p-cresyl borates, boric acids, orthoborates, phenylboronic acid,
diphenylboronic acid, o-tolylboronic acid, p-tolylboronic acid,
m-tolylboronic aqid, cylohexylboronic acid, cylohexenylboronic
acid, cyclopentylboronic acid, methylphenylboronic acid,
methylcylohexylboronic acid, methylcyclopentylboronic acid,
methylbenzylboronic acid, dimethylphenylboronic acid,
dimethylcylohexylboronic acid, dimethylcyclopentylboronic acid,
dimethylbenzylboronic acid, diphenylboronic acid, dibenzylboronic
acid, dicylohexylboronic acid, dicylohexenylboronic acid,
dicyclopentylboronic acid, methyldiphenylboronic acid,
bis[(methyl)cylohexyl]boronic acid, bis[(methyl)cyclopentyl]boronic
acid, bis[(methyl)benzyl]boronic acid, bis[(dimethyl)phenyl]boronic
acid, bis[(dimethyl)-cylohexyl]boronic acid,
bis[(dimethyl)cyclopentyl]boronic acid, or
bis[(dimethyl)benzyl]boronic acid. Other acidic metallics are set
forth below and contemplated.
EXAMPLE 28
[0225] A method of minimizing hydrolysis of a vapor phase
combustion fuel composition comprising the steps of:
[0226] providing a symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonate; providing
an combustion improving amount of at least one combustible compound
containing at least one element selected from the group consisting
of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium,
chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine,
iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,
niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin,
zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium,
radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium,
titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum,
neodymium, uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium,
plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium,
iridium, gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver,
gold, dysprosium, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium,
erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium,
polonium, lutetium, astatine, mixture thereof, including their
organic and inorganic derivative compounds; providing a
hydrocarbon; mixing said carbonate, said combustible compound, and
said Hydrocarbon so as to produce a fuel composition having a pH of
from 4.5 to 9.5, and store said composition at a temperature of no
more than 90.degree. F. for up tp 6 months, or longer, and,
combusting said fuel in an engine or combustor, wherein vapor phase
composition occurs characterized as having a luminous reaction zone
extends from surface of said element.
EXAMPLE 29
[0227] The method of Example above, wherein said fuel is stored at
an average temperature of 65.degree. F. for 6 months, prior to
combustion.
EXAMPLE 30
[0228] A method of mitigating handling hazards of an alkali/alkali
earth metal based vapor phase combustion fuel, composition,
comprising the steps of:
[0229] providing an combustion improving amount of a combustible
compound containing at least one element selected from an alkali
metal or alkali earth metal, and mixture; and a stabilizer.
EXAMPLE 30A
[0230] The method of example 30, optionally providing an acidic ECS
metallic; and optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and optionally
providing an ECS oxygenate; and
[0231] mixing said composition.
EXAMPLE 30B
[0232] The method of examples 30, 30A, wherein the composition's
target pH ranges up to 9.5.
EXAMPLE 30C
[0233] A method of mitigating handling hazards of an alkali/alkali
earth metal based vapor phase combustion fuel composition,
comprising the steps of:
[0234] providing an combustion improving amount of at least one
combustible compound containing at least one element selected from
an alkali metal or alkali earth metal; and
[0235] optionally providing an acidic ECS metallic; and
[0236] optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and
[0237] optionally providing an ECS oxygenate, and
[0238] mixing said composition, said combustible compound, and said
hydrocarbon so as to produce a fuel composition having a pH of from
4.5 to 9.5, and
[0239] combusting said fuel in an engine or combustor, wherein
vapor phase composition occurs characterized as having a luminous
reaction zone extends from surface of said element.
EXAMPLE 31
[0240] The above example 30, wherein the target pH is ranges from
6.0 to 8.0.
EXAMPLE 32
[0241] The above example 30, wherein the target pH is achieved by
providing at least one acidic ECS metallic or acidic ECS
oxygenate.
EXAMPLE 33
[0242] The above example 30, wherein the acidic ECS metallic is a
phosphorus derivative.
[0243] Anhydrous fuels or substantially anhydrous fuels are
contemplated and particularly preferred when employing water
reactive group Ia, IIa, IIb, IIIA metals and derivative compounds.
Circumstances where hydrocarbon bases require anhydrous
compositions are contemplated, e.g. jet aviation applications,
etc.
[0244] Although anhydrous fuels are preferable, fuel compositions
of the present invention may contain water.
[0245] It is noted, acidity level of Applicant's fuels may be
measured in terms of equivalents, e.g., equivalents of KOH required
to neutralize the fuel composition. The fuels of the present
invention show improved operation at acidity levels which are 100%,
150%, 200%, 300%, or more, above such standards. Acidity levels
below such standards, including those at least 50% less, are
expressly contemplated.
[0246] Also by way of example, when the fuel compositions of the
present invention are used in jet turbine engines, such fuels
typically must meet ASTM D 1655 specifications (incorporated herein
by reference) or other international specifications, including
maximum acidity levels ASTM D 3242 and IP 354 standards. However,
it is believed that the increased efficiency of the fuels of the
present invention are less destructive to engines during
combustion, and operation with lower pH's than presently
acceptable. International, industry and government fuel standards,
including ASTM, IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act,
California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET
standards, etc., governing hydrocarbon fuels containing applicant's
ECS oxygenates/metallics are incorporated herein by reference.
[0247] It is an embodiment, especially when employing DMC, to
maintain a pH in the desired target range and store said fuel at
temperatures at or below 90.degree. F.
EXAMPLE 34
[0248] A method of maintain fuel stability, said method
comprising:
[0249] mixing a fuel composition containing an ECS metallic and a
dialkyl carbonate (preferably DMC), and adjusting pH of the fuel
composition to less than 10.5 pH.
[0250] In addition to the preferred pH ranges described above, it
is further contemplated that Applicant's pH adjusted hydrocarbon
based fuels will additionally contain known additive, including but
not limited to antioxidants, co-solvents, metal deactivators,
detergents, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, mutual solvents,
oxygenated anti-knock compound (e.g. hydrocarbyl ethers, alcohols,
etc.), conventional combustion catalysts including ferrous picrate,
Li and LH promoters, other additive, and additive set forth in
incorporated PCT Applications. The metal deactivators contemplated
in this invention are known in the art and incorporated herein by
reference.
[0251] A preferred fuel of the present invention comprises 1)
dimethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, representing 0.1% to
99.5% wt of composition; 2) at least one metal as set forth below,
representing 0.01% to 99.5% wt of composition; optionally a metal
deactivator representing 0.00001% to 10.0% wt of composition, or an
antioxidant representing 0.00001% to 10.0% wt, or a
detergent/dispersant representing 0.00001% to 10.0% wt, or an
ignition promoter representing 0.000001% to 20.0% wt, or a
demulsifier representing 0.00001% to 10.0% wt, or a co-solvent or
salt representing 0.000001% to 40.0% wt, or a hydrocarbon
representing 0.1% to 99.0% volume of the composition, or a
co-combustion catalyst (described below) representing 0.000001% to
80.0% wt, or mixture. Said fuel is constructed with a pH no greater
than 11.0 or 10.5, and preferably less than 9.5. More preferably,
the pH is from 6.3 to 6.8. When such fuel is a jet aviation turbine
hydrocarbon based-fuel, preferred acidity does not exceed
equivalent of 0.1 mg KOH/g.
[0252] As described in the aforementioned PCT applications, the
presence of a co-solvent is also preferred, so long as pH is
maintained. Co-solvents that enhance mutual solubility of fuel
components, fuel stability, water tolerance are preferred (e.g. C1
to C12 alcohols, alkanolamines, etc.). These are known in the art
and incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, co-solvents
that increase flash point or reduce vapor pressure are
contemplated. Non-limiting examples include, ethanetriols,
propanetriols, butanetriols, 1,2,3 butanetriol, pentanetriols,
1,2,3 pentanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, hexanetriols,
septanetriols, octanetriols, or tertraethylene glycol, triethylene
glycol, 1-octene, high flash point ketone, naphthalenes,
triethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, isopropyl acetone,
diisopropyl acetone, diisopropyl diacetone, diethylene acetate,
diethylene diacetate, ethylene acetate compound, phenol, or other
flash point temperature reducing co-solvent set forth in
aforementioned PCT Applications. Co-solvents should not be
corrosive or hazardous to fuel systems.
[0253] It is desirable the resultant fuel be constructed to have an
average latent heat of vaporization (LHV) no less than typical
industry standards. Preferred LHV's are generally greater. For
example, the latent heat of vaporization or enthalpy of
vaporization (vapH(Tb)/kJ mol.sup.-1) for commercial grade diesel,
gas turbine, or fuel oils range from about 90 to 105 btu/lb (at
60.degree. F.) or 18 to 21 jK/mole or (at boiling temperatures).
Likewise, commercial motor gasolines have a LHV ranging from 135 to
145 btu/lb or 27 to 29 jK/mole, aviation gasolines about 130 to 150
btu/lb or 26 to 30 jk/mole, and aviation jet fuels about 105 to 115
btu/lb or 21 to 23 jK/mole.
[0254] Thus, it is preferred that the LHV for commercial grade
diesel, gas turbine, or fuel oils at 60.degree. F. exceed 105
btu/lb or 21 jK/mole (at boiling temperatures), for commercial
motor gasolines LHV's should exceed 145 btu/lb or 29 jK/mole, for
aviation gasolines LHV's should exceed 150 btu/lb or 30 jk/mole,
and for aviation jet fuels LHV's should exceed 115 btu/lb or 23
jK/mole. LHV's at least 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% or greater than these
amounts are however preferred.
[0255] The burning velocities (as measured by laminar Bunsen burner
flame) for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, and fuel oils
range from about 32-34 cm/sec, kerosine about 36 cm/sec, benzene
about 44, automotive gasoline about 44-46 cm/sec, aviation gasoline
about 44-45 cm/sec, aviation jet fuels about 32-34 cm/sec. Methanol
is reported at about 57 cm/sec.
[0256] Thus, in Applicant's fuels it is desireable that burning
velocities for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, and fuel oils
exceed 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43 cm/sec, kerosine
exceed 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 cm/sec, automotive
gasoline exceed 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
cm/sec, aviation gasoline exceed 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, .53, 54, 55, 56 cm/sec, and aviation jet fuels exceed 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 cm/sec. However, BV's at least 2%,
5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or greater than the burning velocity of the
unadjusted base fuel or conventional fuel is preferred.
[0257] It is also desirable that the hydrocarbon based fuels have
high possible allowable densities. High densities of base fuels
permit higher concentrations of metallics and dialkyl carbonates.
For example, aviation turbine densities equal or exceeding 841
kg/m.sup.3 @ 15.degree. C. are contemplated. More generally, the
fuel compositions of the present invention allow for base fuel
densities of from 840 to 1200 kg/m3 @ 15.degree.0 C., and even 900
to over 1200 kg/m3 @ 15.degree. C. Moderate, low, to very low
densities are also contemplated so long as the increased burning
velocity object of above PCT Applications is accomplished and a pH
is not greater than 10.5, preferably below 9.0, and most preferably
from 6.3 to 6.8 is maintained.
[0258] Moreover, highly viscous hydrocarbon fuel bases with
viscosities above fuel specification, are unexpectedly brought to
within fuel viscosity limits by the addition of dialkyl carbonates
and metal. For example, is has been found that a diesel fuel oil
having a viscosity of 2.6 mm.sup.2/S at, 40.degree. C. was
acceptably combined with dimethyl carbonate representing 5% volume
of the composition, and 2.0 grs Mn/gal, of methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) or alternative non-toxic metallic. The
resultant fuel composition had a lower viscosity of 2.4 mm2/S at
40.degree. C.
[0259] In this way, highly viscous fuels can be adapted by the
addition of applicant's ingredients, whereby non-conforming highly
viscous fuels can be made less viscous and brought into compliance
with ASTM International, industry and government fuel standards,
including ASTM, IP, COST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act,
California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET
standards, or other specification (herein incorporated by
refererence).
[0260] Also by way of example, Jet A hydrocarbon bases having a
viscosity of 8.1 to 15.0 or more, (ASTM 445) can be adapted to meet
the current 8.0 mm.sup.2/s.sup.L at -20.degree. C. standard by
addition of the components described above. Alternatively, base
fuel viscosity of from 13.5 to 23.0 Cs at -30.degree. F., or more,
may be met by the addition of the components described above.
[0261] Similarly, a gas oil turbine hydrocarbon base may have
maximum kinetic viscosities at 40.degree. C. equal or exceeding
2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 No. 1-GT fuels, and
be adapted to meet the 2.4 standard, by addition of the components
described herein. Alternatively, base fuel kinetic viscosities of
4.15 to 6.0, or more, mm.sup.2/s for ASTM D 445 No. 2-GT fuels, may
be adapted to meet the 4.1 standard by addition of applicant's
additives, as described herein.
[0262] In an analogous manner, a diesel fuel oil base may have
maximum kinetic viscosities at 40.degree. C. equal or exceeding
2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 low sulfur or regular
too. 1-D fuels, and be adapted to meet the 2.4 standard by addition
of applicant's additives. Alternatively, a diesel fuel oil base
having maximum kinetic viscosities of 4.15 to 9.0, or more, mm2/s
for ASTM D 445 low sulfur or regular No. 2-D fuels, and be adapted
to meet the 4.1 standard, by addition of applicant's additives.
Similarly, fuels having--a maximum kinetic viscosity of 24.5 to
60.0, or more, mm2/s for ASTM D 445 No. 4-D fuels, and be adapted
to meet 24.0 mm2/s by addition of applicant's additives.
Additionally, a low emission diesel base may have viscosities
exceeding 2.45 to 5.5, or more, cSt at 40.degree. C. (where 1
mm2/s=1cst), and be adapted to meet the 2.4 standard.
[0263] Furthermore, a fuel oil base may have kinetic viscosities
equal or exceeding 2.15 10.0, or more, mm.sup.2/s at 40.degree. C.
ASTM D 445 for No. 1 fuels, and can be adapted to the 2.1 standard
by addition of applicant's additives. A fuel base having kinetic
viscosities of from 3.45 to 10,0, or more, mm2/s at 40.degree. C.
ASTM D 445 for No. 2 fuels can be similarly adapted to meet 3.4. A
fuel base having kinetic viscosities of 5.55 to 25.0 or more, mm2/s
at 40.degree. C. ASTM for D 445 No. 4 fuels (Light), maybe
similarly adapted to meet 5.5. A fuel base having kinetic
viscosities of from 24.5 to 40.0, or more, mm2/s at 40.degree. C.
ASTM D445 for No. 4 fuels (regular), may be adapted to meet 24. A
fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 8.95 to 25.0, or more,
mm3/s at 100.degree. C. ASTM D 445 for No. 5 fuels (Light), may be
adapted to meet 8.9. A fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from
15.0 to 30.0, or more, mm3/s at 100.degree. C. ASTM D 445 for No. 5
fuels (Heavy), may be adapted to meet 14.9. A fuel base having
kinetic viscosities of from 50.5 to 80.0, or more, mm3/s at
100.degree. C. STM D 445 for No. 6 fuel oils, and adapted to meet
50.0 mm3/s.
[0264] Similarly, a heavy diesel, locomotive or marine engine base
fuel, exceeding ISO DIS 8217, BS MA 100, government and/or other
industry viscosity specifications, but adapted to meet such
standards (incorporated by reference), typically uncorrected
viscosity exceeds such standards by 1.0, 2.0, 10.0, 50.0, or more
centistokes at 50.degree. C. Applicant has discovered by
incorporating his lower dialkyl carbonates and metals, fuels having
excessive viscosities can meet government, or other viscosity
standards.
[0265] By way of further example, an enhanced combustion aviation
turbine fuel composition of the present invention includes an ECS
oxygenate (preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or dialkyl
dicarbonate), an ECS metal (preferably an alkali.backslash.alkali
earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, an
aviation turbine hydrocarbon base having a viscosity of from 8.1 to
9.0 MM.sup.2/S (ASTM 445); optionally one or more of the following:
a salt, a co-solvent, antioxidant, freeze point additive,
anti-icing additive, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor,
hydroscopic control additive, lubricity agent, lubricant or
friction modifier, anti-wear additive, combustion chamber or
deposit control additive, any other recognized additive, additive
disclosed in aforementioned PCT Applications, or mixture thereof.
The resultant fuel is characterized as being slightly alkaline,
substantially neutral or acidic, and having a maximum viscosity
equal or less than 8.2 MM.sup.2/S.sup.1 (ASTM 445). The fuel
preferably has, a density of from 840.5 to 850, or greater,
kg/m.sup.3 @ 15.degree.C., a flash point of at least 38.degree. C.,
a maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa @ 38.degree. C., minimum thermal
stability meeting ASTM D 1655 standards, a heat of combustion or
equivalent equal to or exceeding 42.8 MJ/kg (lower heats of
combustion are contemplated, including those less than or equal to
42.5, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36 MJ/kg, based upon additive heats
of individual components), and a maximum freezing temperature of
from -40 to -50.degree. C., optionally a LHV not less than 115
btu/lb or 23 jK/mole, optionally a burning velocity exceeding 37
cm/sec.
EXAMPLE 34A
[0266] This composition may be summarized as an enhanced aviation
turbine fuel composition wherein aviation turbine hydrocarbon base
has a viscosity equal or exceeding 8.1 MM.sup.2/S, a C3 to C7
symmetrical dialkyl dicarbonate, said fuel optionally characterized
as being slightly acidic not exceeding equivalent of 0.1 mg
KOH/g.
[0267] A diesel fuel, fuel oil, turbine gas oil composition of the
present invention includes dimethyl carbonate representing 0.01% to
40.0% oxygen by weight of the fuel; a compound or element
containing a combustion improving amount of transition metal,
alkaline metal, alkaline earth, group IIIa, IVa, Va, VIa, VIIa
element or derivative compound, or mixture, optionally a
co-combustion agent, optionally in an concentration of 0.001 to
about 100.0 gr element/gal, preferably 2.0 to 20.0 gr element/gal;
and a No. 1 (ASTM) diesel fuel base having a viscosity of from 2.45
to 3.0, MM.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., ; said fuel base optionally
characterized as having one or more of the following: a density
ranging from 880 to 800 kg/M.sup.3 , a cetane index of 40 to 70, an
aromatic content by vol. ranging from approximately 0 to 35%,
preferably 0% to 10%, provided that 3-ring+aromatics not to exceed
0.16 volume %; a T10 fraction temperature of about 190 to
230.degree. C., a T 50 fraction temperature of about 220 to
280.degree. C., a T90 fraction of about 260 to 340.degree. C., a
cloud point temperature of .degree. C. -10, -28, -32 or 6.degree.
C. above tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature, a sulfur
content preferably not greater than 250 ppm, more preferably not
greater than 50 ppm, most preferably not exceeding 5 ppm, a bunsen
laminar burning velocity of at preferably greater than 37, more
preferably greater than 44, most preferably 50 ore more, cm/sec, a
latent heat of vaporization of preferably at least 105, more
preferably at least 120, most preferably 130 or more, BTU/lb. The
resultant fuel is characterized as having a pH less than 10.5 and a
viscosity equal to or less than 2.4 MM2/S at 40.degree. C.,
optionally a LHV at 60.degree. F. equal or in excess of 105 btu/lb
or 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 jK/mole (at boiling temperatures), optionally
a minimum laminar bunsen burner flame of 37, 39, 40, 41 cm/sec.
EXAMPLE 34B
[0268] A composition, wherein the fuel composition is a diesel fuel
oil, the ECS oxygenate is dimethyl carbonate representing 0.01% to
40.0% oxygen by wt. of the fuel, the hydrocarbon base fuel has a
viscosity equal to or greater than 2.5, MM.sup.2/S at 40.degree.
C., and the fuel composition is characterized as having a pH less
than 10.5 and a viscosity equal to or less than 2.4 MM2/S at
40.degree. C.
[0269] An aviation gasoline fuel composition of the present
invention includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a hydrocarbyl
ether, including MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or dialkyl carbonate, an ECS
metal (preferably an alkali.backslash.alkali earth metal, or
silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and an aviation
gasoline base. The resultant fuel is characterized as having a pH
less than 7.0 and a minimum octane or performance number of from 87
to 130 (ASTM 909). It is further characterized as having a
distillation fraction wherein the sum of the T-10 plus T-50
fractions are 307.degree. F., the T-40 temperature is 167.degree.
F. and the T-90 temperature is less than 250.degree. F., a maximum
sulfur content of 0.05 wt %, or sulfur free, a latent heat of
vaporization preferably exceeding 120, more preferably exceeding
150, most preferably exceeding 160 BTU/lb, a laminar bunsen burning
velocity preferably equal to or in excess of 40, more preferably
greater than 48, most preferably greater than 52 cm/sec, a heat of
combustion (as measured by the sum of fuel ingredients) equal or
less, than 43.0 kJ/kg, or equal or less than from 18,720 to 15,000,
or less, BTU/lb.
EXAMPLE 34C
[0270] A gasoline composition of the present invention includes an
a hydrocarbyl ether (MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or dialkyl carbonate, an
ECS metal (preferably an alkali.backslash.alkali earth metal, or
silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and an unleaded base
fuel composition. The resultant composition is characterized as
having a pH less than 10.5, and optionally being phosphorus free
hydrocarbons, a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of from 6.0 to 12.0
psi, 6.0 to 10 psi, 6.0 to 9.0 psi; a maximum of 12% to 5.0% by
volume, or less of olefins, a maximum of 30% to 20% or less by
volume of aromatics (more preferably 15% to 10%, or less), a
maximum of 2.0% to 0.8% or less benzene, a maximum of 40 ppm
.sulfur, most preferably sulfur free, a total O2 concentration
ranging of 0.5% to 10.0% wt of dimethyl carbonate, a manganese
tricarbonyl compound at 1/64 to 3/16 gr. Mn/gal (preferably 1/32
gr. Mn) or other metallic in a combustion improving amount, a
maximum T-90 temperature of 330.degree. F. to 280.degree. F., a
T-50 temperature of approx. 170.degree. F. to 230.degree. F.,
175.degree. F. preferred, a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a
bromine number of 20 or less, an average latent heat of
vaporization of 880 to 920, or more, BTU/gal at 60.degree. F.; a
heating value greater than 106,000 btu/gal at 60.degree. F. (more
preferably greater than 108,000, 114,000 btu/gal), as measured by
the sum of, individual fuel substituents.
EXAMPLE 34D
[0271] A fuel composition, wherein said composition is a gasoline
comprising an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or
ethanol, characterized as having a pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5,
optionally a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a
maximum of 12% vol. olefins, a maximum of 30% vol. aromatics, a
maximum of 1.0% vol. benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur or sulfur
free, a total 02 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 4.0% wt of the
composition, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330.degree. F. to
280.degree. F., a T-50 temperature of approx. 170.degree. F. to
230.degree. F., a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a bromine
number of 20 or less, an average latent heat of vaporization of 880
to 920 BTU/gal at 60.degree. F., a heating value greater than
106,000 btu/gal at 60.degree. F.
EXAMPLE 34E
[0272] Another gasoline composition of the present invention
includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or
dialkyl dicarbonate, MTBE, ETBE, Ethanol, or methanol), an ECS
metal (preferably an alkali.backslash.alkali earth metal, or
silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and an unleaded base
fuel composition, characterized as having a pH less than 10.5, and
optionally characterized as having one or more of the following:
being phosphorus free hydrocarbons, with a maximum Reid Vapor
Pressure of 12.0 psi, a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of 30%
aromatics, a maximum of 2.0% benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur or
sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 10.0% wt
of dialkyl carbonate, a combustible metal or non-metal selected
from groups set forth below including (but not limited to) those
consisting of the preferred manganese, silicon, potassium, and iron
compounds, or mixture, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330.degree. F.
to 280.degree. F., a T-50 temperature of approx. 170.degree. F. to
230.degree. F., a minimum (R+M)/2 octane of 85, to 92, a bromine
number of 20 or less, an average latent heat of vaporization of 880
to 920 BTU/gal at 60.degree. F., a heating value greater than
106,000 btu/gal at 60.degree. F. (as measured by the sum of
individual fuel substituents), a burning velocity exceeding 50
cm/sec, a latent heat of vaporization exceeding 29 jK/mole (or
equivalent).
EXAMPLE 34F
[0273] A similar gasoline composition comprises an ECS oxygenate
selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, is characterized as
having a pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5, and optionally with a maximum
Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12%
olefins, a maximum of 30% aromatics, a maximum of 1.0% benzene, a
maximum of -50 ppm sulfur or sulfur free, a total O2 concentration
ranging from 0.5% to 4.0% wt of the composition, a maximum T-90
temperature of 330.degree. F. to 280.degree. F., a T-50 temperature
of approx. 170.degree. F. to 230.degree. F., a minimum (R+M)/2
octane of 85, to 92, a bromine number of 20 or less, an average
latent heat of vaporization of 880 to 920 BTU/gal at 60.degree. F.,
a heating value greater than 106,000 btu/gal at 60.degree. F.
EXAMPLE 34G
[0274] Another gasoline composition would include the
aforementioned ECS oxygenates and an ECS metallic (including a
combustible alkali/alkali earth metal, preferably a potassium
derivative, and MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, or EMC, or
substitutes as provided herein), and a gasoline base, wherein the
resultant composition has one or more of the following
characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 psi, aromatics content of 0%
to 50%, more preferably no greater than 22%, 25%, 30%, or 35% vol.,
a benzene content of 0% to 2.0%, preferably no greater than 0.8%,
1.0%, 1.2% vol., an olefin content of 0% to 25%, preferably no
greater than 15%, 12%, 10%, 8% vol., an distillation evaporation
point where 30% to 70% of the fuel has distilled by 200.degree. F.,
an distillation evaporation point where 70% to 100% of the fuel has
distilled by 300.degree. F., a T50 distillation temperature ranging
from 200.degree. F. to 220.degree. F., maximum T90 distillation
temperature of 290.degree. F. to 310.degree. F., oxygen by wt %
ranging from 0% to 5.0%, 0.001% to 4.0%, 0.1% to 4.0% to preferably
1.8% to 2.2%., sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 0 to 500 ppm, more
preferably 30 to 80 ppm.
EXAMPLE 34H
[0275] Another gasoline composition would include the
aforementioned gasoline composition, wherein the resultant
composition has one or more of the following characteristics: a
maximum summer RVP of 8.1, 8.0, 7.5, 7.2, 7.1, 7.0 psi, maximum
aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., .sup.1max. benzene of 0.8%,
1.0%, 1.2% vol., T50 distillation temperature ranging from
200.degree. F. to 220.degree. F., a maximum T50 distillation
temperature ranging from 200.degree. F. to 220.degree. F., minimum
T50 distillation temperature greater than 175.degree. F., maximum
T90 distillation temperature of 290.degree. F. to 310.degree. F.,
oxygen by wt % 1.8% to 2.2%., sulfur, ppm, wt. 30 to 80.
EXAMPLE 35
[0276] A gasoline composition including a combustion Improving
amount of potassium ethoxide and an ECS oxygenate selected from
MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, DMC, or EMC, wherein the composition has one
or more of the following characteristics: a RVP no greater than
7.5, 7.1, 7.0 psi, maximum aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., max.
benzene of 1.0% vol., a minimum T50 distillation temperature
ranging of 175.degree. F., maximum T90 distillation temperature of
290.degree. F. to 310.degree. F., oxygen by wt % 1.8% to 2.2%., and
a sulfur content of 0 to 80 wt. ppm, 30 ppm or less preferred.
[0277] The invention achieves unexpected reduction of nitrous
oxides in combustion after emissions pass through a catalytic
exhaust converter. As noted above, reductions of nitrous oxides is
important for purpose of reducing global warming gases, but
catalytic converters tend to increase the amount of said oxides
during their catalytic activity. Applicant has discovered that
combusting his ECS oxyenate and/or metallic containing fuels,
particularly those containing alkali/alkali earth metals, and
emitting them through a catalytic converter, he is able to no only
reduce the nitrous oxide flowing into the converter, but is able to
reduce total oxides, which otherwise would be emitted from the
converter. Thus, reducing the harmful effect the exhaust, catalyst
has in increasing nitrous oxides.
EXAMPLE 36
[0278] A method of reducing green house nitrous oxide gases,
comprising:
[0279] mixing a combustion improving amount of a combustion
improving amount of an ECS metallic, optionally a combustion
improving amount of an ECS oxygenate, together with a gasoline;
and
[0280] combusting resultant fuel composition in an automotive
engine; and
[0281] exhausting resultant emissions through an exhaust catalyst;
emitting catalyst reacted emissions into the atmosphere; whereby
exhaust nitrous oxide emissions are reduced.
EXAMPLE 37
[0282] The Example above, wherein the ESC metal is an alkali or
alkali earth metal (preferably a potassium derivative) and the
oxygenate is MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, and wherein the
fuel optionally contains a co-combustion catalyst.
EXAMPLE 38
[0283] The Example of 36, wherein also mixed into the composition
is a co-combustion catalyst.
EXAMPLE 39
[0284] The Example of 36, wherein said method incorporates mixing a
metal only.
EXAMPLE 40
[0285] The Example of 36 or 39, wherein said metal is absent
manganese.
EXAMPLE 41
[0286] The Example of 36, wherein said fuel composition is includes
a combustible alkali/alkali earth metal, and an ECS oxygenate
selected from MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, EMC, and mixture,
having one or more of the following characteristics: a RVP of 6.4
to 10.0 psi, aromatics content of 0% to 50%,a benzene content of 0%
to 2.0%, an olefin content of 0% to 25%, an distillation
evaporation point where--30% to 70% of the fuel has distilled by
200.degree. F., an distillation evaporation point where 70% to 100%
of the fuel has distilled by 300.degree. F., a minimum T50
distillation temperature of 175.degree. F. and a maximum T50
distillation temperature ranging from 200.degree. F. to 220.degree.
F., maximum T90 distillation temperature of 290.degree. F. to
310.degree. F., a co-combustion catalyst, oxygen by wt % ranging
from 0.1% to 4.0%, sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 6 to 500 ppm; or a
fuel composition of the character of Examples 34A through 34E and
35.
EXAMPLE 42
[0287] The Example of 36 to 41, wherein the fuel composition has a
pH ranging from 10.0 to 4.0., more preferably 9.0 to 5.0, 8.0 to
6.0, 7.7 to 6.3, or 6.9 to 6.3, or other range, or amount set forth
herein.
EXAMPLE 43
[0288] The above examples additionally containing an nitrogen based
enhancer, or compound containing nitrogen, a nitrogen/oxygen
combination, or a NH, NH2, NH3, NH4, NO, NN, OON, OONH, ONH, ONH2,
ONH3, ONH4, CON, CONH, CONH2, CONH3, COON, COONH, MNH, MON, MONH,
MONH2, MONH3, MOON radical (where M is a metal as set forth
herein). Non-limiting examples also include fuel soluble and/or
combustible amines, amides/imides, such as nitro compounds, nitric
compounds, tetranitromethanes, nitromethanes, nitroethanes,
nitropropanes, nitrous oxides, dinitrous oxides, nitric oxides,
nitrates, and di-nitrates. Other non-limiting examples include,
alkylmetallicamides, polyalkylmetallicamides, alkylphosphoramides,
polyalkylphosphoramides (e.g. hexamethylphosphoramide,
hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide,
hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, triethylphosphoramide,
trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide,
triisopropylphosphoramide- , tributylphosphoramide,
tri-isobutylphosphoramide, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide,
tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide,
dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH30)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide,
dipropbxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide,
dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide,
di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert-butoxyphosphorusamide,
diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphoramide (CH30)2PONH2),
diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide,
diisopropylphosphoramide, dibutyl-phosphoramide,
diisobutylphosphoramide, di-sec-butylphosphoramide,
di-tert-butylphosphoramide, diphenylphosphoramide,
dimethylethylphosphoramide, diethylmethylphosphoramide,
dipropylmethylphosphoramide, diisopropylmethylphosphoramide,
di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide, di-iso-butylmethylphosphoramide,
di-sec-butylmethylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylmethylphosphoramide,
diphenylmethyl phosphoramide).
[0289] Phosphoramides are particularly desired.
