U.S. patent application number 10/956514 was filed with the patent office on 2005-02-24 for module.
Invention is credited to Kaneta, Hiroshi.
Application Number | 20050042511 10/956514 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 29706577 |
Filed Date | 2005-02-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050042511 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kaneta, Hiroshi |
February 24, 2005 |
Module
Abstract
A flat secondary battery having a fusion-bonded sealing type
laminate film as an armored body tends to be inferior in sealing
reliability to a flat secondary battery having a welded sealing
type can as an armored body, due to a difference in sealing method
between the two batteries. Therefore, there has been a large
challenge of finding the way to make the sealing reliability of the
laminate film secondary battery closer to that of the can type
secondary battery. The sealing reliability is improved by further
increasing a sealing force without taking any measure to the
existing laminate film secondary battery, in such a manner that the
fusion bonding area of the existing laminate film secondary battery
is sandwiched from upside and downside to be cramped from outside
so as to mechanically add a sealing force from outside to the
sealing force of the laminate film itself.
Inventors: |
Kaneta, Hiroshi; (Tokyo,
JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KATTEN MUCHIN ZAVIS ROSENMAN
575 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK
NY
10022-2585
US
|
Family ID: |
29706577 |
Appl. No.: |
10/956514 |
Filed: |
September 30, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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10956514 |
Sep 30, 2004 |
|
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PCT/JP03/06934 |
Jun 2, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
429/185 ;
429/162 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01M 50/183 20210101;
H01M 50/116 20210101; H01M 10/0431 20130101; H01M 6/42 20130101;
Y02E 60/10 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
429/185 ;
429/162 |
International
Class: |
H01M 002/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 3, 2002 |
JP |
161396/2002 |
Claims
1. A module characterized in that said module includes a flat
laminate film secondary battery, and a part or whole of a laminate
film sealing section area of said flat laminate film secondary
battery is sandwiched from upside and downside by sealing accessory
plates.
2. The module according to claim 1, characterized in that said
sealing accessory plate is cramped by the top and bottom covers of
the module.
3. The module according to claim 1, characterized in that said
sealing accessory plate is made of an elastic plastic material
alone, of the combination of an elastic plastic material and a
metal material, or of the combination of an elastic plastic
material and a high rigid plastic material.
4. The module according to claim 2, characterized in that said
sealing accessory plate is made of an elastic plastic material
alone, of the combination of an elastic plastic material and a
metal material, or of the combination of an elastic plastic
material and a high rigid plastic material.
5. The module according to claim 1, characterized in that the flat
laminate film secondary battery has a power generating element
obtained by alternately laminating a positive electrode, a
separator and a negative electrode.
6. The module according to claim 2, characterized in that the flat
laminate film secondary battery has a power generating element
obtained by alternately laminating a positive electrode, a
separator and a negative electrode.
7. The module according to claim 3, characterized in that the flat
laminate film secondary battery has a power generating element
obtained by alternately laminating a positive electrode, a
separator and a negative electrode.
8. The module according to claim 4, characterized in that the flat
laminate film secondary battery has a power generating element
obtained by alternately laminating a positive electrode, a
separator and a negative electrode.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is a continuation of International
Application No. PCT/JP03/06934, which was filed on Jun. 2, 2003,
which is herein incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to a module constructed using
a flat laminate film secondary battery, and more particularly to a
structure for cramping the flat laminate film secondary
battery.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] Generally, a metal can type secondary battery is the most
dominant type of secondary battery, and in many cases, this battery
is produced in such a manner that, after inclusion of a power
generating element and an electrolyte in a metal can, a step of
extracting electrodes is performed and lastly, a metal cover is
laser welded. Thus, the can type secondary battery has a high
sealing property, being advantageous in having a very few problems
in terms of leakage of an electrolyte from a metal can to outside,
even in a long-term use. Meanwhile, there has been a strongly
demand for an improved weight density as well as shape flexibility,
being attributed to the recent appearance of an increasing number
of secondary batteries having a laminate film as an armored body
which are lighter than the metal can type secondary battery and
have shape flexibility.
