U.S. patent application number 10/740578 was filed with the patent office on 2005-02-10 for method and apparatus for preparing a dialkyl carbonate, and its use in the preparation of diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates.
This patent application is currently assigned to POLIMERI EUROPA S.p.A.. Invention is credited to Boden, Eugene Pauling, Delledonne, Daniele, Fernandez, Ignacio Vic, Gonzalez, Angel Sanchez, Kailasam, Ganesh, Lewis, Larry Neil, Nisoli, Alberto, Ofori, John Yaw, Rivetti, Franco.
Application Number | 20050033078 10/740578 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24739029 |
Filed Date | 2005-02-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050033078 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Delledonne, Daniele ; et
al. |
February 10, 2005 |
Method and apparatus for preparing a dialkyl carbonate, and its use
in the preparation of diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates
Abstract
Unexpected corrosion of downstream sections of a dialkyl
carbonate manufacturing apparatus has been traced to alkyl
chloroformate impurities, which slowly decompose to yield
hydrochloric acid. An improved process and apparatus for dialkyl
carbonate synthesis reduce corrosion by physically removing or
chemically decomposing the alkyl chloroformate impurities within
the corrosion-resistant upstream sections of the apparatus. The
alkyl chloroformate may be decomposed by passing it through a
passageway at a temperature of about 30 C to about 130.degree. C.
for a time of about 0.5 hour to about 10 hours. The passageway may
include one or more holding vessels or a tubular section that
promotes plug flow.
Inventors: |
Delledonne, Daniele;
(Oleggio, IT) ; Rivetti, Franco; (Milano, IT)
; Boden, Eugene Pauling; (Scotia, NY) ; Kailasam,
Ganesh; (Murcia, ES) ; Lewis, Larry Neil;
(Scotia, NY) ; Nisoli, Alberto; (Niskayuna,
NY) ; Ofori, John Yaw; (Niskayuna, NY) ;
Gonzalez, Angel Sanchez; (Murcia, ES) ; Fernandez,
Ignacio Vic; (Madrid, ES) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.
1940 DUKE STREET
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22314
US
|
Assignee: |
POLIMERI EUROPA S.p.A.
Brindisi
IT
|
Family ID: |
24739029 |
Appl. No.: |
10/740578 |
Filed: |
December 22, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10740578 |
Dec 22, 2003 |
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10227111 |
Aug 23, 2002 |
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10227111 |
Aug 23, 2002 |
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09682286 |
Aug 14, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
558/277 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07C 69/96 20130101;
C07C 68/01 20200101; B01J 2219/00006 20130101; C07C 68/01 20200101;
B01J 2219/00272 20130101; B01J 2219/00247 20130101; C07C 68/01
20200101; B01J 19/002 20130101; C07C 69/96 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
558/277 |
International
Class: |
C07C 069/96 |
Claims
1. A method of preparing a dialkyl carbonate, comprising: reacting
an alkanol, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and a catalyst to form a
mixture comprising a dialkyl carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate,
hydrochloric acid, water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide;
separating from the reaction mixture a liquid fraction comprising
alkyl chloroformate; and passing said liquid fraction through a
fluid passageway at a temperature of about 30.degree. C. to about
130.degree. C. and for a time of about 0.5 hour to about 10 hours;
wherein said fluid passageway has a length to diameter ratio of at
least about 0.2.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said alkanol comprises
methanol.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said reacting said alkanol, said
oxygen, and said carbon monoxide comprises feeding said alkanol,
said oxygen, and said carbon monoxide to a reactor in a molar ratio
of (about 0.5 to about 0.7 alkanol):(about 0.04 to about 0.06
oxygen):(about 0.8 to about 1.2 carbon monoxide).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said catalyst comprises a metal
selected from the group consisting of iron, copper, nickel, cobalt,
zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, rhenium,
osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, and combinations
comprising at least one of the foregoing metals.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said catalyst comprises
copper.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said catalyst comprises
hydrochloric acid.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said catalyst comprises
hydrochloric acid and copper in a molar ratio of about 0.5 to about
1.5.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said fluid passageway comprises a
holding vessel having a length to diameter ratio less than 5.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said fluid passageway comprises a
plurality of holding vessels having a length to diameter ratio less
than 5.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said fluid passageway comprises
a section having a length to diameter ratio of at least 5.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein passing said liquid fraction
through a fluid passageway comprises passing said liquid fraction
through at least one section having a length to diameter ratio of
at least about 5 for at least about 50% of the total time spent in
said fluid passageway.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising at least partially
condensing said mixture prior to separating said liquid
fraction.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing hydrochloric
acid from said liquid fraction.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said removing hydrochloric acid
comprises reducing the concentration of said hydrochloric acid to
less than about 1.times.10.sup.-3 moles per liter.
15. The method of claim 13, further comprising vaporizing said
liquid fraction before said removing hydrochloric acid.
16. An apparatus for preparing a dialkyl carbonate, comprising: a
reactor for reacting an alkanol, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and a
catalyst to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl carbonate, an
alkyl chloroformate, hydrochloric acid, water, carbon dioxide, and
carbon monoxide; a gas-liquid separator; and a fluid passageway for
removing alkyl chloroformate, wherein said fluid passageway has a
length to diameter ratio of at least about 0.2.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said fluid passageway
comprises a holding vessel having a length to diameter ratio less
than 5.
18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said fluid passageway
comprises a plurality of holding vessels having a length to
diameter ratio less than 5.
19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said fluid passageway
comprises a section having a length to diameter ratio of at least
about 10.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Polycarbonate resins are useful materials valued for their
physical and optical properties. Methods for the preparation of
polycarbonate resins include interfacial processes and melt
processes. In interfacial processes, as described, for example, in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,659 to Sikdar, a bisphenol is reacted with
phosgene in the presence of solvents. In melt processes, as
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,153,008 to Fox, a
bisphenol is reacted with a diaryl carbonate. Melt processes are
presently preferred because they avoid the use of phosgene and
solvents.
[0002] Use of a melt process for polycarbonate synthesis requires
an industrially efficient process for producing diaryl carbonates.
There are several known processes for producing diaryl carbonates.
One example of such a process is described by U.S. Pat. No.
