U.S. patent application number 10/623287 was filed with the patent office on 2005-01-27 for method and apparatus in a wireless communication system for expediting a request for uplink resources.
Invention is credited to Barve, Satyen D..
Application Number | 20050020272 10/623287 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33565188 |
Filed Date | 2005-01-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050020272 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Barve, Satyen D. |
January 27, 2005 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR
EXPEDITING A REQUEST FOR UPLINK RESOURCES
Abstract
A base station (400) and corresponding method (300) sends (302)
a first request for an acknowledgment message from a mobile unit
(502), the acknowledgment message including an uplink channel
request when needed by the mobile unit. The base station determines
(304) an expected time for receiving the acknowledgment message. In
response to not receiving the acknowledgment message by the
expected time, the base station conditionally sends (308) a
speculative packet access reject message to the mobile unit,
followed by a second request for the acknowledgment message.
Inventors: |
Barve, Satyen D.; (Palatine,
IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
POSZ & BETHARDS, PLC
11250 ROGER BACON DRIVE
SUITE 10
RESTON
VA
20190
US
|
Family ID: |
33565188 |
Appl. No.: |
10/623287 |
Filed: |
July 18, 2003 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
455/450 ;
370/329 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 1/1671 20130101;
H04W 74/06 20130101; H04L 1/1685 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
455/450 ;
370/329 |
International
Class: |
H04Q 007/20 |
Claims
1. A method in a base station of a wireless data communication
system for expediting a request from a mobile unit for uplink
resources, the method comprising: sending by the base station a
first request for an acknowledgment message from the mobile unit,
the acknowledgment message comprising an uplink channel request
when needed by the mobile unit; determining by the base station an
expected time for receiving the acknowledgment message; and in
response to not receiving the acknowledgment message by the
expected time, sending by the base station a speculative packet
access reject message to the mobile unit, followed by a second
request for the acknowledgment message.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending by the base station
the speculative packet access reject message further comprises
conditionally sending the speculative packet access reject message
only when the mobile unit is not actively transmitting uplink
data.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending by the base station
the speculative packet access reject message further comprises
conditionally sending the speculative packet access reject message
only when no uplink channel request is queued for the mobile and
waiting to be processed.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending by the base station
the speculative packet access reject message further comprises
conditionally sending the speculative packet access reject message
only when the base station is not waiting for the mobile unit to
retransmit the uplink channel request, in response to an
earlier-sent speculative packet access reject message and second
request.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending by the base station
the speculative packet access reject message further comprises
conditionally sending the speculative packet access reject message
only when a maximum number of sequential speculative packet access
reject messages allowed during a predefined downlink data flow has
not been reached.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending by the base station
the speculative packet access reject message further comprises
conditionally sending the speculative packet access reject message
only when a downlink temporary block flow is one of: operating in a
delayed downlink release mode, and operating within a predetermined
time of beginning the delayed downlink release mode.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending by the base station
the speculative packet access reject message further comprises
conditionally sending the speculative packet access reject message
only when the mobile unit has subscribed to a Quality of Service
(QoS) greater than a predetermined level.
8. An apparatus for use in a base station of a wireless data
communication system for expediting a request from a mobile unit
for uplink resources, the apparatus comprising: a transmitter for
sending by the base station a first request for an acknowledgment
message from the mobile unit, the acknowledgment message comprising
an uplink channel request when needed by the mobile unit; a
receiver for receiving the acknowledgment message, and a processor
for controlling the transmitter and the receiver; wherein the
processor is programmed to: determine an expected time for
receiving the acknowledgment message; and in response to not
receiving the acknowledgment message by the expected time,
conditionally send a speculative packet access reject message to
the mobile unit, followed by a second request for the
acknowledgment message.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed to
send the speculative packet access reject message only when the
mobile unit is not actively transmitting uplink data.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed
to send the speculative packet access reject message only when no
uplink channel request is queued for the mobile and waiting to be
processed.