[0004] A laminate film used a laminate film secondary battery is
obtained by bonding a nylon sheet to the front surface of a thin
aluminum sheet, and adhering a polyethylene sheet or polypropylene
sheet, in general, having a fusion bonding property, to the rear
surface of the thin aluminum sheet. After wrapping a power
generating element with this aluminum laminate film and extracting
electrodes, three or four sides of the laminate film are
fusion-bonded to produce a secondary battery, which is often called
a laminate film secondary battery. Because the laminate film type
secondary battery structurally has fusion-bonded sides, the sealing
property of the fusion-bonded sides can be said to be related to
the electrolyte leakage problem. Under present circumstances,
however, it has been difficult that the sealing property obtained
by fusion bonding secures longer-term reliability than the sealing
property obtained by laser welding in the can type battery, and it
has therefore been a large challenge for the laminate film type
secondary battery to extend the life of the sealing property.
PROBLEMS THAT THE INVENTION IS TO BE SOLVED
[0005] The present invention has been made in view of the
above-mentioned situation, and an object of the present invention
is to improve a sealing property of a flat laminate film secondary
battery.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0006] A sealing force of a flat laminate film secondary battery
having a laminate film as an armored body typically depends on
fusion bonding performance of the laminate film, and the long-term
reliability of the sealing force is proportional to a fusion
bonding width. In the case of securing a five-year period of
sealing reliability, for example, the fusion bonding width may be
narrow when the sealing force is large, but on the contrary, the
fusion bonding width needs to be sufficiently wide when the sealing
force is small.
[0007] On the other hand, when a sealing property of a can type
battery is compared with that of a laminate type battery, it is
obvious due to the difference in sealing method that the welded
sealing method of the can type battery is more preferred. For
making the sealing property of the laminate film as close to that
of the can type battery as possible, it is necessary to improve the
fusion bonding performance of the laminate film and also to widen
the fusion bonding width thereof.
[0008] However, the improvement in fusion bonding performance of
the laminate film requires development cost as well as a certain
length of time, and the extension of the fusion bonding width
requires development cost for a dedicated sealing device as well as
a certain length of time. There is further a problem that an
increase in material cost causes an increase in product cost.
Accordingly, the present invention proposes a module structure
where the sealing force of the existing laminate film itself is
added with a sealing force from outside so as to become as close to
the sealing property of the can type battery as possible.
[0009] A module structure proposed in the present invention is that
a four-side sealing section of an existing flat laminate film
secondary battery having a laminate film as an armored body is
mechanically cramped from upside and downside by module covers via
sealing accessory plates. With the interposition of the sealing
accessory plates, the sealing force of the laminate film itself is
added with a sealing force to cramp the sealing section by the
covers and the sealing accessory plates, making it possible to
further improve the sealing property of the laminate film
itself.
[0010] Accordingly, the present invention provides a module
characterized in that a flat laminate film secondary battery is
included in (fixed into) the module, and a part or whole of a
laminate film sealing section area of the flat laminate film
secondary battery is sandwiched from upside and downside by sealing
accessory plates. In this case, it is appropriate that the
above-mentioned sealing accessory plates are cramped by the top and
bottom covers of the module.
[0011] In order to describe the module structure of the present
invention, first, a conventional module structure is taken as an
example. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate conventional module structures.
FIG. 1 illustrates a structure obtained by housing a flat laminate
film secondary battery 3 in a box case 9 and injecting a filler 10
into a space between the box case 9 and the flat laminate film
secondary battery 3 to fix the flat laminate film secondary battery
3 into the case. In some conventional module structures, a rubber
sheet 5 is interposed in a space between the box case 9 and the
flat laminate film secondary battery 3.
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates a top-and-bottom-cover-type module
structure, obtained by sandwiching the flat laminate film secondary
battery 3 between a top cover 1 and a bottom cover 2 to fix the
flat laminate film secondary battery 3 by the force pinched between
the two covers. While there are some cases where the rubber sheet 5
is interposed between the fixed surface of the flat laminate film
secondary battery 3 and each of the top and bottom covers 1 and 2,
and there are other cases where the filler 10 is injected into a
space created between each side face of the flat laminate film
secondary battery 3 and the top and bottom covers 1 and 2, the
basic structure is to fix the flat laminate film secondary battery
3 by the force pinched by the top and bottom covers 1 and 2.
