U.S. patent application number 10/934026 was filed with the patent office on 2005-02-03 for deicing solution.
This patent application is currently assigned to Sears Petroleum & Transport Corporation. Invention is credited to Hartley, Robert A., Wood, David H..
Application Number | 20050023502 10/934026 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27568301 |
Filed Date | 2005-02-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050023502 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hartley, Robert A. ; et
al. |
February 3, 2005 |
Deicing solution
Abstract
A de-icing and anti-icing composition in the form of an aqueous
solution which includes sugars, and an inorganic freezing point
depressant in the form of a chloride salt.
Inventors: |
Hartley, Robert A.;
(Ontario, CA) ; Wood, David H.; (Rome,
NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
WALL MARJAMA & BILINSKI
101 SOUTH SALINA STREET
SUITE 400
SYRACUSE
NY
13202
US
|
Assignee: |
Sears Petroleum & Transport
Corporation
Rome
NY
|
Family ID: |
27568301 |
Appl. No.: |
10/934026 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
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Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10934026 |
Sep 3, 2004 |
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10444559 |
May 23, 2003 |
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6827873 |
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10444559 |
May 23, 2003 |
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10260808 |
Sep 30, 2002 |
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6582622 |
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10260808 |
Sep 30, 2002 |
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10212319 |
Aug 5, 2002 |
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6596188 |
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10260808 |
Sep 30, 2002 |
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10212318 |
Aug 5, 2002 |
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6599440 |
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10212319 |
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09971163 |
Oct 4, 2001 |
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6440325 |
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10212319 |
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09971165 |
Oct 4, 2001 |
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6436310 |
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10212318 |
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09971163 |
Oct 4, 2001 |
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6440325 |
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10212318 |
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09971165 |
Oct 4, 2001 |
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6436310 |
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09971163 |
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09755587 |
Jan 5, 2001 |
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6299793 |
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09971165 |
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09755587 |
Jan 5, 2001 |
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6299793 |
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09755587 |
Jan 5, 2001 |
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09224906 |
Jan 4, 1999 |
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60070636 |
Jan 7, 1998 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
252/70 ;
106/13 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09K 3/185 20130101;
C09K 3/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
252/070 ;
106/013 |
International
Class: |
C09K 003/18 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of forming a de-icing and anti-icing composition which
comprises: (a) providing an aqueous solution which contains sugars
and a chloride salt, and (b) applying said aqueous solution to a
source of particulate material selected from the group consisting
of salt, sand and aggregates and mixtures thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the sugars and chloride in said
aqueous solution are present in the following concentration:
22 Wt % Sugars 3 to 60 Chloride salt 5 to 35 Water Balance.
3. The method of claim 2 in which the chloride salt is at least one
selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, magnesium
chloride and calcium chloride.
4. The method of claim 2 in which the molecular weight of the
sugars is in the range of about 180 to 1638.
5. The method of claim 2 in which the aqueous solution has a
viscosity of about 0.1 to 3 poises at 25.degree. C.
6. The method of claim 1 in which the aqueous solution has the
following composition:
23 Wt % Sugars 3 to 60 Chloride Salt 5 to 35 Thickener 0.15 to 10
Water Balance
7. The method of claim 1 in which the sugars include a mixture of
saccharides having a molecular weight up to about 1638.
8. The method of claim 1 in which the sugars include a mixture of
mono to decasaccharides having a molecular weight of up to about
1638.
9. The method of claim 1 in which the sugars are obtained by the
hydrolysis of starches and other polysaccharides obtained from the
group consisting of corn, wheat, rice and mixtures thereof.
10. Applying the coated particulate composition of claim 1 to an
outdoor surface.
11. A method of forming a de-icing and anti-icing composition which
comprises: (a) providing an aqueous solution which contains 3 to 60
wt % sugars and 5-35 wt % chloride salt, balance water and (b)
applying said aqueous solution to a source of particulate material
selected from the group consisting of rock salt, sand and
aggregates and mixtures thereof whereby said aqueous solution forms
a coating on said particulates.
12. The method of claim 11 in which the chloride salt is at least
one selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride,
magnesium chloride and calcium chloride.