[0290] In the practice of this invention it is contemplated at
least one combustible reactive non-lead transition metal, alkaline
metal, alkaline earth, group IIIa, IVa (except carbon), Va, VIa
(except oxygen), Vila element, or derivative thereof, as set forth
herein, or mixture (herein referred to as "metal" or "metallic") be
together with at least one C3 to C13 symmetrical dialkyl ester of
carbonic acid, and mixture, in a fuel stable composition; said
composition optionally containing a combustion catalyst as set
forth below, a hydrocarbon, and/or an oxidizer; resultant
composition as having a pH slightly alkaline, neutral or
acidic.
[0291] Non-limiting examples of suitable dialkyl carbonates
include, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate,
diisopropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, diisobutyl carbonate,
ditertiary butyl carbonate, diisoamyl carbonate, methyl ethyl
carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, or mixture. C3 to C8 symmetrical
dialkyl carbonates are more desirable, with C3 to C5 being
preferred. It is contemplated that such carbonates will be
introduced into the composition in concentrations of 0.01 to 100.0
volume percent in an amount sufficient to improve combustion. The
carbonates may be additionally combined with one or more oxygenated
compounds, including but not limited to alkyl butyl ethers (e.g.
MTBE, ETBE, TAME, ETAME, etc.), alkyl alcohols, and/or known
co-solvents. In the practice of this invention methylal, ethylal,
C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, may be substituted for dialkyl
carbonates, absent compromise of vapor phase combustion. Examples
of ECS compounds are presented in the aforementioned PCT
Applications.
[0292] Non-limiting examples of the optional hydrocarbon bases
contemplated herein, include any hydrocarbon, including but not
limited to carbonaceous liquid or solid fuels, alternative fuels,
gaseous fuels (including hydrogen, natural gas, methane, ethane,
propane, butane, etc.), automotive gasolines, diesel fuel oils,
heavy diesel fuel oils, aviation gasoline, gas oils, fuel oils,
aviation jet turbine oils, coal, coal oils, coal liquids, and the
like. Industry specifications, including ASTM, IP, COST, DERD, MIL,
AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air Resources Board, and
Swedish/European EPEFET standards, EU Standards, and other reported
industry or government standards known in the art, and Criteria for
Quality of Petroleum Products, J. P. Allison, 1973 (and subsequent
editions), all hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0293] Nitroalkanes/Nitroparaffin
[0294] Other blending agents as contemplated herein include
nitroalkanes. Non-limiting examples include mononitroalkanes,
arylnitroalkanes, polynitroalkanes, nitro-arenes, polynitro-arenes,
aromatic nitro-compounds, polyaromatic nitro-compounds including
derivative, homologue and analogue. Examples include nitromethane,
nitroethane, nitropropane, nitrobutane, nitrohexane, nitroheptane,
nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, dinitrotolune. Acceptable
concentrations are 1 to 2000 pprri, 10 to 500 ppm, 10 to 300 ppm,
50 to 100 ppm.
[0295] Bio-Diesel
[0296] As contemplated within this disclosure bio-diesel shall
include, but not be limited to: Methyl Soyate, Rapeseed Methyl
Ester (RME), Methyl Tallowate, Methyl esters from lipid sources CAS
Number: 67784-80-9. Bio-diesel is characterized generally but not
required to have a boiling point at 760 mm Hg of less than
200.degree. C., volatiles less than 2% by Volume, insoluble in
water, a specific gravity (H2 O=1) of 0.88, Vapour Pressure, mm Hg:
<2, an evaporation Rate, Butyl Acetate=l: <1, a vapour
Density, Air=l :>1, being a pale yellow liquid, with mild odour.
Variations are contemplated in the claims below.
[0297] Metals Practice
[0298] In the practice of this invention, as set forth in the
aforementioned PCT Applications, contemplated metallics include all
non-lead metals, metalloids, and non-metals (herein "metals" or
"metallics"), their derivative compounds (organic or inorganic),
whose combustion (product accomplishes primary object of vapor
phase combustion, which is evidenced by a brilliant luminous
reaction zone extending some distance from the metal's surface.
Such combustion does not take place on the surface of the metal, or
on and/or within the molten layer of oxide covering the metal,
typical, of heretofore metallic combustion. Distinguishing vapor
phase combustion is that its combustion is expansive with elevated
exhaust velocities, and resultant metallic oxide particles are
formed in the submicron range. Typically fuel economy, power
output, exhaust emissions, combustion temperatures are materially
improved.
[0299] Thus, a very wide range of acceptable metals and derivative
compounds are contemplated. Group IA (alkali metals), IIA,
(alkaline earths) elements, the transition elements/metals of group
IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIIIb [8, 9, 10], the elements of group
Ib, IIb, IIIa, IVa (absent carbon), and group Va, VIa, VIIa
(elements are contemplated. Non-limiting examples include aluminum,
boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium,
cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium,
lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium,
phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc,
praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium,
radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium,
titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum,
neodymium, uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium,
plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium,
iridium, gadolinium, curium, platinum, terbium, berkelium, silver,
gold, dysprosium, californium, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium,
erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium,
polonium, lutetium, and astatine, including their organic and
inorganic derivative compounds, which are capable of vapor phase
combustion, are contemplated in the claims hereto and incorporated
herein by reference. Applicant's metals, including derivative
compound, may be organo-metallic or inorganic. Accordingly, the
inorganic and organic compounds of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, Lide, 75th (1994-1995) and earlier editions, Ann Arbor,
CRC Press; Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Directory, Aldrich Chemical
Company (1997), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), on line Registry
File [1], American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstract Service,
Ohio State University, A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry, Thorpe,
N.Y., Putnam & Son's (1896), Inorganic Materials, 2 ed., Ducan,
N.Y. J. Wiley & Son (1996), Handbook of Inorganic Compounds,
Perry, Phillips, CRC Press, Boco Raton, (1995), Inorganic
Chemistry, Phillips, Williams, N.Y. Oxford University Press
(1965-1966), Inorganic Materials Chemistry, D. Seneeta, G.E. R
& D Center, N.Y., CRC Press (1997), Inorganometallic Chemistry,
Fehlner, N.Y., Plenum (1992), Nontransition-Metal Compounds, Eisch,
N.Y., Academic Press (1981), Metal & Metalloid Amides, Horwood,
N.Y., Halsted Press (1980), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology, 2nd and subsequent editions, John Wiley & Sons
(1963), Dictionary of Chemical Names & Synonyms, Howard, Neal,
Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, (1992), Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary, 12th Edition, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Van Nostrad
Reinhold Company, N.Y. (1993), Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities,
Inorganic, Comey, MacMillian Press (1921), Solubilities of
Inorganic and Metal Organic Substances, Seidell, N.Y., Van Nostrand
(1940-1941), Solubility of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds,
Like, Princeton N.J., Van Nostrand (1958-1965), Organometallies
(cite omitted), Organo Metallic Chemistry, F. G. A. Stone, Academic
Press (1972 and subsequent years), Organo Metallic Compounds, 2 Ed,
Michael Dub, Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. (1966 Vol. 1 to 3, and
subsequent volumes/supplments), Organo-metallic Compounds, Coates,
Edward, New York, Wiley (1960), Comprehensive Organometallic
Chemistry II (A Review of the Literature 1982-1994), Abel, Stone,
Wilkinson, El Sevier Science Ltd (1995), Handbook of Organometallic
Compounds, Kaufman, D. Van Nostranl Company Inc. (1961), Handbook
of Organometallic Compounds, Hagihara, Kumanda, Okawars, Wash.
Benjamin Inc (1968), Organometallic Chemistry, Mehrotra, Singh,
John Wiley and Sons, (1991), Organometallic Chemistry, Chemical
Society (1971 and all subsequent publications), London,
Metal-Organic Compounds, American Chemical Society (1959 to
present), Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, Chemical
Abstract Service, Ohio State University, .(From 1907 to present),
Structure Reports 1913 to 1973 (Metals and Inorganic Compounds),
International Union of Crystallography, Bohn, Scheltena &
Hellema (volumes 1-40), The Merck Index, 12th Ed., Budavari,
O'Neil, Merck Research Laboratories, N.J. (1996), which are capable
of vapor phase combustion, together with said publications
(including all related/subsequent editions, volumes, supplements,
updates, or related publications) are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0300] However, it is an object of this invention to ultilize where
possible those ECS metallics which are not nuerotoxic, especially
where human ingestion is possible.
[0301] In the practice of this invention, cyclomatic compounds are
particularly desireable. Non-limiting examples of cyclomatic
compounds include compounds with one or more rings systems,
including alicyclic or aromatic ring systems. Ring systems which
may be wholely organic, wholely, inorganic, or heterocyclic. Such
ring systems may include cyclic borons (borazoles), Cyclic silanes
(silacyclobutane, 2, 4, 6, 8, ID-pentamethylcyclopentasilazane,
cyclohexasilanes, cyclopropenyl silanes, etc.), cyclic nitrogens
(pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, piperazines, imidazals, etc.),
cyclic, oxygens (benzoyls, furans, pyrans, e.g. tetrahydropyran,
pyrones, dioxins, etc,), cyclic sulfurs (thiophens, dithiles, etc.)
or other cyclic inorganics. Cyclomatic organic ring systems include
saturated rings (cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cyclooctyl, etc.), unsaturated rings, rings with one or more
multiple or double bonds (cyclohexadiene, cyclopentadiene,
cyclotetraene, etc.), aromatic rings/cycloalkyl radicals (phenyl,
benzyl, styryl, etc.), fused rings, fused aromatic rings (naphthls,
naphthenates, etc.), fused ring with cyclopentadienyl moiety, rings
containing oxygen1 or a hydroxyl (phenol, etc.). The disclosed
metallic cyclomatics contained in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Katritzy,
Boulton, Academic Press (1966 to 1997 all volumes), Benzenoid-Metal
Complexes, Zeiss, Wheatley, Winkler. The Ronald Press Co (1966),
The Ring Index 2 Ed, Patterson, Capell, American Chemical Society,
Reinhold Publishing Corp (1960 and subsequent editions), Ring
Enlargement of Organic Chemistry, Hesse, VCH Publishers (1991),
Rings, Cluster, and Plymers of Main Group Elements, Cowley,
American Chemical Society (1983), which are capable of vapor phase
combustion, together with said publications (including subsequent
editions, volumes, or supplements), are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0302] Desireable metal containing cyclomatic compounds are those
with cyclic rings having high burning velocities. The higher the
burning the velocity, generally the higher the preference.
Generally larger rings have higher burning velocities compared to
smaller rings. Thus, a cyclooctane ring is generally preferred over
cyclohexane, which is preferred over a cyclobutane ring. Saturated
rings are normally more preferred over unsaturated rings. The more
saturated the ring the more preferred. Thus, cyclohexane is
preferred over benzene. Ring systems where the metal is in turn
attached to one or more a hydroxyl, carbonyl, an alkyloxy radicals
is generally preferred. Variations to this general rule are
expected.
[0303] Non-limiting examples of desireable ring systems/complexes
include: cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclopentane, cyclobutane,
cyclopentadiene, phenyl, benzene, and naphthalene. More desireable
are cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclopentadienyl. It is
contemplated each elemental metal of this invention can be employed
in a cyclomatic compound.
[0304] Transition metal ring systems are well known in the art and
highly desireable. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,818,416, 3,127,351,
2,818,417, 2,839,552, 2,680,______; 2,804,468; 3,341,311,
3,272,606, 3,718,444), Canadian Patent #1073207, European Patent
Application #93303488.6, pages 6-8 (1993), incorporated herein by
reference. As contemplated herein, ring system attachment may be
direct or indirect. Attachment may be via molecular bond, ionic
bond, coordination bond or other bond known in the art. Indirect
attachment may be via one or more radical or element, or be via
other bond as described below or known in the art. See The
Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Rochow, Hurd, Lewis, New
York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (latest edition), incorporated by
reference.
[0305] One or more radicals (including cyclic radicals), side
chains, saturated or unsaturated, may be attached to one or more
locations on the ring, and/or to one or more locations of each
metal. Thus, the metal may contain between one to as many radicals
as available valence electrons (oxidation states) permit. See
Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds 2ed, Weast, Grasselli, CRC
(185).
[0306] Non-limiting examples of radicals, include organic or
inorganic, saturated or unsaturated, or combinations thereof,
including: hydrogen (hydride), hydroxyl, hydrocarbyl group
radicals, including alkyl radicals (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl,
issopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, amyl, pentyl,
hexyl, etc.), alkyloxy radicals, various positional isomers thereof
(e.g. 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl,
1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-propyl, etc.), corresponding
straight and branched chain isomers (e.g. hexyl, hepyl, octyl,
nonyl; decyl, etc.), alkenyl radicals (ethyl,
/.backslash..sup.1-propenyl, /.backslash..sup.2-propenyl,
isopropenyl, etc.), corresponding branch chain isomers thereof,
other isomers thereof (e.g. heptenyl, octenyl, nonyl, decenyl,
etc.), alkenyloxy radicals, aryl radicals (e.g. phenyl, a-napthyl,
b-naphthyl, a-anthryl, b-anthryl, etc.), aryloxy radicals,
including monovalent radicals of such aromatics (e.g. indene,
isoindene, acenaphthene, flourene, phenanthrene, naphthacene,
chrysene, pyrene, triphenylene, etc.), aralkyl radicals (e.g.
benzyl, a-phenyl-ethyl, b-phenyl-ethyl, a-phenyl-propyl, etc.),
aralkyloxy radicals, various positional isomers thereof (e.g.
derivatives of 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 1,1
dimethyl-propyl, etc.), corresponding alkyl derivatives of
phenanthrene, flourene, acenapthene, etc., alkaryl radicals, (e.g.
o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, o-ethylphenyl, etc.), arylalkenyl,
cycloalkyl radicals (benzyl, etc.), cycloalkyloxy radicals,
aliphatic radicals, mesityl. See generally Canadian Patent 1073207,
pages 4-7, European Patent Application #93303488.6, pages 6-8, Oct.
11, 1993), Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds 2 Ed, Weast,
Grasselli, CRC 1985, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th
and earlier editions, sections re: "Nomenclature For Inorganic Ions
and Radicals," "Organic Radicals and Ring Systems," Nomenclature of
Inorganic Chemistry (Recommendations), Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Offord 1990; Richer, J. C., Panico, R., and Powell,
W. H. A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Offord 1993, Weast, R. C., and Grasselli,
J. C., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Ed. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Fla., 1989; incorporated by reference.
[0307] Hydroxyl, alkanol, alkanolamine, oxy and/or oxygen
containing radicals, including derivatives of thereof and
derivative of above radical are also contemplated. Non-limiting
examples include hydroxy, methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide,
isopropoxide, butoxide, isobutoxide, sec-butoxide, tert-butoxide,
pentoxide, amyloxide, phenyloxidesperhydroxy, methoxy, methylol,
methylenedioxy, ethoxy, ethylol, ethylenedioxy, enanthyl, propoxy,
pro-prylol, propylenedioxy, isopropoxy, isopropylol,
isopropylenedioxy, butoxy, butylenedioxy, butylol, iso-butoxy,
iso-butylol, isobutylenedioxy, isobutyryl, sec-butoxy, sec-butylol,
sec-butylenedioxy, tert-butoxy, tert-butylol, tert-butylenedioxy,
butyryl, caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, pentoxy, pentylol,
pentalenedioxy, amylol, amylenedioxy, phenoxy, phenylol,
phenylenedioxy, phenyl-methoxy, diphenylmethoxy, benzoyl,
benzyloxy, benzoxy, iso-benzoyl, napthoxy, napthylol, hexylol,
hexamethylol, amylenedioxy, hexadecanoyl, heptanedioyl,
hexylenedioxy, carbomethoxy, carbethoxy, carbobenzoxy, carbpropoxy,
carbisopropoxy, carbutoxy, phenacyl, phenacylidene, propionyl
radicals, methylenedioxyl, carbonyldioxy, etc., including
derivatives, homologes, analoges, and isomers thereof. Additional
non-limiting oxygen containing radicals include acetyl, acetamido,
acetoacetyl, acetonyl, acetonylidene, acrylyl, alanyl, B-alanyl,
allophanoyl, anisyl, benzamido, butryl, carbonyl, carboxyl,
carbazoyl, caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, carbamide, carbamoyl,
carbamyl, carbazoyl, chromyl, cinnamoyl, crotoxyl, cyanato,
decanoly, disiloxanoxy, epoxy, formamido, formyl, furyl, furfuryl,
furfurylidene, glutaryl, glycinamido, glycolyl, glycyl, glyocylyl,
heptadecanoyl, heptanolyl, hydroperoxy, hydroxamino, hydroxylamido,
hydrazido/hydrazide, hydroxy, iodoso, isoccyanato, isonitroso,
keto, lactyl, methacrylyl, malonyl, nitroamino, nitro, nitrosamino,
nitrosimino, nitrosyl/nitroso/nitrilo, oxamido, peroxy, phosphinyl,
phosphide/phosphido, phosphite/phosphito, phospho, phosphono,
phosphoryl, seleninyl, selenonyl, siloxy, succinamyl, sulfamino,
sulfamyl, sulfeno, thiocarboxy, toluyl, ureido, valeryl radicals,
etc., including derivatives, homologes, analoges, and isomers
thereof.
[0308] Additional non-limiting examples of other radicals, include:
acetimido, amidino, amido, amino, aniline, anilino, arsino, azido,
azino, azo, azoxy, benzylidine, benzldyne, biphenylyl, butylene,
iso-butylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, cyano, cyanamido, diazo,
diazoamino, ethylene, disilanyl, glycidyl, guanidino, guanyl,
heptanamido, hydrazino, hydrazo, hypophosphite (hypophosphito),
imido, isobutylidene, isopropylidene, silyl, silylene, methylene,
mercapto, methylene, et,hylene, naphthal, napthobenzyl, naphthyl,
naphthylddene, propylene, propylidene, pryidyl, pyrryl, phenethyl,
phenylene, pyridino, sulfinyl, sulfo, sulfonyl, tetramethylene,
thenyl, thienyl, thiobenzyl, thiocarbamyl, thiocarbonyl,
thiocyanato, thionyl, thiuram, toluidino, tolyl, a-tolyl,
-tolylene, a-tolylene, tosyl, triazano, ethenyl (vinyl), selenyl,
trihydrocarbylamino, trihaloamino, trihydrocarbyl phosphite,
trihalophosphine, trimethylene, trityl, vinylidene, xenyl,
xylidino, xylyl, xylylene, 1,3-diene, hydrocarbyl radicals, etc.,
including derivatives, homologes, analoges, and isomers thereof.
Thus, ring compounds or metals themselves may directly or
indirectly contain one or more chelating radicals (e.g. carbonyl,
cyano, etc.).
[0309] One or more of the above radicals may be attached directly
or indirectly to another. Indirect attachment may be via one or
more intermediate atom, including but not limited to carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another
metal. Metallic compounds may have one or more non-ring radicals
attached. Besireable metals may for example have one or more alkyl,
alkylene or similar radical attached to the metal, or one or more
hydroxyl, carbonyl, alkyloxy, alkanol radicals, or combination
thereof attached. Examples include
[0310] Other metallic compounds may have one or more ring systems
attached directly or indirectly to a metal, with or without an
attached non-ring radical to the metal.
[0311] One or more cyclic rings maybe attached, fused or indirectly
attached together or linked together via one or more radicals, one
or more atoms, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a metal.
[0312] One or more metals may be attached to each other, for
example hexamethyldisilane, which is a preferred metjillic.
Indirect attachment herein includes attachment via one or more
radicals, and/or one or more atoms, including but not limited, to
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or
another metal.
[0313] As contemplated herein said carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or other metal atom, may be
attached to itself or to another herein, one or more times, with
each atom optionally having one or more hydrogen and/or radical(s).
Said attachment may be independent of attachment to any other,
radical or metal, or may include an attachment to another radical
or metal.
[0314] Likewise one or more cyclic rings may be attached directly
to the metal, or indirectly via one or more non-ring radicals,
and/or via one or more intermediate atoms, including but not
ilimitied to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron,
sulfur, or another metal.
[0315] Thus, one or more metals may be attached at one, or up to
every location possible on the ring system, directly and/or
indirectly. Likewise, one or more ring systems may be attached at
one, or up to every metal location possible, directly and/or
indirectly.
[0316] A non-ring radical may be independently attached directly or
indirectly to the metal, absent its attachment of a ring system. In
the practice of this invention the attachment of one or more
non-ring radical(s) to a metal, absent a ring system is expressly
contemplated.
[0317] Contemplated oxygenated metallic compounds include metallic
alkanols, ethers, ketones,.hydroxides, alkyloxy, including methoxy,
dimethoxy, trimethoxy, ethoxy, diethoxy, triethoxy, oxalate,
carbonate, dicarbonate, tricarbonate, and similar structured
compounds, including mixture thereof. For example
trimethoxymethylsilane (as set forth below) is desireable. Metallic
carbonates, including dimetallic carbonates, dimetallic
dicarbonates, and the like, are also contemplated. It is
contemplated these oxygenated metallic or organo-metallic compounds
may be employed absent a dialkyl carbonate or other oxygenated ECS
structure.
[0318] Likewise one or more non-ring radicals may be independently
attached directly or indirectly to the ring system, absent
attachment of a metal. An independent attachment of a metal may be
via intermediate radical, one or more intermediate atoms, including
but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon,
boron, sulfur, or another metal.
[0319] A cyclic ring/radical/side chain may be indirectly attached
to the metal through one of more atom, including but not limited to
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a
metal. Indirect attachment via oxygen is contemplated but less
desireable.
[0320] Cyclic rings may be attached to one or more non-ring
radicals, atoms and/or ring systems prior to a direct or indirect
attachment of the metal. For example,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane contains a ethyl radical
attached to the cyclohexenyl ring, which is then attached to
silicon. This is a preferred metallic structure.
[0321] Thus, cyclomatic compounds may contain one or more ring
systems, optionally with one or more non-ring radicals attached
thereto. Said ring(s) then may be attached directly or indirectly
to a metal, with said metal in turn optionally attached directly or
indirectly to a radical, with said radical being optionally a
non-ring radical selected from one or more hydrogen, hydroxyl,
alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, alkanol, alkanolamine, alkyloxy, oxy or
oxygen containing radical. Non-limiting examples include
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trie- thoxysilane, and cyclohexenyl
dimethoxymethylsilane.
[0322] Another class of desireable metallics include metal hydrides
or metallic hydryls. Examples of metallic hydryls include sodium
hydride, lithium hydride, aluminum hydride, aluminum borohydride,
boron hydride, boron anhydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium
borohydride,lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium
borohydride, transition-metal hydrides, transition-metal carbonyl
hydrides, transition-metal cyclopentadienyl hydrides, and mixture.
Those hydrides known in the art and those disclosed in Metal
Hydrides, Bambakidis, New York, Plenum Press (1981), Boron Hydride
Chemistry, Muetterties, New York, Academic Press (1975), which
accomplish primary vapor phase combustion object of this invention,
are contemplated in the claims below and incorporated herein by
reference.
[0323] Organometallic nitrosyls are also desireable. See for
example Metal Nitrosyls, Richter-Addo, Oxford University Press,
U.K. (1992), incorporated by reference. Flammable metal napthenates
or metals derivatives of napthenic acid are desireable, including
potassium naphthenate.
[0324] Alkali/alkali earth metal carbonates (including organic
alkyl aryl carbonates), alkali/alkali earth formates, alkali/alkali
earth etherates, alkali/alkali earth alkalates, alkali/alkali earth
esters, multi-metal alkyl/alkyl earth carbonates, or carbonates
including those with a hydrogen (e.g. L1HCO3, Na2CO3, NaHC03,
MnC03, MgCO3, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2, etc,.), alkali metal carbonates,
and other metal carbonates (e.g. AgCO3, T12CO3, etc.), including
organic derivatives are contemplated. Contemplated salts also
include acid salts containing replaceable hydrogen. Double oxides
and hydroxides are also contemplated.
[0325] Transition metals and their known cyclomatic compounds,
including carfoonyl compounds are expressly contemplated. See
Fundamental transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry, Lukehart,
Monteray, Calif., Brooks/Cole (1985), Transition Metal Compounds,
King, New York, Academic Press (1965), Transition-Metal
Organometallic Chemistry, King, New York, Academic Press (1969),
Fundamental Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry, lukehart,
Monterey, Calif., Brooks/Cole (1985), incorporated herein by
reference. A preferred cyclomatic transition metallic is MMT.
[0326] Contemplated herein are non-transition-metal compounds known
in the art. See Nontransitiori-Metal Compounds, Eisch, New York,
Academic Press (1981), incorporated by reference. Non-transition
metal compounds that accomplish primary object of vapor phase
combustion are contemplated in the claims below and incorporated
herein by reference.
[0327] Likewise known metallocenes are contemplated. Non-limiting
examples include alkylmetallocenes, arylmetallocenes, including
dicyclopentadienyl-metal with the general formula (C5H5)2M,
dicyclopentadienyl-metal halides with the general formula
(C5H5)2MX1-3, monocyclopentadienyl-metal compounds with the general
formula C5H5MR1-3, where R is CO, NO, halide group, alkyl group,
etc. Non-limiting examples include napthacenes,
metallocene,.ferrocene, methylferrocene, cobaltocene, nickelocene,
titanocene dichloride, zirconocene dichloride, uranocene,
decamethylferrocene, decamethylsilicocene,
decamethylgermaniumocene, decamethylstannocene,
decamethylphosocene, decamethylosmocene, decamethylruthenocene,
decamethylzirconocene, silicocene, decamethylsilicocene, etc., are
also contemplated. Metallocenes that accomplish primary object of
vapor phase combustion are contemplated in the claims below and
incorporated herein by reference. See also Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary 12th ed, Lewis, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,
New York (1993), also incorporated by reference.
[0328] Carbonyl compounds are expressly contemplated. A limited
number of examples include decacarbonyl dimanganese,
(acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrho- dium. See for example
Carbonylation: Direct Synthesis of Carbonyl Compounds, H. M.
Colquhoun, Plenum Press (1991), incorporated herein by
reference.
[0329] As noted above, non-limiting non-leaded simple
binary/ternary metallic compounds, including binary/ternary and
higher metallic salts, acid salts, including those with replaceable
hydrogen, etc.j are contemplated. Hydroxy acids, perchlorates,
sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides, methylates, ethylates,
propylates, and others, are also contemplated. Non-limiting
examples include potassium.sup.1 nitrite, sodium nitrite, lithium
nitrite, and hexamethylphosphoric triamide.
[0330] It is also within the scope and practice of this invention
to employ oxygenated containing ECS metallic compounds, including
oxygenated organo metallic compounds, which are metallic alcohols,
alkanolamines, ketones, esters, ethers, carbonates, and the like,
which are themselves ECS compounds, in hydrocarbon fuels with or
absent additional dialkyl carbonate.or other ECS structure. Those
metallics are incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, this
invention contemplates one or more similar organo oxygen containing
metallics, including mixture, with or without an ECS compound, to
act as neat "stand alone" fuel. Thus, it is an express embodiment
to use metallic compounds alone, as singular means of enhancing
fuel combustion. However, it is preferred the metallic be added to
the ECS oxygenate, preferably MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or Ethanol,
optionally a co-fuel, an oxidizer, catalyst, and/or a hydrocarbon.
The contemplated oxidizers of this invention are set forth in the
aforementioned PCT applications. Oxidizers, including those
employed in rocket propulsion, which are known in the art are
incorporated by reference.
[0331] It is also within the practice of this invention to employ a
metallic compound, including homologue, analogue, isomer, or
derivative thereof, having a structure or structure similar to
M-R.sup.n, R.sup.n-M-M-R.sup.n, R.sup.n-M-Q-M-R.sup.n, R.sup.n-Nl-Q
-M-R.sup.n, R.sup.n-M-R-M-R.sup.n, wherein M is one or more
non-leaded metal(s), metalloid(s), or non-metal element(s), and R
is one or more hydrogen, cyclic ring system/radical/side chain(s),
and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) as provided herein above,
including but not limited to alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanol
(alkanol), hydroxyl, aryloxy, polyalkyl, polyaryl, polyalkyloxy,
polyalkylanol, polyaryloxy, polyhydroxyl radicals. R is one or more
cyclic ring system/radical/side chain(s), and/or non-ring
radical/side chain(s) as provided herein. If R is greater than 1,
then subsequent R's may be same or different radical, etc. R also
be a single radical or one radical attached to one or more
radicals, "n" is an interger ranging from 1 to the number of
valence electrons (or common oxidation states) available of M. Q is
an atom having a minimum oxidation available of 2, including but
not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon,
boron, sulfur, or a differing metal than M. Q.sup.1 is an atom with
a minimum available oxidation state of 2, including but not limited
to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur,
or a differing metal than M, also containing one or more
radicals.
[0332] Additional oxygenated-organo or oxygenated metallic
structure includes M1-O(CO)O-M2, wherein M1 or M2 are the same or
different metal or element. M1 may be a double valence cation,
wherein M2 is absent from above structure, unless additional
carbonate is included. Preferred M valences are 1 or 2. M valences
or multiple M1M2 combinations having combined valence greater than
two are acceptable. In which case, additional carbonate structure
would be added, e.g. CaMg(CO3)2.
[0333] In the immediate structure above, M1/M2 valence's may be
greater than one, wherein excess valence is occupied by same or
additional metal (element), and/or wherein M1 or M2 are substituted
for a single or double bond oxygen, and/or by one or more radicals.
M1 or M2 also may be substituted for single bond oxygen, or
nitrogen, and/or by one or more radicals, including methyl,
hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,
carbonyldioxy, carboxyl, methyoxy, isonitro, isonitroso, or
methylenedioxyl radical. Non-limiting examples include carbonates
of lithium [Li2O2(CO)], ammonium manganese, potassium [K2O2(CO)],
sodium, calcium, cesium, copper, rubidium, lithium hydrogen, sodium
hydrogen, potassium hydrogen, potassium sodium, magnesium, and the
like.
[0334] It is contemplated that C2 to C8 metallic ethers, C2 to
C4/C5/C6 metallic ethers being more desireable, will be used as
metallic structure in this invention. For example,
M'1-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-M'2 structure is contemplated wherein M'1 and
M'2 may be same or different metallic or wherein one M'1 or M'2 may
be hydrogen, or other atom, or radical with one available
valence.
[0335] Other contemplated structure include metallic ketones,
esters (esters of boric acid), alcohols, acids, and the like.
Non-limiting examples include M1-C-OH3-R, wherein M1 is one or more
metallic comprising valence of 3 or greater, and R is radical,
whereby resulting structure is ketone, ester, acid, alcohol, or
ether. Other structure include M1-C2O4, wherein M'1 has a valence
of 2. M1-C-C-0-C-C-M2 structure is also contemplated wherein M1 and
M2 may be same or different metallic or wherein M2 may be hydrogen
or atom of one valence. Other structure includes RO-M, where RO is
an alkanol and M is a metal. Similar structure is contemplated for
M have available valence greater than 1.
[0336] As in the case of ECS oxygenates, the carbon chains of
organo-ECS metallics are preferably shorter than longer. For
example/, a 5 carbon atom straight chain, which is immediately
antecedent to a metal atom, is less preferred than a 4 carbon
straight carbon atom chain. A three carbon chain is more preferred
over a 4 carbon atom chain, arid a two more preferred than a 3.
Generally the longer the chain, the less desireable. An exception
would be where the chain length and character positively increases
burning velocity.
[0337] Where there is an intermediate oxygen or nitrogen atom
between the carbon chain and the metal atom, particularly if the
oxygen or nitrogen atom is attached to the metal, a chain of two
carbon atoms is generally preferred over a single carbon atom. In
such cases an ethyl radical is generally preferred over propyl,
which is preferred over butyl radicals. Branch chains are preferred
over straight chains with the same number of carbon atoms.
[0338] Chains greater than 10 carbon atoms long are less desireable
and not normally contemplated. Thus, the oil soluble metal soap of
aluminum stearate, which has three separate 17 carbon chains each
connected to the aluminum atom through an intermediate oxygen atom
[CHs (CH2) isCOO] sAL, is not an effective ECS metallic and is
excluded. Poorly combustible long chain metal soaps are excluded
from the ECS metallics contemplated herein. Also excluded is cetyl
pyrdrium chloride.