[0013] In any of the above-mentioned structures, the sealing
property of the flat laminate film secondary battery depends on the
sealing force of the laminate film itself. After the construction
of the module, even the injection of the filler 10 into spaces,
created with the flat laminate film secondary battery within the
module, does not lead to addition of an external force to the
laminate sealing portion, and therefore, also in this case, the
sealing property of the flat laminate film secondary battery
depends on the sealing force of the laminate film itself.
[0014] As opposed to this, the present invention provides a
structure that can solve a problem having been unsolvable with the
conventional module structures. A fundamental action of the present
invention is described using FIG. 3. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the
module structure of the present invention is that a laminate film
sealing area 11 of the flat laminate film secondary battery 3 is
cramped so as to be sandwiched from upside and downside by the top
and bottom covers 1 and 2 of the module via the sealing accessory
plates 4, and hence the laminate film sealing area 11 is
mechanically cramped by the sealing accessory plates 4. Thereby,
the sealing force of the laminate film itself is added with a
sealing force of the sealing accessory plates 4 from outside by the
sandwiching force, to improve the sealing property of the laminate
film. The sealing area 11 is represented with a filled-in area in
FIG. 4 illustrating a perspective view of a flat laminate film
secondary battery, and this is a section sealed by fusion
bonding.
[0015] In order to achieve the module structure of the present
invention, it is required that the sealing accessory plate 4 has
stiffness for sandwiching the sealing section area of the laminate
film from upside and downside to improve the sealing property. In
the meantime, since electrodes are extracted from the laminate film
armored body, and the cross section of the electrode-extracting
side of the sealing section has a concavo-convex configuration as
illustrated in FIG. 5, it is preferable that an elastic material
capable of tracing the concavo-convex configuration be applied to
the sealing accessory plate 4. FIG. 6 illustrates a concavo-convex
configuration in the case of extracting positive and negative
electrodes from one end, and also in this case, it is preferable
that an elastic material capable of tracing the concavo-convex
configuration be applied to the sealing accessory plate 4.
[0016] The sealing accessory plate preferably applied may include:
a sealing accessory plate 4 made of an elastic plastic material
capable of tracing a concavo-convex configuration, of the
combination of an elastic plastic material and a metal material or
of the combination of an elastic plastic material and a high rigid
plastic material; and a sealing accessory plate 6 (FIG. 7) made of
a flat rubber gasket having a thickness as large as or larger than
the thickness of the flat laminate film secondary battery 3.
[0017] In sandwiching the sealing area 11 of the laminate film by
the sealing accessory plates 4 or 6, although any degree of
pinching force is expected to bring some effect, the sealing force
is desirably made as large as possible. In the case of the sealing
accessory plate 4, however, generation of a large pinching force
requires an increase in rigidity of the sealing accessory plate 4,
and the weight of the sealing accessory plate 4 naturally
increases. In the case of the sealing accessory plate 6, the
stiffness of the top and bottom covers 1 and 2 of the module need
increasing for sufficient deformation by compression of the sealing
accessory plate 6, and the weights of the top and bottom covers 1
and 2 naturally increase. Considering a weight density as a module,
the total weight increase should be suppressed to the maximum
extent.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of a structure of a
conventional module A;
[0019] FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of a structure of a
conventional module B;
[0020] FIG. 3 is an explanatory view illustrating a module
structure of the present invention;
[0021] FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of a fusion-bonded sealing
area of a flat laminate film secondary battery;
[0022] FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of an electrode-extracting
section of a flat laminate film secondary battery of the type
constructed to extract electrodes from the opposing sides;
[0023] FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of an electrode-extracting
section of a flat laminate film secondary battery of the type
constructed to extract electrodes from the same side;
[0024] FIG. 7 is an explanatory view illustrating a module
structure of Example 2 of the present invention;
[0025] FIG. 8 is an explanatory view illustrating a module
structure of Example 1 of the present invention; and
[0026] FIG. 9 is an explanatory view illustrating one example of
module structures (example of a large sized module of 16 serials in
four columns and four rows) of the present invention.