13. The method of claim 11 in which the molecular weight of the
sugars is in the range of about 180 to 1638.
14. The method of claim 11 in which the aqueous solution has a
viscosity of about 0.1 to 3 poises at 25.degree. C.
15. Applying the coated particulate composition of claim 11 to an
outdoor surface.
16. The method of claim 11 in which the sugars include a mixture of
saccharides having a molecular weight up to about 1638.
17. The method of claim 11 in which the sugars include a mixture of
mono to decasaccharides having a molecular weight of up to about
1638.
18. The method of claim 11 in which the sugars are obtained by the
hydrolysis of starches and other polysaccharides obtained from the
group consisting of corn, wheat, rice and mixtures thereof.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/444,559 (now
allowed), filed May 23, 2003 which is a continuation of U.S. Ser.
No. 10/260,808, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,622, filed Sep. 30, 2002
(Granted Jun. 24, 2003), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
Ser. No. 10/212,319, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,188, filed Aug. 5,
2002 (Granted Jul. 22, 2003), and a continuation-in-part of U.S.
Ser. No. 10/212,318, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,440, filed Aug. 5,
2002 (Granted Jul. 29, 2003), which both are a continuation-in-part
of application U.S. Ser. No. 09/971,163 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,325
and U.S. Ser. No. 09/971,165 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,310 both filed
on Oct. 4, 2001 (Granted Aug. 27, 2002 and Aug. 20, 2002,
respectively), which are both a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser.
No. 09/755,587, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,793, filed Jan. 5, 2001
(Granted Oct. 9, 2001), which is a continuation-in-part application
of U.S. Ser. No.09/224,906 filed on Jan. 4, 1999, now abandoned and
U.S. Ser. No. 60/070,636 filed Jan. 7, 1998, the entirety of each
of the above applications which are incorporated herein by
reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The current state of the art for coping with snow and ice on
roads usually involves applying a deicer material such as a salt to
the road surface. Sometimes antiskid materials such as sand or
other aggregates such as gravel are added with or without a
salt.
[0003] The use of salt and compositions having high concentrations
of salt, cause an undesirable corrosive effect on vehicles, the
road surface, and the environment with respect to the run off of
water containing salt which contaminates the surrounding land and
water.
[0004] Considering the above problems associated with salt
formulations, there has been a continuing need for a deicing
composition or formulation which can effectively melt snow and ice
yet which reduces the corrosion and environmental contamination
referred to above. In response to the above problems associated
with the use of road salt, the prior art has looked to alternative
formulations which are less corrosive and more environmentally
friendly.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,101 (Janke et al.) relates to a deicing
composition containing a by-product of a wet milling process of
shelled corn. Corn kernels are steeped or soaked in a hot solution
containing small amounts of sulfurous acid. The corn kernels are
separated from the steep water and steep water solubles are used in
the production of a deicing composition.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,918 (Toth et al.) relates to a deicing
composition which comprises a mixture containing at least one
component selected from a number of chlorides or urea and an
admixture of waste concentrate of alcohol distilling that has a dry
substance content of from 200 to 750 g/kg and from 10% to 80% by
weight of water.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,330 (Bloomer) teaches a composition for
use in preventing the formation of ice or snow on outdoor surfaces,
such as roadways or aggregate stockpiles, and also for deicing
surfaces upon which snow or ice has formed. The composition is
formed from a waste product of the process of removing sugar from
sugar beet molasses, also known as desugared sugar beet
molasses.
[0008] The Janke et al., Toth et al. and Bloomer materials are
naturally occurring substances with hundreds (if not thousands) of
components such as complex carbo-hydrates, starches, sugars,
proteins etc. and are normally used with a salt.
[0009] The above de-icing solutions now being introduced in the
field employ agricultural residues e.g., corn based distillers
solubles and solubles from the corn wet milling industries. These
naturally occurring substances, which also include brewers
condensed solubles, are extremely variable in composition,
viscosity, film forming tendency, freezing temperature, pH etc.,
and consequently give varying performance when used in de-icing
solutions. Depending upon the source and batch, these materials at
low temperatures sometimes exhibit such resistance to flow that
they cannot be applied evenly to a road surface or mixed with a
chloride, rendering them virtually unsuitable for use.