4,182,726 to Illuminati et al. In this process, diaryl carbonates
are produced by reacting dialkyl carbonates with aryl hydroxides
(see Scheme I, below). 1
[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,726 also demonstrates that diaryl
carbonates can be reacted together with dihydric phenols to produce
polycarbonates (see Scheme II, below). 2
[0004] A preferred process for making dialkyl carbonates is
illustrated in Scheme III, below, and described, for example, in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,527,943 to Rivetti et al.; and 4,218,391 and
4,318,862 to Romano et al. 3
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,943 (the '943 Patent) also describes a
known drawback of the dialkyl carbonate process according to Scheme
(III): it produces water as a by-product. Also, hydrochloric acid
(HCl) may be continuously added to the reaction mixture to maintain
a desired molar ratio of chloride to copper. Therefore, HCl, CuCl
catalyst, and water are typically found in the stream exiting the
reactor vessel. Hydrochloric acid and copper chlorides are very
corrosive in the presence of water, so equipment made from
corrosion-resistant materials, such as glass-lined vessels, must be
used in the reaction section of a chemical plant making dialkyl
carbonates by this process. As corrosion-resistant equipment is
expensive, there is a desire to use it in as little of the plant as
possible.
[0006] A typical plant for performing preparing dialkyl carbonates
according to Scheme III may contain three sections: a reaction
section for converting raw materials to dialkyl carbonate, a
separation section for isolating the dialkyl carbonate from
unreacted monomers and by-products, and a purification section for
removing water and further isolating the dialkyl carbonate. The
'943 Patent teaches that one can minimize the amount of
corrosion-resistant equipment required by removing the HCl from the
process stream immediately after the reaction section. This
eliminates the necessity of using expensive corrosion-resistant
materials in the separation and purification sections of the plant.
The '943 Patent further suggests that removal of HCl and possible
copper halide salts from the stream immediately after the reaction
section can be accomplished by exposing the gas-liquid mixture
produced by the reaction to a liquid stream consisting of one of
the process fluids. The '943 Patent also states that the operating
conditions employed are preferably adjusted such that the gaseous
mixture from the reactor does not condense, or condenses only to a
negligible extent, before the acid removal section in order to
avoid the necessity of having to reheat the mixture before removing
the HCl (col. 3, lines 17-30).
[0007] In view of the above, it was desirable to construct a plant
wherein the HCl and any copper halide salts would be removed from
the stream after the reaction section to avoid corrosion in the
separation and purification sections. However, a technique similar
to that described by the '943 Patent--removing HCl and copper salts
by treatment of a vaporized feed in a column using a counterflowing
azeotrope fluid from the reaction mixture--failed to prevent
corrosion in the downstream separation and purification
sections.
[0008] There is therefore a need for a dialkyl carbonate process
that recognizes and eliminates additional sources of corrosion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The above-described and other drawbacks and disadvantages of
the prior art are alleviated by a method of preparing a dialkyl
carbonate, comprising: reacting an alkanol, oxygen, carbon
monoxide, and a catalyst to form a mixture comprising a dialkyl
carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate, hydrochloric acid, water, carbon
dioxide, and carbon monoxide; separating from the reaction mixture
a liquid fraction comprising alkyl chloroformate; and passing said
liquid fraction through a fluid passageway at a temperature of
about 30.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C. and for a time of about
0.5 hour to about 10 hours; wherein said fluid passageway has a
length to diameter ratio of at least about 0.2.
[0010] After considerable effort, the present inventors have
discovered that dialkyl carbonate synthesis can form alkyl
chloroformate by-products that lead to problematic corrosion. For
example, in the reaction of methanol, carbon monoxide, and oxygen
to form dimethyl carbonate (hereinafter "DMC"), methyl
chloroformate (hereinafter "MCF") may be formed as a by-product.
The MCF may pass through the HCl removal column into the separator
and purification sections, where it reacts slowly with methanol
and/or water to form corrosive HCl. Therefore, it was determined
that steps were needed to remove MCF prior to the separation and
purification sections.
[0011] Other embodiments, including an apparatus for preparing
dialkyl carbonates, are described below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of
the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the
same becomes better understood by reference to the following
detailed description when considered in connection with the
accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0013] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a first embodiment of the
apparatus.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a simplified diagrammatic view of a comparative
apparatus that is susceptible to corrosion.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus in which the fluid passageway 110 comprises two
holding vessels 120.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus in which the fluid passageway 110 comprises four
holding vessels 120.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus in which the fluid passageway 110 comprises a tubular
section 130.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus comprising an ion exchange resin bed 190.
[0019] FIG. 7 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus in which the fluid passageway 110 comprises a first
gas-liquid separator 90 and a second gas-liquid separator 100.
[0020] FIG. 8 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus in which the fluid passageway 110 precedes the first
gas-liquid separator 90.
[0021] FIG. 9 is a simplified diagrammatic view of an embodiment of
the apparatus in which the fluid passageway 110 follows the
azeotrope column 180.
[0022] FIG. 10 is a plot of chloride concentrations at the bottom
of an azeotrope column 180 as a function of apparatus type (FIG. 2
and FIG. 3) and time.
[0023] FIG. 11 is a plot of methyl chloroformate concentrations
entering and exiting the fluid passageway 110 as a function of time
for an apparatus corresponding to FIG. 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0024] Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference
numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the
several views.
[0025] One embodiment is a method, comprising: reacting an alkanol,
oxygen, carbon monoxide, and a catalyst to form a mixture
comprising a dialkyl carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate,
hydrochloric acid, water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide; and
removing alkyl chloroformate from said mixture.
[0026] There is no particular limitation on the alkanol used in the
method. Suitable alkanols include primary, secondary, and tertiary
C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkanols, with primary C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkanols
being preferred. Highly preferred alkanols include methanol.
[0027] Oxygen may be provided in any form, with gaseous forms being
preferred. Suitable oxygen sources include, for example, air, and
oxygen-containing gases having at least about 95 weight percent
molecular oxygen, preferably at least about 99 weight percent
molecular oxygen. Suitable oxygen-containing gases are commercially
available from, for example, Air Products.