[0339] Non limiting examples of lithium derivative compounds of
this invention, include: lithium bis (dimethylsilyl-)amide, lithium
bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, oxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid
lithium salt, lithium salt 5-nitroorotic acid, lithium D-gluconate,
lithium hexacyanoferrate(ill) (Li3Fe (CN)6) , lithium
diphenylphosphide, lithium acetate, lithium acetate acid, lithium
salt acetic acid, lithium acetamide, lithium anilide, lithium
azide, lithium benzamide, lithium antimonide, lithium
orthoarsenate, lithium orthoarsenite, lithium meta-arsenite,
lithium diborane, lithium pentaborate, lithium dihydroxy diborane,
lithium borohydride, lithium cadium iodide, lithium chloride,
lithium calcium chloride, lithium carbide, lithium carbonate,
lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithium carbonate, alkyl lithium
carbonates, lithium methyl carbonate, lithium ethyl carbonate,
lithium carbonyl, lithium cobalt (II) cyanide, lithium cobalt (III)
cyanide, lithium cobaltinitrite, lithium cynomanganate (II),
lithium cynomanganate .(III) , lithium citrate, lithium
ferricyanide, lithium ferrocyanide, lithium formate, lithium
hydride, lithium hydroxide, lithium manganate, lithium
permanganate, lithium methionate, lithium napthenate, lithium
nitride, lithium nitrate, lithium nitrite, lithium nitrobenzene
(e.g. lithium-p-nitrobenzene), lithium nitrophenoxide/lithium
etherate, lithium chromate/lithium oleate, lithium oxalate, lithium
oxalatoferrate (II), lithium oxa.latof errate (III), lithium
monoxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, .lithium
mono-orthophosphate, lithium hypophosphite, lithium orthophosphite,
lithium hydroxoplumbate, lithium rhodium cyanide, lithium selenide,
lithium selenite, lithium selenocynate, lithium
selenocyanoplatinate, lithium disilicate, lithium metasilicate,
lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium ferricyanide, lithium
hydroxostannate, lithium disufide, lithium hydrosulfide, lithium
pentasulfide, lithium tetrasulfide, lithium trisulfide, lithium
telluride, lithium thioarsenate, lithium thioarsenite, lithium
trithiocarbonate, lithium thiocyariate, lithium amide, lithium salt
(E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, dilithium fluorophosphate, dilithium
fluorophosphite, trilithium phosphate, trilithium .phosphite,
lithium perchlorate, propanoic acid lithium salt, lithium formate,
lithium cyanate, lithium hexacyanocobaltate (III), lithium
hypophosphite, lithium hexaflurorsilicate, lithium nitroprusside,
lithium phenoxide, lithium phosphate (dibas,ic, monobasic,
tribasic), lithium salicylate, lithium selenide, lithium
tetracyanonickelate (II), lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium
xanthogenate, lithium-p-aminobenzoate, lithium copper
ferrocynanide, lithium cupric ferrocyanide, lithium
hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexanitricobaltate III, lithium
naphthenate, lithium-B-naphthoxide, lithium polysulfide, lithium
-sodium phosphate, lithium stearate, lithium sulfide, lithium
sulfite, lithium sulfate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium xanthate,
lithium fluorosilicate, N-lithiumethylenediamine, oxalic acid
dilithium salt, lithium beta-hydropyruvic acid,
lithium.1,1-dimethylurea, lithium 1,1-diethylurea, lithium
1,1-diepropylurea, lithium xanthate, lithium ethylxanthate, lithium
methylxanthate, lithium salt thiophenol, lithium
triphenyltnethyllithium, methyllithium, ethyllithium,
lithiumethynyl(acetylide), propyllithium, isopropyllithium,
butyllithium, isobutyllithium, secbutyllithium, tertbutyllithium,
pentalithium, hexyllithium, heptalithium, amyllithium,
isoamyllithium, benzyllithium, dimethylbenzyl-lithium,
tolyllithium, dodecyllithium, eyelopentadienyllithium,
methylcyclopentadienyllithium, cyclohexyllithium, lithiumheptyl,
lithiumdodecyl, lithium tetradecyl, lithium hexadecyl, lithium
octadecyl, phenyllithium, lithium o-tolyl, lithium m-tolyl, lithium
p-tolyl, lithium-p-chlorophenyl, lithium p-bromophenyl, lithium
o-anisyl, lithium m-anisyl, lithium p-anisyl, lithium
diethoxyphenyl, lithium dimethoxyphenol, lithium m-cumyl, lithium
p-ethoxyphenyl, lithium m-dimethylaminophenyl, lithium 9-flourene,
lithium a-napthyl, lithium b-napthyl, lithium p-phenylphenyl,
lithium 9-phenylanthryl, lithium 9-anthryl, lithium
9-methyl-phenanthryl, lithium pyridyl, lithium 2-pyridyl, lithium
3-pyridyl, lithium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, lithium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl,
lithium dibenzofuryl, lithium 3-quinoyl, lithium 2-lepidyl, lithium
triphenylmethyl, lithium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, lithium
2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, lithium 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl,
lithium tetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedilithium, toluenedilithium,
dipheny-lethylenedilithium, lithiumamylethynyl,
lithiumphenyl-ethynyl, lithiummethoxybromophenyl, lithium
phenylisopropyl, lithium tetraphenylboron, lithium
tetramethylboron, lithium a-thienyl, lithium
m-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenylethynylli thium, 3-furyllithium,
phenylisopropyllithium, dibenzofuranyllithium, lithium
dimethylbenzyl, lithium selenocyanate, lithium
trimethyl-silanolate, diphenylphosphide, lithium benzoate, lithium
tert-butyl carbonate, lithium azide, di-lithiumcyanamide, lithium
cyanide, lithium dicyanamide, cyclohexanebutyric acid lithium salt,
cyclohexane acid lithium salt, cyclopentadientyllithium, lithium
tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium triethyl-borohydride,
lithium trimethyl-borohydride, lithium tripropyl-borohydride,
lithium triisopropylborohydride, lithium tributylborohydride,
lithium triisobutylborohydride, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride,
lithium tri-tert-butylborohydride, lithium trisiamylborohydride,
lithium chlorate, lithium tert-butoxide, lithium sec-butoxide,
iso-butoxide, lithium antimonate, lithium diphenylphosphide,
lithium bis(trismethylsilyl)amide, trilithium phosphite, lithium
selenocyanate, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride, lithium
triethylsilanolate, lithiumthiocyanate, lithium acetylide, lithium
chlorate, lithium salicylate, lithium di-lithium
tetracarbonylferrate, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithium
triethylborohydride, lithium triacetoxy-borohydride, lithium
triphenylborane, lithium hydroxide, lithium diphenylphosphide,
lithium methoxide, lithium ethoxide, lithium
tri-sec-butylborohydride, tri-tert-butylborohydride, lithium
triethylborohydride, lithium triphenylborohydride, lithium
trisiamylborohydride, lithium metavanadate, lithium
cyclohexanebutyrate, lithium hexachloroplatinate, lithium
thiocyanate, lithium selenocyanate, lithium cyanate, lithium
floride, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroaluminate,
lithiumaluminate, lithiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxide, lithium
hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorosilicate, lithium
hexacyanocobalt(II)ferrate(II), lithium ferrosilicon,
dilithiumhexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), lithium
hexafluorotitanate, lithium hexafluorozirconate/lithium
hexahydroxyantimonate, lithium hexachlororuthenate, lithium
hexachlbropalladate, lithium formate, lithium tetracyahbnickelate,
lithium tetrafluoroaluminate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium
thioacetate, L-glutamic acid monolithium salt, fumaric acid lithium
salt, oxamic acid lithium salt, lithium salt diphenyl-phospane,
P-aminobenzoic lithium salt, aminobenzole acid lithium salt,
alpha-napthaleneacetic acid lithium salt, dilithium salt 2,
6-naphthalenedicarbox{circumflex over ( )}lic acid, lithium
cyclcohexanetherate, lithium phthalimide, P-aminosalicylic acid
lithium salt, lithium salt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate,
indolebutyric acid lithium salt,indole-3-butyric acid lithium salt,
diphenylphosphide, lithium dimethyl-silanolate, lithium,
triethylborohydride, lithium propoxide, lithium isopropoxide,
lithium butoxide, lithium sec-butoxide, lithium pentoxide, lithium
tert-pentoxide, lithium hydrogenphthalate, lithium oxalate, lithium
hydrogensulfate, monolithium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, lithium
pyrophosphate, lithium dihydrogenphosphate, lithium hexoate
(lithium salt hexoic acid), lithium diphenylphosphide, lithium
trimethylsilonalate, lithium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid
lithium salt, monolithium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldilithium
(C6H5) 2CLi2C (C6H5)2, lithiumethylphenyl (LiCH2C6H5), lithium
bromate, lithium hydrogenphospate, monlithium salt D-shaccharic
acid, Dl-asparatic lithium salt, (R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspar- tic
acid lithium salt, lithium fluoride, lithium iodate, lithium salt
ethyl malonate, lithium thioacetate, lithium phenol, lithium salt
aminobenzoic acid, lithium aminophenol salt, lithium cyclohexenol,
lithium methylcyclohexenol, lithium cyclopropanol, lithium
methylcyclopropanol, lithium cyclobutanol, lithium
methylcyclobutanol, lithium methylcyclopentanol, lithium
cyclopentanol, lithium cyclohexenol, lithium methylcyclohexenol,
lithium dimethyl-cyclohexenols (e.g. lithium
3,5-dimethylcyclo-hexanol, lithium 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol,
lithium 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium 2,5-dimethyleyelohexanol,
3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol), lithium o-ethylxanthic acid, monolithium
salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, dilithium salt, ketomalonic acid, lithium
salt lactic acid, dilithium thiosulfate, lithium antimony tartrate,
lithium di-chloroacetate, lithium dimethylacetate, lithium
diethylacetate, lithium dipropylacetate, lithium metaborate,
lithium tetraborate, lithium tetrachlorocuprate, lithium
acetoacetate, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide,
lithium dimethylamide, lithium bis(dimethyl-silyl)amide, dilithium,
phthalocyanine, dilithiumtetra-bromocuprate, dilithium
tetrabromonickelate, dilithiumtetra-chloromanganate,
dilithiumbutadiyne, lithium cyclopentadienide,
lithium-dicyclohexylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium
dimethylamide, lithium dipropylamide, lithium diisopropylamide,
lithium thexylborohydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride,
lithium trimethyl-silyl)acetylitie, lithium
triethylsilyl)-acetylide, lithium tris
t(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride, (phenylethynyl)lithium,
2-thienyllithium, lithium diethyldihydro-aluminate, lithium
dimethyldihydroaluminate, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium
bifluoride, lithium biphenyl, lithium bis-elenite, lithium
bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-alumi- num hydride, lithium bismuthate,
lithium borate, lithium chlorite, lithium cobaltnitrite, lithium
cyanoborohydride, lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium dicyanamide,
lithium hexametaphosphate, lithium hexanitro-colbaltate, lithium
hydrogenphosphite, lithium hydrogenselenite, lithium
hydrogensulfite, lithium hydrosulfite, lithium hypochloride,
lithium metaarsenite, lithium metabisulfide, lithium metaperiodate,
lithium methacrylate, lithium nitrbferricyanide, oxybate, lithium
pentamethylcyclo-pentadienide, lithium phenolate, polyphosphate,
lithium polypho-sphite, lithium propionate, lithium pyrophosphate,
lithium selenate, lithium selenite, lithium tetrachloroaluminate,
lithium thiomethoxide, lithium thiosulfate, lithium thiosulfide,
lithium thiosulfite, lithium triactoxyborohydride, lithium
trimethylsilonate, lithium triethylsilonate, lithium
tris(1-pyrazoly)borohydride, including analogues, homologue,
isomers and derivatives thereof. See Lithium Chemistry: A Theorical
and Experimental Overview Sapse, Schleyer, John Wiley & Sons,
N.Y. (1995), incorporated herein by reference. Non limiting
examples of the boron derivative compounds, of this invention
include: alkyl boron compounds, aryl boron compounds,
1,3,2-benzodioxaborole, diisopropoxymethylborane, ethylborane,
diethylborane, diemthylborane, dicyclohexyl-borane, boric acid
esters (e.g. borate ester, dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate,
dicyclohexyl borate, didodecylborate, di-p-cresyl borates),
phenylboronic acid,. 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxborinane, pyrrolyboranes
(e.g. 1-pyrrolyborane, 2-pyrrolyborane), tetrabutylammonium
borohydride, tetramethylammonium borohydride,
tetraisoproplyammonium borohydride, tetrapropylammonium
borohydride, tetraethylammonium borohydride, tetraisobutylammonium
borohydride, tetra-tert-butylammonium borohydride,
tetra-sec-butylammonium borohydride, tetrabutylammonium
cyanoborohydride, tetramethylammonium cyanoborohydride,
tetraisoproplyammonium cyanoborohydride, tetrapropylammonium
cyanoborohydride, tetraethylammonium cyanoborohydride,
tetraisobutylammonium cyanoborohydride, tetra-tert-butylammonium
cyanoborohydride, tetra-sec-butylammonium cyanoborohydride,
tetramethylammonium tri-acetoxyborohydride, thiopheneboric acid,
2-thiopheneboric acid, 3-thiopheneboric acid, tolylboronic acid
(e.g. o-tolylboronic acid, p-tolylboronic acid, m-tolylboronic
acid), tributoxyborane, tributylborane, tri-sec-butylborane,
tri-tert-butylborane, tributylborate, tri-tert-butylborate,
trimethoxyboroxine, trimethylamineboran, trimethylborate,
trimethylboroxine, trimethylborazine, trimethylene borate,
triphenylborate, triphenylborane, tribenzyl borate, borate,
trisiamylborane, tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate, boron hydride, lithium
borohydride, sodium borohydride, boron hydrate, boron hydride,
boron anhydride, triethylboron (C2H5)3, decaborane, borazoles,
aluminimum borohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride,
hexamethyldiamineborane (CH3)3NBH(CH3)3), (CH3)2BI,
berylliumborohydride (Be(BH4)2), trimethoxytriborate (BO)3(OCH3)3,
C4H9B(OH)2, Al(BH4)2, Be(BH4)2, LiBH4, B(OC2H5)3, B(OCH3)3,
trimethoxytriborane, 3-bromophenylboronic acid, trimethoxy borate,
triethoxy borate, triproxyborate, tributoxyborate,
triisobutoxyborate, tri-tert-butoxyborate, tri-sec-butoxyborate,
tri-phenoxyborate, tri-phenoxyboroamine, tri-phenoxyborane,
phenylboronic acid, benzylboronic acid, cylohexylboronic acid,
cylohexenylboronic acid, cyclopentylboronic acid,
methylphenylboronic acid, methylcylohexylboronic acid,
methylcyclopentylboronic acid, methylbenzylboronic acid,
dimethylphenylboronic acid, dimethylcylohexylboronic acid,
dimethylcyclopentylboronic acid, dimethylbenzylboronic acid,
diphenylboronic acid, dibenzylboronic acid, dicylohexylboronic
acid, dicylohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopentylboronic acid,
methyldiphenylboronic acid, bis-[(methyl)cylohexyl]boronic acid,
bis[(methyl)cyclopentyl]boronic acid, bis[(methyl)benzyl]boronic
acid, bis[(dimethyl)phenyl]-boronic acid,
bis[(dimethyl)cylohexyl]boronic acid, bis[(dimethyl)
cyclopentyl]boronic acid, bis [(dimethyl)benzyl]boronic acid,
phenylboroncarbonyl, benzylboroncarbonyl, cylohexylboroncarbonyl,
cylohexenylboroncarbonyl, cyclopentylboroncarbonyl,
methylphenylboroncarbonyl, methylcylohexylboroncarbonyl,
methylcyclopentylboroncarbonyl, methylbenzylboroncarbonyl,
phenylboronic acid carbonyl, benzylboronic acid carbonyl,
cylohexylboronic acid carbonyl, cylohexenylboronic acid carbonyl,
cyclopentylboronic acid carbonyl, methylphenyl-boronic acid
carbonyl, methylcylohexylboronic acid carbonyl,
methylcyclopentylboronic acid carbonyl, methylbenzylboroncarbon-
yl, dimethylphenylboroncarbonyl, dimethylcylohexylboroncarbonyl,
dimethyl-cyclopentyl-boroncarbonyl, dimethylbenzylboroncarbonyl,
diphenylboroncarbonyl, dibenzylboroncarbonyl,
dicylohexylboron-carbonyl,d- icylohexenylboroncarbonyl,
dicyclopentylboroncarbonyl, methyldiphenylboroncarbonyl,
di[(methyl)cylohexyl]boroncarbonyl,
di[(methyl)cytlopentyl]boroncarbonyl,
di[(methyl)benzyl]boroncarbonyl, di[(dimethyl)phenyl]boroncarbonyl,
di[(dimethyl)cylohexyl]boroncarbonyl,
di[(dimethyl)cyclopentyl]boroncarbonyl,
di[(dimethyl)benzyl]boroncarbonyl- , phenylboromethoxide
(phenylborodimethoxide C6H5B (OCH3)2), benzylboromethoxide,
cylohexylboromethoxide, cylohexenylboromethoxide,
cyclopentylboro-methoxide, methylphenylboromethoxide,
methylcylohexylboro-methoxide, methyl-cyclopentylboromethoxide,
methylbenzyl-boromethoxide, methylphenylboromethoxide,
dimethylphenylboromethoxide, methylcylohexylboromethoxide,
dimethylcylohexyl-boromethoxide, methylcyclopentylboromethoxide,
dimethylcyclopentylboromethoxide, methylbenzylboromethoxide,
dimethylbenzylboromethoxide, diphenylboromethoxide,
dibenzylboromethoxide, dicylohexylboromethoxide,
dicylohexenylboromethoxi- de, dicyclopentylboromethoxide,
di(methylphenyl)boromethoxide, di(methylcylohexyl)boromethoxide,
di(methylcyclopentyl)boromethoxide, di(methylbenzyl)boromethoxide,
di(dimethyl-phenyl)boromethoxide,
di(dimethylcylohexyl)boromethoxide,
di(dimethylcyclopentyl)boromethoxide,
di(dimethylbenzyl)boromethoxide, phenylboroethoxide
(phenylborodiethoxide C6H5B(OCH3)2), benzylboroethoxide,
cylohexylboroethoxide, cylohexenylboroethoxide,
cyclopentyl-boroethoxide, methylphenylboroethoxide,
methylcylohexylboro-ethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroethoxide,
methylbenzyl-boroethoxide, methylphenylboroethoxide,
dimethylphenyl-boroethoxide, methylcylohexylboroethoxide,
dimethylcylohexylboroethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroethoxide,
dimethylcyclopentyl-boroethoxide, methylbenzylboroethoxide,
dimethylbenzyl-boroethoxide, diphenylboroethoxide,
dibenzylboroethoxide, dicylohexylboroethoxide,
dicylohexenylboroethoxide, dicyclopentylboroethoxide,
di(methylphenyl)boroethoxide, di(methylcylohexyl)boroethoxide,
di(methyl-cyclopentyl)boroethoxide, di(methylbenzyl)boroethoxide,
di(dimethylphenyl)boroethoxide, di(dimethyl-cylohexyl)boroethoxide,
di(dimethylcyclopentyl)boroethoxide,
di(dimethylbenzyl)boroethoxide, phenylboric acid, benzylboric acid,
cylohexylboric acid, cylohexenylboric acid, cyclopentylboric acid,
methylphenylboric acid, methylcylohexylboric acid,
methylcyclopentylboric acid, methylbenzylboric acid,
dimethylphenylboric acid, dimethyl-cylohexylboric acid,
dimethylcyclopentylboric acid, dimethylbenzylboric acid,
dibenzylboric acid, dicylohexylboric acid, dicylohexenylboric acid,
dicyclopentylboric acid, methyldiphenylboric acid,
bis(methylcylohexyl)boric acid, bis[methylcyclopentyl]boric acid,
bis [methylbenzyl]boric acid, bis [dimethyIphenyl]boric acid,
bis[dimethylcylohexyl]boric acid, bis[dimethylcyclopentyl]boric
acid, bis[dimethylbenzyl]boric acid, aminophenylboronic acid,
3-aminophenylboronic acid, diborane, tetramethoxydiborane,
tetraethoxydiborane, boric acid, borazine, borocarbonate,
borane-tert-butylamine, tetraethylammonium borohydride,
tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropylammonium
tetrafluoroborate, naphthylboronic acids (e.g. 1-naphthylboronic
acid, 2-naphthylboronic acid, 3-naphthylboronic acid,
4-naphthylboronic acid), methylnaphthlboronic acid, biphenylboronic
acid, carborane, cyclohexylamine diborane, methylbenzeneboric acid,
dimethylbenzeneboric acids (e.g. 3,5-dimethylbenzeneboric acid),
hexadecaneboronic acid, tetreadecaneboronic acide,
phenylethylboroamine, methylborazine, dimethylborazine,
trimethylborazine, ethylborazine, diethylborazine,
triethylborazine, carboborazine, dicarboborazine, tricarboborazine,
triisopropoxyboroxine, tripropoxyboroxine, trimenthyl borate,
trimenthyl borine, trimenthyl borane, trimethallyl borate,
trimethallyl borine, tripentyl borate, tripentyl borine, tripentyl
borane, trimethyl borate, trimethylborine, triethylborine,
triethylborane, triethylborate, tripropylborane, tripropylborine,
tripropylborate (tripropoxyborane), triisopropylborane,
triisopropylborate, triisopropylborine, tri-iso-butylborane,
tri-iso-butylborate, tri-sec-borane, tri-sec-borate,
tri-sec-borine, tributyl borate, tributyl borine, tributyl borane,
tri-tert-butyl borate, tri-tert-butyl borine, tri-tert-butyl
borane, triphenyl borate, triphenyl borane, tricyclohexylborate,
tricyclohexylborane, dimethyl boric acid, diethylboric acid,
dipropylboric acid, diisopropylboric acid, di-iso-butylboric acid,
di-sec-boric acid, dibutylboratic acid, di-tert-butylboric acid,
diphenylboric acid, dicyclohexylboric acid, boron tribromide,
sodium tetrafluoroborane, sodium trimethylborohydride,
triethylborohydride, sodium tripropylborohydride, sodium
triisopropylborohydride, sodium tributylborohydride, sodium
triisobutylborohydride, sodium-tert-butylborohydride,
sodium-sec-butylborohydride, sodiumphenylborohydride, potassium
tetrafluoroborane. potassium trimethylborohydride,
triethylborohydride, potassium tripropylborohydride, potassium
triisopro-pylborohydride, potassium tributylbprohydride, potassium
triisobutylborohydride, potassium-tert-butylborohydride,
potassium-sec-butylborohydride, potassium phenylborohydride,
butylboronic acid, sodiumborohydride, methyldichloroborane, ethyl
dichloroborane, propyldichloroborane, isopropyldichloroborane,
butylddchloroborane, isobutyldichloroborane,
tertbutyldichloroborane, secbutyldichloroborane,
phenyldichloroborane, methylboric acid, ethylboric acid,
trichloroborazine, borane-tetrahydrofuran, tetrafluoroboric acid,
boron trichloride, tre-sec-butylborane, boran-trimethylamine,
borane-triethylamine, borane-N,N-diethylaniline, boran-pyridine,
borane-tert-butylamine, borane-morpholine, borane-dimethylamine,
borane-diethylamine, trisiamylborane, trisiamylborate,
disiamyl-borane, disiamylborate, trimesitylborane, sodium
metaborate, lithium metaborate, potassium metaborate, sodium
metaborane, borane-tributylphosphine, lanthanum hexaboride,
boran-triphenylphosphine, boran-tributylphosphine,
cyclopentadienylboran, methylcyclopentadienylboran,
boran-N,N-diisopropylborohydride,
N,N-bis(mono-isoipinocampheylborane)-N,-
N,N.N.-tetramethylethylenediamine, boron nit,ride,
4-(borane-dimethylamine- ) benzene,
4-(borane-dimethylamine)pyridyl, 3-(methylthio)proplyborane,
tris(dimethylamino)borane, butyldiisopropoxyborane, triphenyl
borane sodium, sodiumtetraphenylborane, sodiumtetraphenylborane,
sodium tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borane, sodium
tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate, diisopropoxyphenylborate,
diisopropoxymethylborate, diisopropoxyethylborate, boron-ammonia,
borontrifluoride, diethyl(3-pyridyl)borane,
dimethyl(3-pyridyl)borane, lithium thexylborohydride,
dichloromethyldiisopropylborate, diethyl-methoxyborane,
dipropylmethoxyborane, diisopropylmethoxyborane,
diethylethoxyborane, dipropylethoxyborane, diisopropylethoxyborane,
boran-piperidine, diphenylborinic anhydride,
tris(tri-methylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)borane,
trimethylacetic acid with diethylboinic acid,
(2-methylpropyl)borinic acid, boroglycine, boron alchols, boron
etherates, boron acetates (e.g. propylborodiacetate,
phenyl-borodiacetate, boron tris(trifluoro)acetate), sodium
tris(l-pyrazolyl)borohydride, sodium perborate, tolylboronic acid,
aluminum diboride, chlorodicyclohexylborane,
methyldicyclohexylborane, ethyldicyclohexylborane,
propyl-dicyclohexylborane, isopropyldicyclohexylborane,
dimethyl-cyclohexylborane, diethylcyclohexylborane,
dipropylcyclohexylborane, diisopropylcyclohexylborane, lithium
tetramethylboron, lithium tetraethylboron, lithium
tetrapropyllboron, lithium tetraisopropylboron, tetrabutylboron,
lithium tetraisobutylboron, lithium tetra-sec-butylboron,
tetra-tert-butylboron, lithium tetraphenylboron, potassium
hydroxide with trimethylboron, potassium hydroxide with
triethylboron, potassium hydroxide with tripropyllboron, potassium
hydroxide with tri-isopropylboron, tributylboron, potassium
hydroxide with tri-isobutylbbron, potassium hydroxide with
tri-sec-butylboron, tri-tert-butylboron, potassium hydroxide with
triphenylboroh, vinylphenylboronic acid, 4-vinylphenylboronic acid,
boron phosphide, boron carbide, borinoaminoborine, boroethane,
pentaborane, hexaborane, decaborane, triselenideborane,
hexasilicide borane, trisilicide borane, trichloroborine
dimethyletherate, trichloroborine trimethlyammine, trimethylborine
trimethlyammine, trimethylborine triethlyammine, triethylborine
trimethlyammine, tricyclohexylborine, tri-n-hexyltriborine
trioxane, triisoamylborate, triisoamylborine, tri-p-anisylborine,
trimethoxyboroxine, tri-methylamminoborine, triethylamminoborine,
tripropylamminoborine, triisopropylamminoborine,
triisobutylamminoborine, tributylamminoborine,
tri-sec-butylamminoborine, tri-tert-butylamminobori- ne,
triphenyl-amminoborine, tribenzylamminoborine, trimethylamminoboric
acid, triethylamminoboric acid, tripropylamminoboric acid,
triisopropylamminoboric acid, triisobutylamminoboric acid,
tributylamminoboric acid, tri-sec-butylamminoboric acid,
tri-tert-butylamminoboric acid, triphenylamminoboric acid,
tribenzylamminoboric acid, trimethyldiborane, triethyldiborane,
tripropyldiborane, trimethylt-riborinetriamine (B),
triethyltriborinetriamine (B), trimethyltriborinetriamine (N),
triethyltriborinetriamine (N), trimethyltriborinetriamine
(N--B--B.sup.1), triethyltriborinetriamine (N--B--B),
tri-B-naphthylborate, tri-a-naphthaborate, tripehnylborineammine,
tri-p-tolyborine, tri-p-xylxborine, including analogues,
homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof. Corresponding
compounds of aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium are
contemplated. See Organo Boron Chemistry, Volumes I & II (and
subsequent volumes, editions, or supplements), Howard Steinberg,
InterScience Publishers (1966), Boron-Nitrogen Compounds, Niedenzu,
Dawson, New york, Academic Press (1965), The Organic Compounds of
Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, Nesmeianov,
Nikolaevich, Amterdam, North-Holland Pub. Co. (1967), Peroxides,
Superperoxides, and azomides of Alkali and Alkali Earth Metals,
Perekisi, N.Y., Plenum Press (19966), incorporated herein by
reference.