[0010] Furthermore, these patents utilize materials which have
highly undesirable or unnecessary ingredients leading to practical
difficulties by manufacturers and users, such as stratification in
storage, biological degradation, odor, plugging of filters and
spray nozzles and environmental difficulties e.g. high biological
oxygen demand due to the very high organic contents (about 40% by
weight), presence of phosphorus compounds and heavy metals.
[0011] To improve quality and performance, and to meet current
mandated standards, there is an immediate need for synthetic,
chemically modified thickeners, and carefully purified materials
which can be substituted for the currently used agricultural
residues. Such a formulation would improve performance and reduce
metal corrosion, spalling of concrete, toxicity and addresses
environmental concerns.
[0012] It is therefore an object of the present invention to
provide a deicing formulation which exhibits improved performance
standards which overcomes the prior art problems described
above.
[0013] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a
deicing formulation which utilizes a synergistic combination of a
low molecular weight carbohydrate and an inorganic freezing point
depressant.
[0014] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
deicing formulation which utilizes a low molecular weight
carbohydrate to provide for improved ice melting properties and
exhibits less corrosion.
[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a
deicing formulation which provides consistent physical and chemical
properties, thereby assuring consistent quality and
performance.
[0016] It is another object of the present invention to provide an
economical, highly effective deicing formulation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0017] The present invention is based upon the discovery that low
molecular weight (about 180 to 1,000) carbohydrates when used with
an inorganic freezing point depressant such as a chloride salt has
a synergistic effect upon freezing point depression. The
formulation of deicing/anti-icing compositions employs
carbohydrates of less than about 1,000 molecular weight, such as
glucose/fructose, disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides,
pentasaccharides, hexasaccharides, and mixtures thereof. The
broader operative range for the carbohydrate molecular weight is
from about 180 to 1,500, with the range of about 180 to 1,000 being
preferred.
[0018] The basic composition of the present invention consists of
at least the first two of the following three components in aqueous
solution depending upon ambient weather conditions, terrain, nature
and amount of freezing/snow precipitation, and environmental
concerns:
[0019] (1) Inorganic freezing point depressants preferably in the
form of chloride salts which include magnesium chloride, calcium
chloride and sodium chloride. Metal acetates e.g. calcium magnesium
acetate, and other suitable acetates may also be used.
[0020] (2) Low molecular weight carbohydrates in the 180 to 1,500
range (180-1,000 preferred). These carbohydrates can be obtained
from a wide range of agricultural based products such as those
derived from corn, wheat, barley, oats, sugar cane, sugar beets
etc.
[0021] (3) Thickeners are used in certain applications as the third
key component to increase the viscosity of the composition so that
the liquid remains in contact with the road surface or with the
solid particles in piles of rocksalt/sand, or rocksalt/aggregates,
or salt alone, or sand or aggregate. Thickeners are mainly
cellulose derivatives or high molecular weight carbohydrates.
Typical molecular weights for cellulose derivatives are for methyl
and hydroxy propyl methyl celluloses from about 60,000 to 120,000
and for hydroxy ethyl celluloses from about 750,000 to 1,000,000.
Carbohydrate molecular weights range from about 10,000 to
50,000.
[0022] These components are used in an aqueous solution in the
following concentrations:
1 Weight % Carbohydrate 3 to 60 Inorganic Freezing Point Depressant
5 to 35 Thickener 0.15 to 10
[0023] In a further embodiment of the present invention it has been
found that certain low molecular weight sugars function as highly
effective carbohydrates in the above formulations.
[0024] The above described compositions provide a de-icing and
anti-icing formulation which can be formulated more uniformly to
provide for more consistent properties from batch to batch, while
at the same time providing for increased ice melting
properties.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0025] In the development of the present invention it was
determined that the predominant organic constituents in the prior
art formulations described above were carbohydrates, and in one
series of tests, Brewers Condensed Solubles (BCS),which was
selected as a test sample, was diluted with water and separated
into several fractions by the addition of increasing amounts of an
ethanol/methanol 85/15 v/v mix. The characteristic of the various
fractions and their freezing points when mixed with 15% magnesium
chloride are tabulated below.