11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed
to send the speculative packet access reject message only when the
base station is not waiting for the mobile unit to retransmit the
uplink channel request, in response to an earlier-sent speculative
packet access reject message and second request.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed
to send the speculative packet access reject message only when a
maximum number of sequential speculative packet access reject
messages allowed during a predefined downlink data flow has not
been reached.
13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed
to send the speculative packet access reject message only when a
downlink temporary block flow is one of: operating in a delayed
downlink release mode, and operating within a predetermined time of
beginning the delayed downlink release mode.
14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed
to send the speculative packet access reject message only when the
mobile unit has subscribed to a Quality of Service (QoS) greater
than a predetermined level.
15. A base station in a wireless data communication system for
expediting a request from a mobile unit for uplink resources, the
base station comprising: a transmitter to send a first request for
an acknowledgment message from the mobile unit, the acknowledgment
message able to carry an uplink channel request when needed by the
mobile unit; a receiver to receive the acknowledgment message when
provided, and a processor to control the transmitter and the
receiver; wherein the processor is programmed to: determine an
expected time for receiving the acknowledgment message; and in
response to not receiving the acknowledgment message by the
expected time, conditionally send a speculative packet access
reject message to the mobile unit, followed by a second request for
the acknowledgment message.
16. The base station of claim 15, wherein the processor is
programmed to send the speculative packet access reject message
only when the mobile unit is not actively transmitting uplink
data.
17. The base station of claim 15, wherein the processor is
programmed to send the speculative packet access reject message
only when no uplink channel request is queued for the mobile and
waiting to be processed.
18. The base station of claim 15, wherein the processor is
programmed to send the speculative packet access reject message
only when the base station is not waiting for the mobile unit to
retransmit the uplink channel request, in response to an
earlier-sent speculative packet access reject message and second
request.
19. The base station of claim 15, wherein the processor is
programmed to send the speculative packet access reject message
only when a maximum number of sequential speculative packet access
reject messages allowed during a predefined downlink data flow has
not been reached.
20. The base station of claim 15, wherein the processor is
programmed to send the speculative packet access reject message
only when a downlink temporary block flow is one of: operating in a
delayed downlink release mode, and operating within a predetermined
time of beginning the delayed downlink release mode.
21. The base station of claim 15, wherein the processor is
programmed to send the speculative packet access reject message
only when the mobile unit has subscribed to a Quality of Service
(QoS) greater than a predetermined level.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates in general to wireless communication
systems, and more specifically to a method and apparatus in such a
wireless communication system for expediting a request from a
mobile unit for uplink resources.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In a wireless communication system, such as the General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS), the Base Station System (BSS) can
request a Packet Downlink Ack/Nack (PDAK) by polling on a downlink
data block. The mobile can then request uplink resources, when
needed, by sending a channel request in the PDAK. After sending a
channel request, the mobile will start a first timer. The value for
the duration of the first timer is set by the network in system
information messages. In GPRS, it can range from a minimum of 500
ms to a maximum of 4 seconds (e.g., for heavily congested systems).
If the mobile does not receive a Packet Uplink Resource Assignment
(PUA) after sending a channel request in the PDAK, the mobile will
not send a new channel request in another PDAK until either the
first timer expires or a Packet Access Reject message (PAR) is
received. The reason for not allowing a new channel request before
the first timer expires is to prevent the mobile unit from sending
multiple channel requests in a rapid sequence before the base
station has had time to respond to the original channel request,
thereby potentially overloading the base station with the
additional, unnecessary channel requests. In the prior-art GPRS,
the Packet Access Reject message (PAR) is sent only when the system
is congested and there are no more uplink resources available to
allocate to a mobile that is requesting uplink access through a
channel request in the PDAK. Upon receipt of the PAR, the mobile
starts a second timer for a duration of a WAIT_INDICATION value
sent with the PAR by the network. The mobile is not allowed to make
another attempt for packet access in the same cell until the second
timer expires. It may attempt packet access in another cell after a
successful cell reselection.