[0027] It is to be noted that Reference numeral 1 denotes a module
top cover. Reference numeral 2 denotes a module bottom cover.
Reference numeral 3 denotes a flat laminate film secondary battery.
Reference numeral 4 denotes a sealing accessory plate (the type
made of the combination of a high rigidity material and an elastic
material). Reference numeral 5 denotes a sponge sheet. Reference
numeral 6 denotes a sealing accessory plate (the type made of an
elastic material alone). Reference numeral 7 denotes an electrode.
Reference numeral 8 denotes a laminate film. Reference numeral 9
denotes a box case. Reference numeral 10 denotes a filler.
Reference numeral 11 denotes a laminate film fusion bonding area of
a flat laminate film secondary battery.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0028] An embodiment of the present invention will be described
below with reference to attached drawings. As illustrated in FIG.
3, the embodiment of the present invention is characterized by a
structure to sandwich the flat laminate film secondary battery 3
between the module top and bottom covers 1 and 2, respectively via
the sealing accessory plates 4. The sealing accessory plates 4 are
disposed so as to sandwich, from upside to downside, the sealing
area 11 of the laminate film as the armored body of the flat
laminate film secondary battery 3.
[0029] Since the sealing accessory plate 4 is required to have
rigidity or stiffness for mechanically cramping the sealing area of
the laminate film, it is appropriate that a high rigid metal
material or a high rigid plastic material is used for the sealing
accessory plate 4. Meanwhile, since electrodes are extracted from
the laminate film sealing area, the cross section of the
electrode-extracting side of the sealing section has a
concavo-convex configuration. It is therefore desirable to apply an
elastic material capable of tracing the concavo-convex
configuration to the sealing accessory plate 4. Hence, the sealing
accessory plate 4 made of the combination of a rubber gasket as an
elastic material capable of tracing the concavo-convex
configuration and a high rigid metal material or a high rigid
plastic material may be employed. Further, the sealing accessory
plate 4 may be produced of only an elastic material with a small
amount of compression permanent distortion. In this case, the
thickness of the sealing accessory plate needs to be designed in
consideration of the relationship between the compression permanent
distortion amount of the material rubber and a pressurizing force
of the same.
[0030] As a material for the module armored body, common metal
materials, reinforced plastics and the like can be cited as
examples. In the module structure of the present invention, the
sealing accessory plate is cramped by each of the top and bottom
covers of the module, generating the sealing force of the sealing
accessory plate, with which the laminate film sealing section of
the flat laminate film secondary battery is cramped, and therefore,
the larger the force to cramp the sealing section, the more
effectively it acts. For this reason, a high rigidity metal
material is desired as the material for the module armored body;
however, the use of such a metal material is disadvantageous in
that a weight density as a module becomes undesirably small, and it
is thus necessary to choose the most suitable material consistent
with application of an module.
[0031] In the case where the sealing accessory plate is made of a
high rigidity metal material or a high rigidity plastic material
and an elastic rubber gasket, if the high rigidity materials for
the respective sealing accessory plates 4 to cramp the sealing area
11 of the laminate film from upside and downside have been cramped
with bolts or the like so as to apply a cramping force to the
sealing area 11, the module top and bottom covers are required to
have a cramping force just to an extent that the flat laminate film
secondary battery assembly is kept from moving within the module,
and it is thereby possible to chose the material for the module
armored body among a wide range of materials from low rigid
materials to high rigid materials.
[0032] On the other hand, in the case where the sealing accessory
plate 6 is produced using only an elastic rubber material with a
small amount of compression permanent distortion, the module
armored body is required to have a force to distort the sealing
accessory plate 6 and also to cramp the sealing area 11 of the
laminate film from upside and downside, and it is therefore
desirable to choose the material for the module armored body among
high rigid metal materials or high rigid plastic materials.
[0033] However, because the sealing property is expected to improve
at least from the sealing property of the laminate film itself due
to the existence of the force from outside to cramp the sealing
area 11 of the laminate film, the materials for the combination of
the sealing accessory plate 6 and the module armored body are
basically not specified.