2TABLE 1 % ethanol/ Freezing methanol % % Point Sample added Solids
Carbohydrates .degree. F. .degree. C. Brewers (BCS) NIL 43.6 43.1
-31.9 -35.5 Fraction A 60 5.3 3.8 -10.1 -23.4 Precipitate Fraction
B 74 3.7 3.2 -10.8 -23.8 Precipitate Fraction C 82 2.8 2.1 -10.3
-23.5 Precipitate Fraction D 85 1.3 0.6 -9.9 -23.3 Precipitate
Fraction E 85 30.7 29.8 -22.7 -30.4 Solubles
[0026] Fraction A consisted of essentially insoluble, high
molecular weight polysaccharides, whereas Fractions B to D
inclusive gave gummy residues of polysaccharides. Fractions A to D
had little effect upon freezing point depression. Fraction E, the
largest component, had a considerable effect upon freezing point
and is a mixture of lower molecular weight polysaccharides.
[0027] Fraction E was also examined for ice melting characteristics
at 25.degree. F. (-4.degree. C.) in admixture with magnesium
chloride employing SHRP H-205.2 Test Method for Ice Melting of
Liquid Deicing Chemicals.
3 TABLE 2 Lbs weight ice melted per Deicing Solution lb weight of
inorganic salt 15% magnesium chloride, control 16.9 Brewers BCS/Mg
Cl.sub.2 18.2 Fraction E/Mg Cl.sub.2 19.3 32% calcium chloride 7.3
26.3% sodium chloride 7.5
[0028] The last two figures were calculated from data in SHRP
H-205.2. These results indicate the appreciable improvement over
the commonly used sodium and calcium chlorides in ice melting
characteristics when Fraction E and Brewers BCS are mixed with
magnesium chloride. There is also a 14% improvement over the
control when Fraction E is used. This, together with freezing point
depression improvement indicates that an appreciably improved
deicing solution can be formulated.
[0029] The next stage of the investigation consisted of attempting
to isolate and define the active components in the Brewers BCS.
This was done by first filtering employing a 0.45 micron membrane
followed by ultrafiltration using a Model UFP-1-E-s (A/G Technology
Corporation, Needham, Mass.) with a nominal cutoff at a molecular
weight of 1000 and finally gel permeation chromatography (GPC)
using a Waters LC Module 1 unit with a set of three ultrahydrogel
columns and 50 mm Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 solution at pH7 as the mobile
phase. The brewers BCS liquor had two major carbohydrate fractions
(a) a low molecular weight fraction with the majority of components
having a molecular weight of less than 1000, and (b) a high
molecular weight fraction containing compounds with a molecular
weight of 12,600 but with some components in the 1000 to 10,000
molecular weight range. Fraction E was found to have a
chromatographic profile very similar to the low molecular weight
fraction (a) above with a molecular weight of less than 1000. Cane
Sugar DCS liquor had more components than the Brewers BCS but had
similar high and low molecular weight fractions with similar
molecular weight distributions.
[0030] In order to confirm that the low molecular weight fraction
has the greatest effect upon freezing point depression, a further
series of freezing points were measured using in this instance,
Dead Sea Salt Solution from Jordan in lieu of laboratory grade
magnesium chloride. Again the concentration of magnesium chloride
was 15% by weight for all samples.
4 TABLE 3 Freezing Point Sample .degree. F. .degree. C. Control:
Industrial grade magnesium -0.4 -18.0 chloride solution/Water
Brewers(BCS) -31.9 -35.5 Brewers GPC High Mol Wt Fraction -5.1
-20.6 Brewers GPC Low Mol Wt Fraction -16.4 -26.9 Brewers BCS
Fraction E -13.4 -25.2
[0031] It was thus shown that low molecular weight (less than 1000)
carbohydrates had the greatest effect upon freezing point
depression. Based upon these experiments, it was concluded that the
formulation of deicing/anti-icing compositions should employ
compounds in the less than 1000 molecular weight range such as
those tabulated below in Table 4:
5 TABLE 4 Carbohydrate Molecular Weight Glucose/fructose 180
Disaccharides 342 Trisaccharides 504 Tetrasaccharides 666
Pentasaccharides 828 Hexasaccharides 990
[0032] There is available commercially a wide range of
carbohydrates with varying carbohydrate compositions. An evaluation
was conducted using simple sugars, disaccharides and
polysaccharides in an attempt to determine the effect of molecular
weight and solute concentration upon freezing point. The
concentration of magnesium chloride used in the test was 15% by
weight. The test results for simple carbohydrates and complex
carbohydrates are tabulated below in Tables 5 and 6
respectively.