[0003] Under certain circumstances, this can cause the following
problem. If a PDAK containing a channel request is missed at the
network (e.g., due to uplink interference), a new channel request
will not be initiated for the duration of the first timer (500 ms
to 4 sec). Depending upon the value of the first timer, the delay
between the network missing the PDAK containing the channel request
and the arrival of a first uplink data block (upon a successful
uplink resource allocation on a next subsequent channel request in
a PDAK received from the same mobile) will be in the range of 680
to 4180 ms (for the GPRS system). This will substantially degrade
the data transfer rate.
[0004] Thus, what is needed is a method and apparatus in a wireless
communication system for expediting a request from a mobile unit
for uplink resources. The method and apparatus preferably will not
require any modification to the protocol standards currently
employed by the wireless communication system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals
refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the
separate views and which together with the detailed description
below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve
to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various
principles and advantages in accordance with the present
invention.
[0006] FIG. 1 is a timing diagram depicting an operational problem
in a prior-art wireless communication system.
[0007] FIG. 2 is a timing diagram depicting a solution to the
operational problem, in accordance with the present invention.
[0008] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary method for
expediting a request from a mobile unit for uplink resources in
accordance with the present invention.
[0009] FIG. 4 is an electrical block diagram of an exemplary base
station in accordance with the present invention.
[0010] FIG. 5 is an electrical block diagram of an exemplary
wireless communication system in accordance with the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0011] In overview, the present disclosure concerns communications
systems that utilize base stations to provide service for mobile
units or more specifically for users thereof operating therein.
More particularly, various inventive concepts and principles
embodied as a method and apparatus in a base station of a wireless
communication system for expediting a request from a mobile unit
for uplink resources for use in equipment with such communications
systems will be discussed and disclosed. The communications systems
of particular interest are those being deployed and developed such
as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), and
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) systems and
evolutions thereof, although the concepts and principles have
application in other systems and devices, as well.
[0012] The instant disclosure is provided to further explain in an
enabling fashion the best modes of making and using various
embodiments in accordance with the present invention. The
disclosure is further offered to enhance an understanding and
appreciation for the inventive principles and advantages thereof,
rather than to limit in any manner the invention. The invention is
defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made
during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of
those claims as issued.
[0013] It is further understood that the use of relational terms,
if any, such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like are
used solely to distinguish one from another entity or action
without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such
relationship or order between such entities or actions.
[0014] Much of the inventive functionality and many of the
inventive principles are best implemented with or in one or more
conventional processors, or with integrated circuits (ICs) such as
custom or application specific ICs. It is expected that one of
ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and
many design choices motivated by, for example, available time,
current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the
concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of
programming such processors or generating such ICs with minimal
experimentation. Therefore, in the interest of brevity and
minimization of any risk of obscuring the principles and concepts
according to the present invention, further discussion of such
processors and ICs, if any, will be limited to the essentials with
respect to the principles and concepts employed by the preferred
embodiments.
[0015] Referring to FIG. 1, an example timing diagram 100 depicts
an operational problem in a prior-art wireless communication
system. The terminology and parameter values selected to explain
the operational problem are those of the current General Packet
Radio Service. It will be appreciated that other similar wireless
data communication systems may exhibit a similar operational
problem, but will likely use somewhat different terminology and
parameter values.
[0016] The timing diagram 100 begins with the Base Station System
(BSS), hereinafter referred to as the base station, sending on a
downlink to a mobile unit a Packet Downlink Ack/Nack (PDAK) poll
102 requesting an acknowledgment message from the mobile unit, the
acknowledgment message able to include an uplink channel request
when needed by the mobile unit. PDAK polls are sent periodically to
the mobile, the periodicity dependent upon traffic conditions.