[0034] In the following, Example 1 of the present invention is
described using FIG. 8. First, an ABS resin was employed as the
material for the module. The dimensions of the top and bottom
covers 1 and 2 were W105 mm.times.D170 mm.times.T7 mm (thickness: 5
mm), and a bolt hole for fixing was provided at each side. The
sealing accessory plate 4 was made of an SUS material and the
dimensions thereof were 90 mm.times.140 mm.times.3 mm while the
flame width thereof was 10 mm (internal hollow section: 70
mm.times.120 mm), and a groove of 2 mm wide.times.1 mm deep was
formed in the flame width center of each of the top and under
surfaces of the sealing accessory plate. Further, a protrusion for
fixing a bolt was provided at each side of the sealing accessory
plate 4. As the elastic rubber, silicone rubber of 2 mm per side
was employed and placed in the flame grooves of the sealing
accessory plate 4 to complete the sealing accessory plate 4 of the
present invention.
[0035] As the flat laminate film secondary battery 3 having a
laminate film as an armored or an outer-covered body, a laminated
type battery including a power generating element was employed, the
power generating element being formed by laminating a positive
electrode and a negative electrode with a separator interposed
therebetween, and impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte. The
dimensions of the flat laminate film secondary battery 3 were W90
mm.times.D140 mm.times.T4 mm, and the dimensions of the included
power generating element were W70 mm.times.D124 mm.times.T3.8 mm.
Further, the thickness of the laminate film as the armored body was
100 .mu.m, and the fusion bonding width (sealing area width) of the
laminate film was 10 mm.
[0036] In the above-mentioned construction, as illustrated in FIG.
8, the flat laminate film secondary batteries 3 were laminated via
the sealing accessory plates 4 and the silicone type sponge sheets
5, and the sealing accessory plates 4 were fixed with bolts. At
this time, pressure sensitive paper was placed between the rubber
gasket area of the sealing accessory plate 4 and the sealing area
11 of the laminate film to adjust the pinching force. The silicone
type sponge sheet 5 employed in the present example is a sheet
having a hardness of about 25. However, the employed silicone type
sponge sheet 5 is not characterized by the hardness thereof; the
sheet is intended to fill a space created between the laminate film
secondary batteries when laminated, and may thus have a high degree
of elasticity and be sufficiently softer than the silicone rubber
of the sealing accessory plate 4. In the present example, with
consideration given to a compression permanent distortion amount of
the employed silicone rubber for the sealing accessory plate, a
surface pressure was set to be not smaller than 1 kgf/cm.sup.2. The
total weight corresponds to about 10 kgf.
[0037] Eventually, the bolt-fixing unit comprising the sealing
accessory plates 4, the flat laminate film secondary batteries 3
and the silicone type sponge sheets 5 was pinched between the
module top and bottom covers 1 and 2.
[0038] Next, Example 2 is described using FIG. 7. First, a glass
epoxy resin was employed as the material for the module. The glass
epoxy resin is one of those epoxy resins having high rigidity
compared to other epoxy resins. The dimensions of the module top
and bottom covers 1 and 2 were W105 mm.times.D170 mm.times.T7 mm
(thickness: 5 mm), as those in Example 1. The sealing accessory
plate 6 was made of elastic rubber alone, and as the material for
the sealing accessory plate 6, silicone rubber was employed. The
dimensions thereof were 90 mm.times.140 mm.times.4.5 mm while the
flame width thereof was 10 mm (internal hollow section: 70
mm.times.120 mm). As the flat laminate film secondary battery 3
having a laminate film as an armored body, the same one as in
Example 1 was employed.
[0039] In the above-mentioned construction, as illustrated in FIG.