[0340] Non-limiting examples of sodium derivative compounds of this
invention include: sodium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, sodium
bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, pxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid sodium
salt, sodium salt 5-nitroorotic acid, sodium D-gluconate, sodium
hexacyanoferrate(JII) (Li3Fe(CN)6), sodium diphenylphosphide,
sodium acetate, sodium acetate acid, sodium salt acetic acid,
sodium acetamide, sodium anilide, sodium azide, ammonium diisodium
amminepehtacyanoferrate, sodium benzamide, sodium, antimonide,
sodium brthoarsenate, sodium orthoarsenite, sodium meta-atsenite,
sodium diborane, sodium pentaborate, sodium dihydroxy diborane,
sodium borohydride, sodium cadium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium
calcium chloride, sodium carbide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen
carbonate, sodium alkyl carbonates, sodium aryl carbonates, sodium
methyl carbonate, sodium ethyl carbonate, sodium carbonyl, sodium
cobalt (II) cyanide, sodium cobalt (III) cyanide, sodium
cobaltinitrite, sodium cynomanganate (II), sodium cynomanganate
(III), sodium citrate, sodium ferrosilicoh, sodium ferricyanide,
sodium ferrocyanide, sodium nitroferricyanide)sodium
aminepentacyanide, sodium formates, sodium hydride,
sodium,hydroxide, sodium manganate, sodium permanganate, sodium
methionate, sodium napthenate, sodium nitride, sodium nitrate,
sodium nitrite, sodium nitrobenzene (e.g. sodium-p-nitrobenzene),
sodium nitrophenoxide, sodium etherate, sodium chromate, sodium
oleate, sodium oxalate, sodium oxalatoferrate (II), sodium
oxalatoferrate (III), sodium monoxide, sodium oxide, sodium
peroxide, sodium, sodium mono-orthophdsphate, sodium hypophosphite,
sodium orthophosphite, sodium hydroxoplumbate, sodium rhodium
cyanide, sodium selenide, sodium selenite, sodium selenocynate,
sodium selenocyanoplatinate, sodium disilicate, sodium
metasilicate, lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium
ferricyanide, sodium hydroxostannate, sodium disufide, sodium
hydrosulfide, sodium pentasulfide, sodium tetrasulfide, sodium
trisulfide, sodium telluride, sodium thioarsenate, sodium
thioarsenite, sodium trithiocarbonate, sodiumthiocyanate,
sodiumamide, sodiumsalt (E,E)-2,4-hex-adienoic acid, disodium
fluorophosphate, disodium fluorophosphite, trisodium phosphate,
trisodium phosphite, sodium perchlorate, propanoic acid sodium
salt, sodium formate, sodium cyanate, sodium hexacyanocobaltate
(III), sodium hypophosphite, sodium hexaflurorsilicate, sodium
nitroprusside, sodium phenoxide, sodium phosphate(dibasic,
monobasic, tribasic), sodium salicylate, sodium selenide, sodium
tetracyanonickelate (II), sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium
xanthogenate, sodium-p-aminobenzoate, sodium copper ferrocynanide,
sodium cupric ferrocyanide, sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium
hexanitricobaltate III, sodium naphthenate, sodium --B-naphthoxide,
sodium polysulfide, lithium-sodium phosphate, sodium stearate,
sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, sodium thiocyanate,
sodium xanthate, sodium fluorosilicate, N-sodiumethylenediamine,
oxalic acid disodium salt, sodium beta-hydropyruvic acid, sodium
1,1-dimethylurea, sodium 1,1-.diethylurea, sodium
1,1-diepropylurea, sodium xanthate, sodium ethylxanthate, sodium
methylxanthate, sodium salt thiophenol, sodium
triphenylmethylsodium, methylsodium, ethylsodium,
sodiumethynyl(acetylide), propylsodium, isopropylsodium,
butylsodium, isobutylsodium, secbutylsodium, tertbutylsodium,
pentasodium, hexylsodium, heptasodium, amylsodium, isoamylsodium,
benzylsodium, dimethylbenzylsodium, tolylsodium, dodecylsodium,
eyelopentadienylsodium, methyleyelopentadienylsodium,
cyclohexylsodium, sodiumheptyl, sodiumdodecyl, sodium tetradecyl,
sodium hexadecyl, sodium octadecyl, phenylsodium, sodiumo-tolyl,
sodium m-tolyl, sodium p-tolyl, sodium-p-chlorophenyl, sodium
p-bromophenyl, sodium o-anisyl, sodium m-anisyl, sodium p-anisyl,
sodium diethoxyphenyl, sodium dimethoxyphenol, sodium m-cumyl,
sodium p-ethoxyphenyl, sodium m-dimethylaminophenyl, sodium
9-flourene, sodium a-napthyl, sodium b-napthyl, sodium
p-phenylphenyl, sodium 9-phenylanthryl, sodium 9-anthryl, sodium
9-methylphenanthryl, sodium pyridyl, sodium 2-pyridyl, sodium
3-pyridyl, sodium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, sodium 5-bromo-2-pyridyl,
sodium dibenzofuryl, sodium 3-quinoyl, sodium 2-lepidyl, sodium
triphenylmethyl, sodium 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, sodium
2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, sodium 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl,
sodium tetrabutylphenyl, thiophenedisodium, toluenedisodium,
diphenylethylenedi-sodium, sodiumamylethynyl, sodiumphenylethynyl,
sodium-met hoxybromophenyl, sodium phenylisopropyl, sodium
tetraphenylboron, sodium tetramethylboron, sodium a-thienyl, sodium
m-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenylethynylsodlum, 3-furylsodium,
phenylisopropylsodium, dibenzofuranylsodium, sodium dimethylbenzyl,
sodium selenocyanate, sodium trimethylsilanolate,
diphenylphosphide, sodium benzoate, sodium tert-butyl carbonate,
sodium azide, di-sodium-cyanamide, sodium cyanide, sodium
dicyanamide, cyclohexanebutyric acid sodium salt, cyclohexane acid
sodium salt, cyclopentadientylsodium, sodium
tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, sodiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxide,
sodium triethylborohydride, sodium trimethylborohydride, sodium
tripropylborohydride, sodium triisopropylborohydride, sodium
tributylborohydride, sodium triisobutylborohydride, sodium
tri-sec-butylborohydride, sodium tri-tert-butylborohydride, sodium
trisiamylborohydride, sodium chlorate, sodium tert-butoxide, sodium
sec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, sodium antimonate, sodium
diphenylphosphide, sodium bis(trismethylsilyl)amide, trisodium
phosphite, sodium selenocyanate, sodium tri-sec-butylborohydrid- e,
sodium triethylsilanolate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium acetylide,
sodium chlorate, sodium salicylate, sodium di-sodium
tetracarbonylferrate, sodium tetraphenylborate, sodium
triethylborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium
triphenylborane, sodium hydroxide, sodium, diphenylphosphide,
sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tri-sec-butylborohydride,
tri-tert-butylborohydride, sodium triethylborohydride, sodium
triphenylborohydride, sodium trisiamylborohydride, sodium
metavanadate, sodium cyclohexanebutyrate, sodium
hexachloroplatinate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium selenocyanate,
sodium cyanate, sodium floride, sodium hexafluoroantimonate, sodium
hexafluoroaluminate, sodium hexafluoroarsenate, sodium
hexafluorosilicate, sodium hexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II),
disodiumhexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), sodium
hexafluorotitanate, sodium hexafluorozirconate, sodium
hexa-hydroxyantimonate sodium hexachlororuthenate, sodium
hexachloropalladate, sodium formate, sodium tetracyanonickelate,
sodium tetrafluoroaluminate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium
thioacetate, L-glutamic acid monosodium salt, fumaric acid sodium
salt, oxamic acid sodium salt, sodium salt diphenyl-phospane,
P-aminobenzoic sodium salt, aminobenzole acid sodium salt,
alpha-napthaleneacetic acid sodium salt, disodium salt
2,6-naphth-alenedicarboxlic acid, sodium cyclcohexanetherate,
sodium phthalimide, P-aminosalicylic acid sodium salt, sodium salt
3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, indolebutyric acid sodium salt,
indole-3-butyric acid sodium salt, diphenylphosphide, sodium
dimethylsilanolate, sodium triethylborohydride, sodium propoxide,
sodium isopropoxide, sodium butoxide, sodium sec-butoxide, sodium
pentoxide, sodium tert-pentoxide, sodium hydrogenphthalate, sodium
oxalate, sodium hydrogensulfate, monosodium acetylenedicarboxylic
acid, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, sodium
hexoate(sodium salt hexoic acid), sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium
trimethylsilonalate, sodium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid
sodium salt, monosodium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldisodium
(C6H5)2CLi2C(C6H5)2, sodiumethylphenyl (L1CH2G6H5), sodium bromate,
sodium hydrogenphospate, monsodium salt D-shaccharic acid,
DL-asparatic sodium salt, (R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspartic acid
sodium salt, sodium fluoride, sodium iodate, sodium salt ethyl
malonate, sodium thioacetate, sodium phenol, sodium salt
aminobenzoic acid, sodium aminophenol salt, sodiumcyclohexenol,
sodium methylcyclohexenol, sodium cyclopropanol, sodium
tnethylcyclopropanol, sodium cyclobutanol, sodium
methylcyclobutanol, sodium methylcyclopentanol, sodium
cyclopentanol, sodiumcyclohexenol, sodium methyl-cyclohexenol,
sodium dimethyleyelohexenols (e.g. sodium.
3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, sodium 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, sodium
2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, sodium 2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol,
3,5-dimethyleyelohexanol), sodium o-ethylxahthic acid, monosodium
salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, disodium salt, ketomalonic acid, sodium
salt lactic acid, disodium thiosulfate, sodium antimony tartrate,
sodium dichloroaceta/te, sodium dimethylacetate, sodium
diethylacetate, sodium dipropylacetate, sodium metaborate, sodium
tetraborate, sodium tetrachlorocuprate, sodium acetoacetate, sodium
diisopropylamide, sodium diethylamide, sodium dimethylamide, sodium
bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, disodium phthalocyanine,
disodiumtetrabromocupra- te, disodium tetrabromonickelate,
disodiumtetrachloromanganate, disodiumbutadiyne, sodium
cyclopentadienide, sodium dicyclohexylamide, sodiumdiethylamide,
sodium dimethyl-amide, sodium dipropylamide, sodium
diisopropylamide, sodium thexylborohydride sodium
tri-tert-butoxyaluminoh- ydride, sodium trimethylsilyl)acetylide,
sodium triethylsilyl)acetylide, sodium
tris[(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride, (phenylethynyl)sodium,
2-thienylsodium, sodium diethyldihydroaluminate, spdium
dimethyldihydroaluminate, sodium aluminum hydride, sodium
bifluoride, sodium biphenyl, sodiumbiselenite, sodium
bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride, sodium bismuthate, sodium
borate, sodium chlorite, sodium cobaltnitrite, sodium
cyanoborohydride, sodium cyclopentadienide, sodium dicyanamide,
sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium hexanitrocolbaltate, sodium
hydrogenphosphite, sodium hydrogenselenite, sodium hydrogensulfite,
sodium hydrosulfite, sodium hypochloride, sodium metaarsenite,
sodium metabisulfide, sodium metaperiodate, sodium methacrylate,
sodium nitroferricyanide, oxybate, sodium
pentamethylcyclopentadienide, sodiumphenolate, polyphosphate,
sodium polyphosphite, sodium propionate, sodium pyrophosphate,
sodium selenate, sodium selenite, sodium tetrachloroaluminate,
sodium thiomethoxide, sodium thiosulfate, sodium thiosulfide,
sodium thiosulfite, sodium triactoxyborohydride, sodium
trimethylsilonate, sodium triethylsilonate, sodium
tris(1-pyrazoly)borohydride, including analogues, homologues,
isomers and derivatives thereof.
[0341] The non limiting examples of aluminum derivative compounds
of this invention include: diisobutylaluminum hydride,
dimethylaluminum hydride, dimethylaluminum hydride,
dipropylaluminumhydride, diisopropylaluminumhydride,
dibutylaluminumhydride, di-tert-butylaluminum hydride,
di-sec-butylaluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum chloride,
ethylaluminum sesquichloride, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium
tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium-aluminum alloy, aluminum
triethoxide, aluminum trimethoxide, aluminum tripropoxide, aluminum
triisopropoxide, aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, aluminum
tri-sec-butoxide(aluminum sec-butoxide), aluminum tri-isobutoxide,
aluminum tributoxide, aluminum pentoxide, diethylaluminum ethoxide,
aluminum phosphate, diethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum
cyanide, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum methoxide,
diisobutylaluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum chloride,
diisobutyalumnum fluoride, tetraisobutyldialuminoxane,
triethylaluminum, trimethylaluminum, tributylaluminum,
triisobutylaluminum, tri-sec-butylaluminum, tri-tert-butylaluminum,
tripentaluminum, triphenylaluminum, triamylaluminum,
triisoamylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tri-isopropylaluminum,
triisobutylaluminum, triisobutyldialuminoxane, trioctylaluminum,
sodium aluminum hydride, bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride,
aluminum borohydride, aluminum hydride, dimethlylberyllium,
potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, sodium
tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum
hydride, aluminum sec butoxide, aluminum tert-butoxide, aluminum
acetylacetone, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum methoxide, aluminum
propoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum butoxide, aluminum
isobutoxide, aluminum pentoxide, aluminum metaphosphate, aluminum
hydroxide, aluminum metaphosphite, aluminum hydroxystearate,
aluminum monos-tearate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum fluoride,
aluminum fluoride trihydrate, sodium diethyldihydroaluminate,
sodium hexafluoroaluminate, aluminum hexafluorosilicate, lithium
aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride bis(tetrahydrofuran),
lithium tris((3-thyl-3-pentyl)-oxy)aluminohydride, lithium
tri-tert-aluminohydride, aluminum-nickel catalyst, aluminum
silicate, aluminum silicate hydroxide, aluminum chloride hydrate,
diethylaluminum chloride, sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum
dihydride, aluminum carbide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum
acetate(aluminum diacetate hydroxide), dihydroaluminum acetate,
aluminum formoacetate, lithium aluminate, aluminum salt lactic
acid, tetramethyllithiumaluminum salt (LiAl(CH3)4),
tetaethyllithiumaluminum salt, tetrapropyllithiumaluminum salt,
tetraisopropyllithiumaluminum salt, tetra-butyllithiumaluminum
salt, tetraisobutyllithiumaluminum salt,
tetra-sec-butyllithiumaluminum salt,
tetra-tert-butyl-lithiumaluminum salt, tetraphenyllithium aluminum
salt, aluminum tririconoleate, aluminum metaphosphate, sodium
aluminum hydride, aluminum dodecaboride, aluminum diboride,
aluminum arsenide, aluminum lactate, aluminum titanium chloride,
tri (N-nitroso-N-phenylhydr- oxylaminoato)aluminum, aluminum
acetylacetonate, methylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum
dichloride, propylaluminum dichloride, isopropylaluminum
dichloride, butylaluminum dichloride, sec-butylaluminum dichloride,
tert-butylaluminum dichloride, isobutylaluminum dichloride,
phenylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride,
methylaluminum sesquichloride, methylaluminoxane, propylaluminum
sesquichloride, ethylaluminoxane, sodium
bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum, aluminum magnesium silicate, aluminum
hydroxychloride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum potassium sulfide,
aluminum octoate(aluminum ethylhexonate), aluminum diformate,
aluminum triformate, aluminum chromate, aluminum napthenate,
aluminum oleate, aluminum palmite, aluminum pictrate, aluminum
sodium silicate, aluminum sodium chloride, aluminum isopropylate,
aluminum magnesium ethoxide, trimethylaluminum etherate,
triethylalutninum etherate, including analogues, homologues,
isomers and derivatives thereof. Corresponding compounds of
gallium, indium, thallium are contemplated in the practice of this
invention.
[0342] The non-limiting examples of silicon derivative compounds of
this invention include: dimethoxymethylsilane,
dimethoxyethylsilane, diethoxymethylsilane, dipropoxymethyl-silane,
diisopropoxymethylsilane, dibutoxymethylsilane,
diisobutoxymethylsilane, di-sec-butoxymethylsilane,
di-sec-butoxymethylsilane, diethoxyethylsilane,
dipropoxyethyls-ilane, diisopropoxyethylsilane,
dibutoxyethylsilane, diisobutoxyethylsilane,
di-sec-butoxyethylsilane, di-sec-butoxyethylsilane,
diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydi-methylsilane,
dipropoxydimethylsilane- , diisoprop-oxydimethylsilane,
dibutoxydimethylsilane, diisobu-toxydimethylsilane,
di-sec-butoxydimethylsilane, di-sec-butoxydimethylsilane,
diethoxymethylethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,
ethoxytriethylsilane, ethoxytri-propylsilane,
ethoxytriispropylsilane, methoxytrimethylsilane,
propoxytrimethylsilane, isoprop-oxytrimethylsilane,
butoxytrimethylsilane, isobutoxytrimeth-ylsilane,
sec-butoxytrimethylsilane, sec-butoxytrimethylsilane,
phenoxytrimethylsilane, ethoxydiethylsilane,
isobutyldiethoxysilane, sec-butyldiethoxysilane,
butyl-diethoxysilane, tertbutyldiethoxysilane,
pentyl-diethoxysilane, isobutyldimethoxysilane,
secbutyldimethoxysilane, butyldimethoxysilane,
tertbutyltri-methoxysilane- , methyltrimethoxysilane,
methyltriethoxy-silane, pentyldimethoxysilane, diethylsilandiol,
tripropylsilandiol, triisopropylsilandiol, tertbutyldimethylsilane,
diethylsilanediol (C2H5Si(OH)2), methyl-tripropoxysilane,
methyl-tris(dimethylsiloxy)silane, 1,1-diphenylsilacycIohexane,
pentamethylsilanime, 1,1,1-trimethyl-N-pheny- l-N-silanamine,
hexamethyldisilazane, [1,1-biphenyl]-4-yltrichlorosilane,
(bromomethyl)chloro-dimethylsilane, bromotnethyltrimethylsilane,
(4-bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane, butylchlorodimethylsilane,
trichlorobutylsilane, trimethylbutylsilane,
chloro(chloromethyl)dimethyls- ilane,
chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane, chlorodimethylphenyl-silane,
chlorodimethyl-2-propenylsilane, chloroethenyldimethylsilane,
chloromethylsilane, (chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane,
chlorome-thyldiphenylsilane, chloromethylphenylsilane,
(chloromethyl)trimethylsilane, (4-chloropehoxy)trimethylsilane,
phenylchlorosilane, (3-chlorophenyl)trimethylsilane,
(3-chloropropyl)trimethylsilane, chlorotriethoxysilane,
chlorotriethylsilane, trimethylchlorosilane,
dichloro(chloromethyl)methyl- silane,
dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane, dichlorodiethoxysilane,
dichlorodiethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane,
dichlorodiphenylsilane, dichloroethenylmethylsilane,
methylethyldichlorosilane, dichloromethylsilane,
dichloromethyl(1-methylethyl)silane,
dichloromethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane, dichloromethylphenylsilane,
dichloromethyl-2-propenylsilane,dichlorophenylsilane,
diethenyl-diphenylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane,
diphenyldiethoxysilane, diethoxymethylphenylsilane,
diethyloxymethyl-2-propenylsilane, diethylsilane,
diethyldifluorosilane, difluorodiphenylsilane,
dimethyoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydiphenylsilane, dimethylsilane,
dimethyldiphenoxysilane, dimethyldiphenylsilane,
dimethyl-2-propenylsilan- e, dimethylphenylsilane,
dimethyl-diacetatesilane, diphenylsilane,
1,2,-ethenediylbis[trimethyl-(E)]silane (C8H20Si2),
ethenyldiethoxymethylsilane, ethenylethoxydimethylsilane,
ethenyltriethoxysilane, ethenyltrimethylsilane,
ethenyltris(1-methylethox- y)-silane,
ethenyltris(2-propenyloxy)silane, ethoxytriethylsilane,
ethoxytrifluorosilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane,
ethoxytri-phenylsilane, ethyltrifluorosilane,
ethyltrimethoxysilane, 1,2,-ethynediylbis[trimethyl- ]silane,
ethynylsilane, methoxysilane, methylsilane, methyldiphenylsilane,
methylenebissilane, methylenebis[trichloro]silane,
(2-methylphenoxy)triphenylsilane, methylphenylsilane,
methyltriphenoxysilane, methyltriphenylsilane,
methyltri-p-toly-silane, phenylsilane,
[1,3-phenylenebis(oxy)]bis-[trimethyl]silane,
phenyltripropylsilane, tetraethenylsilane, tetraethylsilane,
tetraethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, tetramethoxysilane,
tetrapropylsilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane,
tetraisopropoxysilane, tetrabutylsilane, tetrabutoxysilane,
tetra-sec-butylsilane, tetra-sec-butoxysilane,
tetra-tert-butylsilane, tetra-tert-butoxysilane,
tert-iso-butylsilane, tetra-iso-butoxysilane, tetraphenylsilane,
tetra-phenoxysilane, triethylsilane, triethoxysilane,
trimethylsilane, trimethoxysilane, tripropylsilane,
tripropoxysilane, triisopropylsilane, triisopropoxysilane,
tributylsilane, tributoxysilane, tri-sec-butylsilane,
tri-sec-butoxysilane, tri-tert-butylsilane, tri-tert-butoxysilane,
tert-iso-butylsilane, tri-iso-butoxysilane, triphenylsilane,
triphenoxysilane, triethylmethylsilane, triethoxymethylsilane,
trimethoxymethylsilane, tripropylmethylsilane,
tripropoxymethylsilane, triisopropyl-methylsilane,
triisoproxymethylsilane, tributylmethylsilane,
tributoxymethylsilane, tri-sec-butylmethylsilane,
tri-sec-butoxymethylsilane, tri-tert-butylmethylsilane,
tri-tert-butoxymethylsilane, tert-iso-butylmethylsilane,
tri-iso-butoxymethylsilane, triphenylmethylsilane,
triphenoxymethylsilane, diethylsilane, diethoxysilane,
dimethylsilane, dimethoxysilane, dipropylsilane, dipropoxysilane,
diisopropylsilane, diisopropoxysilane, dibutylsilane,
dibutoxysilane, di-sec-butylsilane, di-sec-butoxysilane,
di-tert-butylsilane, di-tert-butoxysilane, tert-iso-butylsilane,
di-iso-butoxysilane, diphenylsilane, diphenoxysilane, ethyl.silane,
ethoxysilane, methylsilane, methoxysilane, propylsilane,
prbpoxysilane, isopropylsilane, isoproxysilane, butylsilane,
butoxysilane, sec-butylsilane, sec-butoxysilane, tert-butylsilane,
tert-butoxysilane, iso-butylsilane, iso-butoxysilane, phenylsilane,
phenoxysilane, tribromomethylsilane, tributylsilane,
tributylphenylsilane, trichloro(chloromethyl)silane,
trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane, trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane,
trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane, trichlorododecylsilane,
trichloroethenylsilane, trichloroethoxysilane,
trichloroethylsilane, trichlorohexylsilane, trichloromethy-Isilane,
trichloro(1-methylethyl)silane, trichloro(2-methyl-phenyl)silane,
trichloro(3-methylphenyl)silane, trichloro(2-methylpropyl)silane,
trichlorootadectylsilane, tri-chlorooctylsilane,
trichloropentylsilane, trichlorophenylsilane,
trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane, trichloro-2-propenylsilane,
trichloropropylsilane, triethoxysilane, triethoxyethylsilane,
triethoxyethylsilane, triethoxyphenylsilane, triethoxypentylsilane,
triethoxy-2-propenylsilane, triethylsilane, triethylfluorosilane,
triethylphenylsilane, trifluorophenylsilane,
trimethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxyethylsilane,
trimethoxypropylsilane, trimethoxyisopropylsilane,
trimethoxybutylsilane, trimethoxyisobutylsilan-
e,trimethoxy-sec-butylsilane, trimethoxy-tert-butylsilane,
trimethoxyphenylsilane, trimethylsilane,
trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane, trimethyl(2-methylpropyl)silane,
trimethylphenoxysilane, trimethylphenylsilane,
trimethyl-(phenylmethyl)silane, trimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl)silane,
trimethyl-2-propenylsilane, trimethylpropylsilane,
trimethyl[4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]phenyl]silane,
ethenyl-tri-acetatesilanetriol, methyl-triacetatesilantriol,
tripropylsilane, ethyldimethylsilanol, methyldiphenylsilanol,
triethylsilanol, triphenylsilanol, tetrabutyl ester silicic acid
(C16H36O4Si.), tetraethyl ester silicic acid,
tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl)ester silicic acid, methylsilicate
(C4H12SiO4), tetraphenyl ester silicic acid, tetrapropyl ester
silicic acid, triethyl phenyl ester silicic acid,
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane,
1,2,-difluorotetramethyldisilan- e, hexamethyldisilane,
1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,
1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,
bis-(methoxydimethylsilyl)ox- ide,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaethyldisiloxarie, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaethyldisilazane,
hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane,
1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane- , 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,
1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxan- e,
1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisilazane,
1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3-triph- enyldisiloxane,
1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3-triphenyldisilazxane,
docosamethyldecasiloxane, docosamethyldecasilazane,
ethenylhep-tamethylcyctetrasiloxane,
ethenylheptamethylcyctetrasilazane, heptamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane,
heptamethylcyclotetrasilazane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,
butylmethyl(cyclic tetramer)siloxane,
2,4,6,8-tetraethenyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane
(C12H24O4Si4), 2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane,
2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8- -cyclotetrasilazane,
2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane,
2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane,
2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilaz- ane,
2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,
2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane,
2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane,
2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trim- ethylcyclotrisiloxane,
2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane,
2,4,6-trimethyl-2,4,6-tripehnylcyclotrisiloxane,
decamethylcyclopentasilo- xane, decamethylcyclopentasilazane,
2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxa- ne,
2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasilazane,
octademethyl-cyclononasiloxa- ne, octademethylcyclononasilazane,
hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-cyclooctasilazane,
dodecatnethylcyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasilazane,
hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane,
tetra-decamethylcycloheptasilazane, decamethyltetrasiloxane,
1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-octamethyltetrasiloxane, aminotrisilane,
benzyltriethoxysilane, butyltrifluorosilane,
carboxyethyl-dimethylsilane, chloromethylsilicane,
chlorotriisocyanatesilane, dichloromethylsilicane,
diethoxydibutoxysilane, diethylanilinefluorosilicate,
diethyldichlorosilane, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]tri-ethoxysilane,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]methyldiethoxysilane,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]dimet- hylethoxysilane,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trimethylsilane,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethylsilane,
cyclohexyldimethoxymethylsilane, cyclohexylmethoxydimethyl-silane,
cyclohexyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexyltriethylsilane,
dicyclohexyldimethylsilane, cyclohexyldimethylsilane,
cyclohex-1-enyl-trimethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane,
(1-cyclohexen-1-ylethynyl)trimethylsilane,
1-cyclohexenyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexenyloxytrimethylsilane,
cyclohexyltrichlorosilane,
1-cyclopropyl-1-(trimethy-Isilyloxy)ethylene,
phenyldimethylsilanol, phenylsilandiol, cyclohexylsilandiol,
cyclohexylethylsilandiol, tert-butylsilandiol,
cyclohexyldimethylsilanol, cyclohexyl-diethylsilanol,
benzyltrimethylsilane, N-benzyltrimethyl-silyl- amine, phenyl
dimethylsilanol, phenyl diethylsilanol,
cyclohexylethylenetrimethylsilane,
N-cyclohexylethylenetrimethylsilylamin- e,
cycloethylenetrimethylsilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane,
diphenyldimethoxysilane, diphenyl-methyl-ethoxysilane,
diphenylmethylsilane, diphenylmethylsilandiol, diphenylsilandiol,
methyl-phenyl-diethoxysilane, methyl-phenyl-dimethoxysilane,
methyl-phenyl-dichlorosilane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane,
octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, 1,3-bis
(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,
1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1- ,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,
tertbutyldimethylsilandiol, hydroxymethylenetrimethylsilane
(CH3)3CH2OH), hydro-xyethylenetrimethylsi- lane,
hydroxymethyltriethylsilane,
hydroxyethyltriethylsilane,diethylsilan- ediol, dimethylsilanediol,
dipropylsilanediol, diisopropylsilanediol, dibutylsilanediol,
di-tert-butylsilanediol, di-iso-butylsilanediol,
di-sec-butyl-silanediol, diphenylsilanediol,
dicyclohexylsilanediol, cyclohexylmethylsilanediol,
cyclohexylethylsilanediol, dimethoxydichlorosilane,
dimethylanilineflourosilicate, dimethyldi(B-chloroethoxy)silane,
dimethylflourochlorosilane, dimethylsilicane,
di-a-napthylamineflourosilicate, di-b-napthylamineflourosilicate,
di-m-nitranilineflourosilicate, dinitrosodiphenylamine,
diphenylarsinophenylenetriethylsilane,
diphenyl-dichlorophenoxysilane, di-o-toluidinefluorosilicate,
di-ra-toluidinefluorosilicate, di-p-toluidinefluorosilicate,
docosamethyldecasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasilgxane,
dodecamethylpentasiloxane, eicosamethylnonasiloxane,
silanesilanesilanedocosamethyldecasilazane,
dode-camethylcyclohexasilazan- e, dodecamethylpentasilazane,
eicosamethylnonasilazane, ethyldiethoxyacetoxysilape,
ethyldiethoxychlorosilane, ethylisocyanatesilane,
ethyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriphenylsilicane,
hexadacamethylcyclooctasiloxane, hexadacamethyl-cyclooctasilazane,
hexamethylsilicane (hexamethyldisilane),
hexamethylmethylenedislane, hydroxymethyltrimethylsilane, methyl
silicane, methyltyriphenylsilicane, octadecamethylcotasiloxane,
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane,
octadecamethylcotasilazane, octamethylcyclotetrasilazane,
octamethyltrisilazane, tetraphenylenesilane,
phenylenediamineflourosilicate, phenylisocyanatesilane;
phenyltrichlorosilicane, silicobenzoic acid,
tetra-m-aminoptienylsilane, tetrabenzyl-silicane,
tetra-p-biphenylylsilan- e, tetradecamethylcyclohep-tasiloxane,
tetradecamethylcycloheptasilazane, tetradecamethylhexasiloxane,
tetradecamethylhexasilazane, tetraethylsilane,
tetraethylthiosilane, tetrahexyloxysilahe, tetraisopropylmercaptane
silicon, tetramethoxysilane, tetramethylmercaptanesilicon,
tetramethylsilane, tetraphenoxysilane, tetraphenylsilane,
tertapropoxysilane, tetratriethylsiloxysilane,
thioisocyanatotriethylsilane, tolidinefluorosilicate(o),
tri-p-Biphenylylphenylsilane, trichloromethyltriethoxysilane,
triethylbromosilane, triethylchlorosilane, triethylfluorosilane,
triethylphenylsilane, trimethylchloromethylsilane,
trimethylethoxysilane, triphenylacetoxysilane,
vinyltri-phenoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, silicane cyanate,
dibromosilane, dibromodichlorosilane, dichlorosilane,
dichlorodifluorosilane, hexaoxocyclosilane, hexacyclo-silazane,
monooiodosilane, (tri-)nitrilosilane (silicylamine),
trichlorosilane, trifluorosilane, silicane diimide (Si(NH)2),
silicane tetramide, silicane isocyanate, silicon tetracetate,
tetrabromosilarie, silicon hex(di-)bromide, silcon carbide,
tertachlorosilane, hexachlorodi-silane, tetrafluorosilane,
hexa-fluorodisilane, silicon hydride (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6),
trisilanepropane, tetrasilane butane, silicon nitride, silicon
thiocyanate, disilicic acid, silicon cyanate,
allylchlorodimethylsilane, allylchloromethyldimethylsilane,
allyl-dichlorodimethylsilane,
allyl(diisoproprylamino)dimethyl-silane,
allyloxy-tert-butyldimethylsilan- e,
allyloxy-sec-butyldimethylsilane, allyloxy-iso-butyldimethylsilane,
allylchlorodiethylsilane, allylchloromethyldiethylsilane,
allyldichlorodiethylsilane, allyl(diisoproprylamino)diethyl-silane,
allyloxy-tert-butyldiethylsilane, allyloxy-sec-butyldi ethyl-si
lane, allyloxy-iso-butyldiethylsilane,
allyl-oxybutyldimethylsilane, allyloxytrimethylsilane,
allyloxy-triethylsilane, diallyloxydimethylsilan- e,
triallyloxymethylsilane, diallyloxydiethylsilane,
triallyloxyethylsilane, diallyloxydimethoxylsilane,
trial-lyloxymethoxylsilane, diallyloxydiethoxylsilane,
tri-allylethoxy silane, allyltrichlorosilane,
allyltriethoxy-silane, allyltriisopropylsilane,
allyltripropylsilane, al-lyltriisopropyloxysilan- e,
allyltripropyloxysilane, allyltri-methoxysilane,
allyltrimethylsilane, allyltriethylsilane, allyltriphenylsilane,
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,
3-aminoethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane,
3-aminomethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltrimethoxysilane,
3-aminotrimethoxysilane, 3-aminotriethoxysilane,
3-amino(cyclohexyl)propyltriethoxysilane,
3-amino-(cyclohexyl)propyltrimethoxysilane,
3-amino(cyclohexyl)ethyltriet- hoxysilane,
3-amino(cyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane,
3-amino(cyclohexyl)methyltriethoxysilane,
3-amino(cyclohexyl)methyltrimet- hoxysilane,
3-.sup.1amino(cyclohexyl)trimethoxysilane,
3-amino(cylcohexyl)triethoxysilane, trimethoxypropylsilane,
triethoxypropylsilane, trimethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,
N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline,
N-[3-(triethoxy-silyl)propyl]anilin- e,
N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]aniline,
N.sup.1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]- diethylenetriamine,
N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine,
N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine,
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl
methacrylate, aminotriphenylsilane, azidotrimethylsilane,
azidotriethylsilane, azidotripropylsilane, azidotributylsilane,
azidotri-methoxysilane, azidotriethoxysilane,
azidotripropoxysilane, azidotributoxysilane,
bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine,
N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide,
bis(trimethyl-silyl)acetylene, bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene,
1/4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene,
N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine, bis(trimethylsilyl) methane,
2,3-bis(tritnethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadiene,
1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene,
1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene- ,
1,2,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene,
1,2,3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobu- tene,
bis(trimethylsilyl)-cyclobutene, 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)ethane,
2,3-bis(tri-methylsilyl)-1-propene,
2,4-bis(trimethyl-silyloxy)pyrimidine- ,
1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)urea, O,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)uracil,
bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide,
(1-cyclohexenyl-1-ethynyl)trimethy- lsilane,
1-cyclohexenyloxytrimethylsilane, 1-cyclohexyltrimethylsilane,
cyclohexyldimethoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane,
cyclohexyldiethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane,
cyclohexyldimethoxymethylsilane, cycldliexyltrimethoxysilane,
cyclohexyldiethoxymethylsilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane,
cyclohexyldimethoxysilandiol, cyclohexyldiethoxysilandiol,
cyclohexyldipropxymethylsilane, cyclohexyldipropxymethylsilandiol,
cyclohexyltrichlorosilane,
[(1-cyclopro-pyletheneyl)oxy]trimethylsilane,
diallyldimethylsilane, diethoxymethylphenylsilane,
3-(diethoxymethylsilyl)propylamine, diethoxymethylsilane,
dimethyloctadecyline, ethyltriacetoxysilane,
methyltriacetoxysilane, propyltriacetoxysilane,
isopropy-Itriacetoxysilane, butyltriacetoxysilane,
isobutyltriacetoxysilane, sec-butyltriacetoxysilan- e,
tert-butyltriacetoxysilane, benzyltriacetoxysilane,
phenyltriacetoxysilane, cyclpentadienyltriacetoxysilane,
cyclohexyltriacetoxysilane, isopropoxytrimethylsilane,
isopropylaminotrimethylsilane, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide,
methoxydimethyloctylsilane,
methylbis(trimethylsilyloxy)vinylsilane, octyltriethoxysilane,
octyltrimethoxysilane, (phenylthiomethyl)trimethyls- ilane,
phenyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane,
poly(dimethylsiloxane)silicon hexaboride, silicon nitride, silicon
tetracetate, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrafluoride, sodium
bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane,
tetravinylsilane, trichloro-3-chloropropylsilane,
trichlorocyclopentysila- ne, cyclohexyltrichlorosilane,
trichlorovinylsilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)propionitrile,
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl
isocyanate, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl thiocyanate, trihexylsilane,
triisopropylsilane, (triisopropylsilyl)acety-
lene(chlorotriisopropylsilane), triisopropylsilylchloride,
1-(triisopropylsilyl)pyrrole, trimethylsilylacetate,
(trimethylsilyl)acetic acid, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene,
trimethylsilyl cyanide, (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane,
5-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cyclopentad- iene,
1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, 1-(trimethylsilyl)pyrrolidine,
triphenylsilane, 1,1,1-triphenyl-silylamine,
triphenylsilylchloride, tris(2-methoxyethoxy)-vinylsilane,
2,5,5-tris(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cylcope- ntadiene,
tris(trimethylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)amine,
tris(trimethylsilyl)germaniumhydride, tris(trimethylsilyl)-methane,
tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)borane, tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, trimethylsilyl
N-(trimethylsilyl)-car-bamate, triphenylsilylamine,
triethoxysilylamine, tributoxysilyamine, tripropoxysilylamine,
vinyltrichloro-silane, Vinyltriethoxysilane,
vinyl-triisopropoxsilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane,
Vinyltriethoxysilane, dimethoxymethylvinylsilane,
diethoxymethylvinylsila- ne, dimethoxyethylvinylsilane,
diethoxyethylvinylsilane, dimethylmethoxyvinylsilane,
dimethylethoxyvinylsilane, di-methylpropoxyvinylsilane,
dimethylisopropoxyvinylsilane, diethylmethoxyvinylsilane,
diethylethoxyvinylsilane, diethylpropoxyvinylsilane,
diethylisopropoxyvinylsilane, dimethylethoxy(methylvinyl)silane,
dimethoxymethyl(ethylvinyl)silane,
diethoxy-methyl(propylvinyl)silane, vinyltrimethylsilane,
vinyltriethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilane,
vinyltris(2-butylidenaminooxy)- silane,
vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinyltris(2-methylethoxy)silane,
vinyltris(2-ethoxy)silane, vinyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane,
3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-methyl-diethox- ysilane,
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,
3-aminomethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltriethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltrimethoxysilane,
3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane,
(3-aminopropyl)tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)etho- xysilane,
amyltriethoxysilane, 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldi-
silazane, 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,
1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane,
1,3-bis(3-cyanopropyl)tetramethyldisi- loxane,
1,3-bis(3-cyanopropyl)tetramethyldisilazane,
bis(diethylamino)dimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)dimethyl-silane,
bis (diethylamino)diethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)diethylsilane,
1,2-bis[(dimethylamino)dimethylsilyl]ethane,
1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzen- e,
1,2-bis(dimethyl-silyl)cyclohexene, 1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene,
1,4-bis(dimethylsilyl)cyclohexene,
1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetram- ethyldisiloxane,
1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,
bis(N-methylben-zamido)methylethoxysilane,
1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiy- ne, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)
acetimide, N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)methylamine,
N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amine, N,N-bis(triethylsilyl)amine,
N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)urea, bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphite,
N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetimide,
tert-butyldimethylsilane, tert-butyldimethylsilanol,
(tert-butyldimethsilyl)acetylene, tert-butyldimethylsilyl cyanide,
N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)dimethylamine- ,
butyldimethylchlorosilane, tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane,
O-(tert-butyldimethyifsilyl)hydroxylamine,
1-(tert-butyldlmethylsilyl)imi- dazole, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl
cyanide, tert-butyldicyclohexylsilyl, cyanide,
N-tert-butyltrimethylsilylamine, tert-butyl-trimethylsilyl
peroxide, tert-butyl-trimethylsilyl acetate,
[2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triet- hoxysilane,
N,N-diethyltrimethylsilylamine, N,N-diethyltriethylsilylamine,
N,N-diethyl(trimethylsilylmethyl)amine, diethyl trimethylsilyl
phosphite, diphenylmethylsilane, dicyclohexylmethylsilane,
diphenylethylsilane, dicyclohexylethylsilane, diphenylsilane,
dicyclohexylsilane, dicyclohexylsiladiol,
1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisilazane,
1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisiloxane,
1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3-tert- amethyldisilazane,
1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3-tertamethyldisiloxane,
1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,
1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethy- ldisiloxane,
dodecyltriethoxysilane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisilazane,
1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane, methyltriethoxysilane,
ethyltriethoxysilane, propyltr{circumflex over ( )}ethoxysilane,
isopropyltriethoxysilane, .sup.1 butyltrimethoxysilane,
butyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane,
sec-butyltriethoxysilane, tert-butyltriethoxysilane,
hexyltriethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatro-propyl)tr- iethoxysilane,
(isopropenyloxy)trimethylsilane, isopropyldimethylchlorosil- ane,
lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, potassium
bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, (3-mercap-topropyl)methyldimethoxysilane,
(3-mercap-topropyl)triethoxysil- ane,
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-silane,
(methoxymethyl)trimethylsilane, methoxytrimethylsilane,
ethoxytrimethylsilane, [3-(methylamino)propyl]tri- methoxysilane,
methyldiethoxysilane, 2-methylbenzosilylazole,
methyl-octadecyl-dichlorosilane, methyl-octyldimethoxysilane,
methyl-octyldichlorosilane, methyl-phenyl-chlorosilane,
methyl-phenyl-dichlorosilane, methyl-phenyl-diethoxysilane,
methyl-phenyl-dimethoxysilane, (methylthio)trimethylsilane,
methyltriactoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyltrichlorosilane,
methylethoxysilane, ethylethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane,
ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltrie thoxysilane,
N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylac- etamide, methylvinyldiethoxysilane,
phenyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane,
Phenyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane,
Phenyl(methylene)triethoxy-silane,
cyclohexyl(methylene)triethoxysilane,
phenyl(methylene)trimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl(methylene)
trimethoxysilane, Phenyl-(ethylene)triethoxysilane,
cyclohexyl(ethylene)trimethoxysilane,
phenyl(ethylene)trimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl
(ethylene)trimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethylsilane,
phenyltriethylsilane, phenyltripropylsilane, phenyl
triisopropylsilane, phenyltributylsilane,
phenyltri-sec-butyTsilane, phenyltri-tert-butylsila- ne,
phenyltri-isobutylsilane, cyclohexyltrimethylsilane,
cyclohexyltri-ethylsilane, cyclohexyltripropylsilane,
cyclohexyltriisopropylsilane, cyclohexyltributylsilane, cyclohexyl
tri-sec-butylsilane, cyclohexyl tri-tert-butylsilane,
cyclohexyltriisobutylsilane, Phenyltriethoxysilanediol,
cyclohexyltriethoxysilanediol, Phenyltrimethoxysilanediol,
cyclohexyltrimethoxysilanediol, phenyltrimethylsilanediol,
phenyltriethylsilanediol, phenyltripropylsilanediol,
phenyltriisopropylsilanediol, phenyltributylsilanediol,
phenyltri-sec-butylsilanediol, phenyltri-tert-butylsilanediol,
phenyltriisobutylsilanediol, cyclohexyltrimethylsilanediol,
cyclohexyltriethylsilanediol, cyclohexyltripropylsilanediol,
cyclohexyltriisopropylsilanediol, cyclohexyltributyl-silanediol,
cyclohexyltri-sec-butylsilanediol,
cyclohexyltri-tert-butylsilanediol,
cyclohexyltriisobutyl-silanediol, propyltrimethoxysilane,
tetramethylsilane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane,
1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane,
tetramethyltetrasilylfulvalene, trimethylethoxysilane,
N-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, trimethylphenoxylsilane,
1-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclopentene, 1-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclohexene.