[0017] In this example, the mobile unit needs uplink resources, so
it responds to the PDAK poll 102 by transmitting on an uplink a
channel request 104 in a PDAK. Concurrent with transmitting the
channel request 104, the mobile unit starts a first timer having a
duration value of 500 ms to 4 seconds, set by the communication
system. The first timer will prevent the mobile unit from sending
an additional channel request until the first timer expires, or
until the mobile receives a packet access reject (PAR) indicating
that there are currently no uplink resources available to assign to
the mobile. When received, the PAR contains a WAIT_INDICATION
value, which, in effect, stops the first timer and starts a second
timer having a duration equal to the WAIT_INDICATION value. The
second timer also will prevent the mobile unit from sending an
additional channel request until the second timer expires.
[0018] Unfortunately, in the example timing diagram 100, the
channel request 104 is not received by the base station (e.g., due
to uplink interference). The base station thus does not send
anything to the mobile unit until it is time for a next PDAK poll
106. The mobile unit responds to the PDAK pole by sending a PDAK
108, but without a channel request, because the first timer has not
expired. Again, the base station sends another PDAK pole 110 to the
mobile unit, which again responds by sending a PDAK 112 without a
channel request, because the first timer still has not expired. The
base station sends yet another PDAK pole 114 to the mobile unit. At
this point the first timer has expired, and the mobile unit
responds to the PDAK poll 114 by transmitting a channel request 116
in a PDAK. This time, the base station receives the channel request
and returns a Packet Uplink Resource Assignment (PUA) 118 to the
mobile. While it is true that the mobile finally managed to receive
the desired PUA, the effect of the first timer has been to delay
the PUA substantially, thereby substantially degrading the data
rate.
[0019] Referring to FIG. 2, a timing diagram 200 depicts a solution
to the operational problem described herein above, in accordance
with the present invention. The timing diagram 200 begins with the
base station sending to a mobile unit a PDAK poll 202 requesting an
acknowledgment message from the mobile unit, the acknowledgment
message able to include an uplink channel request when needed by
the mobile unit.
[0020] In this example, the mobile unit needs uplink resources, so
it responds to the PDAK poll 202 by transmitting a channel request
204 in a PDAK. Concurrent with transmitting the channel request
204, the mobile unit starts a first timer having a duration value
of 500 ms to 4 seconds, set by the communication system. The first
timer will prevent the mobile unit from sending an additional
channel request until the first timer expires, or until the mobile
receives a packet access reject (PAR) indicating that currently
there are no uplink resources available to assign to the mobile.
When received, the PAR contains a WAIT_INDICATION value, which, in
effect, stops the first timer and starts a second timer having a
duration equal to the WAIT_INDICATION value. The second timer also
will prevent the mobile unit from sending an additional channel
request until the second timer expires.
[0021] As in the previous example, the channel request 204 is not
received by the base station (e.g., due to uplink interference).
The base station, however, is aware that it has sent the PDAK poll
to the mobile unit and can easily determine, through well-known
techniques, an expected time by which the acknowledgment message
from the mobile should be received at the base station, if all goes
according to plan. When the acknowledgment message including the
uplink channel request has not been received by the base station by
the expected time, the base station responds by conditionally
sending to the mobile unit a "speculative" Packet Access Reject
(PAR) message 206, in accordance with the present invention. The
conditions under which the base will send the speculative PAR will
be disclosed further herein below.
[0022] The speculative PAR 206 is preferably a normal PAR message
in accordance with the protocol standards employed by the
communication system, and is set by the system to have a very small
WAIT_INDICATION value, e.g., a value of zero. It is important to
emphasize that in the prior-art system, the PAR message is sent in
response to a received uplink channel request and only when the
system is congested and there are no more uplink resources
available to allocate to the requesting mobile. In the situation
described herein above, the uplink channel request sent by the
mobile was not received by the base station, and the system is not
congested, so the prior-art system would not send a PAR message
under these conditions. One exemplary embodiment of the speculative
PAR, in accordance with the present invention, will now be
described further.
[0023] First, an explanation of why the speculative PAR is called
"speculative" is in order. This is because the base station is
aware of the operational status of the mobile unit (more on this
later). Furthermore, the base station is aware that it has not
received the requested acknowledgment message from the mobile unit
by the expected time. Given the operational status of the mobile
unit, the base station is able to speculate about the likelihood
that the missed PDAK included a channel request. If the likelihood
is high, the base station will send the speculative PAR.