[0028] Carbon monoxide is preferably supplied as a gas having at
least about 90 weight percent, preferably at least about 95 weight
percent, more preferably at least about 99 weight percent, carbon
monoxide. Suitable carbon monoxide-containing gases are
commercially available from, for example, Air Products.
[0029] Suitable catalyst include those comprising iron, copper,
nickel, cobalt, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver,
cadmium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, and the
like, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing
metals. Preferred catalysts may comprise copper. A highly preferred
catalyst comprises copper and chloride ion in a molar ratio of
about 0.5 to about 1.5. Within this range, a molar ratio of at
least about 0.8 may be preferred. Also within this range, a molar
ratio of up to about 1.2 may be preferred. Highly preferred
catalysts include cuprous chloride (CuCl) and cupric chloride
(CuCl.sub.2), with cuprous chloride being more highly preferred.
During operation of the process, a suitable chloride ion
concentration may be maintained by the addition of hydrochloric
acid (HCl).
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates a dialkyl carbonate plant 10 having
linked reaction section 20, separation section 30, and purification
section 40. With reference to FIG. 1, the catalyzed reaction of
alkanol, oxygen, and carbon monoxide may be performed in a single
reactor 50, or in two or more reactors 50. The conditions for
performing this step should be selected to maximize the yield of
dialkyl carbonate while minimizing the degradation of dialkyl
carbonate. Preferably, the reaction is performed in a single
reactor 50, at a temperature of about 50.degree. C. to about
250.degree. C. Within this range, the temperature may preferably be
at least about 100.degree. C. Also within this range, the
temperature may preferably be up to about 150.degree. C. The
reactor 50 is preferably kept at a pressure of about 15 to about 35
bar gauge (barg). Within this range, a pressure of at least about
20 barg may be preferred. Also within this range, a pressure up to
about 28 barg may be preferred. In the case of dual reactor
systems, the catalyst may be recycled between tanks. The catalyst
concentration should be sufficiently high to produce an acceptable
yield, but should be kept below a concentration that would cause
solid setting of the catalyst in the reactor 50 or clogging of the
equipment. The reactants alkanol, oxygen, and carbon monoxide are
preferably added to the reactor in a molar ratio of (about 0.5 to
about 0.7):(about 0.04 to about 0.06):(about 0.8 to about 1.2),
respectively. A highly preferred molar ratio of
alkanol:oxygen:carbon monoxide is (about 0.6):(about 0.05):(about
1).
[0031] The amount of catalyst used relative to the reactants will
depend on the identity of the catalyst. For example, when the
catalyst comprises CuCl, a highly preferred catalyst concentration
is about 140 to about 180 grams per liter of reaction mixture.
During operation, the catalyst may initially be added from a
catalyst tank 60. Sufficient HCl is preferably added to reactor 50
from a hydrochloric acid tank 70 during the course of the reaction
to maintain a molar ratio of Cu:Cl close to 1.0. The concentration
of HCl is preferably continuously determined and controlled by the
addition of HCl. A typical mass ratio for HCl feed to total liquid
feed is about 6.times.10.sup.4 to about 8.times.10.sup.4.
[0032] The reaction produces a mixture comprising a dialkyl
carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate, hydrochloric acid, water, carbon
dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The mixture may further comprise
residual methanol and oxygen, as well as side-products such as
alkyl chlorides and dialkyl ethers. The mixture is typically
withdrawn from the reactor 50 in a gas/vapor form. The term "vapor"
is meant to refer to gaseous organic components of the mixture such
as, for example, evaporated dialkyl carbonates, alcohols, alkyl
chloroformates, etc., and to water vapor. That is, the term "vapor"
refers to fluids having a boiling point of at least -50.degree. C.
at one atmosphere. In contrast, the term "gas" is meant to refer to
the gaseous oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and optional
nitrogen. That is, the term "gas" refers to fluids having a boiling
point less than -50.degree. C. at one atmosphere. The vapor may be
at least partially condensed in condenser 80, and fed to a first
gas-liquid separator 90. The apparatus may optionally employ a
single gas-liquid separator, or a plurality of (i.e., at least 2;
preferably up to about 5) gas-liquid separators. The first
gas-liquid separator 90 may be kept at a pressure within about 10%,
more preferably within about 1%, of the pressure of the reactor 50.
The gas effluent from the first gas-liquid separator 90 may be
recycled, for example to reuse excess carbon monoxide. The mixture
may be sent to a second gas-liquid separator 100, which preferably
has a pressure less than about 20% of the pressure of the reactor
50 (e.g., preferably less than 3 bar gauge, more preferably about
0.2 bar gauge) to preferably achieve separation of at least about
90%, more preferably at least 95%, by weight of the remaining gas
in the mixture. In a highly preferred embodiment, substantially all
of the gas is removed from the mixture. The gas effluent removed
from the second gas-liquid separator 100 can also be recycled. It
is preferred that the vapor in the mixture be in a partially
condensed form (i.e., at least about 10% condensed), more
preferably a fully condensed form (i.e., at least about 90%
condensed), before entering the first gas-liquid separator 90, and
between the first gas-liquid separator 90 and the second gas-liquid
separator 100.
[0033] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the mixture exiting the
second gas-liquid separator 100 may be in a single liquid phase
(liquid fraction). After the second gas-liquid separator 100, the
liquid fraction may proceed through a fluid passageway 110 that
removes alkyl chloroform ate from the mixture. It will be
understood that the terms "remove" and "removal" in reference to a
particular chemical species encompass any chemical or physical
process that reduces the concentration of the species in the
mixture. The alkyl chloroformate may be removed from the condensate
by any method. Some preferred methods include heating, increasing
pressure, increasing residence time, adding a polar solvent,
adsorbing, separating with a membrane (including gas and liquid
membrane separation), pervaporating, passing through an ion
exchange resin, exposing to a stoichiometric reagent, exposing to a
catalytic reagent, and the like, and combinations comprising at
least one of the foregoing techniques. In a preferred embodiment,
the alkyl chloroforinate is removed from mixture by reaction with
water (see Scheme IV) or alkanol (see Scheme V). 4
[0034] It may also be preferred to remove the alkyl chloroformate
without passing the liquid fraction through an ion exchange resin,
because such resins are expensive to install and operate. It may be
preferred to remove at least about 50 percent, more preferably at
least about 90 percent, yet more preferably at least about 95
percent, even more preferably at least about 99 percent, of the
alkyl chloroformate from the liquid fraction. In one embodiment, it
may be preferred to reduce the alkyl chloroformate concentration in
the liquid fraction to less than about 500 ppm, more preferably
less than about 100 ppm, yet more preferably less than about 30
ppm. In any of these embodiments, it may be preferred to remove
less than about 10%, more preferably less than about 5%, yet more
preferably less than about 1%, of the dialkyl carbonate. Although
the method may be described as "removing less than about 10% of
said dialkyl carbonate", it will be understood that the
concentration of dialkyl carbonate need not be reduced and may even
increase. For example, the concentration of dialkyl carbonate may
increase if the Scheme V reaction of alkyl chloroformate with
methanol forms dialkyl carbonate faster than dialkyl carbonate
decomposes due to other reactions.
