U.S. patent application number 10/919564 was filed with the patent office on 2005-01-27 for flexible abrasive product and method of making and using the same.
This patent application is currently assigned to 3M Innovative Properties Company. Invention is credited to Annen, Michael J., Pieper, Jon R., Sheely, Jeffrey D..
Application Number | 20050020189 10/919564 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24835936 |
Filed Date | 2005-01-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20050020189 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Annen, Michael J. ; et
al. |
January 27, 2005 |
Flexible abrasive product and method of making and using the
same
Abstract
The present invention provides a flexible abrasive product
comprised of an open cell foam backing, a foraminous barrier
coating and a shaped foraminous abrasive coating. The flexible
abrasive article of the invention is made by applying a curable
barrier coating over an open cell foam backing, curing the curable
barrier coating to provide a foraminous barrier coating having
openings therethrough corresponding to openings in the open cell
foam, applying a coating composition comprising a curable binder
and abrasive particles over the foraminous barrier coating,
imparting a textured surface to the coating composition with a
production tool which has a textured surface which is the inverse
of the textured surface of the abrasive coating and to which
production tool textured surface any coating composition coated
over an opening of the first major surface may adhere, at least
partially curing the binder, and separating the production tool
from the textured surface to provide the shaped foraminous abrasive
coating.
Inventors: |
Annen, Michael J.; (Hudson,
WI) ; Pieper, Jon R.; (Lindstrom, MN) ;
Sheely, Jeffrey D.; (Stillwater, MN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY
PO BOX 33427
ST. PAUL
MN
55133-3427
US
|
Assignee: |
3M Innovative Properties
Company
|
Family ID: |
24835936 |
Appl. No.: |
10/919564 |
Filed: |
August 17, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10919564 |
Aug 17, 2004 |
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10137134 |
Apr 30, 2002 |
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10137134 |
Apr 30, 2002 |
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09706033 |
Nov 3, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
451/41 ; 451/526;
51/297 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24D 13/147 20130101;
B24D 3/32 20130101; B24D 3/26 20130101; B24D 11/001 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
451/041 ;
451/526; 051/297 |
International
Class: |
B24B 001/00 |
Claims
1.-17. (Canceled)
18. A flexible abrasive article comprising: a. foam backing having
a minimum thickness of at least 2 mm, a first major surface and an
opposite second major surface; and b. a shaped abrasive coating
having recessed portions and raised portions comprised of abrasive
particles in a binder over said first major surface of the foam
backing.
19. The flexible abrasive article of claim 18 wherein said foam
backing is an open cell foam backing.
20. A method of making an abrasive article, said method comprising
the following steps: a. providing a foam backing having a minimum
thickness of at least 2 mm, a first major surface, and an opposite
second major surface; b. adhering to the second major surface one
part of a two part attachment sheet material to provide dimensional
stability to foam backing; c. applying a shaped coating composition
comprising a curable binder and abrasive particles over said first
major surface of foam backing, said coating composition being
curable to provide a shaped abrasive coating; and d. curing the
curable binder.
21. The flexible abrasive product of claim 18 wherein the foam
backing has a contoured surface including a regular array of
projecting portions and recessed portions.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 09/706,033, filed Nov. 3, 2000 and U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 09/850,661, filed May 7, 2001, incorporated herein by
reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to flexible abrasive
articles, such as abrasive sponges. More particularly, the present
invention relates to a flexible abrasive product comprised of a
foam backing and a shaped abrasive coating.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The use of abrasive products to finish the painted surface
of a repaired portion of an automobile is well known. The original
painted exterior surfaces of automobiles have a unique "orange
peel" surface that is desirably duplicated when repairs are made.
While prior coated abrasive products and abrasive slurries, either
alone or in combination, typically in the presence of a liquid
medium such as water, have been used to finish such surfaces,
finishing techniques that use these products have produced less
than optimal results.
[0004] Various patents disclose products and/or processes which are
said to be useful for finishing painted automotive surfaces. See
for example, EP 0 771 613 B1, published Apr. 5, 2000, WO 00/03840,
published 27 Jan., 2000 based on U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/116,038 filed Jul. 15, 1998, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,024,634.