trimethoxylphenylsilane, 1-(trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene,
1-(trimethoxylsilyl) cyclohexene, triethoxylphenylsilane,
1-(triethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene, 1-(triethoxylsilyl) cyclohexene,
trimethoxylcyclohexylsilane, (trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentane,
(trimethoxylsilyl) cyclohexane, triethoxylcyclohexylsilane,
(triethoxylsilyl) cyclopentane, (triethoxylsilyl)cyclohexane,
trimethylsilyl azide, triethylsilyl azide, tripropylsilyl azide,
triisopropylsilyl azide, tributyl azide, triisobutyl azide,
tri-tert-butyl azide, tri-sec-butyl azide, triphenyl azide,
trimethoxylsilyl azide, triethoxylsilyl azide, tripropoxylsilyl
azide, triisopropoxylsilyl azide, tributoxyl azide, triisobutoxyl
azide, tri-tert-butoxyl azide, tri-sec-butoxyl azide.
(trimethylsilyl)cyclopenta- diene, trimethylsilyl cyanide,
(trimethylsilyl)acetontrile, trans-3-(trimethylsilyl)allyl alcohol,
2-(trimethylsilyl)methanol, 2-(triethylsilyl)ethanol,
(trimethylsilyl)methanol, (triethylsilyl)ethanol,
triisobutylsilane, 2-(trimethylsilyl)methanol,
2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol, O-(trimethylsilyl)hdroxylamine,
1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, trimethylsilylisocyanate,
(trimethylsilyl)methyl acetate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate,
(trimethylsilyl)methylamine, N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)urea,
4-(trimethylsilyl)morpholine, 4-(triethoxysilyl)butyronitrile,
1-(trimethylsilyl)pryrrolide, 1-trimethylsilyl-1,2,4-triazole,
triphenylsilane, triphenylsilandiol, triphenylsilylamine,
tricyclo-hexylsilylamine, phenyldimethoxysilylamine,
methylphenyl-dimethoxysilane, phenyldiethoxysilylamine,
cyclohexyl-dimethoxysilylamine, cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine,
dipheny-Imethoxysilylamine, diphenylethoxysilylamine,
dicyclohexyl-methoxysilylamine, dicyclohexylethoxysilylamine,
cyclohexyl-silyltriamine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)silyltriamine,
cyclohexyl(methyl)silyltriamine, benzylsilyltriamine,
benzyl(methyl)silyltriamine, diphenylsilyldiamine,
phenylethoxysilyldiamine, cyclohexylethoxysilyldiamine,
cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine, cyclohexylmethoxysilyldiamine,
cyclohexyl(ethyl)ethoxysilyldiamine,
cyclohexyl(methyl)-ethoxysilyldiamin- e, benzylmethoxysilyldiamine,
benzyl-dimethoxysilylamine, tris(trimethylsilyl)amine,
tris(trimethoxylsilyl)amine, tris(triethoxylsilyl)amine,
tris(trimethylsilyl)borate, tris(trimethylsilyl)methane,
tris(trimethylsilyl)ethane, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate,
tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, tris(trimethylsilyl)silane,
vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane,
vinyl-triisopropylsilane, vinyltrimethylsilane,
vinyltri-phenylsilane, vintris(2-buytlidenaminooxy)silane,
vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxysilane), vinyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane,
allyldimethylsilane, allyldiethylsilane, diallyldimethylsilane,
diallyldiethylsilane, allyoxytrimethylsilane,
allyoxytriethylsilane, allylphenylsilicon, tripropylsilane,
tris(trimethylsilyl)-silane, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxa- ne,
2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, pentamethyldisiloxane,
amyltriethoxysilane, vinyltricholorsilane, vinyltriethylsilane,
vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilane, vinyltriethoxysilane,
vinyltripropyoxysilane, vinyltrisopropyoxysilane,
vinyltri-methoxylsilane- , vinyltriphenoxysilane,
vinyltributoxysilane, vinyltriisobutoxysilane,
vinyltrisecbutoxysilane, vinyltri-tert-butoxysilane,
vinyltris(2-butylidenaminooxy)silane,
vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane,
vinyltris-(trimethoxysiloxy)silane, N,N-dimethyltrimethylsilyamine,
N,N-diethyltrimethylsilyamine,
3,3-dimethyl-1-trimethylsily-1-butyne,
3,3-diethyl-1-trimethylsily-1-butyne,
dimethyltrimethylsilylmethylphospho- nate,
dimethyltrimethyl-silylphosphite, dimethyltritylbromosilane,
dimethyl-vinyl-ethoxysilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane,
diphenyl-methylchlorosilane, diphenylethylchlorosilane,
phenyl-dimethylchlorosilane, phenyldiethylchlorosilane,
diphenyldi(M-tolyl)silane, 1,2-dimethylsilane, 1,2-dieth'ylsilane,
2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,
N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, chlorodimethyloctylsilane,
trimethyloctylsilane, disiloxane, silicon nitride, disil.ane,
dimethylsilanediol, trichlorocyclopentysilane,
tris(isopropylthio)silane, chlorotrimethylsilane,
chlorodimethylsilane, bis(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane,
propyltrichlorosilane, trimethyl(pentafluorophenyl)silane,
trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)- silane, silicon tetraboride,
silicon hexa-boride, trimethyl-2-thienylsilan- e,
(4-bromophenyl)trimethyl-silane, 4-(trimethylsilyl)phenol,
5-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene,
trimethylsilylmethylmagnesiumchlo- ride,
N,N-diisopropyltrimethylsilylamine, dicyclohexyl-methyl-silane,
tetracyclohexysilane,
1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-decaphenyl-6,6-dimethylcyclohex- asilane,
trimethylsilylpolyphosphate, trimethylsilylpolyphosphite, including
analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
[0343] Additional examples of acceptable silicon derivatives can be
found in Silicon Compounds, Register and Review, Petrarch Systems,
Inc. (1984), Frontiers of Organosilicon Chemistry, Bassindale,
Caspar, The Royal Society of Chemistry, (1991), incorporated herein
by reference. Corresponding compounds of germanium, tin, titanium,
zirconium, selenium, tellurium, are contemplated in the practice of
this invention.
[0344] Non-limiting germanium derivative compounds include:
decamethylgermaniumocene
(bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium), tertbutylgermanium,
tetramethylgermanium, tetraethylger-manium, tetrapropylgermanium,
tetraisopropylgermanium, tetrabutylgermanium,
tetraisobutylgermanium, tetra-tertbutylgermanium,
tetra-sec-butylgermaniu- m, tetra-phenylgermanium, phenylgermanium,
methylphenylgermanium, methylphenolgermanium, including analogues,
homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
[0345] Non-limiting derivative tin compounds include:
deca-methylstannocene(bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tin),
dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), dibutyltin diacetate,
dibutyloxotin(dibutyltin oxide), dimethyltin, diethyltin,
dipropyltin, diisopropyltin, dibutyltin, diisobutyltin,
di-tert-butyltin, di-sec-butyltin, di-phenyltin, tetramethyltin,
tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin, tetraisopropyltin,
benzltriphenyltin, allyltributyltin, tetrabutyltin,
tetraisobutyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin, tetra-sec-butyltin,
tetraphenyltin, tetramethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, tetrapropoxytin,
tetraisopropoxytin, tetrabutoxytin, tetraisobutoxytin,
tetra-tert-butoxytin, tetra-sec-butoxytin, tetraphenoxytin,
trimethoxymethyltin, triethoxymethyltin, tripropoxymethyltin,
triisopropoxymethyltin, tributoxymethyltin, triisobutoxymethyltin,
tri-tert-butoxymethyltin, tri-sec-butoxymethyltin,
triphenoxymethyltin, dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dilaurate,
dibutyltin dimethoxide, dibutyltin diethoxide, -dibutyltin
methoxide, dibutyltin ethoxide, tetrabutyltin, tetramethyltin,
tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin,
allyldibutyltin, allyldiphenyltin, allyldiphenylstannane,
dichlorodiphenyltin, diphenyltin acetate, tributyl-tineacetate,
tributyltinechloride, tributyltincyanide, tributyltin ethoxide,
tributyltin methoxide, tributyltinhydride, tributylvinyltin,
.circle-solid.triphenyltinchloride, triphenyltinhydroxide,
triphenyltinhydride, tributyltin ethoxide, including analogue,
homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof.
[0346] Non-limiting examples of phosphorus derivative compounds of
this invention include: phosphoric acid esters, othrophosphoric
acid esters, nuetral phosphate esters, tetrabutylphosphonium
hydroxide, allyldiphenylphospine, diphenylphosphine,
phenylphosphine, diphenyl phosphate, diphenylphosphine,
diphenylphosphinic acid, diphenylethoxyphospine,
diphenylmethoxyphospine, diphenylpropoxyphospine,
diphenylisopropoxyphospine, diphenylbutoxyphospine,
diphenyl-sec-butoxyphospine, diphenyl-tert-butoxyphospine,
diphenyl-iso-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexylethoxyphospine,
dicyclohexylmethoxyphospine, dicyclohexylpropoxyphospine,
dicyclohexylisopropoxyphospine, dicyclohexylbutoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl-sec-butoxyphospine, dicyclohexyl-lert-butoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl-iso-butoxyphospine, dicyclopentylethoxyphospine,
dicyclopentyl-methoxyphospine, dicyclopentylpropoxyphospine,
dicyclopen-tylisopropoxyphospine, dicyclopentylbutoxyphospine,
dicyclopentyl-sec-butoxyphospine,
dicyclopentyl-tert-butoxyphospine,
dicyclopentyl-iso-butoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)ethoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-methoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)propoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)isopropoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)butoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-sec-butoxyphospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-tert-butoxyph- ospine,
dicyclohexyl(ethyl)-iso-butoxyphospine, phenyldiethoxyphospine(die-
thylpheaylphosphonite), phenyldimethoxyphospine,
phenyldipropoxyphospine, phenyldiisopropoxyphospine,
phenylHibutoxyphospine, phenyldi-sec-butoxyphospine,
phenyldi-tert-butoxyphospine, phenyldiisobutoxyphospine,
cyclohexyldiethoxyphospine, cyclohexyldimethoxyphospine,
cyclohexyldipropoxyphospine, cyclohexyldiisopropoxyphospine,
cyclohexyldibutoxyphospine, eyeloKexyldi-sec-butoxyphospine,
cyclohexyldi-tert-butoxyphospine, cyclohexyldi-iso-butoxyphospine,
cyclopen-tyldiethoxyphospine, cyclopentyldimethoxyphospine,
cyclopentyldipropoxyphospine, cyclopentyldiisopropoxy-phospine,
cyclopentyldibutoxyphospine, cyclopentyldi-sec-butoxyphospine,
cyclopentyldi-tert-butoxyphospine, cyclopentyldiiso-butoxyphospine,
cyclohexyl(ethyl)diethoxyphospine,
cyclohexyl-(ethyl)dimethoxyphospine,
cyclohexyl(ethyl)dipropoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)-diiso
propoxyphospine, cyclohexyl(ethyl)dibutoxyphospin- e,
cyclohexyl(ethyl)di-sec-butoxyphospine,
cyclohexyl-(ethyl)ditert-butoxy- phospine,
cyclohexyl(ethyl)diiso-butoxyphospine, dimethylmethylphosphate,
diethylmethyl-phosphate, diethylethylphosphate,
dimethylethylphosphate, ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine),
methyldichlorophosphite, methyldichlorophosphate,
methyldichlorophosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine- ,
propylphosphonic anhydride, dimethylphosphine, diethylphosphine,
dimethylphosphine, dipropylphosphine, diisopropylphosphine,
dibutylphosphine, diisobutylphosphine, disecbutylphosphine,
di-t-butyl-phosphine, diphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphate,
diphenylphosphineoxide, diphenylphosphine oxide,
diphenyl-phosphineseleni- de, dis(diethylamino)phosphine,
dis(dimethylamino)phospine, dis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate,
dis(dimethylsilyl)phosphate, dis(dimethylsilyl)phosphite,
di(toly)phosphine, di(o-toly)phosphine, di(m-toly)phosphine,
.circle-solid.di(p-toly)phosphine, di(toly)phosphite,
di(o-toly)phosphite, di(m-toly)phosphite, di(p-toly)phosphite,
di(toly)phosphate, di(toly)hydrophosphate, di(toly)phosphonic acid
[(CH3C6H4)2P(OH)], mono(toly)phosphonic acid [(CH3C6H4)-P(OH)2],
diethylphenylphosphine, diethylphenylphosphite, dipropylphosphite,
diisopropylphosphite, dibutylphosophite, diisobutylphosophite,
di-sec-butylphosophite, di-tert-butyl-phosophite,
diphenylphosphite, allydiphenylphosphonium,
al-lydiphenylphosphonium hydride, allydiphenylphosphonium
hydroxide, allydiphenylphosphonium chloride,
dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride, hexamethylphosphoramide,
hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide,
hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, trimethylphosphine,
trimethylphospate, trimethylphosphite, triethylylphosphite,
tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tri-butyl-phosphite,
tri-iso-butylphosphite, tri-sec-butylphosphite,
tri-tert-butylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, dimethylphosphite,
diethylphosphite, diropylphosphite, diisopropylphosphite,
dibutylphosphite, diisobutylphosphite, di-sec-butylphosphite,
di-tert-butylphosphite, diphenyl-phosphi'te,
ditnethylethylphosphine, dimethylethylphosphate,
dimethylethylphosphite, diethylmethylphosphite,
dipropylmethylphosphite, diisopropylmethylphosphite,
di-butyl-methylphosphite, di-iso-butylmethylphosphite,
di-sec-butylmethylphosphite, di-tert-butylmethylphosphite,
diphenylmethyl phosphite, dimethylphosphonate, diethylphosphonate,
dipropylphosphonate, diisopropyl-phosphonate, di-butyl-phosphonate,
di-iso-butylphosphonate, di-sec-butylphosphonate,
di-tert-butylphosphonate, diphenylphosphonate,
dimethylmethylphosphonate, dimethylethylphosphonate,
diethylmethylphosphonate, dipropylmethylphosphonate,
diisopropylmethylphosphonate, di-butyl-methylphosphonate,
di-iso-butylmethylphosphonate, di-sec-butylmethylphosphonate,
di-tert-butylmethylphosphonate, diphenylmethyl phosphonate,
diethylethylphosphonate, dipropylethylphosphonate,
diisopropylethylphosphonate, di-butyl-ethylphosphonate,
di-iso-butylethylphosphonate, di-sec-butylethylphosphonate,
di-tert-butylethylphosphonate, diphenylethylphosphonate,
dimethylcarbophosphonate, diethylcarbophosphonate,
dipropylcarbophosphonate, diisopropylcarbophosphonate,
di-butyl-phosphonate, di-iso-butylcarbophosphonate,
di-sec-butylcarbophosphonate, di-tert-butylcarbophosphonate,
diphenylcarbophosphonate, dimethylmethylcarbophosphonate,
dimethylethylcar-bophosphonate, diethylmethylcarbophosphonate,
dipropylmethylcarbophosphonate, diisopropylmethylcarbophosphonate,
di-butyl-methylcarbophosphonate,
di-iso-butylmethylcarbophosphonate,
di-sec-butylmethylcarbophosphonate,
di-tert-butylmethyl-carbophosphonate, diphenylmethyl phosphonate,
diethylethylcarbophosphonate, dipropylethylcarbophosphonate,
diisopropylethylcarbophosphonate, di-butyl-ethylcarbophosphonate,
di-iso-butylethylcarbophosphonate,
di-sec-butylethylcarbophosphonate,
di-tert-butylethylcarbophosphonate, diphenylethyl phosphonate,
dimethylphospite, dimethylphosphite, trimethyl phosphonoacetate,
trimethyl 2-phosphonoacrylate, trimethyl phosphonoformate,
trioctylphosphine oxide, triphenyl phospate, triphenylphosphine,
triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenylphosphine-copper hydride,
triphenylphosphine hydrobromide, triphenylphosphine dibromide,
triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenylphosphine selenide,
triphenylphosphine sulfide, tripiperidinophosphine oxide,
tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, tris(dimethylamino)phosphine,
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane phosphate,
tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite,
tri(toly)phosphines' (e.g. tri(o-toly)phosphine,
tri(m-toly)phosphine, tri(p-toly)phosphine), tri(toly)phosphite
(e.g. tri(o-toly)phosphite, tri(m-toly)phosphitfe,
tri(p-toly)phosphite), tri(toly)phosphate, tri(toly)hydrophosphate,
tri(toly)phosphonic acid [(CH3C6H4)3P(OH)2],
bis(2-ethylhexel)phosphite, diallyphenylphosphine,
dibenzylphosphite, dibenzylphosphate, dibutylphosphite, dimethyl
methylphosphonate, dimethyl methylphosphine, dimethyl
methylphosphonite, dimethyl-phenylphosphine,
dimethylphenylphosphonite, dimethylphenyl-phosphite,
dimethylphosphinic acid,
dimethyl(trimethylsilyl-methyl)phosphonate, dimethyl trimethylsilyl
phosphite, dimethyl trimethylsilyl phosphonate,
ethyldiphenyl-phosphonite- , diphenyl(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine,
manganese (II) hydrogen phosphite, disodium fluorophosphate,
disodium fluorophosphite, disodiumhydrogenphosphite, trisodium
phosphate, trisodium phosphite, dipotassiium fluorophosphate,
dipotassium fluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium
phosphite, ethyldiphenylphosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphini.te,
ethyldiphenylphosphonate, methyldiphenylphosphine,
methyldiphenylphosphinite, methyldiphenylphosphonate,
phenylphosphine, phenylphosphonic acid, phenylphospate phosphorus
acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorus trichloride, phosurea, phosphorus
trisulfide, tributyl phosphate, tributylphosphine,
tri-tert-butylphosphine, tributylphosphine oxide,
tributylphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, tris
(nonlphehyl)phosphite, phosphorous acid triphenylester with propane
1,3-diol, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphite,
tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphite, tris(1-chloroethyl)phosphite,
trichlorophosphite, tris(tridecyl)phosphite- ,
isooctyldiphenylphosphite, diisodecylphenylphosphite, triethyl
4-phosphonocrotonate, trimethyl 4-phosphonocrotonate,
triethylphosphonoacetate, trimethyl-phosphonoacetate, trimethyl
2-phosphonobutyrate, triethyl 2-phosphonobutyrate,
trimethylphosphonoformate, triethylphosphonoformate,
trimethylphosponopropionate, trimethylphosponopropionate,
tricyclohexylphosphite, tricyclohexylphophine, triethylphosphine,
triethylphosphite, trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphate,
trimethylphosphate, tripropylphosphate, triisopropylphosphate,
tributyl-phosphate, triisobutylphosphate, tri-sec-butylphosphate,
tri-tert-butylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, dimethylphosphate,
diethylphosphate, dipropylphosphate, diisopropylphosphate,
dibutylphosphate, diisobutylphosphate, di-sec-butylphosphate,
di-tert-butylphosphate, diphenylmethylphosphate,
diphenylethylphdsphate, diphenylpropylphosphate,
diphenylisopropylphosphate, dimethylethylphosphate,
diethylmethylphosphate, dipropylmethylphosphate,
diisopropylmethylphosphate, di-butyl-methylphosphate,
di-iso-butylmethylphosphate, di-sec-butylmethylphosphate,
di-tert-butylmethylphosphate, diphenylmethyl phosphate,
triethylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphoramide,
tripropylphosphoramide, triisopropylphosphoramide,
tributylphosphoramide, tri-isobutylphosphorami- de,
tri-sec-butylphosphoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide,
triphenylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH3O)2PNH2),
diethoxyphosphorusamide, dipropoxyphosphorusamide,
diisopropoxyphosphorusamide, dibutoxyphosphorusamide,
di-isobutoxyphosphorusamide, di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide,
di-tert-butoxyphosphorusamide, diphenoxyphosphorusamide,
dimethylphosphoramide (CH3O)2PONH2), diethylphosphoramide,
dipropylphosphoramide, diisopropyiphosphoramide,
dibutyl-phosphoramide, diisobutylphosphoramide,
di-sec-butylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide,
diphenylphosphoramide, dimethylethylphosphoramide,
diethylmethylphosphoramide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide,
diisopropylmethylphosphoramide, di-butyl-methyl-phosphoramide,
di-iso-butylmethylphosphoramide, di-sec-butylmethylphosphoramide,
di-tert-butylmethylphosphoramide, diphenylmethyl phosphoramide,
triethylcarbophosphate, trimethylcarbophosphate,
tripropylcarbophosphate, triisopropylcarbophosph- ate,
tri-butyl-phosphate, tri-iso-butylcarbophosphate,
tri-sec-butylcarbophosphate, tri-tert-butylcarbophosphate,
triphenylcarbophosphate, dimethylcarbophosphate,
diethylcarbophosphate, dipropylcarbophosphate,
diisopropylcarbophosphate, dibutylcarbophosphate,
diisobutylcarbophosphate, di-sec-butylcarbophosphate,
di-tert-butylcarbophosphate, diphenylcarbophosphate,
dimethylethylcarbophosphate, diethylmethylcarbophosphate,
dipropylmethylcarbophosphate, diisopropylmethylcarbophosphate,
di-butylmethylcarbophosphate, di-iso-butylmethylcarbophosphate,
di-sec-butylmethylcarbophosphate,
di-tert-butylmethylcarbo-phosphate, diphenylmethyl phosphate,
dimethylvinylphosphate, diethylvinylphosphate,
dipropylvinylphosphate, diisopropylvinylphosphate,
dibutylvinylphosphate, diisobutylvinylphosphate,
di-sec-butylvinylphosphate, di-tert-butylvinylphosphate,
diphenylvinylphosphate, triisobutylphosphine, triisodecylphosphite,
triisopro-pylphosphite, dibenzyldiethylphosphoramidite,
dibenzyl-diisopropylphosphoramidite, dibenzylphosphite,
dibenzylphosphate, tris(tridecyl)phosphite, tritolylphosphate,
tritolyphophine, tritolyphosphite, tricyclohexylphosphine, aliminum
phosphate, 1,2-bis(di-phenylphosphino)pr- opane, trioctylphosphine
oxide, trioctyl-phosphine, dichloromethylphosphine,
dichlorophosphineoxide (C12PO), ethyldichlorophosphite,
tetraethylpyrophosphite, benzyldiethylphosphite,
benzyldiethoxyphosphorus, cyclohexyldiethoxyphosphorus,
dibenzyldiisopropylphosphoramite (dissopropyl-phosphoraramidous
acid dibenyl ester), di-tert-butyl diisopropylphosphoramidite,
tert-butyl tetraisopropyl-phosphorodiamidite,
(.+-.)-1-amino-cis-3-phosphonocyclopen- taneca.sup.irboxlic acid,
diallyl diisopropyl-phosphoramide, tert-butyl
tetraisopropylphosphorodiamite, (1-amino-butyl)-phosponic acid,
6-amino-1-hexyl phosphate, 1-aminoethylphosponic acid, 2-aminoethyl
dihydrogenphosphate, 2-aminoethylphosponic acid, methyl
N,N,N'-tetraisopropylphosphordiamidite, hexamethyl-phosphoramide
[(CH3)2N]3PO, hexamethylphosphortriamidite [(CH3)2N]3P, diethyl
4-aminobenzylphosphonate, diethyl 4-aminobenzylphosphite,
diethylbenzylphosphonate, diethylbenzylphosphite,
tetraethylbenzylphospho- nate, diethyl
(pyrrolidinomethyl)phosphonate, diethyloxyphosphinyl isocyanate,
6-amino-1-hexylphosphate, diethyloxyphinyl isocyanate,
diethylcyanomethylphosphonate, diethylveinylphosphonate,
dioctylphenylphosphonate, ethylphenylphosphinate,
ethylphenylphosphonic acid, methyl-phosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic
acid, propylphosphonic acid, isopropylphosphonic acid,
butylphosphonic acid, sec-butylphosphonic acid,
tert-butylphosphonic acid, isobutylphosphonic acid,
phenylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphoric acid, phenylphosphinic
acid, methylphenyl-phosphinate, methylphenylphosphine,
aminomethylphosphonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid, hypophosphorus
acid, sodium hypophosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate,
fluorophosphoric acid, ammonium hydrogenphosphate, ammonium
hydrogen-phosphite, ammonium hydrogenphosphine,
lithiumdihydrogen-phosphate, triphenylphosphineselenid- e,
phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentasulfide,
metaphosphoric acid, phenylphosphate disodium salt,
nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid, ethylenephosphite,
ammonium salt benzylphosphite, potassiumhexafluorophosphate,
diethyltrimethylsilylphosphite, diethyl(trichloroethyl)phos-ponate,
dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosponate,
2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospolane,
2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide, dimethylmethylphosphonate,
diethylmethylphosphonate, dimethylethylphosphonate,
diethylethylphosphonate, ethylmethylphosphonate,
2-carboxyehtylphosphonic acid,
2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyldichlorophosphite,
biS'(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride,
butyldichlorophosphite, butylphosphonic dichloride,
tert-butylphosphonic dichloride, tert-butyldichlorophosphine,
trime`t`hylphosphonof ormate, trimethylpropionamide,
trimethylpropionanilide, diethylchlorophosphate,
diethylchlorophosphite, chlorodiethylphosphine,
diethylphosphoramidous dichloride, diethylthiophosphate, sodiutn
salt diethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphoramidate,
dimethylphosphoramidate, tetramethylphosophorodia- tnidic chloride,
tetramethylphosphonium chloride, diethylcyanophosphate,
diethylcyanophosphonate, diethyl-cyanomethylphosphonate,
diethoxyphosphinyl isocyanate, O,O'-diethylmethylphosphonothioate,
diethylmethylphosphonate, diethyl(hydroxymethyl)phosphonate,
dimethyltrimethylsilyl-phosphite, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidzolium
hexaflurophosphite, diethylcyanmethylphosphonate, phosphorus
napthenate, methylphenylphospholene,
methylphenyl-phosolenedichloride, (aminobenzyl)phosphonic acid
(e.g. (4-aminobenzyl)phosphonic acid), cyclophosphamide,
pinacolylmethylphosphonate, diethyl(ethylthio-methyl)ph- osphonate,
2-furyl tetramethylphosphorodiamidite, diisopropylcyanomethylph-
osphate, 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-cyanuric acid,
tris(2,4,-di-tert-butyl- phenyl)phosphite, tris(tridecyl)phosphite,
tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, phosphorus anyhydride, phospham,
phosphonium chloride, phosphoniumsulfide, phosphoniumsulfate,
phosphoramide, phor-phoramidite, metaphosphoramide, phosphorus
chloride(di)nitride, phosphorus cyanide, phosphorus trifluoride,
phosphorus pentafluoride, phosphorus oxybromide, phosphorus
pentaselenide, phosphorus t.rioxide, phosphorus sesquioxide,
phosphorus tri(tetra-)selenide, phosphorus thiochloride, phosphorus
thiocyanate, hypophosphorus acid, metaphosphorus acid,
orthophosphorus
acid, pyrophosphorus acid, phosphine, phosphorus nitride,
phosphorus sesquisulfide, including analogues, homologues, isomers
and derivatives thereof. The corresponding compounds of arsenic,
antimony and bismuth are contemplated.