[0035] Through extensive kinetic studies of the dimethyl carbonate
process utilizing variations in factors including temperature,
time, water concentration, methanol concentration, and hydrochloric
acid concentration, the present inventors have found that the rate
of methyl chloroformate decomposition may be given by the equation
(1)
-r.sub.MCF=(k.sub.1[H.sub.2O]+k.sub.2[MeOH)][MCF] (1)
[0036] where r.sub.MCF is the rate of change of the moles of methyl
chlorofornate (MCF) per unit volume, [H.sub.2O], [MeOH], and [MCF]
are the instantaneous concentrations of water, methanol, and methyl
chloroformate, respectively, in moles per unit volume, and k.sub.1
and k.sub.2 are rate constants that vary with temperature according
to equations (2) and (3), respectively
k.sub.1=k.sub.1.sup.0e.sup.-6381/T (2)
k.sub.2=k.sub.2.sup.0e.sup.-7673/T (3)
[0037] where k.sub.1.sup.0=2.09.times.10.sup.9 mL/mol-min,
k.sub.2=4.14.times.10.sup.10mL/mol-min, and T is the temperature in
degrees kelvin.
[0038] In many cases, it is valid to assume that the concentrations
of water and methanol, and the density of the solution are
essentially constant. Within these general kinetic constraints,
different kinetic expressions may be used for different process and
apparatus types. With knowledge of the relevant chemical reactions
and rate constants provided in this application, these expressions
may be readily derived by those of ordinary skill in the art. For
example, where decomposition of the methyl chloroformate in the
fluid passageway may be approximated as a batch process, the rate
of methyl chlorofornate decomposition may be expressed as a
function of time in the fluid passageway, as shown in equation
(4):
-d[MCF]/dt=(k.sub.1[H.sub.2O]+k.sub.2[MeOH])[MCF] (4)
[0039] where t is time in minutes. In a batch process, at least
about 10% of the methyl chloroformate may be removed by maintaining
the liquid fraction under conditions comprising a water
concentration ([H.sub.2O]), a methanol concentration ([MeOH]), a
temperature (T), and a time (t), such that a parameter X according
to the equation (5)
X=exp{-[(2.09.times.10.sup.9)e.sup.(-6381/T)[H.sub.2O]+(4.14.times.10.sup.-
-10)e.sup.(-7673/T)[MeOH]]t} (5)
[0040] has a value less than about 0.9, wherein the water
concentration and the methanol concentration are expressed in moles
per milliliter, the temperature is expressed in degrees Kelvin, and
the time is expressed in minutes. The value of X may preferably be
less than about 0.5, more preferably less than about 0.2, yet more
preferably be less than about 0. 1, even more preferably less than
about 0.05, still more preferably less than about 0.01. The water
concentration may be about 0.1 to about 50 moles per liter (mol/L).
Within this range, the water concentration may preferably be at
least about 0.5 mol/L, more preferably at least about 1 mol/L. Also
within this range, the water concentration may preferably be up to
about 30 mol/L, more preferably up to about 20 mol/L, yet more
preferably up to about 10 mol/L, even more preferably up to about 5
mol/L. The methanol concentration may be about 1 to about 25 mol/L.
Within this range, the methanol concentration may preferably be at
least about 5 mol/L, more preferably at least about 10 mol/L. Also
within this range, the methanol concentration may preferably be up
to about 20 mol/L, more preferably up to about 18 mol/L. The time
may be about 0.5 hour to about 10 hours. Within this range, the
time may preferably be at least about 1 hours, more preferably at
least about 2 hours. Also within this range, the time may
preferably be up to about 8 hours, more preferably up to about 6
hours. The temperature may be about 30 to about 130.degree. C.
Within this range, the temperature may preferably be at least about
40.degree. C., more preferably at least about 50.degree. C., yet
more preferably at least about 60.degree. C. Also within this
range, the temperature may preferably be up to about 110.degree.
C., more preferably up to about 100.degree. C., yet more preferably
up to about 90.degree. C.
[0041] In the limit of an ideal steady state plug flow reactor, and
assuming constant density of the liquid fraction, the rate of
methyl chloroformate decomposition may be expressed according to
equation (4), with t representing time in minutes.
[0042] When the decomposition of the methyl chloroformate in the
fluid passageway may be approximated as occurring in an ideal
steady state continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), the
concentration of methyl chloroformate at residence time t.sub.R is
given by equation (6)
[MCF].sub.tR=[MCF].sub.t=0(1/(1+kt.sub.R)) (6)
[0043] where [MCF].sub.t=0 is the initial concentration of methyl
chloroformate in moles per milliliter, t.sub.R is the residence
time in minutes, and k is given by equation (7)
k=k.sub.1[H.sub.2O]+k.sub.2[MeOH] (7)
[0044] where k.sub.1, k.sub.2, [H.sub.2O], and [MeOH] are as
defined above. The residence time t.sub.R may be defined as the
average time spent by a molecule in the fluid passageway 110.