6TABLE 5 SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate % Concentration of
Freezing Point Type Name Carbohydrate .degree. F. .degree. C.
Control Mg Cl.sub.2 (15%) Nil -4.7 -20.4 Sugar Fructose 25.0 -8.9
-22.7 Sugar Fructose 50.0 -18.2 -27.9 Sugar Fructose 75.0 -31.9
-35.5 Sugar Glucose 30.0 -11.4 -24.1 Sugar Glucose 65.0 -37.3 -38.5
Disaccharide Maltose 25.0 -8.3 -22.4 Disaccharide Lactose 25.0
-11.7 -24.3
[0033]
7TABLE 6 COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES Freezing % Concentration Point
Carbohydrate of Carbohydrate .degree. F. .degree. C. Comments
Control Mg Cl.sub.2 Nil -4.7 -20.4 (15%) Corn syrup- 30 -5.6 -20.9
Contains glucose, high maltose maltose and maltotrisoe Corn syrup-
65 -19.1 -28.4 high maltose Corn syrup 25.0 -9.9 -23.3 Average Mol.
Wt. solids DE20 3746 Corn syrup 25.0 -11.6 -24.2 Average Mol. Wt.
solids DE44 1120 Corn syrup 50.0 -21.3 -29.6 solids DE44 Corn syrup
65.0 -27.0 -32.8 solids DE44
[0034] It can be seen from the results above that glucose is better
than fructose and of the two dissaccharides lactose is somewhat
better than maltose. The corn syrup DE20 has about 47% of mono to
hexasaccharides and the DE44 grade has about 69%, and the latter
grade is slightly better in reducing freezing point. Also Table 6
shows that there is a relationship between carbohydrate
concentration and freezing point thus allowing various formulations
to be developed.
[0035] More complex carbohydrates were also evaluated such as
dextrins and maltodextrins which are derived by hydrolysis
(enzymatic or via dilute mineral acids) of corn starch. In addition
a series of thickeners were evaluated. The control magnesium
chloride solution was prepared from the hexahydrate in Table 7
below which shows the results obtained. Again all samples contained
15% by weight of magnesium chloride.
8TABLE 7 Freezing Point Compound % Concentration .degree. F.
.degree. C. Comment Control 15% Mg Nil +3.4 -15.9 Cl.sub.2 Dextrin
5.0 -4.7 -20.4 Maltodextrin 5.0 -4.7 -20.4 DE5 Maltodextrin 9.1
-17.1 -27.3 Lower Mol. Wt than DE15 DE 5 Hydroxyethyl 0.33 +1.2
-17.1 Thickener cellulose 250 HHR Carboxymethyl 1.0 +2.5 -16.4
Thickener cellulose Gum arabic 3.6 -1.8 -18.8 Thickener Gum
tragacanth 0.2 -3.3 -19.6 Thickener 470
[0036] The Maltodextrin DE15 exhibits good results due to the lower
molecular weight components present and the higher concentration.
The higher the molecular weight, the less the influence upon
freezing point. Some thickeners were unstable in the presence of
magnesium chloride e.g. carboxy methyl cellulose, and so lose their
efficacy as thickeners.
[0037] It is also important to define the chloride salt content for
deicing/anti-icing liquids, the higher the chloride salt content,
the lower the freezing point and the higher the ice melting
characteristics. These characteristics are shown by the data in
Table 8 below for Mg Cl.sub.2 and Ca Cl.sub.2 at varying salt and
carbohydrate concentrations.