[0005] Several problems are encountered by use of finishing
products and/or techniques that are known in the art. These include
the inability to provide a finished orange peel surface that
duplicates the original surface. Additionally, some products
encounter unwanted sticking to or grabbing between the moistened
painted surface being finished and the surface of the abrasive
product as it is rotated, for example on a "dual action" sander, or
otherwise moved against the surface being finished. Other products
are difficult to use. Some are thin with a pressure-sensitive
adhesive attachment system and are difficult to remove from a
release liner and, when attached to a support pad, are not easily
deployed wrinkle-free.
[0006] A need exists for a flexible abrasive product which will
refine a painted exterior automotive surface to provide a surface
finish which, after a subsequent glazing step, substantially
duplicates the original painted surface substantially without
disturbing the orange peel. A need also exists for a flexible
abrasive product which, when used under wet conditions with a dual
action sander, will not grab the surface being finished.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] This invention provides a flexible abrasive product, a
method of making the same and a method of using the same. The novel
abrasive product, when used under wet conditions to refine a
painted exterior automotive surface which, after a subsequent
glazing step, provides a surface finish which substantially
duplicates the original painted surface without substantially
disturbing the orange peel. In use with a dual action sander under
conventional wet conditions, the novel flexible abrasive product
will not grab or stick to the surface being finished.
[0008] In one embodiment, the invention provides a flexible
abrasive article comprising:
[0009] a. foam backing having a minimum thickness of at least 2 mm,
a first major surface and an opposite second major surface; and
[0010] b. a shaped abrasive coating over said first major surface
of the foam backing comprised of abrasive particles in a
binder.
[0011] The foam backing in this embodiment may be a closed cell
foam or an open cell foam.
[0012] In a further embodiment, the invention provides a flexible
abrasive article which comprises:
[0013] a. an open cell foam backing having a first major surface
and an opposite second major surface;
[0014] b. a foraminous barrier coating over said first major
surface; and
[0015] c. a shaped foraminous abrasive coating over the foraminous
barrier coating comprised of abrasive particles in a binder.
[0016] The open cell foam preferable is in sheet form with planar
major surfaces, but other surface-configurations are also useful.
For example, the second major surface may be planar to facilitate
attachment and the first major surface, i.e., the surface to which
the abrasive coating will be applied, may be other than planar,
such as an undulated or convoluted surface. Such convoluted foams
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,128, incorporated herein by
reference.
[0017] While the flexible abrasive product according to the
invention may be used by hand without an attachment system, it
typically includes an attachment system on the second surface for
attaching the abrasive article to a support pad. Such attachment
system may include, for example, one part of a hook and loop
fastening system with the other part of the hook or loop being on
the support pad of the sander or abrasive tool which will be
utilized to move the flexible abrasive product. Other types of
fastening systems may include a coating of pressure-sensitive
adhesive of a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition which is
attachable to a smooth surface on the support pad of the tool.
[0018] In one embodiment the flexible abrasive article is made by a
method which comprises the following steps:
[0019] a. providing a foam backing having a minimum thickness of at
least 2 mm, a first major surface, and an opposite second major
surface;
[0020] b. adhering to the second major surface one part of a two
part attachment sheet material to provide dimensional stability to
foam backing;
[0021] c. applying a shaped coating composition comprising a
curable binder and abrasive particles over said first major surface
of foam backing, said coating composition being curable to provide
a shaped abrasive coating; and
[0022] d. curing the curable binder.
[0023] The flexible abrasive article of the invention in a further
embodiment, is made by a method which comprises the following
steps:
[0024] a. applying a curable barrier coating over a first major
surface of an open cell foam backing which also has an opposite
second major surface;
[0025] b. curing the curable barrier coating to provide on the
first major surface a foraminous barrier coating having openings
therethrough corresponding to openings in the open cell foam;
[0026] c. applying a coating composition comprising a curable
binder and abrasive particles over the foraminous barrier
coating;
[0027] d. imparting a textured surface to the coating composition
applied in step c with a production tool that has a textured
surface which is the inverse of the textured surface of the
abrasive coating and to which production tool textured surface any
coating composition coated over an opening in the first major
surface may adhere;
[0028] e. at least partially curing the binder; and
[0029] f. separating the production tool from the textured surface
to provide the shaped foraminous abrasive coating characterized by
having openings therethrough corresponding to at least some of the
openings in the open cell foam.