[0045] In another embodiment that relates to a batch reactor,
removing alkyl chloroformate from the liquid fraction comprises
maintaining the liquid fraction under conditions comprising an
initial concentration of methyl chloroformate ([MCF].sub.t=0), a
water concentration ([H.sub.2O]), a methanol concentration
([MeOH]), a temperature (T), and a time (t), such that a parameter
Z calculated according to the equation (8)
Z=[MCF].sub.t=0
exp{-[(2.09.times.10.sup.9)e.sup.(-638/T)[H.sub.2O]+(4.14.-
times.10.sup.10)e.sup.(-7673/T)[MeOH]]t} (8)
[0046] has a value less than about 5.times.10.sup.-6, preferably
less than about 1.times.10.sup.-6, more preferably less than about
5.times.10.sup.-7, even more preferably less than about
5.times.10.sup.-8, wherein the initial concentration of methyl
chloroformate, the water concentration, and the methanol
concentration are expressed in moles per milliliter, the
temperature is expressed in degrees Kelvin, and the time is
expressed in minutes. The temperature, time, methanol
concentration, and water concentration in this expression are as
described above. The initial concentration of methyl chloroformate
will depend on the reactor conditions, but it is typically about
5.times.10.sup.-3 moles per liter to about 5.times.10.sup.-1 moles
per liter. Within this range, the initial concentration of methyl
chloroformate may be at least about 1.times.10.sup.-2 moles per
liter. Also within this range, the initial concentration of methyl
chloroformate may be up to about 1.times.10.sup.-1 moles per
liter.
[0047] In a preferred embodiment that relates to a batch reactor,
removing alkyl chloroformate comprises subjecting the liquid
fraction to conditions comprising an initial dimethyl carbonate
concentration ([DMC].sub.t=0), an initial water concentration
([H.sub.2O].sub.t=0), an initial methanol concentration
([MeOH].sub.t=0), an initial hydrochloric acid concentration
([HCl].sub.t=0), a temperature (T), and a time (t), such that a
parameter X calculated according to the equation (9)
X=exp{-[(2.09.times.10.sup.9)e.sup.(-6381/T)[H.sub.2O].sub.t=0+(4.14.times-
.10.sup.10)e.sup.(-7673T)[MeOH].sub.t=0]t} (9)
[0048] has a value less than about 0.9, and a parameter Y
calculated according to the equation
Y={1-[H.sub.2O].sub.t=0([DMC]).sub.t=0}/{(1-([H.sub.2O].sub.t=0([DMC]).sub-
.t=0)(exp((6.6.times.10.sup.10)(exp(-6636/T))[HCl].sub.t=0[DMC].sub.t=0([H-
.sub.2O].sub.t=0([DMC]).sub.t=0-1)t)))} (10)
[0049] has a value of at least about 0.9, wherein the initial
dimethyl carbonate concentration, the initial water concentration,
the initial methanol concentration, and the initial hydrochloric
acid concentration are expressed in moles per milliliter, the
temperature is expressed in degrees Kelvin, and the time is
expressed in minutes. The value of Y may preferably be at least
about 0.95, more preferably at least about 0.99. Suitable
analytical techniques to determine initial concentrations of water,
methanol, hydrochloric acid, and dimethyl carbonate in reaction
mixtures are well known in the art. The term "initial
concentration" refers to the concentration of a species before
intentional removal of alkyl chloroformate. The initial water and
methanol concentrations are the same as the water and methanol
concentrations described above (under typical reaction conditions,
the water and methanol concentrations are large are essentially
constant during alkyl chloroformate removal). The initial dimethyl
carbonate concentration may be about 0.5 to about 10 mol/L. Within
this range, the initial dimethyl carbonate concentration may
preferably be at least about 1 mol/L, more preferably at least
about 2 mol/L. Also within this range, the initial dimethyl
carbonate concentration may preferably be up to about 8 mol/L, more
preferably up to about 6 mol/L. The concentration of HCl in the
liquid fraction will depend on the type and concentration of
catalyst employed. The initial hydrochloric acid concentration will
depend on the type and amount of catalyst, but it is typically
about 1.times.10.sup.-3 to about 2.times.10-1 moles per liter.
Within this range, the initial hydrochloric acid concentration may
preferably be at least about 5.times.0.sup.-3, more preferably at
least about 1.times.10.sup.-2 mol/L. Also within this range, the
initial hydrochloric acid concentration may preferably be up to
about 1.times.10.sup.-1 more preferably up to about
7.times.10.sup.-2 mol/L.
[0050] The method may be operated, for example, in a batch,
semi-batch, or continuous manner.
[0051] In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the liquid
fraction passes through a first heat exchanger 140 to adjust the
temperature of the liquid fraction to about 30.degree. C. to about
130.degree. C. Within this range, the temperature may preferably be
at least about 40.degree. C., more preferably at least about
50.degree. C. Also within this range, the temperature may
preferably be up to about 80.degree. C., more preferably up to
about 70.degree. C. The term "heat exchanger" describes a
well-known device for heating chemical reaction streams, typically
by exchanging heat between a thermal energy source (e.g., steam)
and a cooler chemical reaction stream, but it is understood that
other types of equivalent heaters (e.g., electrical heaters) are
also included. The condensate may proceed into a fluid passageway
110, which serves to increase the time of the liquid fraction under
conditions to maximize decomposition of alkyl chloroformate while
minimizing decomposition of dialkyl carbonate. The condensate may
preferably remain fully condensed within the fluid passageway 110.
It is desirable to keep the condensate fully condensed because at
least some alkyl chloroformates (e.g., methyl chloroformate) are
more stable in the vapor phase than the liquid phase under
conditions used for this process.
[0052] The time and temperature in the fluid passageway 110 are
preferably sufficient to remove enough alkyl chloroformate to
prevent unacceptable downstream corrosion, but they should not be
so excessive as to cause unnecessary reductions in the productivity
and yield of the desired dialkyl carbonate product. FIG. 2 shows a
simplified process diagram representative of a comparison process.
In this process, the liquid fraction flows directly from a first
gas-liquid separator 90 to a first heat exchanger 140, then to an
acid removal column 160. Three specific embodiments of the fluid
passageway 110 are shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5. In a preferred
embodiment, at least about 50% of the alkyl chloroformate is
removed, more preferably at least 80% is removed. In a highly
preferred embodiment, the alkyl chloroformate concentration is
reduced to less than about 500 parts per million (ppm) by weight,
more preferably less than about 100 ppm by weight, yet more
preferably less than about 30 ppm by weight, based on the total
weight of the liquid fraction after alkyl chloroformate removal.