[0347] Non-limiting antimony derivative compounds include: alkyl
antimony compounds, trialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ring system
compounds, including, trimethylantimony, triethylantimony,
tripropylantimony, triisopropylantimony, tributylantimony,
triisobutylantimony, tri-tert-butylantimony, tri-sec-butylantimony,
tri-phenylantimony, phenylantimony, tri(methylphenyl)antimony,
triphenylantimony oxide, tri(methylphenol)antimony, antimony
ethoxide, pentamethylantimony, phenyldimethylantimony,
phenylstibinic acid, tetramethyldistibyl, tributylstibene,
triethylantimony, triethylantimony chloride, trimethylantimony,
triphenylantimony, triphenylantimony dichlorlde, triphenylantimony
sulfide, including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative
thereof.
[0348] Non-limiting arsenic derivative compounds include: alkyl
arsenic compounds, dialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ring system
compounds including, diethylarsine, dimethylarsine, diphenylarsine,
ethylarsine, methylarsine, oxophenylarsine, triethylarsine,
triethylarsine, tripropylarsine, triisopropylarsine,
tributylarsine, triisobutylarsine, tri-tert-butylarsine,
tri-sec-butylarsine, tri-phenylarsine, phenylarsine,
tri(methylphenyl)arsine, triphenylarsine oxide,
tri(methylphenol)arsine, phenylarsenic acid,
phenylcyclotetramethylenears- ine, arsenobenzene, cacodylic acid,
cacodyl oxide, cacodyl amide, carbasone, arsanilic acid,
ethanearsonic acid, methanearsonic acid, nitarsone, benzenearsonic
acid, propyl arsonic acid, dimethylchlor-arsine,
dimethylcyanoarsine, diphenylarsinic acid, diphenylchloro-arsine,
ethylarsonic acid, methylarsine, methyldichloroarsine,
phenylarsine, phenyldimethylafsine, tetraethyldiarsine,
tetramethylbiarsine, tribenzylarsine, trimethylarsine,
triethylarsine, tributyl arsine, tri-isobutyl arsine, triphenyl
arsine, including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative
thereof. See Organo Arsenial Compounds, Raiziss, Gavron, American
Chemical Society (1923) and related/subsequent editions, volumes or
supplements, incorporated by reference. Corresponding compounds of
phosporus, antimony, bismuth are also contemplated herein and
incorporated by reference.
[0349] Non-limiting bismuth derivative compounds include: alkyl
bismuth compounds, dialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ring system
compounds including, triphenylbismuth, triphenylbismuth carbonate,
diph'enylbismuthine, methylbismuthine, triethylbismthine,
trimethylbismthine, triphenylbismuthine, tri-n-propylbismuth,
including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof.
[0350] Non-limiting potassium derivative compounds of this
invention include: potassium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, potassium
acetamide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, oxamic acid,
P-aminosalicylic acid potassium salt, potassium salt 5-nitroorotic
acid, potassium D-gluconate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
(K3Fe(CN)6), potassium diphenylphosphide, potassiumetherate,
potassium acetate, potassium acetate acid, potassium salt acetic
acid, potassiumbenzamide, potassium azide, potassium antimonide,
potassium orthoarsenate, potassium orthoarsenite, potassium
meta-arsenite, potassium diborane, potassium pentaborate, potassium
dihydroxy diborane, potassium borohydride, potassium anilide,
potassium cadium iodide, potassium chloride, potassium calcium
chloride, potassium carbide, potassium carbonate, potassium
hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium alkyl carbonates
(alkyl potassium carbonates), potassium methyl carbonate, potassium
ethyl carbonate, potassium propyl carbonate, potassium isopropyl
carbonate, potassium carbonyl, potassium cobalt (II) cyanide,
potassium cobalt (III) cyanide, potassium cobaltinitrite, potassium
cynomanganate (II), potassium cynomanganate (III), potassium
citrate, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium
hydride, potassium hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium
permanganate, potassium methionate, potassium napthenate, potassium
nitride, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium
nitrophenoxide, potassium nitrobenzene (e.g.
potassium-p-nitrobenzene)potassium oleate, potassium oxalate,
potassium oxalatoferrate (II), potassium oxalatoferrate (III),
potassium monoxide, potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, potassium
mono-orthophosphate, potassium hypophosphite, potassium
prthophosphite, potassium hydroxoplumbate, potassium rhodium
cyanide, potassium selenj.de, potassium selenite, potassium
selenocynate, potassium selenocyanoplatinate, potassium disilicate,
potassium metasilicate, potassium sodium carbonate, potassium
sodium ferricyanide, potassium hydroxostannate, potassium disufide,
potassium hydrosulfide, potassium pentasulfide, potassium
tetrasulfide, potassium trisulfide, potassium telluride, potassium
thioarsenate, potassium thioarsenite, potassium trithiocarbonate,
potassium thiocyanate, potassium amide, potassium salt
(E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, dipotassium fluorophosphate,
dipotassium fluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium
phosphite, potassium perchlorate, propanoic acid potassium salt,
potassium formate, potassium cyanate, potassium hexacyanocobaltate
(III), potassium hypophosphite, potassium hexaflurorsilicate,
potassium nitroprusside, potassium phenoxide, Shell Chemical's
"SparkAid or SparkAde," potassium phosphate (dibasic, monobasic,
tribasic), potassium salicylate, potassium selenide, potassium
tetracyanonickelate (II), potassium tetrafluoroborate, potassium
xanthogenate, potassium-p-aminobenzoate, potassium copper
ferrocynanide, potassium cupric ferrocyanide, potassium
hexafluorophosphate, potassium hexanitricobaltate III, potassium
naphthenate, potassium-B-naphthoxide,po- tassium polysulfide,
potassium-sodium phosphate, potassium stearate, potassium sulfide,
potassium sulfite, potassium sulfate, potassium thiocyanate,
potassium xanthate, potassium fluorosilicate,
N-potassiumethylene-diamine, oxalic acid dipotassium salt,
potassium beta-hydropyruvic acid, potassium 1,1-dimethylurea,
potassium 1,1-diethylurea, potassium 1,1-diepropylurea, potassium
xanthate, potassium ethylxanthate, potassium methylxanthate,
potassium salt thiophenol, potassiumaluminum-tri-tert-butoxlde,
potassium ferrosilicon, triphenylmethylpotassium, methylpotassium,
ethylpotassium, potas-siumethynyl(acetylide), propylpotassium,
isopropylpotassium, butylpotassium, isobutylpotassium,
secbutylpotassium, tertbutylpotassium, pentapotassium,
hexylpotassium, heptapotassium, amylpotassium, isoamylpotassium,
benzylpotassium, dimethylbenzylpotassium, tolylpotassium,
dodecylpotassium, cyclopentadienylpotassium,
methylcyclopentadienylpotassium, cyclohexylpotassium,
potassiumheptyl, potassiumdodecyl, potassium tetradecyl, potassium
hexadecyl, potassium octadecyl, phenylpotassium, potassium o-tolyl,
potassium m-tolyl, potassium p-tolyl, potassium-p-chlorophenyl,
potassium p-bromophenyl, potassium potassium o-anisyl, potassium
m-anisyl, potassium p-anisyl, potassium diethoxyphenyl, potassium
dimethoxyphenol, potassium m-cumyl, potassium p-ethoxyphenyl,
potassium m-dimethylaminophenyl, potassium 9-flourene, potassium
a-napthyl, potassium b-napthyl, potassium p-phenylphenyl, potassium
9-phenylanthryl, potassium 9-anthryl, potassium
9-methylphenanthryl, potassium pyridyl, potassium 2-pyridyl,
potassium 3-pyridyl, potassium 6-bromo-2-pyridyl, potassium
5-bromo-2-pyridyl, potassiumdibenzofuryl, potassium3-quinoyl,
potassium 2-lepidyl, potassium triphenylmethyl, potassium
2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, potassium 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl,
potassium 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl, potassium tetrabutylphenyl,
thiophenedipotassium, toluenedipotassium,
diphenylethylenedipotassium, p.otassium-amylethynyl,
potassiumphenylethynyl, potassiummethoxybromophenyl, potassium
phenylisopropyl, potassium tetraphenylboron, potassium
tetramethylboron, potassium a-thienyl, potassium
m-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenylethynylpotassium, 3-furylpotassium,
phenylisopropylpotassium, dibenzofuranylpotassium, potassium
dimethyl-benzyl, potassium selenocyanate, potassium
trimethylsilanolate, diphenylphosphide, potassium benzoate,
potassium tert-butyl carbonate, potassium azide,
di-potassiumcyanamide, potassium cyanide, potassium dicyanamide,
cyclohexanebutyric acid potassium salt, cyclohexane acid potassium
salt, cyclopentadientylpotassium, potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum
hydride, potassium triethylborohydride, potassium
trimethylborohydride, potassium tripropylborohydride, potassium
triisopropylborohydride, .circle-solid.potassium
tributylborohydride, potassium triisobutylborohydride, potassium
tri-sec-butylborohydride, potassium tri-tert-butylborohydride,
potassium trisiamylborohydride, potassium chlorate, potassium
tert-butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, iso-butoxide, potassium
antimonate, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium'
bis(trismethylsilyl)amide, tripotassium, phosphite, potassium
selenocyanate, potassium tri-sec,-butylborohydr/ide, potassium
triethylsilanolate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium acetylide,
potassium chlorate, potassium salicylate, potassium di-potassium
tetracarbonylferrate, potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium
triethylborohydride, po/tassium triacetoxyborohydride, potassium
triphenylborane, potassium hydroxide, potassium diphenylphosphide,
potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium
tri-sec-butylborohydride, tri-tert-butylborohydride, potassium
triethylborohydride, potassium triphenylborohydride, potassium
trisiamylborohydride, potassium metavanadate, potassium
cyclohexanebutyrate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, pptassium
thiocyanate, potassium selenocyanate, potassium cyanate, potassium
floride, potassium hexafluoroantimonate, potassium
hexafluoroaluminate, potassium hexafluoroarsenate<potassium
hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexacyano-cobalt (II) ferrate (II),
dipotassiumhexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), potassium
hexa-fluorotitanate, potassium hexaf luorozirconate, potassium
hexahydroxyantimonate, potassium hexachlororuthenate, potassium
hexachloropalladate, potassium formate, potassium
tetracyanonickelate, potassium tetrafluoroaluminate, potassium
tetrafluoroborate, potassium thioacetate, L-glutamic acid
monopotassium salt, fumaric acid potassium salt, oxamic acid
potassium salt, potassium salt diphenyl-phospane, P-aminobenzoic
potassium salt, aminobenzole acid potassium salt,
alpha-napthaleneacetic acid potassium salt, dipotassium salt
2,6-naphthalenedicarboxlic acid, potassium cyclcohexanetherate,
potassium phthalimide, P-amino-salicylic acid potassium salt,
potassium salt 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, indolebutyric acid
potassium salt,indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt, potassium
diphenylphosphide, potassium dimethylsilanolate, potassium,
triethylborohydride, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide,
potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium pentoxide,
potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium
oxalate, potassium hydrogen-sulfate, monopotassium
acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium
dihydrogenphosphate, potassium hexoate(potassium salt hexoic acid),
potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate,
potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt,
monopotassium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldipotassium
(C6H5)2CK2C(C6H5)2, potassiumethylphenyl (KCH2C6H5), potassium
bromate, potassium chromate, potassium hydrogenphospate,
monpotassium salt D-shaccharic acid, Dl-asparatlc potassium salt,
(R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspartic acid potassium salt, potassium
fluoride, potassium, ibdate, potassium-salt ethyl malonate,
potassium thioacetate, potassium phenol, potassium salt
aminobenzoic acid, potassium aminophenol salt, potassium
cyclohexenol, potassium methylcyclohexenol, potassium
cyclopropanol, potassium methylcyclopropanol, potassium
cyclobutanol, potassium methylcyclobvttanol, potassium
methylcyclopentanol, potassium cyclopentanol, potassium
cyclohexenol, potassium methylcyclohexenol, potassium
dimethylcyclohexenols (e.g. potassium 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol,
potassium 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, potassium
2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, potassium 2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol,
3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol), potassium o-ethylxanthic acid,
monopotassium salt 2-ketoglutaric acid, dipotassium salt,
ketomalonic acid, potassium salt lactic acid, dipotassium
thiosulfate, potassium antimony tartrate, potassium
dichloroacetate, potassium dimethylacetate, potassium
diethylacetate, potassium dipropylacetate, potassium metaborate,
potassium tetraborate, potassium tetrachloro-cuprate, potassium
acetoacetate, potassium diisopropylamide, potassium diethylamide,
potassium dimethylamide, potassium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide,
dipotassium phthalocyanine, dipotassiumtetrabromocuprate,
dipotassium tetrabromonickelate, dipotassiumtetrachloromanganate,
dipotassiumbutadiyne, potassium cyclopentadienide, potassium
dicyclohexylamide, potassium diethylamide, potassium dimethylamide,
potassium dipropylamide, potassium diisopropylamide, potassium
thexylborohydride, potassium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride,
potassium trimethyl-silyl)acetylide, potassium
triethylsilyl)acetylide, potassium trist(3-ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]a-
luminohydride, (phenylethynyl)potassium, 2-thienylpotassium,
potassium diethyldihydroaluminate, potassium
dimethyldihydroaluminate, potassium aluminum hydride, potassium
bifluoride, potassium biphenyl, potassium biselenite, potassium bis
(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride, potassium bismuthate, potassium
borate, potassium chlorite, potassium cobaltnitrite, potassium
cyanoborohydride, potassium cyclopentadienide, potassium
dicyanamide, potassium hexametaphosphate, potassium
hexanitrocolbaltate, potassium hydrogenphosphite, potassium
hydrogenselenite, potassium hydrogensulfite, potassium
hydrosulfite, potassium hypochloride, potassium metaarsenite,
potassiummetabisulfide, potassium metaperiodate, potassium
methacrylate, potassium nitroferricyanide, oxybate, potassium
pentamethylcyclopentadienide, potassium phenolate, polyphosphate,
potassium polyphosphite, potassium propionate, potassium
pyrophosphate, potassium selenate, potassium selenite, potassium
tetrachloroaluminate, potassium thiomethoxide, potassium
thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfide, potassium thiosulfite,
potassium triactoxyborohydride, potassium trimethylsilonate,
potassium triethylsilonate, potassium tris(1-pyra-zoly)borohydride,
including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
Corresponding compounds of rubidium, caesium (cesium), francium are
contemplated in the practice of this invention.
[0351] Non-limiting derivative magnesium compounds contemplated by
this invention include: alkyl manganese compounds, dialkyl
magnesium compounds, magnesium ethylate (ethoxide), magnesium
methoxide, dimethylmagnesium, diethylmagnesium, dipropylmagnesium,
diisopropylmagnesium, dibutylmagnesium, ditertbutylmagnesium,
di-iso-butylmagnesium, di-sec-butylmagnesium, diphenylmagnesium,
methylmagnesium chloride, methylmagnesium iodide, magnesium
methylcarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium anthracene dianion,
bromomagnesium isopropylcyclohexylamide, methylmagnesium bromide,
methylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium chloride, magnesium
floride, magnesium chloride, butylmagnesium chloride,
isopropylmagnesium chloride, cyclopentylmagnesiumhydride,
cyclopentylmagnesium-hydroxide, cyclopentylmagnesiumchloride,
cyclopentylmagnesiummethyl, cyclopentylmagnesiumethyl,
cyclopentylmagnesiummethylol, cyclopentylmagnesiumethylol,
cyclopentylmagnesiummethoxy,
cyclopentylmag-nesiumethoxy,cyclohexylmagnesiumhydride,
cyclohexylmagnesiumhydroxide, cyclohexylmagnesiumchloride,
cyclohexylmagnesiummethyl, cyclohexylmagnesiumethyl,
cyclohexylmagnesiummethylol, cyclohexylmagnesiumethylol,
cyclohexylmagnesiummethoxy, cyclohexylmagnesiumethoxy,
tert-butylmagnesium chloride, isobutyl-magnesium chloride,
allymagnesium chloride, benzylmagnesium chloride, benzylmagnesium
hydride, benzylmagnesium ethylate, benzylmagnesium methylate,
benzylmagnesium ethoxy, benzyl-magnesium methoxy, magnesium
acetate, magnesium alkyl carbonates, magnesium methyl carbonate,
magnesium ethyl carbonate, magnesium isopropyl carbonate,
trimethylsilylmethyl magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate
tetrahydrate, methylmagnesium isopropylcyclo-hexylamide- ,
magnesium pyrophosphate, phenylethynylmagnesium bromide,
methylphenylmagnesiumchloride, methylmagnesium, ethylmagnesium,
propylmagnesium, isopropylmagnesium, butylmagnesium,
isobutylmagnesium, tert-butylmagnesium, secbutylmagnesium,
phenylmagnesium, magnesium acetate, magnesium hydrogenphosphate,
cyclopentylmagnesium, cyclopentylmagnesiumhydroxide,
cyclopentylmethylmagnesium, methylcyclopentylmethylmagnesium,
allylmagnesium, benzylmagnesium, pentylmagnesium,
1,1-dimethylpropylmagnesiumhydroxide,
1,1-dimethylpropylmethylmagnesium, phenylmagnesium,
phenolmagnesi/urn, magnesium hydroxide, magnesiumcarbonate,
magnesiumsilicide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium phosphite,
magnesium bisulfite, L-aspartic acid magnesium, DL-aspartic acid
magnesium, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative
thereof. Corresponding beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium,
radium and zinc compounds are contemplated in the practice of this
invention. See The Organic Compounds of Magnesium, Beryllium,
Calcium, Strontium, and Barium, Ioffe, Nesmeyanov, Amsterdam
(1967), Organomagnesium Methods in Organic Synthesis, Wakefield,
Academic Press, FL (1995), incorporated by reference. The mixture
of dialkyl magnesium compounds with pyrophoric metallics is
specifically contemplated.
[0352] Non-limiting selenium, derivative compounds include: alkyl
and dialkyl selenium compounds, dimethylselenium, dimethyl
selenide, diethylselenium, dipropylselenium, diaisopropylselenium,
diabutylselenium, diaisobutylselenium, dia-tert-butylselenium,
dia-sec-butylselenium, di-phenylselenium, tetramethylselenium,
tetraethylselenium, tetrapropylselenium, tetraisopropylselenium,
tetrabutyl-selenium, tetraisobutylselenium,
tetra-tert-butylselenium, tetra-sec-butylselenium,
tetra-phenylselenium, phenylselenium, methylphenylselenium,
methylphenylselenide, methylphenolselenium, zinc selenite,
di-n-butylphosphane selenide, selenanthrene, selenourea,
selenophene, allylphenylselenide, 1,3-dihydro-benzoimid
______,2,3-dihydro-3-methyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-selenourea, diphenyl
diselenide, phenylselenyl chloride, benzeneseleninic acid, sodium
selenite, benzeneseninic anhydride, potassium selenocyanate,
selenourea, sodium hydrogenselenite, 4-chlorobenzeneseleninide,
4-(methylseleno)butyrate, benzyl selenide, alkyl selenium,
including dimethylselenide, diethylselenide, dipropylselenide,
etc., ally phenyl selenide, benzeneselenol, benzyl selenide,
(phenylselenomethyl)trimethyls- ilane, potassium selenate,
potassium selenite, selenic acid, dibenzyl diselenide, p-tolyl
selenide, triphenylphosphine selenium, seleno-DL-methionine,
P-tolyl selenide, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and
derivative thereof. See Organoselenium Chemistry, Liotta, John
Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1987), incorporated herein by
reference.
[0353] Non-limiting telluride derivative compounds include:
di-n-butylphosphane selenide, selenanthrene, selenourea,
selenophene, allylphenylselenide, dimethyltelluride,
diethyltelluride, dipropyltelluride, diisopropyltelluride,
dibutyltelluride, diaisobutyltelluride, dia-tert-butyltelluride,
dia-sec-butyltelluride, di-phenyltelluride, tetramethyltelluride,
tetraethyltelluride, tetrapropyltelluride, tetraisopropyltelluride,
tetrabuty-Itelluride, tetraisobutyltelluride,
tetra-tert-butyltelluride, tetra-sec-butyltelluride,
tetra-phenyltelluride, phenyltelluride, methylphenyltelluride,
methylphenoltelluride, zinc selenite, di-n-butylphosphane
telluride, diphenyl ditelluride, dimethyltelluride,
diethyltelluride, dipropyltelluride, diisopropyltelluride,
dibutyltelluride, diisobutyltelluride, di-tert-butyltel-luride,
di-sec-butyltelluride, di-phenyltelluride, dimethylditelluride,
diethylditelluride, dipropylditelluride, diisopropylditelluride,
dibutylditelluride, diisobutylditelluride,
di-tert-butylditelluride, di-sec-butylditelluride,
di-phenylditel-luride, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and
derivative thereof.
[0354] Non-limiting iron derivative compounds include:
[cyclopentadienyl]methylcyclopentadienyl iron, ferrocene,
methylferrocene, and butadiene iron tricarbonyl, [butadiene iron
tricarbonyl,]dicyclopentadienyl iron and dicyclopentadienyl iron
compounds; ferrocene, methyl ferrocenes, decamethylferrocene
bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron), 1,1'-diacetylferrocene,
ferrocenecarboxylic acid, 1,1'-ferrocene-carboxylic acid,
ferroceneacetic acid, fer-roceneacetronitrile,
1,1'-ferrocenebis(diphenylphosphine), ferrocenecarbonxaldehyde,
ferrocenecarboxylic acid-1,1'ferrocenedicarboxy- lic acid,
1,1'ferrocenedimethanol, ferrocenedimethanol, diiron nonacarbonyl,
di-irondodecacarbonyl, di-ironnonacarbonyl, ironpentacarbonyl,
triiron dodecacarbonyl, vinylferrocene, biscyclopentadienyl iron
(ferrocene), cyclopentadienyl methylcyclopentadienyl iron,
bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron, cyclopentadienyl
ethylcyclopentadienyl iron, bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ir- on,
bis(dimethylcyclopentadienyl)iron, bis(trimethyl-cyclopentad
ienyl)iron, cyclopentadienyl tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl iron,
bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron, methylcyclopentadienyl
ethylcyclopentadienyl iron, bis(hexylcyclopentadienyl)iron,
bisindenyl iron, butadiene iron tricarbonyl, dicyclopentadienyl
iron, cyclopentadienyl iron (di carbonyl)(iodide), cyclopentadienyl
iron (carbonyl) (iodide)(methyltetrahydrofuran), iron (III)
ferrocyanide, ammonium hexacyanoferrate (II) hydrate,
cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer, cyclopentadienyliron
dicarbonyl iodide, iron pentacarbonyl, diiron nonacarbonyl,
ferroceneacetic acid, ferroceneacetonitrile, ferrocenemethanol,
acetylferrocene, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and
derivative thereof. Other examples are set forth U.S. Pat. Nos.
2,680,; 2,804,468; 3,341,311, The Organic Chemistry of Iron,
Koerner, New York, Academic Press (1978), incorporated herein by
reference.
[0355] Non-limiting nickel derivative compounds include: alkyl;
aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanol, aryloxy, di/trialkyl, di/triaryl,
di/trialkyloxy, di/trialkylanol, di/triaryloxy, and/or cyclomatic
complexes, including, biscyclopentadienyl nickel, cyclopentadienyl
methylcyclopentadienyl nickel, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)nickel,
bis(triphenylphosphine)-dicarb- onyl nickel,
bis(isopropylcyclppentadienyl)nickel, bisindenyl nickel,
cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, methylcyclopentadienyl nickel
nitrosyl, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative
thereof.
[0356] Non-limiting cobalt derivative compounds include:
bis-cyclopentadienyl cobalt, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt,
bis(dimethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt, cyclopentadienyl cobalt,
dicarbonyl, cobalt(ous) hexamethylenetetramine,
cobalt(ous)hydroxyquinone, cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl,
including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof.
[0357] Non-limiting zinc derivative compounds include: alkyl zinc,
aryl zinc, alkyloxy zinc, aryloxy zinc, dialkyl zinc, diaryl zinc,
dialkyloxy zinc, diaryloxy zinc, cyclomatic zinc complexes,
including, dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dipropylzinc,
diisopropylzinc, dibutylzinc, diisobutylzinc, di-tert-butylzinc,
di-sec-butylzinc, di-phenylzinc, zinc acetate, zinc ethoxide, zinc
arsenide, zinc hydroxide, zinc selenide, zinc selenite, zinc
flouride, zinc chloride, zinc cyanide, zinc floride, zinc chloride,
zinc undecylenate, zinc nitrate, zinc acrylate, zinc methacrylate,
methyl zinc chloride, isobutylzinc chloride, zinc stearate, zinc
dimethyldiethiocarbamate, di-n-propylzinc, di-o-tolyzinc,
isobutylzinc chloride, methylzinc chloride, zinc methacrlate, zinc
acrylate, zinc hexaflourosilicate, zinc nitrate, zinc hydroxide,
zinc undecylenate, zinc selenite, zinc cyanide, isobutylzinc
chloride, methyl zinc chloride, L(+)lactic acid hemizinc, including
analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
Corresponding magnesium compounds are contemplated. See Zinc, The
Science and Technology of the Metal, Its Alloys & Compounds,
Mattewson, N.Y., Reinhold (1959), incorporated by reference.
[0358] Non-limiting examples of transition metal derivative
compounds, e.g. metals of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium,
manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and their respective chemical
groups, include transition metal alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, aryloxy,
and/or ring system type compounds. Multiple alkyl, alkyloxy
radicals per metal are contemplate. Cyclomatic transition metal
compounds are expressly contemplated. See Organometallic Chemistry
of Transition Metals, 2 Ed, Crabtree, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
(1994), incorporated herein by reference.
[0359] Non-limiting examples of manganese compounds include
benzyleyelopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; 1.2-dipropyl
3-cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl;
1.2-diphenylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; 3-propenylienyl
manganese tricarbonyl; 2-tolyindenyl manganese tricarbonyl;
fluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl; 2.3.4.7-propyflourentyl manganese
tricarbonyl; 3-naphthylfluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl;
4.5.6.7-tetrahydroindenyl manganese tricarbonyl;
3-3ethenyl-4,7-dihydroindenyl manganese tricarbonyl;
2-ethyl3(a-phenylethenyl)4,5,6,7tetrahydroindenyl manganese
tricarbonyl; 3-(a-cyclo-hexylenthenyl)-4.7-dihydroindenyl manganese
tricarbonyl; 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrofluorenyl manganese
tricarbonyl and the like. A preferred cyclomatic manganese
tricarbonyl is cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. A more
preferred cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl is methyl
cyclopentadienyl manganese (MMT).
[0360] Non-limiting examples of acceptable substitutes include the
alkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl and
alkenyl groups. The above compounds can be generally prepared by
methods that are known in the art. Corresponding compounds of
technetium and rhenium. (see Canadian Patent #1073207) are
contemplated.
[0361] Non-limiting nitrogen derivative compounds include:
2-methoxybenzylamine, 2-methoxybenzylamine,
2-(4-methoxyben-zylamino)pyri- dine, nitroanline, 1-nitroanline,
2-nitroanline, 3-nitroanline, 4-nitroanline, nitroanisole,
1-nitroanisole, 2-nitroanisole, 3-nitroanisole, 4-nitroanisole,
aniline, 2-anilinoethanol, anisamide, anisonitrile, acetonitrile,
nitromethane, nitroethane, picoline, 1-picoline, 2-picoline,
3-picoline, 4-picoline, tetramethylammoniumhydrox- ide,
dimethylolurea, 1,1-dibutylurea, tetraethylammoniumhydroxide,
N,N,N',N'-tetra-methylethylenediamine, toluic hydazide, toluidine,
m-tol-uidine, o-toluidine, p-toluidine, tolunitrile, o-tolunitrile,
p-tolunitrile, triazacyclononane, triazole, 1,2,4-triazole,
triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, tributylamine, triethanolamine,
trimethanolamine, tripropanolamine, trimethoxypyrimidine,
2,4,6-trimethoxypyrimidine, tetramethylammonium, trimethylpyrazine,
urea, urazole, guanidine nitrate, guandine acetatic acid,
thiophenol, sodium salt thiophenol, thiourea, cumidine,
diphenylamine, m-xylidine, monmelthylanine, toluidine,
amylaminobenzene, ethylaminobenzene, aminophenyl,
methyl-o-toluidine, n-butylaminobenzene, n-propylaminobenzene,
monoethylaniline, mon-n-propylaniline, ethyldiphenylamine,
mono-n-butylaniline, diethylamine, di-n-propylaniline,
mono-isoamylaniline, diethylaniline, dimethylaniline, ethylamine,
triethylamine, triphenylamine, isopropylnitrite, ammonia, including
analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
[0362] Other non-limiting nitrogen compounds include monethylanile,
ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline,
nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,
trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine,
monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine,
tetranitromethane, hydrozide xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonium
nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium
perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid,
dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines,
nitrosyls, imides, nitrates, dinitrate compounds alkyl nitrates,
nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,
anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,
anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, amides, nitrosyls,
imides, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate,
methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate,
o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl
hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric
acid, ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid,
alkyl nitrate, optionally selected from the group consisting of
methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, isoethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate,
iso-propyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitrate nitrates, alkyl nitrates,
nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,
anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,
anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, amides, nitrosyls,
imides, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate,
methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate,
o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl
hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric
acid, (ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen,-hydrocyanic acid,
tetranitrpmethane, nitromethane, nitroethane, or nitropropane and
mixture. Aryl, cycloalkyl, and aryl nitrates including organo
nitrates, such as nitrobenzenes, dinitrobenzenes, nitrotoluenes/;
dinitrotoluenes, 2-ethylhexylnitrate, derivates, homologues and
analogues are comtemplated herein.
[0363] Non-limiting titanium derivative compounds include: titanium
diisopropoxide bis(2,4-pentanedionate), titanium methoxide,
titanium ethoxide, titanium (IV) 2-ethylexoxide, titanium
isopropoxide, tetraethylorthotitanate, including analogues,
homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
[0364] Non-limiting zirconium derivative compounds include:
zirconium carbide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium ethoxide,
decamethylzirconocene, decamethylzirconocene dichloride,
bis-cyclopentadieriyl zirconium, including analogues, homologues,
isomers and derivatives thereof.