[0030] Alternatively, the flexible abrasive product may be made by
the following method:
[0031] a. coating a curable barrier coating composition which will
cure to form an impervious coating on the first major surface of
the open cell foam;
[0032] b. curing the curable barrier coating composition to provide
an impervious barrier coating;
[0033] c. applying a coating composition comprising abrasive
particles and curable binder curable to provide an abrasive coating
over the cured impervious barrier coating;
[0034] d. imparting a textured surface to the uncured coating
composition of step c;
[0035] e. curing the coating composition to provide a shaped
abrasive coating over the impervious barrier coating; and
[0036] f. perforating the impervious barrier coating and shaped
abrasive coating to provide the flexible abrasive product having
the foraminous barrier coating and the foraminous shaped abrasive
coating.
[0037] The invention further provides a method of finishing a
surface of a substrate, the method comprising the following
steps:
[0038] a. contacting a surface of the substrate with a flexible
abrasive article comprising an open cell foam backing having a
first major surface and an opposite second major surface; a
foraminous barrier coating over said first major surface; and a
shaped foraminous abrasive coating over said foraminous barrier
coating comprised of abrasive particles in a binder; and
[0039] b. relatively moving said flexible abrasive article in the
presence of a liquid medium such as water to modify said surface of
said substrate.
[0040] Throughout this application, the following definitions
apply:
[0041] A "flexible" abrasive article refers to an abrasive article
that is sufficiently flexible that it may be folded upon itself,
yet on release will redeploy without permanent structural
alterations to its original configuration.
[0042] A "foraminous" barrier coating is a barrier coating that is
characterized by having porosity sufficient to permit liquid
passage therethough.
[0043] A "shaped" abrasive coating refers to an abrasive coating
comprised of abrasive particles in a binder that has other than the
typical topographic surface as may be encountered in conventional
coated abrasive products, but instead would have a textured surface
having raised portions and recessed portions which may be in an
ordered or a random pattern.
[0044] A shaped "foraminous" abrasive coating is a shaped abrasive
coating that is characterized by having porosity sufficient to
permit liquid passage throughout its area.
[0045] An "impervious" coating refers to a coating that has
properties which are the opposite of those of a foraminous coating,
i.e., it has substantially no porosity which will permit liquid
passage.
[0046] The various aspects of the invention will be better
understood from the following description of figures and the
preferred embodiments of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0047] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one process for
making a flexible abrasive article according to the present
invention;
[0048] FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional drawn
representation of a portion of a flexible abrasive product
according to the present invention;
[0049] FIG. 3 is a photomicrograph taken at a magnification of
29.times. of the top surface of a flexible coated abrasive product
made in accordance with the present invention.
[0050] FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph taken at a magnification of
97.times. of the top surface of a flexible coated abrasive product
made in accordance with the present invention.
[0051] FIG. 5 is a photomicrograph taken at a magnification of
97.times. of the top surface of an open cell foam backing used to
make the flexible coated abrasive product of the invention.
[0052] FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph taken at a magnification of
29.times. of the open cell foam backing shown in FIG. 5.
[0053] FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph taken at a magnification of
97.times. of the top surface of a precursor to the flexible coated
abrasive product of the invention prior to being subjected to
needle penetration.
[0054] FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph taken at a magnification of
97.times. of the top surface of a flexible abrasive product made in
accordance with the present invention resulting from needle
penetration of the precursor shown in FIG. 7.
[0055] FIG. 9 is the precursor shown in FIG. 7, but at a
magnification of 29.times. instead of 97.times..
[0056] FIG. 10 is the product shown in FIG. 8, but at a
magnification of 29.times. instead of 97.times..
[0057] FIG. 11 is a top plan view of a roller for making a
production tool useful for making the shaped abrasive layer of
articles according to the present invention.
[0058] FIG. 12 is an enlarged sectional view of a segment of the
surface of the roller depicted in FIG. 11 taken at line 12-12 to
show surface detail.
[0059] FIG. 13 is a top plan view of another roll useful for making
a production tool to make the shaped abrasive layer of articles of
the present invention.
[0060] FIG. 14 is an enlarged sectional view of one segment of the
patterned surface of the roll depicted in FIG. 13 taken at line
14-14.
[0061] FIG. 15 is an enlarged sectional view of another segment of
the patterned surface of the roll depicted in FIG. 13, taken at
line 15-15.
[0062] FIG. 16 is an enlarged sectional view of a segment of
flexible abrasive product of the present invention comprising a
convoluted open cell foam backing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0063] The flexible abrasive product of the invention may be
prepared by coating an open cell foam backing with a barrier
coating composition, e.g., by roll coating, spray coating or
curtain coating, curing the barrier coating composition, e.g., in a
forced air oven heated at the curing temperature of the barrier
coating composition to provide the coated backing bearing a
foraminous barrier coating.