9TABLE 8 % salt % Carbo- Chloride by hydrate Freezing Point Salt
weight by weight .degree. F. .degree. C. Mg Cl.sub.2 22.7 18.0 Less
than -47 Less than -43.9 Mg Cl.sub.2 15.0 25.5 -22 -30 Ca Cl.sub.2
29.6 18.6 Less than -47 Less than -43.9 Ca Cl.sub.2 17.5 4.1 -5.4
-20.8 Ca Cl.sub.2 15.0 4.1 -0.6 -18.1
[0038] As the concentrations of salts and carbohydrates increase
the freezing point of the mixtures decrease. In the case of calcium
chloride at a fixed carbohydrate concentration of 4.1% an increase
of 2.5% by weight of Ca Cl.sub.2 decreased the freezing point by
4.8.degree. F. (2.67.degree. C.). Again formulations can be varied
to suit local conditions. Care must be taken as salt concentrations
approach the eutectic point on the freezing point--concentration
curve where the freezing point can rise and the salt can
crystallize out.
[0039] From the above discussion and laboratory evaluations the
basic composition consists of at least the first two of the
following components in aqueous solution depending upon ambient
weather conditions, terrain, nature and amount of freezing/snow
precipitation, environmental concerns, etc:
[0040] (1) An inorganic freezing point depressant in the form of
inorganic electrolytes, mainly chlorides, but also others, such as
sulfates and acetates, and could be used in concentrations of about
5 to 35 wt %. The main types employed are magnesium chloride,
calcium chloride and sodium chloride.
[0041] (2) A carbohydrate, especially lower molecular weight
carbohydrates in a range of about 180 to 1500. A preferred range is
about 180 to 1,000. The carbohydrates can be obtained primarily
from a wide range of agricultural based products such as those
derived from corn, wheat, barley, oats, sugar cane, sugar beet,
etc.
[0042] (3) Thickeners which are used in a concentration of about
0.15 to 10 wt % to increase the viscosity of the compositions so
that the liquid remains in contact with the road surface or with
the solid particles in piles of rock salt/sand, or rock
salt/aggregates, or rock salt alone, or sand or aggregate.
Thickeners are mainly cellulose derivatives such as methyl
cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl
cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, etc. or high molecular weight
carbohydrates.
[0043] The corrosivity of deicing/anti-icing liquids is important
due to the effect upon automobiles, other road transport vehicles,
bridges, reinforcing rods (rebars) in concrete structures such as
bridge decks, ramps and parking garage decks.
[0044] The testing of liquids for corrosivity can be quite complex
and there are a number of tests developed by organizations such as
ASTM and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
The test conditions and metals must approximate those experienced
in practice such as aerobic conditions and cold rolled steel
specimens. Prior art tests using nails immersed in liquid contained
in a screw top bottle are not meaningful mainly because of the
anaerobic conditions and the variation in metal substrate
composition, the degree of cold working and cleanliness.
[0045] Satisfactory test methods include SHRP H205.7 Test Method
for Evaluation of Corrosive Effects of Deicing Chemicals or Metals
(Handbook of Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical deicers
SHRP-H332, Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C.) And the test described in the Deicer
Specifications for the Pacific Northwest States of Idaho, Montana,
Oregon, Washington. The latter is based upon the NACE Standard test
Method for the Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals.
TM0169-95.
[0046] Some corrosion rate results employing SHRP H205.7 showing
corrosion inhibition due to carbohydrate presence are tabulated
below in Table 9.
10TABLE 9 % Chloride Corrosion Rate (mils per year) Salt %
Carbohydrate One Week Three weeks Six weeks 15% Na Cl Nil 5.97 4.66
5.48 15% Mg Nil 2.58 1.93 1.73 Cl.sub.2 15% Mg 4.1 0.89 0.61 0.40
Cl.sub.2
[0047] As can be seen from the data in Table 9, the carbohydrate
magnesium chloride formulation reduces the corrosion rate of steel
by 92.7% as compared to sodium chloride alone and 76.9% as compared
to magnesium chloride alone. Formulations as shown in Examples III
and IV (q.v.) were tested for corrosivity employing the Pacific
Northwest States protocol and there was a reduction in the
corrosion rate compared to sodium chloride solution of 57.2% for
Example III and 40.4% for Example IV. This again shows corrosion
inhibition properties.