[0365] Non-limiting molybdenum derivative compounds include:
molybdenumcarbonyl, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, tripyridine
tricarbonylmolybdenum, molybdenumoxytetrachloride/cyclopentadienyl
molybdenum carbonyls, including but not limited to
benzenemolybdenumtricarbonyl, bicycloheptadienemolybdenum
tetracarbonyl, cycloheptatrien-molybdenum tricarbonyl,
bis-cyclopentadienylbimolybdenum pentacarbonyl,
mesitylenemolybdenum tricarbonyl, tropeniummolybdenum tricarbonyl
fluoroborate, cyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer,
methylcyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer, anisole
molybdenum tricarbonyl, mesitylene molybdenum tricarbonyl,
including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof. See
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,272,606, and 3,718,444, incorporated by reference.
Corresponding chromium and tungsten compounds are contemplated in
the practice of this invention.
[0366] Non-limiting copper derivative compounds include: alkyl
copper compounds, bis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) hydroxide, copper
carbonate, cyclopentadienyltriethylphosphine copper,
diazoaminobenzene (ous), copper acetate, copper acetylacetonate,
copper aminoacetate, copper ethylacetate, copper ferrocyanide,
copper potassium ferrocyanide, copper nathenate, copper nitrate,
copper phosphide, copper phthalate, including analogue, homologue,
isomers and derivative thereof. See Copper, The Science and
Technology of the Metal, Its Alloys & Compounds, Butts, N.Y.,
Reinhold (1954), incorporated by reference.
[0367] Other contemplated organometallic compounds are
metal-locenes, non-limiting example compounds include, ferrocene,
cobaltocene, nic kelocene, titanocene diahloride, zirconocene
dichloride, uranocene, decamethylferrocene, decamethylsilicocene,
decamethylgermaniumocene, decamethylstannocene,
decamethylphosocene, decamethylosrhocene, decamethylruthenocene,
decamethyl-zirconocene, including analogue, homologue, isomers and
derivative thereof.
[0368] It is to be noted the above list is not exhaustive. The
metals and their derivative compounds of this invention include
every metal, metalloid, and/or non-metal (herein "metal" or
"metallic") capable of acheiving vapor phase combustion,
individually or incombination with Applicant's said ECS
oxygenates.
[0369] Applicant's invention contemplates wide variation in metal
substitution and mixing practice. Thus, it is expressly
contemplated the non-lead organo-tnetallies, non-lead inorganic
metallics, and/or their related high heat releasing compounds,
including those set forth above may be mixed in varying
proportions, and/or substituted and/or replaced by any non-lead
metallic or non-metallic (organic or inorganic [atom, molecule or
compound, including those containing nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine,
fluorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or radon atoms])
accomplishing the object of this invention.
[0370] Metal derivative compounds and combinations may be entirely
or may contain in part or whole non-metal atoms, e.g. nitrogen,
sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or
radon, etc., so long as primary object of vapor phase combustion
is, accomplished. It is contemplated Applicant's metals are
substitutents in the fuel, itself, which may also contain certain
non-metals, and their derivative compounds, including but not
limited to nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon,
argon, krpton, xenon, or radon, in combination with dialkyl
carbonates. These non-metals, and their derivative compound, may be
employed with or without any other contemplated metals. It is
further contemplated to substitute or mix these non-tnetallics with
non-metallics, with metallics, or to mix metallics with metallics,
etc., to achieve synergistic improvements in heat releases, burning
velocity, thermal efficiency, emission reductions, power
generation, and the like.
[0371] It is contemplated said non-metals will employed invarying
proportions within the compound or combination compounds to achieve
synergistic improvements in heat releases, burning velocity,
thermal efficiency, emissions, power generation, and the like. For
example, hexamethylphosphoric triamide,
N,N,N',N'-hexamethylsilanediamine, bis
(diethylamono)-dimethylsilane may be added as a co-metallic or as a
secondary co-combustion agent to the co-combustion agents set forth
above. Concentrations will be minor, but sufficient to further
improve vapor phase combustion (e.g further enhancing fuel ecomony
or power, etc.).
[0372] Ranges vary depending upon the specific metallic, fuels,
fuel weight, regulations, advance applications, thermodynamics, and
the extent combustion systems are modified to enhance the
accelerated low temperature high energy nature of Applicant's
invention. Thus, metallic concentrations that maximize combustion
velocity and/or the vapor phase combustion object of this invention
are expressly contemplated.
[0373] However, it is contemplated that Applicant's fuel also be
absent any metal or non-metal. That is, Applicant's invention, by
accelerating burning velocity and/or increasing latent heat of
vaporization, and/or reducing combustion temperatures by fuel
substituent tailoring, chemical and/or mechanical means, as set
forth herein or in the afforementioned PCT Applications, said fuel
can be employed absent either an ECS oxygenate or a metallic or
non-metallic.
[0374] In accordance with this invention, Applicant's fuels will
contain that amount of at least non-lead metallic, which
constitutes a combustion improving amount consistent with the fuel
composition, stoichiometry, combustion system, efficiencies, fuel
economy and power desired, as well as legal and/or environmental
considerations.
[0375] It is expressly contemplated that Applicant's metallics be
incorporated into liquid fuel systems by means of mutual solvents,
mutual dispersents/solvents, colloidal media, suspension media, or
other known means, or being separately injected. Metallic's, which
are solid at ambiant temperatures may be introduced into the
combustor/combustion chamber by liquidification or gasification
means.
[0376] It is preferred the metallics of this invention be
relatively inexpensive to manufacture on a mass production
basis.
[0377] The metal, metalloid, NLEC and combustion catalysts
concentration amounts are to be optimized, such that vapor phase
combustion results. Thus, the metal and its optimum concentration
amount, is an amount that results in vapor phase combustion, which
is evidenced by improved thermal efficiency, fuel economy
emissions, power, etc. In the practice of this invention, the ratio
of oxygenated ECS. compound by weight to elemental metal,
metalloid, NLEC and combustion catalystby weight in the composition
is equal to or less than 10,000:1 (parts) to equal or greater than
1:1. Other ratios include from 1,000,000:1 to 100,000:1; 100,000:1'
to.50,000:1; 50,000:1 to 25,000:1; 25,000:1 to 15,000:1; 15,000:1
to 12,000:1, 12,000:1 to 11,000:1, 11,000:1 to 1/0,000:1, 9,000:1,
8,000:1, 7,000:1, 6,000;1, 5,000:1, 4,000:1, 1,000:1, 900:1, 500:1,
300:1, 200:1, 150:1, 100:1, 90:1, 80:1, 75:1, 70:1, 60:1, 50:1,
40:1, 30:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1 to 3:1, or interval ratio contained
therein (e.g. 50:1 to 3-0:1) and also 1:1 to 1:20, or any other
ratio that maximizes vapor phase combustion. Other acceptable
concentrations in a fuel composition for said ingredients
(individually or in combination) include from 1 to 3000 ppm, 1 to
2000 ppm 1 to 1000 ppm, 1 to 500 ppm, 1 to 400 ppm, 1 to 250 ppm, 1
to 100 ppm, 1 to 50 ppm, 1 to 10 ppm or any other concentrations
which maximizes combustion, and is contempated in the claims
below.
[0378] Metallic salts may be employed in fuels at 0.01 to 4000.0
parts metallic per million fuel, 1.0 to 150 ppm metallic being
contemplated, with concentrations equal or less than 50.0, 40.0,
30.0, 20.0, 16.0, 10.0, 5.0 ppm metallic also contemplated. Other
salt concentrations will vary from 0.10 to 75.0 ppm metal per
million, from 30.0 to 2000.0 per million, from 25 to 750 parts
metallic or salt per million fuel. In the application of
Applicant's invention elemental metal concentrations from 3.0 to
500.0 ppm metal are expressly contemplated and desirable.
Concentrations outside these ranges are contemplated.
[0379] It has been found that higher oxygen weight concentrations
in fuel compositions, particularly with higher concentrations of
enhanced combustion properties, permit higher acceptable metallic
concentrations. Higher average fuel densities are also associated
with higher acceptable metallic concentrations and higher exhaust
velocities, and are preferred. Engine combustion thermal dynamics
and stoichiometry dictate upper metallic limits.
[0380] As noted above, elemental metallic concentrations will vary
substantially. Non-limiting examples include elemental metallic
concentrations equal to or greater than {fraction (1/64)},
{fraction (1/32)}, {fraction (1/16)}, {fraction (3/32)}, 1/8,
{fraction (5/32)}, {fraction (3/16)}, 1/4, {fraction (5/16)}, 3/8,
{fraction (7/16)}, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0,
2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0,
6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0 grams/gal. In advance
aviation, rocket and/or propellant and other applications,
elemental metal concentrations can be on the order of 10 to 25, 20
to 40, 20. to 50, 20 to 100, even 50 to 1000, or more, grams/gal,
especially in hypergolic conditions. Concentrations both above and
below these ranges are contemplated. All combustion improving or
stoichiometric amounts of elemental metal are contemplated, which
maximize combustion so long as the resultant fuel's burning
velocity increases compared to fuel absent metallic.
[0381] Thus, those metallic concentrations that maximize combustion
velocity and/or other objects of this invention are expressly
contemplated. Ranges will vary depending upon the specific
metallic, its concentration, concentration and type of ECS
oxygenates, the concentration and nature of hydrocarbon fuel
composition, including its density, the intended application,
relevant thermodynamics, extent combustion systems are modified to
enhance the accelerated low temperature high energy nature of
Applicant's invention, environmental regulation, and the like.
[0382] Metallics used in the fuel compositions of the present
invention should be fuel soluble.sub.igenerally having melting and
boiling ranges compatible with liquid hydrocarbons, or be
incorporated into liquid fuel systems by means of mutual solvents,
dispersants, or other means, as required. Alternatively, the
metallics may be introduced into the combustor/combustion chamber
of liquide or gaseous fuels (e.g. natural gas) by separate means,
including separate injection, liquidification or gasification,
colloidal media, suspension media. Metallics may be introduced into
the combustor in an atomized, vaporized, or gasified form,
separately and/or in combination with the other ingredients of the
invention.
[0383] In solid fuel applications, the metallic may be introduced
as a solid. In hybrid applications, it may be introduced as either
as solid, liquid or gas, together with the balance of the
invention's ingredients. Most preferably, the metallic is employed
as a propellant or co-propellant, or jointly together with a
propellant. Hydrogen content of the metallic and/or metallic
containing fuel should be maximized, to the extent possible.
[0384] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many
variations and modifications of the invention disclosed herein may
be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
EXAMPLES BELOW INCLUDE BY INCORPORATION THE COMBUSTION CATALYSTS
SET FORTH HEREIN
[0385] 1. A fuel composition comprising:
[0386] i. a non-leaded element, or an organic or inorganic compound
containing said element, being selected from the group of elements
of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from
iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur,
fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, said element or its
organic or inorganic compound being present in combustible form
(Non-Lead Element Compound "NLEC"); and;
[0387] ii. a dialkyl carbonic acid ester (dialkyl carbonate) iii. a
COMBUSTION CATALYST;
[0388] 2. A fuel composition comprising:
[0389] i. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al,
Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge,
Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Z.r, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, or
Cs and mixture thereof, wherein said element or its organic or
inorganic compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead
Element Compound "NLEC"); and
[0390] ii. a compound selected from a glycol, or a glycol ether,
optionally containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,
alkyloxy, dialkyl, diethylene, dialkyloxy, methylene, ethylene,
polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,
carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,
ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,
methoxy, methylenedioxy or nitrosyl radical, and mixtures thereof;
iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0391] 3. An improved fuel economy composition for spark-ignited
internal combustion engine, comprising:
[0392] i. a nonleaded gasoline base comprised of hydrocarbons, ii.
a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl antiknock compound having
a manganese concentration greater than 0.008256 gr/liter Mn and
less than 0.2642 gr/liter Mn in the fuel composition;
[0393] iii. a combustion burning velocity increasing and/or
combustion temperature reducing amount an oxygenate additive
selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, methylene
dimethyl ether, carbonic acid dimethyl ester, carbonic acid diethyl
ester, dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl
ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether,
methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol,
tertiary butanol, and mixture thereof;
[0394] iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0395] 4. A hydrocarbon aviation or automobile gasoline composition
characterized as having a minimum laminar flame burning velocity of
46 cm/sec (compared to methanol 57.2 cm/sec) comprising:
[0396] i. a hydrocarbon base boiling in aviation or automobile
gasoline ranges;
[0397] ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium,
phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin
and mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic
compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element
Compound "NLEC"); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion
Structure ("ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or
increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat of
vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its
boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by
laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group
consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic
acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters,
carboxylic acids; carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters,
ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol. ethers,
hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates,
nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,
anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,
anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids,
oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and
phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one
substituent`selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy,
polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,
carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,
ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,
methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, (under
the proviso any mixture has an average LHV of at least 21 kJ
mol.sup.-1 and a BV of at least 40 cm/sec);
[0398] iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0399] 5. An unleaded hydrocarbon gasoline composition having a
minimum latent heat of vaporization ("LHV") of 860 BTU/gallon @
60.degree. F. comprising:
[0400] i. a hydrocarbon base boiling in aviation or automobile
gasoline ranges
[0401] ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium,
phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin
and mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic
compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element
Compound "NLEC"); and iii. At least one Enhanced Combustion
Structure ("ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or
increasing, burning velodity, said compound having a minimum
burning velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec
("BV"), selected from the group consisting of acetic acid,
acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids, aldehydes,
anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic acids,
carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers,
formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids, ketones,
ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane,
nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines,
nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines,
methylamines, imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, ammonia,
orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates, oxalic
acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound
optionally containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,
alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,
amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,
carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,
glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and
mixtures thereof.
[0402] iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0403] An automotive gasoline having a maximum T-90 distillation
fraction boiling at 174.degree. C. (345.degree. F.) or an aviation
gasoline having a maximum end boiling point of 165.degree. C.
(328.degree. F.), comprising:
[0404] v. An unleaded hydrocarbon base,
[0405] vi. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium,
phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin
and mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic
compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element
Compound "NLEC"); and vii. at least one Enhanced Combustion
Structure ("ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or
increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat of
vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its
boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by
laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group
consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic
acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters,
carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters,
ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers,
hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates,
nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,
anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,
anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids,
oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and
phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one
substituent selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy,
polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,
carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,
ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,
methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, viii. a
COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0406] 6. An unleaded hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising:
[0407] i. a hydrocarbon base,
[0408] ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and from iodine, bismuth, germanium,
phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin
and mixture thereof, said element or its organic or inorganic
compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead Element
Compound "NLEC"); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion
Structure ("ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or
increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat of
vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its
boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by
laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group
consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic
acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters,
carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters,
ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers,
hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates,
nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,
anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,
anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids,
oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and
phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one
substituent selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy,
polyalkyl, polyalky],oxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,
carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,
ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,
methoxy, or methylenetiioxy radical, and mixtures thereof, iv. a
COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0409] v. wherein the constituents of the fuel composition and
their respective amounts are tailored such that fuel compositions
having the following maximum T-90 distillation fraction
temperatures and maximum boiling point end temperatures
respectively are obtained:
[0410] .quadrature.#1 diesel, #1 gas turbine fuel oil, or #1 fuel
oil with a maximum T-90 distillation fraction temperature of
288.degree. C.;
[0411] .quadrature.#2 diesel, #2 gas turbine fuel oil, or #2 fuel
oil with a maximum T-9,0' distillation fraction temperature of
338.degree. C.; or
[0412] .quadrature.a a jet turbine fuel oil with a maximum end
boiling point temperature of 300.degree. C.
[0413] 7. A Rocket fuel composition having a minimum specific
impulse of not less than 200 I.sub.sp Sec., comprising:
[0414] i. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8 (CAS version), and from iodine, bismuth,
germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine,
chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, said element or its organic
or inorganic, compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead
Element Compound "NLEC"), optionally having heats of combustion of
9000 Kcal/mol; and
[0415] ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Structure ("ECS)
compound reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing burning
velocity, said compound having a latent heat of vaporization (LHV)
equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its boiling temperature,
and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen
flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group consisting of
acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids,
aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic
acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers,
di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids,
ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane,
nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides,
hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,
nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,
ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates,
oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound
optionally containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,
alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,
amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,
carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,
glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and
mixtures thereof,
[0416] iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0417] iv. optionally a propellant,
[0418] v. optionally an oxidizer,
[0419] 8. An unleaded hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising:
[0420] i. a hydrocarbon,
[0421] ii. at least one non-leaded element, or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8 (CAS version), and from iodine, bismuth,
germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine,
chlorine and tin and mixture thereof, said element or its organic
or inorganic compound being present in combustible form (Non-Lead
Element Compound "NLEC"); and iii. at least one Enhanced Combustion
Structure ("ECS) compound reducing combustion temperature and/or
increasing burning velocity, said compound having a latent heat of
vaporization (LHV) equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its
boiling temperature, and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by
laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group
consisting of acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic
acids, aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters,
carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters,
ethers, di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers,
hydroxyacids, ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates,
nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines,
anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers,
anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids,
oxides, oxalates, oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and
phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one
substituent selected from alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy,
polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde,
carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy,
ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide,
methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and mixtures thereof,
[0422] iv. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0423] 9. A method for improving combustion thermal efficiency of a
fuel, comprising:
[0424] a. mixing a fuel comprised of:
[0425] i. at least one element other than lead or an organic or
inorganic compound containing said element, said element being
selected from the group of elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and also selected from the group co, iodine,
bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur,
fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixtures thereof, said element or
the derivative organic or inorganic compound being present in
combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound "NLEC"); and
[0426] ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Structure ("ECS)
compound reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing burning
velocity, said compound having a latent heat of vaporization (LHV)
equal to or greater 21 kJ mol'.sup.1 at its boiling temperature,
and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen
flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group consisting of
acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids,
aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic
acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers,
di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids,
ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane,
nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides,
hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,
nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,
ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates,
oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound
optionally containing at least one substituent selected from
al-kyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy,
aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy,
carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl,
glycolyl, glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy
radical, and mixtures thereof, under the proviso any mixture has an
average LHV of at least 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 and a BV of at least 40
cm/sec.
[0427] iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0428] b. atomizing said fuel whereby resultant particles have an
average size not exceeding 70/im (microns) are formed;
[0429] c. introducing said atomized fuel into an engine or
combustor; and
[0430] d. combusting said fuel. 10. Use of a combination of:
[0431] i. at least one non-leaded element or derivative organic or
inorganic compound containing said non-lead element, selected from
the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8,
and also selected from the group co, iodine, bismuth, germanium,
phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin
and their mixture, wherein said/element or derivative compound is
in combustible form (Non-Lead Element Compound "NLEC"); and
[0432] ii. at least one Enhanced Combustion Structure ("ECS)
compound reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing burning
velocity, said compound having a latent heat of vaporization (LHV)
equal to or greater 21 kJ mol.sup.-1 at its boiling temperature,
and a minimum burning velocity (as measured by laminar Bunsen
flame) of 40 cm/sec ("BV"), selected from the group consisting of
acetic acid, acetates, acetyls, alcohols, aldehydic acids,
aldehydes, anhydrides, boric acids, carbonic esters, carboxylic
acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers,
di-ethers, formic acids, glycols, glycol ethers, hydroxyacids,
ketones, ketonic acids, nitrates, alkyl nitrates, nitromethane,
nitroethane, nitropropane, di-nitrates, amines, anilines, amides,
hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines,
nitro-ethers, amines, methylamines, imides, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine,
ammonia, orthoborates, othroesters, orthoacids, oxides, oxalates,
oxalic acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, and phenols, said compound
optionally containing at least one substituent selected from alkyl,
alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl,
amide, acetate, aldehyde, carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl,
carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, formyl, glycolyl,
glyoxylyl, hydroxyl, imide, methoxy, or methylenedioxy radical, and
mixtures thereof, iii. a COMBUSTION CATALYST
[0433] iv. as fuel additive to improve thermal efficiency of a fuel
combusted in an engine or combustor.
[0434] 11. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition in combustion is characterized as having a luminous
reaction zone extending some distance as compared to clear fuel,
absent ECS compound and NLEC.
[0435] 12. A fuel composition of claim 9 comprising a
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound and a dialkyl
carbonic acid ester (dialkyl carbonate); and optionally a
hydrocarbon.
[0436] 13. A fuel composition of claim 12 comprising:
[0437] i. methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound;
and
[0438] ii. dimethyl carbonate
[0439] 14. The compositions of claims 1-6, and 8-13, wherein said
composition contains at least one compound selected from the group
consisting of a polyolefin, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate,
modified polystyrene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, or
ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer, and mixture.
[0440] 15. The compositions of 5-9 and 12-14, wherein said
hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of: an
alternative fuel, petroleum gas, liquefied petroleum gas,
LPG-propane, LPG-butane, natural gas, natural gas liquids, methane,
ethane, propane, n-butane, propane-butane mixture, fuel methanol,
fuel methanol 85, fuel ethanol, biomass fuel, vegetable ester fuel,
rap seed methyl ester fuels, soybean fatty acid ester fuels,
alkylate fuel, reformate fuel, isooctane fuel, paraffinic fuel,
kerosine, wide range boiling fuel gas turbine fuel, gas turbine
fuel No.O-GT, gas turbine fuel No.l-GT, gas turbine fuel NO.2-GT,
gas turbine fuel No.S-GT, gas turbine fuel No.4-GT turbine fuel,
aviation jet turbine fuels aviation jet turbine JP-4, aviation jet
turbine JP-5, aviation jet turbine JP-7, aviation jet turbine JP-8,
aviation jet turbine JP-9, aviation jet turbine JP-10, aviation jet
turbine TS, aviation jet turbine Jet A-l, aviation jet turbine Jet
A, aviation jet turbine Jet B, military aviation gasoline, missile
fuel, solid and liquid rocket fuel, monopropellant, multipropellant
fuel, hypergolic fuel, gas oil fuels, gas oil fuel #1, gas oil fuel
#2, gas oil fuel #3, gas oil fuel #4, diesel fuel oil, diesel fuel
oil Grade low sulfur No. 1-D, diesel fuel oil Grade low sulfur No.
2-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No. 1-D, diesel fuel oil Grade No. 2-D,
diesel fuel oil Grade No 4-D, diesel fuel, oil grade Type C-B,
diesel fuel oil Type T-T, diesel fuel oil Type R-R, diesel fuel oil
Type S-M, reformulated diesel fuel, low sulfur hydrotreated low
aromatic distillate fuel, toluene fuels, naphtha fuels, fuel oils,
fuel oil Grade 1, fuel oil Grade 2, fuel oil Grade 4 (light), fuel
oil Grade 4, fuel oil Grade 5 (light), fuel oil Grade 5 (heavy),
fuel oil Grade 6 fuel oil, heavy marine diesel fuel, heavy railroad
diesel fuel oil, distillate oil, distillate fuels, residual type
oils, cycle oils, light cycle oils, light cycle gas oils, heavy
cycle oils, heavy gas cycle oils, heating oils, vacuum oils, burner
oils, furnace oils, coal liquids, middle distillate coal fuels,
powdered coals, coal, tar sand fuels, shale oil fuels, hydrazines,
ammonia, acetylene, and mixtures thereof.
[0441] 16. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, wherein said
composition contains 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight,
[0442] a. optionally a rocket propellant selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbon fuels, dimethyl carbonate,
acetylene, aluminum borohydride, ammonia, aniline, benzene, butane,
butyl mercaptan, diborane, diesel, diethylenetriamine, ethane,
ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene diamihe, ethylene oxide, ethyl
nitrate, furfuryl alcohol, gasoline, heptene, hydrazine (including
substitutes), isopropyl alcohol, lithium, lithium hydride,
kerosine, naptha, napthalene, methane, methylal, methanol,
methylamine, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, n-octane,
propane, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, salicyl aldehyde,
triethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite, turpentine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, 2,3-xylidene, lithium
borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, ethylene, propylene,
tertiary butylcumyl peroxide, butylene, 1,2-butadiene, 1,
3-butadiene, actetylene hydrocarbons, allylene, butine-1,
pentine-1, hexine-1; substituted hydrazineis, including
methylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine, hydrozides, ethane, propane, butane,
diborane, tetraborane, penta bornane, hexaborane, decaborane,
aluminum borohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride,
ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide,
ammonium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate,
nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen,
hydrocyanic acid, monethylanile, acetylene, aluminum borohydride,
ammonia, aniline, benzene, butyl mercaptan, diborane,
dimethylamine, diethylenetriamine, ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene
diamine, ethylene oxide, ethylenediamine, ethyl nitrate, dimethyl
sulfide, furfuryl alcohol, heptene, hydrazine, hydrogen, isoethyl
nitrate, isopropyl alcohol, lithium, lithium hydride, methyl
nitrate, methylacetylene, methylvinyl acetylene, monoethylaniline,
tetranitromethane,_nitroglycerin- e, n-octane, propane, propylene
oxide, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,
trimethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphite, turpentine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, lithium
borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, trimethylaluminum or
dimethylberyllium and mixture
[0443] b. optionally an oxidizer selected from the group consisting
of liquid oxygen, nitric acid, mixed nitric acid sulfuric acid
combinations, fluorine, nitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide,
hydroperoxide, potassium perchlorate, perchloryl fluoride, bromine
pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, ON 7030, ozone, oxygen
difluoride, RFNA (at various strengths), WFNA, tet rani tromethane,
fluorine, chlorine, chlorine trifluoride, perchloryl fluoride,
nitrosyl fluoride, nitryl fluoride, N2O4, nitrogen trifluoride,
difluorine monoxide, fluorate, or chlorine oxides and mixture.
[0444] 17. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, whereupon
combustion specific impulse is not less than 200 I.sub.sp
Sec./250
[0445] 18. The aforementioned rocket fuel composition, whereupon
combustion engine combustion wall temperature does not exceed the
range of 1,300.degree. F. to 2,000.degree. F.
[0446] 19. The aforementioned diesel, fuel oil, turbine oil, or
aviation jet fuel compositions, wherein said composition contains a
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) compound, and is a
fuel composition characterized as being a:
[0447] No. 1 (low sulfur) diesel fuel having a minimum LHV of 75
BTU/lb, a minimum cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35%. wt.
aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature of 288.degree. C., a
maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a
maximum sulfur content 0.05% mass, a maximum ash content of 0.01
percent mass, and a minimum flash point of 38.degree. C.;
[0448] No. 1 diesel fuel having a minimum cetane number of 40, a
maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature of
288.degree. C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm.sup.2/S at
40.degree. C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and a
minimum flash point of 38.degree. C.;
[0449] A No. 1 Diesel fuel oil, wherein said composition contains
0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and is for use as a, having at
least one of the following characteristics: a cetane number of at
least 40, a maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum T-90
temperature of 288.degree. F., a maximum sulfur content 0.5% mass,
a minimum kinematic viscosity of 1.3 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a
maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a
maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, a minimum flash point of
38.degree. C., an API gravity of 40 to 44; A #1 diesel fuel
composition containing 0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and
characterized as having: a cetane number of at least 40, a maximum
of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum T-90 temperature of
288.degree. F., a maximum sulfur content 0.5% mass, a minimum
kinematic viscosity of 1.3 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum
kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum
ash content of 0.01 percent mass, a minimum flash point of
38.degree. C., an API gravity of 40 to 44;
[0450] No. 2 (low sulfur) diesel fuel having a maximum T-90
temperature of 338.degree. C., a minimum cetane number of 40, a
maximum of 35% wt. aromatic content, a maximum sulfur content not
exceeding 0.05% mass, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1
mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent
mass, and a minimum flash point of 52.degree. C.;
[0451] No. 2 diesel fuel having a maximum T-90 temperature of
338.degree. C., a minimum cetane number of 40, a maximum of 35% wt.
aromatic content, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm.sup.2/S
at 40.degree. C., a maximum ash content of 0.01 percent mass, and a
minimum flash point of 52.degree. C.;
[0452] No. 4 diesel fuel having a cetane number of at least 30, a
maximum sulfur content not exceeding 2.0%, a maximum kinematic
viscosity of 24.0 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C. (55.degree. C.), a
maximum ash content of 0.10 percent mass, and a minimum flash point
of 55.degree. C.;
[0453] A diesel oil having a viscosity ranging from about 10 to
500' centistokes at 50.degree. C., and a sulfur concentration
ranging from 0.01 to 3.0% mass;
[0454] A heavy diesel, locomotive or marine fuel composition
(meeting ISO DIS 8217 or BS MA 100 standards) having a sulfur
concentration of 0.01 to 3.0% mass and a viscosity of 10 to 500
centistokes at 50.degree. C.;
[0455] A biodiesel composition containing methyl esters having a
maximum sulfur content of 0.05 percent mass;
[0456] No. 0-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90
temperature of 288.degree. C., a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.1
mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding
0.5% mass, a maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, and a minimum flash
point of 38.degree. C.;
[0457] No. 1-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90
temperature 288.degree. C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding
0.5%, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.4 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree.
C., a maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, a minimum flash point of
38.degree. C., a maximum pour point temperature of -18.degree. C.,
an a maximum density of 850 kg/m.sup.3 at 15.degree. C.;
[0458] No. 2-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90
temperature 338.degree. C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding
0.5%, a maximum kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree.
C., a maximum ash content of 0.01% mass, a minimum flash point of
38.degree. C., a maximum pour point temperature of -6.degree. C.,
and a maximum density of 876 kg/m at 15.degree. C.;
[0459] No. 3-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a minimum
kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum
kinematic viscosity of 50.0' mm.sup.2/S at 100.degree. C., a
maximum ash content of 0.03% mass, and a minimum flash point of
65.degree. C.;
[0460] No. 4-GT turbine fuel oil composition having a minimum
kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum
kinematic viscosity of 50.0 mm.sup.2/S at 100.degree. C., a minimum
flash point of 66.degree. C.;
[0461] No. 1 fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90 temperature
of 288.degree. C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%, a
maximum kinematic viscosity of 2.1 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C. for
No. 1, a minimum flash point of 38.degree. C., a maximum pour point
temperature of -18.degree. C., and a maximum density of 850
kg/m.sup.3 at 15.degree. C.;
[0462] No. 2 fuel oil composition having a maximum T-90 temperature
338.degree. C., a maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.5%, a
maximum kinematic viscosity 3.4 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a
maximum pour point temperature of -6.degree. C., a maximum density
of 876 kg/m.sup.3 at 15.degree. C., and a minimum flash point of
38.degree. C.;
[0463] No. 4' (light) fuel oil composition having a maximum
kinematic viscosity 5.5 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C.; a maximum ash
content of 0.05 percent mass, a maximum pour point temperature of
-6.degree. C., a minimum density of 876 kg/m.sup.3 at 15.degree.
C., and a minimum flash point of 38.degree. C.;
[0464] No. 4 fuel oil composition having a minimum kinematic
viscosity 5.5 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum kinematic
viscosity 24 mm.sup.2/S at 40.degree. C., a maximum ash content of
0.10 percent mass, a maximum pour point temperature of -6.degree.
C., and a minimum flash point of 55.degree. C.;
[0465] No. 5 (light) fuel oil composition having a minimum
kinematic viscosity 5.0 mm.sup.3/S at 100.degree. C., a maximum
kinematic viscosity 8.9 mm.sup.3/S at 100.degree. C., a maximum ash
content of 0.15 percent mass, and a minimum flash point of
55.degree. C.;
[0466] No. 5 (heavy) fuel oil composition having a kinematic
viscosity 9.0 mm.sup.3/S at 100.degree. C., a maximum kinematic
viscosity 14.9 mm.sup.3/S at 100.degree. C., a maximum ash content
of 0.15 percent mass, and a minimum flash point of 55.degree.