[0064] The barrier coated backing may be coated with an abrasive
coating according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,435,816 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,541, incorporated herein by
reference. FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus 10 for applying the
shaped foraminous abrasive coating to the barrier coated backing to
provide an abrasive article according to the invention. A
production tool 11 is in the form of a belt having two major
surfaces and two ends. An open cell foam backing 12 having a first
major surface 13 bearing a foraminous barrier coating and a second
major surface 14 is unwound from roll 15. Open cell foam 12 is
preferably attached at its leading edge to a plastic film carrier
(not shown) with second major surface 14 disposed on the film to
provide dimensional stability under tension to the open cell foam
backing while it is being coated. Alternatively, open cell foam
backing 12 is adhered on its second major surface 14 to one part of
a two part attachment sheet material to provide the dimensional
stability to the open cell foam backing. Preferably it is adhered
to the film-backed part which bears the engaging elements. At the
same time open cell foam backing 12 is unwound from roll 15, the
production tool 11 is unwound from roll 16. The contacting surface
17 of production tool 11 is coated with a mixture of abrasive
particles and binder precursor at coating station 18. The mixture
can be heated to lower the viscosity thereof prior to the coating
step. The coating station 18 can comprise any conventional coating
means, such as knife coater, drop die coater, curtain coater,
vacuum die coater, or an extrusion die coater. After the contacting
surface 17 of production tool 11 is coated, the backing 12 and the
production tool 11 are brought together such that the mixture wets
the first major surface 13 of the backing 12. In FIG. 1, the
mixture is forced into contact with the open cell foam backing 12
by means of a contact nip roll 20, which also forces the production
tool/mixture/backing construction against a support drum 22. Next,
a sufficient dose of radiation energy is transmitted by a source of
radiation energy 24 through the back surface 25 of production tool
11 and into the mixture to at least partially cure the binder
precursor, thereby forming a shaped, handleable structure 26. The
production tool 11 is then separated from the shaped, handleable
structure 26. Separation of the production tool 11 from the shaped
handleable structure 26 occurs at roller 27. The angle .alpha.
between the shaped, handleable structure 26 and the production tool
11 immediately after passing over roller 27 is preferably steep,
e.g., in excess of 30.degree., in order to bring about clean
separation of the shaped, handleable structure 26 from the
production tool 11 except in the areas that were coated over
openings in the foraminous barrier coated open cell foam backing
12. The coating tends to adhere to the production tool surface in
these areas creating small openings in the abrasive coating which
causes the abrasive coating to become foraminous. The production
tool 11 is rewound as roll 28 so that it can be reused. Shaped,
handleable structure 26 is wound as roll 30. If the binder
precursor has not been fully cured, it can then be fully cured by
exposure to an additional energy source, such as a source of
thermal energy or an additional source of radiation energy, to form
the coated abrasive article. Alternatively, full cure may
eventually result without the use of an additional energy source to
form the coated abrasive article. As used herein, the phrase "full
cure" and the like means that the binder precursor is sufficiently
cured so that the resulting product will function as an abrasive
article, e.g. a coated abrasive article.
[0065] After the abrasive article is formed, it can be flexed
and/or humidified prior to converting. The abrasive article can be
converted into any desired form such as a cone, endless belt,
sheet, disc, etc. before use.
[0066] Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a flexible abrasive
article 31 which includes an open cell foam backing 12 that has a
major surface 13 and an opposite major surface 14. Major surface 13
is coated with a foraminous barrier coating 32 which, in turn in
FIG. 2, is coated with a shaped foraminous abrasive coating 33 that
is characterized by having raised portions 34, depressions 35 and
openings 36. While barrier coating 32 is shown in FIG. 2 as an
integral single layer having straight defined surfaces, its bottom
surface penetrates into the surface of the open cell foam upon
which it is coated, coating the individual strands of the open cell
foam within its structure. Openings 36 in shaped foraminous
abrasive coating 33 are characterized by being over openings 37 in
barrier coating 32 which are over openings 38 in major surface 13
of open cell foam backing 12. Openings 36 are typically irregular
in shape because of the irregular nature of the openings in the
open cell foam backing 12, with few, if any, identical openings.
This may be further appreciated by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 of
the drawings.