The fluid passageway 110 is preferably selected such that the total
time between the reactor 50 and the acid removal column 160 is
about 0.5 hour to about 10 hours. Within this range, the time may
preferably be at least about 1 hour, more preferably at least about
2 hours. Also within this range, the time may preferably be up to
about 8 hours, more preferably up to about 7 hours.
[0053] The fluid passageway 110 may have a length to diameter ratio
(L/D) of at least about 0.2, preferably at least about 0.5. In one
embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 3, the fluid passageway 110
comprises two holding vessels 120. These holding vessels 120 may,
for example, maintain the liquid fraction at a temperature of about
55 .degree. C. for about 2 hours. Each holding vessel 120 may
preferably have a length to diameter ratio (L/D) less than 5,
preferably less than about 2. While two holding vessels 120 are
illustrated in this figure, there is no particular limitation on
the number of holding vessels 120 in the fluid passageway 110. It
may be preferred to use at least 2 holding vessels 120, and
configurations comprising 3, 4, 5, 6, or more holding vessels 120
may also be preferred.
[0054] While the length to diameter ratio may be simply expressed
as L/D for a vessel having a cylindrical cross section, it will be
understood that the L/D limitation may also apply to a vessel with
uniform but non-circular cross-section. In that case,
D=D.sub.eq-=(4 A/pi).sup.1/2, where A is the cross-sectional area.
Likewise, the L/D limitation may apply to a vessel where the
cross-sectional area is non-uniform, in which case D may still be
calculated according to D=D.sub.eq-=(4 A/pi).sup.1/2, but A is
determined by the formula V/L, where V is the volume of the vessel,
and L is the length of the vessel in the direction of the flow
through the vessel. In one embodiment, the liquid passing through
the vessel may enter and leave the vessel at opposite ends of the
longest dimension of the vessel. In another embodiment, the vessel
may be baffled, in which case the value of L refers to the length
of the flow path of the liquid, and A refers to its cross-sectional
area; in this embodiment, the liquid passing through the vessel may
enter and leave the same end or different ends of the vessel.
[0055] In another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 4, the fluid
passageway 110 comprises 4 holding vessels 120. These holding
vessels 120 may, for example, maintain the liquid fraction at a
temperature of about 70.degree. C. for about 4 hours. Each holding
vessel 120 may preferably have a length to diameter ratio (L/D)
less than 5, preferably less than about 2.
[0056] In yet another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 5, the fluid
passageway 110 may comprise a section having L/D of at least 5,
preferably at least about 10; the value of L/D may be up to about
50 or even up to about 100. For brevity, this section may be
referred to as a tubular section 130. Such a tubular section 130
having L/D>5 may promote plug flow of the liquid fraction
through the fluid passageway 110, thereby efficiently utilizing the
time for removal of the alkyl chloroformate. In this embodiment, it
may be preferred that the liquid fraction resides in one or more
narrow sections having L/D>5 for at least about 50% of the total
time spent in the fluid passageway 110, more preferably at least
about 80% of the total time spent in the fluid passageway 110.
[0057] Referring again to FIG. 1, after exiting the fluid
passageway 110, the liquid fraction may, optionally, pass through a
second heat exchanger 150 to at least partially vaporize it. The
liquid fraction may have a residence time of less than 10 minutes
in second heat exchanger 150. This vaporization step may also be
accomplished without a heat exchanger by lowering the pressure
applied to the liquid fraction (e.g., by passing the liquid
fraction into an acid removal column 160 that is kept at a
relatively lower pressure). The vaporized liquid fraction may then,
optionally, be treated to remove HCl, preferably by injecting it
into an acid removal column 160. The acid removal column 160 may
also help remove any entrained catalyst (e.g., CuCl) that could
otherwise contribute to downstream corrosion. In the acid removal
column 160, the vaporized condensate may preferably encounter a
counter-flowing liquid supplied by counter-flowing liquid line 170
to a higher point in the column (e.g., the upper third). The
counter-flowing liquid may trap the remaining HCl and other
reactants, which may be removed from the bottom of the acid removal
column 160 and recycled to the reactor 50. The vaporized liquid
fraction may be removed from the top of the acid column 160, and,
optionally, passed into an azeotrope column 180. As shown in FIG.
6, an optional ion exchange resin bed 190 may be included after the
acid removal column 160, or at any other position downstream with
respect to the acid removal column 160. It may be advantageous to
include an optional ion exchange resin bed 190 after water is
removed from the product dialkyl carbonate stream in the
purification section 40. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus
does not include an ion exchange resin bed 190.
[0058] In a preferred, embodiment, the method comprises reducing
the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the liquid fraction to
less than about 1.times.10.sup.-3 mol/L, more preferably less than
about 5.times.10.sup.4 mol/L, even more preferably less than about
1.times.10.sup.4 mol/L, based on the total composition after
removing hydrochloric acid.
[0059] In a preferred embodiment, the portions of the separation
section 30 downstream from the azeotrope column 180, and the
purification subsection 40 are not required to be
corrosion-resistant. Equipment upstream of the azeotrope column 180
is preferably corrosion-resistant; for example, it may be glass
lined. The term "corrosion-resistant" is meant to describe a
material capable of withstanding an HCl content of 500 ppm at a
temperature of about 50.degree. C. to about 135 .degree. C. in the
reaction mixture without substantial corrosion in a relatively
brief time period (e.g., six months). Glass lined vessels, precious
metal (e.g., tantalum) lined vessels and special steels such as
HASTELLOY.RTM. and CHROMALLOY.RTM. would be considered
corrosion-resistant materials, while ordinary stainless steels not
modified to enhance corrosion resistance would not be considered
corrosion-resistant. The azeotrope column 180 can be made at least
in part from corrosion-resistant metals. In a preferred embodiment,
the bottom of the azeotrope column 180 may be made from a
corrosion-resistant steel, whereas the top of the column can be
ordinary stainless steel.
[0060] In one embodiment of the apparatus, illustrated in FIGS. 1
and 3-6, alkyl chloroformate is removed in a fluid passageway
110.
[0061] In another embodiment of the apparatus, illustrated in FIG.