C.;
[0467] No. 6 fuel oil composition;
[0468] An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic
content of 25% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.003 weight %,
a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %, a maximum T-10
distillation fraction temperature of 205.degree. C., a maximum
final boiling temperature of 300.degree. C., a minimum flash point
temperature of 38.degree. C., a density ranging from 775 to 840
kg/m @ 15.degree. C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than
-40.degree. C., and a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm.sup.2/S;
[0469] An aviation turbine composition having a maximum T-20
distillation fraction temperature of 145.degree. C., a maximum T-90
temperature of 245.degree. C., a density ranging from 751 to 8.02
kg/m.sup.2 @ 15.degree. C., maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa @
38.degree. Ci, and a freezing point temperature no warmer than
-50.degree. C.;
[0470] An aviation turbine composition having a maximum total
sulfur content of 0.3 wt %, a maximum T-50 distillation fraction
temperature of 232.degree. C., a maximum end point temperature of
300.degree. C., a specific gravity of 57 API, a maximum viscosity
of 15.0 Cs @ -34.4.degree. C., and a freezing point temperature no
warmer than -50.degree. C.;
[0471] An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic
content of 25% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.003 weight %,
a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %, a maximum T-10
distillation fraction temperature of 205.degree. C., a maximum
final boiling temperature of 300.degree. C., a minimum flash.point
temperature of 38.degree. C., a density ranging from 775 to 840
kg/m @ 15.degree. C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than
-40.degree. C., a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm.sup.2/s;
[0472] An aviation turbine composition having a maximum aromatic
content of 25% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.002 weight %,
a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %, maximum olefin
content of 5.0% vol., a maximum T-10 distillation fraction
temperature of 205.degree. C., a maximum final boiling temperature
of 330.degree. C., a minimum flash point temperature of 38.degree.
C., API gravity 37-51, a density ranging from 775 to 840 kg/m.sup.2
@ 15.degree. C., a freezing point temperature no warmer than
-40.degree. C., a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm.sup.2/s, and maximum
acidity of 0.015 mg KOH;
[0473] 20. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said fuel is an
aviation gasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl (CMT) compound, wherein said fuel is characterized as
being a fuel selected from the group consisting of:
[0474] a. An aviation turbine fuel composition containing 0.01% to
53.0% oxygen by weight and characterized as having: a maximum
aromatic content of 22% vol., a maximum mercaptan sulfur of 0.003
weight %, a maximum total sulfur content of 0.3 weight %, a maximum
T-10 distillation fraction temperature of 205.degree. C., a maximum
final boiling temperature of 300.degree. C., a minimum flash point
temperature of 38.degree. C., a density ranging from 775 to 840
kg/m.sup.2 @ 15.degree. C., a freezing point temperature no warmer
than -40.degree. C., a maximum viscosity of 8.0 mm/s;
[0475] b. An aviation gasoline composition containing 0.001 to 10.0
oxygen weight percent supplied by an ECS oxygenate selected from
the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary
butyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, methyl,tertiary amyl
ether, diisopropyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate,
and mixture; the cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in
concentration of 0.001 to 1.0 Mn/gal, wherein said fuel has a
maximum 10% evaporated point of 167.degree. F., a maximum 90%
evaporated point of 275.degree. F., a minimum Reid vapor pressure
of 5.5 psi, and a maximum Reid vapor pressure of 7.0 psi, a maximum
freezing point of -76.degree. F., and a maximum sulfur
concentration of 0.05 percent weight
[0476] c. An aviation gasoline composition having a minimum
combined 10%+50% evaporated temperature of 307.degree. F., a
minimum lean octane number of 100, and a minimum heating value of
18, 700 Btu/lb;
[0477] 21. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said fuel is an
automotive gasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl (CMT) compound, wherein said fuel is:
[0478] a. An automotive gasoline composition having a maximum
sulfur concentration of 300 ppm, a maximum aromatic concentration
of 25% volume, a maximum olefin concentration (excluding C4-C5
olefins) of 10% volume, a maximum benzene concentration of 1.0%, a
maximum T 90 temperature of 330.degree. F., a minimumT-50
temperature of 175.degree. F., a minimum octane (R+M)/2 number of
84, at least one deposit control additive selected from the group
consisting of combustion chamber deposit control additives, port
fuel injector additives, intake valve control additives;
[0479] b. An unleaded, phosphorus free gasoline composition fuels
having a max RVP of 8.0, psi, a max of 8.0%, 20-25% vol. aromatics,
a max of 1.0% benzene, 40-300 ppm sulfur, an 02 concentration
ranging up to 3.5% 02 by weight, a max T-90 temperature of
300.degree. F. to 320.degree. F., a T-50 temperature of 170.degree.
F. to 220.degree. F.; a minimum latent heat of vaporization of 900
BTU/gal @ 60.degree. F., a minimum heating value of 106,000 BTU/gal
@ 60.degree. F., and a minimum average laminar burning velocity at
ambient conditions of 48 cm/sec;
[0480] c. Automotive gasoline composition having a maximum T-90
distillation fraction temperature of 350.degree. F., and a minimum
T-50 distillation fraction of 150.degree. F.;
[0481] d. An automotive gasoline, wherein said composition contains
0.01% to 53.0% oxygen by weight and having at least one of the
following characteristics: a LHV of at least 860 BTU/gal, a laminar
BStf at least 45 cm/sec; and said fuel having at least one of_the
following: a sulfur content ranging from 0 to 300 ppm, a maximum
polynuclear free aromatic concentration of 0% to 25% volume, a
maximum olefin concentration (excluding C4-C5 olefins) of 10%
volume, a maximum benzene concentration of 1.0%, a maximum T 90
temperature of 330.degree. F., a minimumT-50 temperature of
175.degree. F., a minimum octane (R+M)/2 number of 87, a deposit
control additive selected from the group consisting of combustion
chamber deposit control additives, port fuel injector additives,
intake valve control additives, and mixture;
[0482] e. A automotive gasoline composition containing 0.01% to
53.0% oxygen by weight and characterized as having: a LHV of at
least 860 BTU/gal, a laminar BV of at least 45 cm/sec; and said
fuel having at least one of the following: a sulfur content ranging
from 0 to 300 ppm, a maximum polynuclear free aromatic
concentration of 0% to 25% volume, a maximum olefin concentration
(excluding C4-C5 olefins) of 10% volume, a maximum benzene
concentration of 1.0%, a maximum T 90 temperature of 330.degree.
F., a minimumT-50 temperature of 175.degree. F., a minimum octane
(R+M)/2 number of 87, a deposit control additive selected from the
group consisting of combustion chamber deposit control additives,
port fuel injector additives, intake valve control additives, and
mixture.
[0483] 22. The aforementioned aviation gasoline compositions,
wherein the maximum end boiling point is 156.degree. C.
(313.degree. F.).
[0484] 23. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions,
wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 149.degree.
C. (300.degree. F.).
[0485] 24. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions,
wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 143.degree.
C. (290.degree. F.).
[0486] 25. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions,
wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 138.degree.
C. (280.degree. F.).
[0487] 26. The aforementioned automobile gasoline compositions,
wherein the maximum T-90 distillation fraction boils at 132.degree.
C. (270.degree. F.).
[0488] 27. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the
minimum T-50 distillation temperature is 175.degree. F.
[0489] 28. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the
minimum T-50 distillation temperature is 180.degree. F.
[0490] 29. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the
maximum T-50 distillation temperature is 220.degree. F.
[0491] 30. The aforementioned automobile compositions, wherein the
maximum T-50 distillation temperature is 210.degree. F.
[0492] 31. The aforementioned #1 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and
jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90
distillation fraction temperature is 282.degree. C.;
[0493] 32. The aforementioned #1 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and
jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90
distillation fraction temperature is 273.degree. C.;
[0494] 33. The aforementioned #2 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and
jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90
distillation fraction temperature is 294.degree. C.
[0495] 34. The aforementioned #2 diesel, gas turbine, fuel oil and
jet turbine fuel oil compositions, wherein the maximum T-90
distillation fraction temperature is 285.degree. C.
[0496] 35. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum LHV of 860
BTU/gallon @ 60.degree. F.
[0497] 36. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum LHV of 880
BTU/gallon @ 60.degree. F.
[0498] 37. The aforementioned automobile and aviation, gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum. LHV of 900
BTU/gallon @ 60.degree. F.
[0499] 38. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum LHV of 905
BTU/gallon @ 60.degree. F.
[0500] 39. The aforementioned diesel, gas turbine oil, fuel oil,
aviation fuel oil compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 75
Btu/lb.
[0501] 40. The aforementioned diesel, gas turbine oil, fuel oil,
aviation fuel oil compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 100
Btu/lb.
[0502] 41. The aforementioned aviation gasoline compositions,
wherein the minimum LHV is 140 Btu/lb.
[0503] 42. The aforementioned aviation gasoline and automobile
gasoline compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 150 BtuAb.
[0504] 43. The aforementioned aviation and automobile gasoline
compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 160 Btu/lb.
[0505] 44. The aforementioned aviation and automobile gasoline
compositions, wherein the minimum LHV is 170 Btu/lb.
[0506] 45. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition contains a compound selected from the group consisting
a peroxide, di-tertiary butyl peroxide, 2.5 dimethyl 2.5
di(tertiary butyl peroxy) hexane, tertiary butylcumyl peroxide,
di(tertiaryamyl) peroxide), an alkyl peroxide, an alkyl
hydroperoxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, tertiary amyl
hydroperoxide, an alkyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitrate, iso-propyl
nitrate, nitrobenzene, aniline, amine, imide, and mixtures
thereof.
[0507] 46. The aforementioned compositions containing a metal
deactivator, optionally selected from the group consisting of
N,N.sup.1-disalicylidene- -l,2-propane diamine,
NjN.sup.1-disalicylidene-1,2-ethane diamine or
N,N.sup.1-disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine.
[0508] 47. The forementioned compositions containing least one
engine, carburetor, induction, injection system cleaning or deposit
control additive, detergent or dispersant, optionally selected
selected from the group consisting of a polyether amine, polyether
amide amines, polyalkenyl succinimide, or polyalkenyl succinimide,
hydrocarbyl carbonates, polybutene alcohol, polybutene
chloroformate, polybutene amines formulated in mineral or other
carriers, polyisobutylene amine reformulated in polyether carriers,
one-component polyether amines, polyether amines, polyalkenyl
amines, alkenyl succinimides, long-chain dibasic acid derivative,
long-chain aliphatic polyamines or long chain Mannich bases, and
mixture
[0509] 48. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition contains at least one detergent, ashless detergent,
alkenyl succinic acid ester, alkenyl succinimide of an amine,
methlyamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, n-dodecylamine, polyether amine,
polyalkenyl amine, alkenyl succinimide, polyether amide amine,
antioxidant, demulsifer, emulsifer, corrosion inhibitor, aromatic
solvent, scavenger, rust inhibitors, surfactants, supplemental
valve, valve seal recession protectants, diluent oil, mutual
solvent, or metal deactivator, and mixture.
[0510] 49. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition contains an antioxidant, optionally selected from the
group consisting alkyl phenol,aromatic diamines with sterially
hindered phenolic and amine groups, 2,6 di-tert-butylephenol;
2,4,6-tri-tert-butylephenol; 4-methyl-2,6 di-tert-butylephenol;
2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, phenylenediamines,
mixtures of tertiary butylated phenols, aromatic amines,
N,N-diisopropylparaphenylene diamine, seventy-five percent minimum
2,6-di-tertiary-butyl phenol plus 25% maximum tertiary and
tritertiary butyl phenols, seventy-two percent minimum
2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus 28% maximum monomethyl
and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols, fifty-five percent minimum
2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus 45% maximum mixed
tertiary and ditertiary butyl phenols,
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol,
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 75 percent min-2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol 25
percent max tert-butylphenols and tri-tertbutylphenols, 72 percent
min 6-tert-butyl-2, 4-dimethylphenol 28 percent max
tert-butyl-methylphenols and tert-butyl-dimethylphenols, 55 percent
min 6-tert-butyl-2, 4-dimethylphenol 45 percent max mixture of
tert-butylphenols and ditert-butylphenols, 60 to 80 percent
2,6-dialkyphenols 20 to 40 percent mixture of 2,3,6-trialkylphenols
and 2,4,6-trialkylphenols, 35 percent min
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 65 percent max mixture of methyl-,
ethyl-, and dimethyl-tert-butylphenols, 60 percent min
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 40 percent max mixture of tert
butylphenols, 30 percent min mixture of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol and
2,4,6-trimethylphenol 70 percent max mixture of dimethylphenols, 55
percent min butylated ethylphenols 45 percent max butylated methyl-
and dimethylphenols, 45 percent mix
4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol, or 40 percent min mixture of
6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol 15 percent max mixture of other
butylated phenols, and mixture.
[0511] 50. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition contains an inhibitor, optionally selected from the
group consisting of: 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol, 2,
6-detertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol, 2, 6-ditertiary-butyl phenol,
75% 2, 6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, 10-15% 2, 4, 6-tritertiary-butyl
phenol, 10-15% orthy-tertiary butyl phenol, 72% min 2,
.4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol, 28% max. monemethyl and
dimethyl tertiary butyl. phenol, 60% min 2, 4-ditertiary-butyl
phenol, 40% max, mixed, or tertiary-butyl phenol and mixture.
[0512] 51. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen
burner flame velocity of 46 cm/sec at ambient, conditions benchmark
of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec).
[0513] 52. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen
burner flame velocity of 48 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark
of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec).
[0514] 53. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen
burner flame velocity of 50 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark
of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec).
[0515] 54. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as. having a minimum laminar Bunsen
burner flame velocity of 55 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark
of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec).
[0516] 55. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen
burner flame velocity of 60 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark
of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec).
[0517] 56. The aforementioned automobile and aviation gasoline
compositions characterized as having a minimum laminar Bunsen
burner flame velocity of 70 cm/sec at ambient conditions (benchmark
of methanol at 57.2 cm/sec).
[0518] 57. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, wherein said
contain an antiknock quantity of an agent selected from the group
consisting of cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, n-methyl aniline,
2.4 pentanedione, arid mixture.
[0519] b 58. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said ECS
compound is selected from the group consisting C2-C12 aldehydes,
C2-C12 ethers, diethers, Cl-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, G3-C15
ketones, C3-CIS esters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, glycols,
C3-C20 glycol ethers, C4-C20 carbonates, C5-C25 dicarbonates,
organic/inorganic peroxides/hydroperoxides, nitrates, di-nitrates,
alkylnitrates, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines, amides, nitrosyls,
imides, monethylanile, aniline, ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate,
methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitromethane, nitropropane,
nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,
trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine,
monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine,ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric
acid, ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, and
mixture.
[0520] 59. The rocket fuel composition containing a compound
selected from the group consisting of hexine-1; substituted
hydrazines, including methylhydrazine, symmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine, acyl
hydrazine (hydrozides); ethane, propane, butane, diborane,
tetraborane, penta.bornane, hexaborane, decaborane, aluminum
borohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium
nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium
perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, nitrogen
trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic
acid, monethylanile, acetylene, aluminum borohydride, ammonia,
aniline, benzene, butyl mercaptan, diborane, dimethylamine,
diethylenetriamine, ethanol, ethylamine, ethylene diamine, ethylene
oxide, ethylenediamine, ethyl nitrate, dimethyl sulfide, furfuryl
alcohol, heptene, hydrazine, hydrogen, isoethyl nitrate, isopropyl
alcohol, lithium, lithium hydride, methane, methylal, methanol,
methyl nitrate, methylamine, methylacetylene, methylvinyl
acetylene, monoethylaniline, tetranitromethane nitromethane,
nitropropane, nitroglycerine, n-octane, propane, propylene oxide,
n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,
trimethyl trithiophosphite, turpentine, unsymmetrical dimethyl
hydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, lithium borohydride,
monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, monethylanile, ethylenediamine,
isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline, nitroglycerine,
n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,
hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine,
methylhydrazine, symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine,tetranitromethane, hydrozide, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid,
ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid,
OHC(CH2)4CHO; CH3CHOHCHOHCH3; (CH3)3CCHOHCH3; CH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3;
(CH3)2COOH; CH3CCCOH; (CH3)3CCH2COH; HOCH2CH2OCH2CH20H; HOCH2CH2OH;
OCH2CHCHO; (CH3)3CCHO; (CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3; C5H4O2; HO2CCH2CH2C02C2H5;
C3H7COCO2H; C5H802, and others.
[0521] 60. The aforementioned compositions containing a glycol, or
a glycol ether selected from the group consisting of ethylene
glycol monomethyl, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene
glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene
glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene
glycol dibutyl ether, [including] diethylene glycol monomethyl
ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene
glycol diethyl ether, glycol monomethyl ether, glycol dimethyl
ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl
ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, C3[5]-C20 glycol ethers
(including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers (ethylene glycol
monomethyl ether), diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers diethylene
glycol dialkyl ethers, including, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,
diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropyl ether,
diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, [including] diethylene glycol
monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene
glycol monobutyl ether), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether,
diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (or diethylene glycol diethyl
ether, ethers of ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
or diethylene glycol monomethyl etherEthylene Glycol Monomethyl
Ether, (EGME), 1-Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene
glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,
diethylene glycol diethyl ether, methylene di methyl ether (also
known as methylal, dimethoxy methane, ethylene glycol and
mixture.
[0522] 61. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum average boiling temperatures of no less than
32.degree. C. (90.degree. F.).
[0523] 62. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum average boiling temperatures of no less than
32.degree. C. (90.degree. F.).
[0524] 63. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is OHC(CH2)4CHO; CH3CHOHCHOHCH3; (CH3)3CCHOHCH3;
CH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH3; (CH3)2COOH; CH3CCCOH; (CH3)3CCH2COH;
HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH; HOCH2CH2OH; OCH2CHCHO; (CH3)3CCHO;
(CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3; C5H4O2; HO2CCH2CH2CO2C2H5; C3H7COC02H;
C5H8O2,
[0525] 64. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has one or more radical (s) selected from group consisting of OO,
CO, F, F2, F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, BF, AL ALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2,
C2H5, Li, ONH, NH, NH2, OCH.sub.3, OC2H5, OCH, OCH.sub.2/OH, Cl,
OCOO, COOH, C2H500C, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO, or CONH2, and
combination.
[0526] 65. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization (at it evaporation pgint) of
24 jK mole.sup.-1
[0527] 66. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization of 28 jK mole.sup.-1
[0528] 67. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization of 30 jK mole".sup.1
[0529] 68. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum enthalpy of vaporization of 32 jK mole.sup.-1
[0530] 69. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2
cm/sec) of 45 cm/sec
[0531] 70. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2
cm/sec) of 48 cm/sec
[0532] 71. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2
cm/sec) of 55 cm/sec.
[0533] 72. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
has a minimum Bunsen Burner Laminar velocity (with methanol at 57.2
cm/sec) of 57 cm/sec
[0534] 73. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is selected from carbon monoxide, methylene di methyl ether,
methylene di ethyl ether, methylene di propyl ether, methylene di
butyl ether, methylene di isopropyl ether, methane hydrate,
dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate,
diisopropyl carbonate, glycol, and glycol ethers.
[0535] 74. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is selected from C3 to Cll dialkyl carbonates, C2-C8 ethers, dual
or multiple-linkage ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, peroxides,
hydroperoxides, and mixture.
[0536] 75. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is selected from dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tertiary
butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether,
methyl tertiary amyl ether, and diisopropyl ether.
[0537] 76. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is selected from acid dimethyl ester (dimethyl carbonate), carbonic
acid diethyl ester (diethylcarbonate) and mixture.
[0538] 77. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is selected from of methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tertiary
butanol, iso-butanol, and mixture thereof.
[0539] 78. The aforementioned compositions wherein the ECS compound
is selected from group consisting of amines, amides, nitrates,
di-nitrates, or nitro ethers, and mixture,
[0540] 79. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions
where the ECS compound is ethanol.
[0541] 80. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions
where the ECS compound is methanol.
[0542] 81. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions
where the ECS compound is MTBE.
[0543] 82. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions
where the ECS compound is methylal.
[0544] 83. The aforementioned automotive gasoline compositions
where the ECS compound is di-tertiary butyl peroxide.
[0545] 84. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes oxygen in the range from 0.001 to 50.0 percent by
weight of the composition.
[0546] 85. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes greater than 1.0% 02 by weight to the composition.
[0547] 86. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes least 1.5% O2 by weight to the composition.
[0548] 87. The aforementioned gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, gas
turbine oil, jet aviation turbine compositions, where said ECS
compound contributes greater than 1.5% 02 by weight to the
composition.
[0549] 88. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes greater than 1.5% 02 by weight to the composition.
[0550] 89. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes least 2.0% O2 by weight to the composition.
[0551] 90. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes least 2.5% O2 by weight to the composition.
[0552] 91. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes least 3.5% O2 by weight to the composition.
[0553] 92. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes least 4.5% O2 by weight to the composition.
[0554] 93. The aforementioned compositions, where said ECS compound
contributes 0.01% to 53.0% 02 by weight to the composition.
[0555] 94. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or combustible compound containing said element is selected
from the group consisting of Li, Be, B, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S,
Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb,
Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, Ba, La,
Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W,
Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Ti, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm,
Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Unq, Unp, Unh, Uns elements of the
Periodic Chart of Elements, and mixtures thereof, wherein said
element or its organic or inorganic compound being present in
combustible form;
[0556] 95. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or or combustible compound containing said element is
selected from the group consisting of Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al,
Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge,
Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc,Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs,
Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Ti, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U,
Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Unq, Unp, Unh, Uns
elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements, and mixtures thereof,
wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound being
present in combustible form.
[0557] 96. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting of Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K,
Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, and mixture
thereof, wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound
being present in combustible form.
[0558] 97. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting of Li, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc,
Ti, V, Cr, and mixture thereof, wherein said element or its organic
or inorganic compound being present in combustible form.
[0559] 98. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting of Li, Be, B, F, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S; Cl, K,
Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y,
Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs and mixture
thereof, wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound
being present in combustible form.
[0560] 99. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected Be, F, Si,
P, Cl, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Br, Rb, Sr, Y,
Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, I, Cs, elements of the
Periodic Chart of Elements, and mixtures thereof, wherein said
element or its organic or inorganic compound being present in
combustible form;
[0561] 100. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B,
6B, 8 (CAS version), and iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus,
silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and tin and mixture
thereof, wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound
being present in combustible form;
[0562] 101. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting of phosphorous, magnesium, manganese, silicon,
iron, aluminum, or boron and mixture, wherein said element or its
organic or inorganic compound being present in combustible
form.
[0563] 102. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting of lithium, sodium, potapsium, rhubidium, or,
cesium and mixture, wherein said element or its organic or
inorganic compound being present in combustible form.
[0564] 103. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element or compound containing said element is selected from the
group consisting of potassium, Silicon, manganese and mixture,
wherein said element or its organic or inorganic compound being
present in combustible form.
[0565] 104. The aforementioned compositions containing Mn and
wherein said composition additionally contains a non-lead element
or compound containing said element selected from the group of
elements of groups 1A, 2A, 3A, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, and
from iodine, bismuth, germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen,
sulfur, fluorine/chlorine or tin and mixture thereof, wherein said
element or its organic or inorganic compound being present in
combustible form.
[0566] 105. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said non-lead
element is contained in compound containing one or more alkyl,
dialkyl, aryl, amide, alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, aldehyde, carbethoxy, carbornethoxy, carbonyl,
carbonyldioxy, carboxy, ether, acetate, ketonic, ethoxalyl, ethoxy,
formyl, glyoxylyl, methoxy, methylenedioxy, glycolyl, hydroxyl,
amide, nitrosyl, alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, alkenyloxyl,
aralkyloxyl, aralkenyloxyl, radicals or groups, or combination.
[0567] 106. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition contains an aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,
alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy nitrate.
[0568] 107. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
composition contain tetranitromethane, nitromethane, nitroethane,
or nitropropane and mixture.
[0569] 108. The aforementioned compositions wherein said compound
containing said non-lead element is silicon
[0570] 109. The aforementioned compositions wherein said compound
containing said non-lead element is potassium
[0571] 110. The aforementioned compositions wherein said compound
containing said non-lead element is manganese.
[0572] 111. The aforementioned compositions wherein said non-lead
derivative is selected from the group consisting of
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, trimethylaluminum,
pentaborane, decaborane, borazole, aluminimum borohydride,
beryllium borohydride, dimethlylberyllium, or lithium borohydride,
and mixtures.
[0573] 112. The aforementioned compositions wherein said
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl.
[0574] 113. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded
element's oxide's heat of formation is negative and equal to or
greater than -150,000 gr calories/mole.
[0575] 114. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded
element or derivative compound thereof has a minimum heating value
of 5,000 Kcal/kg.
[0576] 115. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded
element or derivative compound thereof has a minimum heating value
of 7,000 Kcal/kg.
[0577] 116. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded
element or derivative compound thereof has a minimum heating value
of 9,000 Kcal/kg,
[0578] 117. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said nonleaded
element is contained in an organic or inorganic derivative
compound.
[0579] 118. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound having a concentration amount
greater than 0.008256 ({fraction (1/32)} gr/gal) gr/liter of
Mn.
[0580] 119. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
organic compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount
no less than 0.016512 ({fraction (1/16)} gr/gal) gr/liter of
Mn.
[0581] 120. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
organic compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount
at least 0.033 (1/8 gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.
[0582] 121. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
organic compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount
at least 0.066 (1/4 gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.
[0583] 122. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
organic compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound representing a concentration amount
of 0.099 (3/8 gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.
[0584] 123. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
organic compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound representing a concentration is at
least 0.132 (1/2 gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.
[0585] 124. The aforementioned gasoline compositions, where said
organic compound containing nonleaded element is a cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl compound representing a concentration is at
least 0.165 (5/8 gr/gal) gr/liter of Mn.
[0586] 125. The aforementioned fuel compositions, wherein said
non-lead metal or element represents no greater 10 grams of element
per gallon of the composition.
[0587] 126. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 4,000 ppm.
[0588] 127. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 3,000 ppm.
[0589] 128. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 1,000 ppm.
[0590] 129. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 500 ppm.
[0591] 130. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 100 ppm.
[0592] 131. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 50 ppm.
[0593] 132. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 30 ppm.
[0594] 133. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum sulfur
content of 10 ppm.
[0595] 134. The aforementioned compositions having a, maximum
aromatic concentration selected/from 35% volume.
[0596] 135. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum
aromatic concentration selected from 30% volume.
[0597] 136. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum
aromatic concentration selected from 22% volume.
[0598] 137. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum
aromatic concentration selected from 20% volume.
[0599] 138. The aforementioned compositions having a maximum
aromatic concentration selected from 15% volume.
[0600] 139. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
hydrocarbons are alkylated hydrocarbons.
[0601] 140. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
hydrocarbons are selected from the group consisting of benzene,
toluene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, isoproplybenzene,
n-propybenzene, and mixture.
[0602] 141. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
hydrocarbons are olefins selected from the group consisting of
2-methyl-2-butene, 2 methyl-1 butene, 1 pentene, and mixture.
[0603] 142. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
hydrocarbons are branch chained or a condensed ring group
hydrocarbons.
[0604] 143. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
hydrocarbons are branch chain iso-paraffins, optionally selected
from cyclopentane, n-pentane, 2, 3 dimethylbutane, isohexane,
3-methylpentane.
[0605] 144. The aforementioned compositions, whereby resultant
engine-out combustion gas temperature is reduced and fuel economy
increased compared to fuel, absent said ECS compound.
[0606] 145. The aforementioned compositions, wherein said
compositions contain a nitrogen based compound selected from
amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines, nitrosyls, imides, nitrates,
dinitrate compounds alkyl nitrates, nitromethane, nitroethane,
nitropropane, di-nitrat.es, amines, anilines, amides, hydrazines,
nitrosyls, imides, nitro-ethers, anilines, nitro-ethers, amines,
methylamines, amides, nitrdsyls, imides, monethylanile, aniline,
ethylenediamine, isoethyl nitrate, methylamine, monoethylaniline,
nitroglycerine, n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine,
trimethylamine, hydrazines, dimethyl hydrazine,
monomethylhydrazine, methylhydrazine, symmetrical
dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, xylidine,
2,3-xylidine, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric
acid, ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, nitrogen trioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrazoic acid, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, and
mixture.
[0607] 146. The composition of claim 131, wherein said compound is
an organic derivative.
[0608] 147. The composition of claim 131, wherein said compound is
an alkyl or aryl derivative.
[0609] 148. The composition of claim 131, wherein said organic
nitrate is an alkyl nitrate, optionally selected from the group
consisting of methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, isoethyl nitrate,
n-propyl nitrate, iso-propyl nitrate, ethyl-hexyl nitrate and
mixture.
[0610] 149. The aforementioned composition containing additional
sulfur additive.
[0611] 150. The aforementioned method of claim 9, wherein average
atomized particle size is 1 to 70 um (microns).
[0612] 151. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average
atomized particle size is no greater than 60 um (microns).
[0613] 152. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average
atomized particle size is no greater than 50 um (microns).
[0614] 153. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average
atomized particle size is no greater than 40 um (microns).
[0615] 154. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average
atomized particle size is no greater than 30 um (microns).
[0616] 155. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average
atomized particle size is no great.er than 20 um (microns).
[0617] 156. The aforementioned method claims, wherein,average
atomized particle size is no greater than 10 um (microns).
[0618] 157. The aforementioned method claims, wherein average
atomized particle size is no greater than 5 um (microns)
[0619] 158. The/aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized
particle is introduced by direct injection means.
[0620] 159. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized
particle is introduced by turbo-charged means.
[0621] 160. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized
particle is introduced by direct injection stratified charge
means.
[0622] 161. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized
particle or vapor is introduced by a swirl means.
[0623] 162. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized
particle is injected under a pressure of 3 to 15 psi.
[0624] 163. The aforementioned method claims, wherein the atomized
particle is injected under a pressurelS to 45 psi.
[0625] 164. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said
composition is gasoline and the atomized particle is injected under
pressure 1500 psi to 30,000 psi
[0626] 165. The aforementioned method claims, wherein said atomized
particle is introduced into an engine, combustor, or burner
selected from group consisting of swirl combustors, spherical
combustors, rocket engine, Brayton cycle engine, gas oil turbine,
aviation jet turbine, diesel engine, marine engine, locomotive
engine, aviation gas engine, automotive engine, oil burner, reside
burner, oil furnace, oil burner, gas burner, gas furnace, internal
compression engine, spark-ignited internal combustion engine, lean
burn, fast burn, external combustion Stirling or Rankine engine,
Otto cycle engine, lean burn engine, or catalyst system engine.
[0627] 166. The aforementioned method claim wherein said combustor,
engine or burner is operated lean.
[0628] 167. The aforementioned method, wherein said combustion
occurs in a turbine engine and wherein inlet gas temperature does
not exceeding 650.degree. C.
[0629] 168. The aforementioned method, wherein said mixture
contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting
of a polyolefinj polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, modified
polystyrene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, or ethylene-vinyl
chloride copolymer, and mixture.
[0630] 169. The aforementioned method, whereby resultant engine-out
combustion gas temperature is reduced and fuel economy increased
compared to fuel, absent said ECS compound.
[0631] 170. The aforementioned method, wherein in combustion said
method is characterized as resulting in a luminous reaction zone
extending distance from the surface of said non-lead element or
derivative compound.
[0632] 171. The aforementioned method, wherein in combustion said
method is characterized as resulting in the formation of oxides of
said non-lead element or derivative compound in the submicron
range.
[0633] 172. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST
compound wherein said mixture is introduced into the engine of a
Tier II vehicle (gasoline or diesel), where by polymerization
occurs at a temperature exceeding
100/125/140/150/160/165/170/175/180.degree. C.
[0634] 173. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST
compound wherein said mixture is introduced into the engine of a
Tier II vehicle (gasoline or diesel) with contrations of sulfur
exceeding 30/50/100/150/200/250/300/350/400 ppm, whereby catalyst
or after treatement emission systems are not adversely effected or
disabled.
[0635] 174. The aforementioned method employing COMBUSTION CATALYST
compound wherein said mixture is introduced into the engine of a
Tier II vehicle (gasoline or diesel) whereby fuel economy is
improved at least 2/5/8/10/15/20% above clear fuels absent ECS,
COMBUSTION CATALYST and optionally NLEC components.
[0636] 175. The aforementioned use, wherein:
[0637] a. the ECS oxygenate is selected from the group consisting
of carbon monoxide, methylene dimethyl ether, carbonic acid
dimethyl ester, carbonic acid diethyl ester, dimethyl ether,
diisopropyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary
butyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether,
methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tertiary butanol, iso-butanol, and
mixture thereof,
[0638] b. in an unleaded hydrocarbon base containing a
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) compound
[0639] c. to improve fuel economy of an internal combustion
engine.
[0640] 176. The aforementioned use, wherein the oxgenate
concentration is no less than 1.5% weight percent.
[0641] 177. The aforementioned method claims and compositions
characterized in combustion as having a luminous reaction zone.
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