[0067] FIGS. 7 and 9, respectively, show the top surface of a
precursor product which may be perforated by needle penetration to
provide the coated abrasive product of the invention. FIGS. 8 and
10, respectively, show the perforated product. It will be noted in
FIGS. 8 and 10 that the openings provided by the penetration of the
needles causes the abrasive coating to fracture to provide openings
which do not correspond to the needle shape but, in fact, are
irregular with few openings being identical to each other. It is
preferred that the needles only penetrate the foraminous layer and
the shaped abrasive layer, but not the backing layer, since it is
already porous.
[0068] Foam Backing
[0069] In general, any open cell foam resilient backing with
coatable surfaces on at least one surface may be used in the
abrasive articles of the invention. Such foams preferably have a
sheet-like configuration with planar major surfaces, although foams
with one or both major surfaces being other than planar are also
useful. Such surfaces may include a plurality of depressions or a
plurality of projections which respectively may vary widely in
depth, height, spacing, diameter and shape. Useful foam substrates
have an elongation ranging from about 85 to about 150% (i.e., the
stretched length of the foam minus the unstretched length of the
foam all divided by the unstretched length of the foam and then
multiplied by 100 equals 85 to 150%.). Specific embodiments of the
invention include open cell foam substrates having elongation
values of approximately 100 to 150%. The thickness of the foam
substrate is only limited by the desired end use of the abrasive
article. Preferred foam substrates have a thickness in the range of
about 1 mm to about 50 mm, although substrates having a greater
thickness can also be used.
[0070] The major surfaces of the open cell foam resilient backing
may be either planar or ordered nonplanar, i.e., they may be
contoured into a regular array of projecting portions and recessed
portions as shown in FIG. 16. Such ordered nonplanar foams may be
prepared by, e.g., the process depicted in FIG. 8 of U.S. Pat. No.
5,396,737 (Englund and Schwartz), incorporated herein by reference.
Foams containing ordered nonplanar surfaces created by this process
are sometimes referred to as "convoluted foams." Ordered nonplanar
foams may also be made by casting, molding, cutting, thermoforming,
etc. The first and second major surfaces may both be planar, may
both be ordered nonplanar, or may comprise one planar and one
ordered nonplanar surface. In the event that an ordered nonplanar
open cell foam backing is employed, an ordered nonplanar first
major surface and a generally planar second major surface is
preferred. Ordered nonplanar surfaces may have projecting portions
disposed in a regular rectangular or square array and/or may
include ridge portions extending between projecting portions. The
recessed portions can define a rectangular array of sockets with
each of the sockets being bounded by ridges between four adjacent
projection portions. Projecting portions may extend from about 1 mm
to about 65 mm from the opposite major surface. Recessed portions
may extend from about 0.5 mm to about 25 mm from the opposite major
surface. The difference between the distance between a projecting
portion and the opposite major surface and the distance between a
recessed portion and the opposite major surface is from about 0.5
mm to about 64 mm.
[0071] FIG. 16 shows a segment 60 of a flexible abrasive product
having an open cell foam backing 61 which has a planar back surface
62 to which is adhered an attachment means 63 (the hook part of a
hook and loop fastener) by adhesive layer 64. The front face of
backing 61 has an array of projecting portions 65 and low portions
66. This surface is covered with a foraminous coating 67 over which
is coated a shaped foraminous abrasive coating 68.
[0072] The dimensions of a rectangular array of projecting portions
and recessed portions are somewhat dependent on the method by which
the array is produced. Preferably, the distance between adjacent
projecting and recessed features is 0.03 to 40 mm, more preferably
1 mm to 25 mm, and most preferably 2 to 12 mm. Preferably, the
distance between adjacent projecting portions is between 1.5 mm and
50 mm, more preferably between 3 mm and 25 mm, and most preferably
between 5 mm and 15 mm.
[0073] The open cell foam backing of the flexible abrasive product
of the invention typically is in a sheet-like form most preferably
with a minimum thickness of at least about 2 mm and preferably with
a bulk density as determined by ASTM D-3574 of greater than about
0.03 gram per cm.sup.3 (2 lbs per ft.sup.3). Useful embodiments of
open cell foam backings have bulk densities of about 0.03 to about
0.10 grams per cm.sup.3 (1.8-6 lbs per ft.sup.3). While thinner
and/or lighter open cell foams may be useful, they may require
special handling because they are somewhat more difficult to
process on conventional coating equipment. The open cell foam
backing preferably is formed of a foam having sufficient porosity
to permit the entry of liquid water. The nature of the openings in
the open cell foam backing may be appreciated by referring to FIGS.