7, the mixture is present in the gas-liquid separation vessels 90
and 100 for sufficient time and at sufficient temperature to remove
alkyl chloroformate. In other words, the fluid passageway 110
comprises the gas-liquid separation vessels 90 and 100. For
example, the mixture may remain in the condense phase in the
gas-liquid separation vessels to be substantially decomposed by
reactions with water and methanol. In this embodiment, the first
heat exchanger 140 and the holding vessels 120 may be
unnecessary.
[0062] In another embodiment of the apparatus, illustrated in FIG.
8, the alkyl chloroformate may be removed in a fluid passageway 110
that precedes the gas-liquid separation vessels 90 and 100. In this
embodiment, one of the above-mentioned techniques for removing
alkyl chloroformate may be employed upstream of the gas-liquid
separation vessels 90 and 100.
[0063] In another embodiment of the apparatus, illustrated in FIG.
9, the hydrochloric acid may be removed from the liquid fraction
before removing the alkyl chloroformate. In this embodiment, the
alkyl chloroformate may be removed in the vapor, rather than the
liquid phase. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the fluid
passageway 110 may follow the azeotrope column 180; for example, it
may be inserted into the azeotrope column vapor exit line 210. In
this embodiment, the first heat exchanger 140 and the holding
vessels 120 illustrated in FIG. 3 may be omitted. In this
embodiment, the fluid passageway 110 may preferably comprise an
apparatus suitable for removing alkyl chloroformate from the vapor
phase (e.g., ion exchange resins, absorption beds, vapor phase
membranes, etc.), and the alkyl chloroformate need not be
condensed.
[0064] A preferred embodiment is a method of preparing a dialkyl
carbonate, comprising: reacting an alkanol, oxygen, carbon
monoxide, and a catalyst to form a mixture comprising a dialkyl
carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate, hydrochloric acid, water, carbon
dioxide, and carbon monoxide; separating from the reaction mixture
a liquid fraction comprising alkyl chloroformate; and passing said
liquid fraction through a fluid passageway 110 at a temperature of
about 50.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C. and for a time of about
1 hour to about 10 hours.
[0065] Another preferred embodiment is an apparatus for preparing a
dialkyl carbonate, comprising: means for reacting an alkanol,
oxygen, carbon monoxide, and a catalyst to form a mixture
comprising a dialkyl carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate,
hydrochloric acid, water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide;
means for separating a liquid fraction from said mixture; and means
for removing alkyl chloroformate from said liquid fraction.
[0066] Another preferred embodiment is an apparatus for preparing a
dialkyl carbonate, comprising: a reactor for reacting an alkanol,
oxygen, carbon monoxide, and a catalyst to a produce a mixture
comprising a dialkyl carbonate, an alkyl chloroformate,
hydrochloric acid, water, and carbon dioxide; a gas-liquid
separator for separating a liquid fraction from the mixture; and a
fluid passageway 110 for removing alkyl chloroformate from the
liquid fraction.
[0067] Dialkyl carbonates prepared according to the method are
useful for the preparation of diaryl carbonates. For example,
diaryl carbonates may be generated by the reaction of a dialkyl
carbonate with an aryl hydroxide (see Scheme I, above). The diaryl
carbonate may in turn be reacted with a dihydric phenol to form a
polycarbonate (see Scheme II, above). For example, dimethyl
carbonate prepared according to the method may be reacted with
phenoxide to form diphenyl carbonate, which in turn may be reacted
with bisphenol A to form a polycarbonate.
[0068] The invention is further illustrated by the following
non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1
[0069] A plant according to simplified FIG. 2 was built and
operated to produce dimethyl carbonate. Corrosion damage was
observed in and downstream of the azeotropic column 180. After
extensive experimentation, it was determined that the corrosion
damage was caused by methyl chloroformate passing through the acid
separation column. Specifically, methyl chloroformate was found to
be present in the azeotrope column 180 at a concentration of 300
parts per million (ppm) by weight.
EXAMPLES 2-5
[0070] The decomposition kinetics of methyl chloroformate were
studied under four different conditions. A procedure for
determining methyl chloroformate in a sample was as follows. For
Example 2, 32 milliliters (mL) of dimethyl carbonate, 10 mL of
dimethyl carbonate containing 50 mg of a biphenyl internal standard
63 mL of methanol, and 5 ml of water were added to a 250 mL flask
equipped with a thermometer, a condenser, and a port for sampling.
(Toluene may be used instead of the methanol/water solution.) The
resultant homogeneous solution was placed in an oil bath and the
temperature of the solution was held constant at 50.degree. C. At
time zero, 81.7 microliters of pure methyl chloroformate were added
to the solution (1,000 ppm on a weight basis). Samples were
withdrawn at various time intervals and were quenched by reacting
the methyl chloroformate in the sample with diisobutyl amine to
convert the methyl chloroformate to N,N'-diisobutyl methyl
carbamate. The amount of N,N'-diisobutyl methyl carbamate was then
analyzed via titration with a standard silver nitrate solution to
quantify the amount of ionic chloride present. The amount of methyl
chloroformate could then be inferred by analyzing the original
sample for ionic chloride. The difference in chloride concentration
is equal to the methyl chloroformate concentration because each
equivalent of methyl chloroformate liberates one equivalent of
ionic chloride upon derivatization. Alternatively, gas
chromatography can be used for direct analysis of the
N,N'-diisobutyl methyl carbamate using an internal standard.
[0071] Table I below show the observed decomposition rate constants
(k) at 50.degree. C. for various conditions. Example 2 corresponds
to the case described above. Example 3 has added hydrochloric acid
that is generally present in the authentic reaction mixture. In
Example 4, the effect of a small amount of sodium bicarbonate was
tested. In Example 5, the ratio of dimethyl carbonate to methanol
was held constant, but the amount of water was increased from 5% to
10%. The results are summarized below in Table I.
1 TABLE I DMC MeOH H.sub.2O Temp (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (.degree. C.)
k (min.sup.-1) Ex. 2 45 50 5 50 0.043 Ex. 3* 45 50 5 50 0.043 Ex.
4** 45 50 5 50 0.480 Ex. 5*** 43 47 10 50 0.055 *Identical to Ex.