[0048] The following examples are exemplary of various specific
embodiments of the present invention which are useful as deicing
agents:
EXAMPLE I
[0049]
11 Component Part by Weight Corn Syrup Solid DE 44 22.5 Industrial
grade magnesium 50.0 chloride solution* 2% Methocel Solution 2.0
Colorant (Caramel YT25) 0.5 Water 25.0 Freezing Point (ASTM-D
1177-94) -12.5.degree. F./-24.7.degree. C. Viscosity at 77.degree.:
20 centipoise Appearance: Gold color, clear solution Odor: Mild,
pleasant *Note: Industrial grade magnesium chloride solution is a
commercially available magnesium chloride solution also containing
calcium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride.
EXAMPLE II
[0050]
12 Component Parts by Weight High maltose corn syrup 31.5
Industrial grade magnesium 50.0 chloride solution Colorant (Caramel
YT25) 0.5 Water 18.0 Freezing Point (ASTM-D 1177-94): -22.degree.
F./-30.degree. C. Viscosity at 77.degree. F. 14.4 centipoises
Appearance Gold color, clear solution Odor Mild, pleasant
EXAMPLE III
[0051]
13 Components Parts by Weight High Maltose Corn Syrup 22.2
Industrial grade magnesium 70.0 chloride solution Water 7.8
Freezing point (ASTM-D 1177-94) Less than -47.degree.
F./-43.9.degree. C. Appearance Clear, light brown, mobile liquid
Odor Mild, pleasant Specific gravity 1.27 Viscosity at -94.degree.
F./-70.degree. C. Heavy syrup, flows
EXAMPLE IV
[0052]
14 Component Parts by Weight High Maltose Corn Syrup 20.5 43%
CaCl.sub.2 72.3 Water 7.2 Freezing Point (ASTM-D 1177-94) Less than
-47.degree. F./-43.9.degree. C. Appearance Clear, colorless, mobile
liquid Odor Mild, pleasant Specific Gravity 1.33 Viscosity at
-47.degree. F./-43.9.degree. C. Very heavy syrup
EXAMPLE V
[0053]
15 Component Parts by Weight High Fructose Corn Syrup 19.55 43%
Calcium Chloride Solution 73.15 Water 7.30 Freezing Point (ASTM-D
1177-94) -31.degree. F./-35.degree. C. Appearance Clear, colorless,
mobile liquid Specific Gravity 1.38 Odor Mild, pleasant
EXAMPLE VI
[0054]
16 Component Parts by Weight Glucose 32.5 Industrial grade
magnesium 50.0 chloride solution 2% Methoeel Solution 2.0 Colorant
(Caramel YT25) 0.5 Water 15.0 Freezing Point (ASTM-D 1177-94)
-38.2.degree. F./-39.0.degree. C. Appearance Gold color, clear
solution Odor Mild, pleasant
[0055] Colorants may also be used to enable applicators to see
where the deicer has been deposited. Non-toxic colorants which may
be used include caramel solutions and food grade dyes.
[0056] In a further embodiment of the present invention it is
desirable to use sugars in combination with a chloride salt. For
purposes of this invention sugars include mono- to decasaccharides
which have molecular weights from 180 to 1638. Sugars within this
molecular weight range have a synergistic effect upon freezing
point depression. Beyond this molecular weight of about 1638 the
synergistic effect rapidly decreases.
[0057] Note that for substantially the same concentration of
MgCl.sub.2 that the three formulation using sugars exhibited a
lower freezing point than MgCl.sub.2 alone.