5 and 6. A simple test for air porosity will reveal whether the
open cell foam has adequate water permeability. The test for air
porosity is accomplished according to ASTM D-3574 which test
employs an air flow apparatus such as the Frazier.TM. differential
pressure air permeability measuring instrument (low pressure model)
manufactured by Frazier Instrument Company, Hagerstown, Md. Results
are reported as cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of
sample at a pressure differential of 0.5 inch of water or cubic
meters of air per minute per square meter of sample at a pressure
difference of 12.7 mm of water. Useful open cell foams have been
found to have an air permeability of at least 1 (0.305
m.sup.3/minute/m.sup.2), preferably from about 2 to about 50 (0.61
to 15.3 m.sup.3/minute/m.sup.2), most preferably from about 10 to
about 60 ft.sup.3/minute/ft.sup.2 at 0.5 inch pressure differential
(3.05 to 18.3 m.sup.3/minute/m.sup.2 at a pressure difference of
12.7 mm of water). It should be noted that these air permeability
values apply to the open cell foam after the barrier coat has been
applied and to open cell foam sheets having a thickness in the
range of about 90 to about 188 mils (2.30 to 4.75 mm). The
permeability values for open cell foams without the barrier coating
may be higher and for thicker foams may be lower.
[0074] The materials generally found to be useful to be made into
the open cell foam are organic polymers that are foamed or blown to
produce porous organic structures, which are typically referred to
as foams. Such foams may be prepared from natural or synthetic
rubber or other thermoplastic elastomers such as polyolefins,
polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and copolymers thereof, for
example. Suitable synthetic thermoplastic elastomers include, but
are not limited to, chloroprene rubbers, ethylene/propylene
rubbers, butyl rubbers, polybutadienes, polyisoprenes, EPDM
polymers, polyvinyl chlorides, polychloroprenes, or
styrene/butadiene copolymers. Particular examples of useful open
cell foams are polyester polyurethane foams, commercially available
from illbruck, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn. under the illbruck, Inc.
trade designations R 200U, R 400U, R 600U and EF3-700C. Particular
examples of convoluted open cell foams are polyester polyurethane
foams, commercially available from illbruck, Inc. under the trade
designation MINI-STANDARD CONVOLUTES.
[0075] Barrier Coating
[0076] Preferred barrier coating compositions comprise a suitable
coatable material such as a polymer dissolved or dispersed as a
latex, for example, in a suitable liquid carrier material such as a
solvent. Such compositions preferably are easily coated onto one
major surface of the open cell foam substrate and, once coated,
cured to provide a foraminous coating or a nonforaminous barrier
coating that will later be perforated. Suitable materials for
forming the foraminous barrier coating are acrylic latex emulsions
that will coat the surface of the open cell foam backing without
blocking the pores so that porosity remains after curing. A
preferred composition for forming the foraminous barrier coating is
an acrylic emulsion available from BF Goodrich, Cleveland, Ohio
under the trade designation HyCar.TM. 2679 latex. The dry coating
weight of barrier coating applied to the open cell foam preferably
is at least 50 grams per square meter (gsm) and typically may vary
between 65 gsm and 180 gsm.
[0077] Useful barrier coats which cure to provide an impervious
coating which is later perforated to make it foraminous include an
acrylic latex (e.g., HyCar.TM. 2679) which has been thickened to
provide a coating composition that will not readily penetrate the
open cell foam backing but instead will remain a surface layer
which will cure to provide the impervious barrier coating. The
acrylic emulsion is thickened by the addition of a thickening agent
such as solution of a polyacrylic acid available under the trade
designation Carbopol.TM. EZ-1 from BF Goodrich which has been
thickened by the addition of an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution
which serves as an activator for the Carbopol.TM. EZ-1 polyacrylic
acid solution. The dry coat weight of the barrier coating which
will cure to provide an impervious coating is preferably at least
150 gsm and typically may vary between about 160 to 190 gsm. After
curing, the impervious barrier coating is overcoated with a shaped
coating comprised of curable binder and abrasive particles, which
is then cured. Such coatings may be made foraminous by perforating
the cured coatings preferably from the abrasive side with a
staggered 20.times.20 array of needles (Foster.TM.