2, except that it also had 1000 ppm of HCl, which is similar to the
effluent from the reactor 50. **Identical to Ex. 2, except that 1.6
eq. of NaHCO.sub.3 relative to the 1000 ppm MCF were added.
***Identical to Ex. 2, except that the % water was increased by
10%, but the ratio of DMC/MeOH was not changed, just reduced
overall
[0072] Plots of the logarithm of methyl chloroformate concentration
versus time were linear, fitting a pseudo-first-order kinetic
model. This behavior was observed even in the presence of
hydrochloric acid, and therefore this method can be used to
determine the concentration of methyl chloroformate in a particular
sample. Comparison of Examples 2 and 5 indicates that only minor
variations in the rate coefficient, k, are observed when analyzing
samples having water contents varying by a factor of two.
Comparison of Examples 2 and 3 shows, surprisingly, that added HCl
did not affect the observed rate of methyl chloroformate
decomposition. Comparison of Examples 2 and 4 shows that even a
small amount of base increased the reaction rate by more than
ten-fold. As a practical matter, however, it may be desirable to
avoid strongly basic conditions because they also may increase the
decomposition rate of dimethyl carbonate.
EXAMPLE 6
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
[0073] These experiments show that the fluid passageway 110 is
effective to reduce the concentration of methyl chloroformate that
can react to form HCl in downstream sections of the plant. With
reference to FIG. 1, two samples were obtained by sampling the
process fluid at different points in a dimethyl carbonate plant
having a configuration with a first heat exchanger 140 and two
holding vessels 120 (i.e., a configuration corresponding to FIG.
3). The first sample (Comparative Example 1) was taken immediately
before the first heat exchanger 140. The second sample (Example 6)
was taken after the second holding vessel 120 (i.e., after the
fluid passageway 110). Each same was taken to the lab, and its
chloride content was determined as a function of time elapsed from
sampling. The results are presented in Table II. The Ex. 6, data
show essentially constant levels of chloride ion, indicating that
labile, chloride-generating species such as methyl chloroformate
are not present in the sample. In contrast, the data for Comp. Ex.
1 show an increase with chloride level over time, consistent with
presence of methyl chloroformate in the initial sample and its
decomposition over time to form additional chloride ion. Thus, the
data collectively show that in the absence of the fluid passageway
110, substantial chloride formation may take place in downstream
(post-acid removal column 160) sections of the plant, causing
corrosion, but the presence of the fluid passageway 110 is
effective to decompose alkyl chloroformate to chloride ion before
the acid removal column 160, thereby preventing downstream
corrosion.
2 TABLE II Chloride Concentration (ppm) Time (h) Ex. 6 Comp. Ex. 1
0 374 189 2 408 312 4 374 339 8 372 368 10 372 357 25 381 368
EXAMPLE 7
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2
[0074] For Comparative Example 2, a dimethyl carbonate plant
according to simplified FIG. 2 was operated according to the
conditions described in Table III, below. This plant was similar to
that shown in more detail in FIG. 1, with the exception that the
first heat exchanger 140 and the fluid passageway 110 were absent.
Corrosion was observed in and downstream of the azeotrope column
180. Next, this plant was modified to include the first heat
exchanger 140 and two holding vessels 120 were added to increase
residence time (i.e., FIG. 3 configuration). FIG. 10 presents
measurements of residual ionic chlorides found in samples taken
from the bottom of the azeotrope column 180, comparing the FIG. 2
and FIG. 3 configurations, each over time. Residual chlorides were
determined by titration using a silver nitrate solution, as
described above. The data for the FIG. 2 configuration have an
average of 671 ppm chloride with a standard deviation of 370 ppm
chloride, whereas the data for the FIG. 3 configuration have an
average of 35 ppm chloride and a standard deviation of 25 ppm
chloride. The data thus show a dramatic reduction in chloride
levels for the FIG. 3 configuration vs. the FIG. 2 configuration.
It is predicted this reduction would be even greater for the
configurations according to FIGS. 4 and 6, in which four holding
vessels 120 are used to provide a residence time of four hours at
70.degree. C. FIG. 11 presents measurements of methyl chloroformate
concentration entering and exiting the fluid passageway 110 of the
FIG. 3 concentration. In other words, the points signified by "+"
and labeled "MCF feed to Phase 0"in FIG. 11 correspond to
measurements on the liquid fraction as it was entering the fluid
passageway 110; these points have an average value of 930 parts per
million by weight (ppmw) and a standard deviation of 412 ppmw. And
the points signified by ".box-solid." and labeled "MCF from Phase
0" correspond to measurements on the liquid fraction as it exits
the fluid passageway 110; these points have an average value of 45
ppmw and a standard deviation of 77 ppmw. These data clearly show
that an apparatus according to FIG. 3 is effective to dramatically
reduce the concentration of methyl chloroformate in the process
stream.
3TABLE III Ex. 7 Control Ex. 2 Conditions (FIG. 2 Configuration)
(FIG. 3 Configuration) Mass Ratio 0.7/0.06/1 0.7/0.06/1
MeOH/O.sub.2/CO Catalyst Content Fixed Fixed Reaction Temperature
133 133 (.degree. C.) Reaction Pressure (barg) 23 23 Temp. of
Pre-Residence 60 -- Time Heater (.degree. C.) 368 Temp. of Acid
Column 90 90 FeedVaporizer (.degree. C.) Residence Time between 2
0.03 flash vessel and acid column, excluding both (hours)
[0075]
4 TABLE IV average chloride concentration .+-. standard
Configuration deviation (ppm) FIG. 3 (comparison) 671 .+-. 370 FIG.
2 (invention) 35 .+-. 25
[0076] While the invention has been described with reference to a
preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the
art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope
of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to
adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the
invention without departing from essential scope thereof.
Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the
particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for
carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include
all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended
claims.
[0077] Where not specifically defined herein, technical terms in
this specification may be interpreted according to Grant and Hach's
Chemical Dictionary, 5.sup.th ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc.
[0078] All cited patents and other references are incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
[0079] The entire contents of U.S. published application No.
2003/0153782 A1 are incorporated herein by reference.
[0080] Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the
present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It
is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended
claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described herein.
* * * * *