[0024] When the mobile unit receives the speculative PAR, it will
immediately stop the first timer and set the duration of the second
timer to the WAIT_INDICATION value, preferably zero, sent in the
speculative PAR. Voila! The mobile unit is now primed to send
another uplink channel request as soon as it receives another PDAK
poll from the base station.
[0025] Referring again to the timing diagram 200, the base station
next sends to the mobile a "bait" PDAK poll 208. The bait PDAK poll
208 preferably is a standard PDAK poll in accordance with the
protocol employed by the communication system, and is sent in the
next downlink timeslot available for communication with the mobile
unit. The mobile unit responds to the bait PDAK poll 208 by sending
a standard PDAK message 210 including when needed, the uplink
channel request. The base station responds by sending a Packet
Uplink Resource Assignment (PUA) 212 to the mobile.
[0026] By sending the speculative PAR 206 and the bait PDAK poll
208 as just described, the base station in accordance with the
present invention advantageously reduces the time required to
establish uplink traffic flow (in GPRS) by at least 360 ms and
potentially up to 3880 ms, depending upon the duration value of the
first timer in the mobile unit, as set by the communication system.
This can substantially increase the effective data rate of the
communication system.
[0027] Referring to FIG. 3, a flow diagram 300 depicts an exemplary
method for expediting a request from a mobile unit for uplink
resources. The flow begins with the base station sending 302 a
first request for an acknowledgment message from the mobile unit,
the acknowledgment message comprising an uplink channel request
when needed by the mobile unit. The base station next determines
304 an expected time for receiving the acknowledgment message. The
expected time can, for example, be determined by adding a known
round-trip delay time to the current time of day. The base station
monitors the uplink to check 306 whether the acknowledgment message
has been received by the expected time. If so, the base station
proceeds normally 310, e.g., processing the acknowledgment message
according to its contents.
[0028] On the other hand, if the acknowledgment message has not
been received by the expected time, the base station sends or
preferably conditionally sends a speculative packet access reject
message (PAR) to the mobile unit, followed by a second request for
the acknowledgment message (bait poll). Here "conditionally sends"
means "sends when certain specified conditions are met." In
general, the base station conditionally sends the speculative
packet access reject message only when the mobile unit is not
actively transmitting uplink data, and no uplink channel request is
queued for the mobile and waiting to be processed. In addition, the
base station preferably conditionally sends the speculative packet
access reject message only when the base station is not waiting for
the mobile unit to retransmit the uplink channel request, in
response to an earlier-sent speculative packet access reject
message and second request. Here, "not waiting for" implies that
the expected time for receiving the response to the second request
has not yet arrived.
[0029] In one embodiment, the system is programmed with a maximum
number of sequential speculative packet access reject messages
allowed during a predefined downlink data flow. In that embodiment,
the base station sends the speculative packet access reject message
only when the maximum number of sequential speculative packet
access reject messages allowed during the predefined downlink data
flow has not been reached. It will be appreciated that the maximum
number can be a function of the number of mobile units doing active
downlink data transfers on a given timeslot.
[0030] In another embodiment, the base station sends the
speculative packet access reject message only when a downlink
temporary block flow (i.e., downlink data being sent to the mobile
unit) is one of: (a) operating in a delayed downlink release mode,
and (b) operating within a predetermined time of beginning the
delayed downlink release mode. In the delayed downlink release
mode, the base station has completed sending actual data and has
begun sending dummy blocks for a predetermined duration. This keeps
the downlink established long enough for the mobile to request new
uplink resources for acknowledging the received downlink data.
[0031] In yet another embodiment, the base station sends the
speculative packet access reject message only when the mobile unit
has subscribed to a Quality of Service (QoS) greater than a
predetermined level. In other words, in this embodiment, the user
of the mobile unit, perhaps in exchange for higher payments, can
get the higher data rate provided in accordance with the present
invention.