7, the flat laminate film secondary batteries 3 were laminated via
the sealing accessory plates 6 (silicone rubber with an internal
hollow section) and the silicone type sponge sheets 5, and the
sealing accessory plates 6 and the flat laminate film secondary
batteries 3 were sandwiched between the module top and bottom
covers 1 and 2 to be fixed. At this time, pressure sensitive paper
was placed between the sealing accessory plate 6 (silicone rubber
with an internal hollow section) and the sealing area 11 of the
laminate film to adjust the sandwiching force. The silicone type
sponge sheet 5 employed in present Example 2 is the same one as
that in Example 1. In the present example, with consideration given
to a compression permanent distortion amount of the employed
silicone rubber, a surface pressure was set to be about 1
kgf/cm.sup.2. The total weight corresponds to about 42 kgf.
[0040] Although one flat laminate film secondary battery was used
in Examples 1 and 2 described above, the present structure is not
limited to one battery and is applicable to a plurality of flat
laminate film secondary batteries. Further, the number as well as
the position of the bolts to fix the sealing accessory plates 4 is
not limited, and the bolts may be disposed so as to uniformly fix
the plates.
[0041] FIG. 9 illustrates one example of construction of a large
sized module of 16 serials by using 16 flat laminate film secondary
batteries 3 in four columns and four rows.
[0042] Subsequently, a sealing property evaluation was conducted
using two kinds of conventional modules and the modules of Examples
1 and 2. The sealing property evaluation is a harsh evaluation
where a laminate film secondary battery module is stood still in an
environment of high temperature and humidity to promote dissolution
of an electrolyte in the laminate film secondary battery, while
water is penetrated to enter from a fusion bonding layer of a
laminate film to produce hydrofluoric acid, acceleratingly
degrading a sealing property of the fusion bonded sealing section
of the laminate film to cause leakage of the electrolyte from the
secondary battery. The test was conducted under the environment of
60.degree. C./90% RH and the electrolyte leakage was determined
using litmus paper.
[0043] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the conventional module A was
constructed such that the flat laminate film secondary battery 3
and the sponge sheet 5 were pushed into an aluminum-made
cylindrical can case 9 with a thickness of 1 mm. The conventional
module B illustrated in FIG. 2 was constructed such that the flat
laminate film secondary battery 3 was sandwiched between
SUS-material-made top and bottom covers 1 and 2 with a thickness of
3 mm, respectively via upper and lower silicone type sponge sheets
5 with a thickness of 1 mm. It is to be noted that the filler 10 is
not used in the conventional modules A and B for comparison, in
view of the sealing evaluation.
[0044] Table 1 shows the results of the sealing property evaluation
test. In Table 1, the sealing properties of the conventional module
B and the modules of the present examples are compared, on the
basis of the period during which the laminate film sealing property
of the conventional module A deteriorated and electrolyte leakage
occurred, by means of a resistance period ratio (magnification of
resistance period during which the electrolyte leakage was
confirmed). As apparent from Table 1, it was found that the modules
of Examples 1 and 2 have the resistance period 2.5 times or more
longer than the resistance period of the conventional module A.
Although the period during which the electrolyte leakage occurred
in each of the modules of the present examples was not specified in
view of the evaluation period, it is at least found that the
sealing property as a module improves by 2.5 times or more by
mechanically sandwiching the fusion-bonded sealing section of the
laminate film from upside and downside.
1 TABLE 1 Conventional Conventional module A module B Example 1
Example 2 Magnification of 1 1.2 2.5 or 2.5 or resistance period
more more
[0045] As thus described, employment of the module structure of the
present invention enables improvement in sealing property by 2.5
times or more from the sealing property obtained in the
conventional module structure. Moreover, expansion of the module
structure of the present invention enables constitution of a large
sized module.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0046] The module structure of the present invention has the effect
of improving a total sealing force (sealing property) in such a
manner that the fusion-bonded sealing area of the flat laminate
film secondary battery is sandwiched from upside and downside to be
mechanically cramped, and thereby the sealing force of the laminate
film itself is added with a mechanical sealing force from outside.
Moreover, since the structure of the present invention can be
applied to either a single battery or a plurality of batteries, it
has the effect of maintaining the state where the sealing property
has been improved, in construction of a larger sized module.
Furthermore, the structure of the present invention has the effect
of freely setting a sealing force as a module by selecting the
materials for the sealing accessory plate and the module armored
body.
* * * * *