17TABLE 10 Viscosity Mg Ford Cup Freezing Chloride % No. 4 Point
Concentration by Weight (Sec.) .degree. C. .degree. F. Maltodextrin
5.04 15.0 13 -20.4 -4.7 No. 5 Molasses 18.8 14.9 13 -24.9 -12.8
Maltodextrin 9.1 15.0 11 -27.3 -17.1 No.15 Aqueous None 15.0 --
-15.9 +3.4 Magnesium Chloride Reference Solution
[0058] Mixed sugar solutions are obtained commerically by the
hydrolysis of starches and other polysaccharides obtained from
corn, wheat, rice etc. A wide range of products are available which
are defined by the Dextrose Equivalent Value (DE Value) and the
saccharides distribution in the hydrodyzate solution. The Dextrose
Equivalent is a measure of the amount of simple sugars i.e. mono-
and disaccharides, and typified by glucose, fructose, maltose,
sucrose and lactose. Pure glucose has a DE Value of 100. The
saccharides distribution uses "DP" as a shorthand term for the
varous saccharides e.g. DP1 is for monosaccharides, DP2 for
disaccharides and so on.
[0059] The Maltodextrin No. 5 is a hydrolyzed product having a DE 5
value and has the following saccharide distribution i.e. mixture of
sugars:
18 TABLE 11 Saccharide % by Weight Molecular Weight Mono- DP1 0.9
180 Di- DP2 0.9 342 Tri- DP3 1.0 504 Tetra- DP4 1.1 666 Penta- DP5
1.3 828 Hexa- DP6 1.4 990 Hepta- DP7 1.5 1152 Octa- DP8 1.4 1314
Nona- DP9 1.4 1476 Deca- DP10 1.3 1638 Undeca- DP11+ 87.8 --
[0060] The grade of molasses listed in the Table is Molasses No 677
available from International Molasses Corporation Ltd., of New
Jersey and has the
19 Fructose 7 to 11% by weight Glucose 7 to 11% by weight Sucrose
30 to 36% by weight Total sugars 45 to 52% by weight Ash i.e.
inorganic (phosphates, Ca, K, Mg, Na) 11.5% maximum Cellulosics,
high mol wt. compounds 16 to 23% by weight Total Solids 79 to 80%
Water 20 to 21%.
[0061] The molecular weight of the carbohydrate for the molasses
used is between 180 and 342. The weight average molecular weight
for molasses is between about 280 and 290 depending upon the
saccharide mixture composition.
[0062] The Maltodextrin No. 15 is a hydrolyzed corn starch product
having a DE (Dextrose Equivalent) of 15 having the following
saccharide distribution i.e. mixtures of sugars.
20 TABLE 12 Saccharide % by Weight Molecular Weight Mono- DP1 1.3
180 Di- DP2 4.1 342 Tri- DP3 6.0 504 Tetra- DP4 4.6 666 Penta- DP5
5.2 828 Hexa- DP6 7.6 990 Hepta- DP7 6.3 1152 Octa- DP8 4.4 1314
Nona- DP9 3.5 1476 Deca- DP10 3.0 1638 Undeca- DP11+ 54.0 --
[0063] As the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide solution is allowed
to proceed the DE Value increases as does the low molecular weight
sugars:
21 TABLE 13 % Concentration By Weight Greater DE Value Product DP1
DP2 DP3 Than DP4 5 Maltodextrin No 5 0.9 0.9 1.0 97.2 15
Maltodextrin No. 15 1.3 4.1 6.0 88.6 25 Cleardex 25 AE/42 5.0 6.0
11.0 78.0 36 Cleardex 36/43 14.0 11.0 10.0 65.0 43 Cleardex 43/43
19.0 14.0 12.0 55.0 52 Cleardex 52/43 28.0 18.0 13.0 41.0 60
Cleardex 60/44 IX 31.0 36.0 10.0 23.0 66 Gleardex 66/43 40.0 35.0
8.0 17.0 97 Cleardex 95/37 95.0 3.0 0.5 1.5
[0064] Here Cleardex is a trademark of the Cargill Foods
Corporation.
[0065] The low DE Value materials give higher viscosity solutions
than the high DE Value solutions whereeas the latter have a greater
synergistic effect on freezing point depression. Combining these
effects allows appreciable flexibility in formulating deicing and
anti-icing compositions.
[0066] While the present invention has been particularly shown and
described herein with reference to various preferred modes it will
be understood by one skilled in the art that various changes in
detail may be effected therein without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
* * * * *