[0032] Referring to FIG. 4, an electrical block diagram depicts an
exemplary base station 400 in accordance with the present
invention. The base station 400 comprises a conventional
transmitter 402 that sends a first request for an acknowledgment
message from a mobile unit, the acknowledgment message able to
carry an uplink channel request when needed by the mobile unit. The
base station 400 further comprises a conventional processor 404
coupled to the transmitter 402 for controlling the transmitter 402,
and a conventional receiver 406 coupled to the processor 404 for
attempting to receive the acknowledgment message. In addition, the
base station preferably includes a real-time clock 420, e.g., a
conventional Global Positioning System receiver, for accurately
determining the current time of day. The base station 400 also
includes a conventional memory 408 that stores executable software
programs for advantageously programming the processor 404 in
accordance with the present invention. The transmitter 402 and the
receiver 406 are preferably similar to those utilized in the base
stations of the GPRS communication systems available from Motorola,
Inc. and others. The processor 404 is preferably a member of the
MC68000 family of processors available from Motorola, Inc. It will
be appreciated that, alternatively, other similar types of
receivers, transmitters, and processors can be utilized in the base
station 400. It will be further appreciated that all or portions of
the real-time clock 420, the processor 404, and the memory 408 can
be fabricated as a custom integrated circuit.
[0033] The memory 408 comprises a conventional communications
program 410 for programming the processor 404 to communicate
according to a desired communication protocol standard, e.g., the
GPRS protocol standard or other protocols with similar
functionality. The memory 408 further comprises a first
acknowledgment requester program 412 for programming the processor
404 to control the transmitter 402 to send the first request for
the acknowledgment message. The memory 408 also includes an
acknowledgment timer program 414 for programming the processor 404
to determine an expected time for receiving the acknowledgment
message. In addition, the memory 408 includes a speculative PAR
sender 416 for programming the processor 404 to control the
transmitter 402, in response to not receiving the acknowledgment
message by the expected time, to conditionally send a speculative
packet access reject message to the mobile unit. The conditions for
sending the speculative PAR are those disclosed herein above in the
description of the flow chart 300. The memory 408 further includes
a second acknowledgment requester program 418 for programming the
processor 404 to send a second request for the acknowledgment
message following the speculative PAR.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 5, an electrical block diagram depicts an
exemplary wireless communication system 500. The communication
system 500 comprises a plurality of conventional mobile units 502,
e.g., the mobile units employed in the GPRS communication systems
available from Motorola, Inc. and others. The communication system
500 further comprises at least one of the base stations 400 coupled
wirelessly to the plurality of mobile units 502. In addition, the
communication system 500 includes a conventional controller/switch
504 coupled to the at least one of the base stations 400. The
controller/switch 504 is preferably similar to those utilized in
the GPRS communication systems available from Motorola, Inc. and
others. In addition, the communication system 500 can be optionally
coupled to a network 506, e.g., a private data network or the
Internet for communicating therewith. The communications system 500
can advantageously utilize the principles and concepts disclosed
and discussed above to expedite services for the mobile units,
provided the base stations 400 are constructed, arranged and
configured to operate in accordance with these principles and
concepts.
[0035] Thus, it should be clear from the preceding disclosure that
the present invention provides a method and apparatus in a base
station of a wireless data communication system for expediting a
request from a mobile unit for uplink resources. The method and
apparatus advantageously does not require any modification to the
protocol standards currently employed by the wireless data
communication system.
[0036] This disclosure is intended to explain how to fashion and
use various embodiments in accordance with the invention rather
than to limit the true, intended, and fair scope and spirit
thereof. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive
or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed.
Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above
teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described to provide the
best illustration of the principles of the invention and its
practical application, and to enable one of ordinary skill in the
art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with
various modifications as are suited to the particular use
contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the
scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims, as may
be amended during the pendency of this application for patent, and
all equivalents thereof, when interpreted in accordance with the
breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably
entitled.
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