15.times.18.times.25.times.3.5 RB) deployed in a standard needle
board with rows and columns being spaced 1/2 inch (1 cm) apart and
operated at 37 strokes per 10 inch (25 cm) length to provide about
148 penetrations per square inch (about 6.5 cm.sup.2). Such needles
and a needle board may be obtained from Foster Needle Company,
Inc., Manitowoc, Wis.
[0078] Shaped Abrasive Coating
[0079] The shaped foraminous abrasive coating is formed by
providing a slurry of fine abrasive particles in a curable binder
system.
[0080] As previously mentioned, the shaped foraminous abrasive
coating is preferably made according to the method described in
commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,816 (Spurgeon, et al.). Any
of a variety of methods of forming a shaped coated abrasive coating
may be employed to be applied to the impervious barrier coating.
Such methods include, for example, that disclosed in Spurgeon, et
al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,816, that disclosed in Christianson, et
al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,471, that disclosed in Bruxvoort, et al.
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,794, that disclosed in Pieper, et al., in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,917 and that disclosed in Ravipati, et al., in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,468, each of these patents being incorporated
herein by reference.
[0081] In the event that ordered nonplanar open cell foam backings
having projecting and recessed portions on a first major surface
("front" surface), the coating conditions are maintained such that
when the production tool is applied to the projecting and recessed
areas they are momentarily compressed into a planar configuration.
Upon subsequent release of the compression, the projecting and
recessed portions recover. Such momentary compression results in
uniform coatings and shaped abrasive coatings having shaped
features that are oriented normal to the surfaces of the various
projecting and recessed areas.
[0082] The coatable composition which is curable to provide a
shaped abrasive coating is then applied to the impervious barrier
coating by a technique which imparts a texture to the abrasive
layer to provide the shaped abrasive coating on curing. The shaped
abrasive coating and impervious barrier coating over the open cell
foam backing are then perforated by use of a suitable needle board
to provide the necessary porosity through the abrasive article.
Perforation is preferably from front (the abrasive side) to back to
avoid discontinuities in the abrasive coating. The openings in a
perforated shaped foraminous abrasive coating are characterized by
being in a regular pattern, i.e., corresponding to the pattern of
the needle board and web traverse which was used to form them,
although the openings themselves are somewhat irregular in shape
due to the fracturing of the abrasive coating as it is penetrated
by the needles.
[0083] The mixture to be used to form the shaped abrasive coating,
in either case, for application to a foraminous barrier coated open
cell foam or to an impervious barrier coated open cell foam,
comprises a plurality of abrasive particles dispersed in a binder
precursor sometimes referred to as a curable binder. As used
herein, the term "mixture" means any composition comprising a
plurality of abrasive particles dispersed in a binder precursor. It
is preferred that the mixture be flowable. However, if the mixture
is not flowable, it can be extruded or forced by other means, e.g.
heat or pressure or both, onto the contacting surface of the
production tool or onto the front surface of the backing. The
mixture can be characterized as being conformable, that is, it can
be forced to take on the same shape, outline, or contour as the
contacting surface of the production tool and the front surface of
the open cell foam backing.
[0084] The abrasive particles typically have an average particle
size ranging from about 0.1 to 1500 micrometers, usually from about
1 to 400 micrometers. It is preferred that the abrasive particles
have a Mohs' hardness of at least about 8, more preferably above 9.
However, the particles may have a Mohs' hardness value lower than 8
depending on intended use. Examples of abrasive particles suitable
for use in this invention include fused aluminum oxide, ceramic
aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white aluminum oxide,
green silicon carbide, silicon carbide, alumina zirconia, diamond,
ceria, cubic boron nitride, garnet, and combinations thereof. The
phrase "abrasive particles" includes both individual abrasive grits
and a plurality of individual abrasive grits bonded together to
form an agglomerate. Abrasive agglomerates are further described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,311,489; 4,652,275; and 4,799,939, incorporated
herein by reference.
[0085] The binder precursor is capable of being cured by energy,
preferably radiation energy, more preferably, radiation energy from
ultraviolet light, visible light, or electron beam sources. Other
sources of energy include infrared, thermal, and microwave. It is
preferred that the energy not adversely affect the production tool
used in the method of the invention, so that the tool can be
reused. The binder precursor can polymerize via a free radical
mechanism or a cationic mechanism. Examples of binder precursors
that are capable of being polymerized by exposure to radiation
energy include acrylated urethanes, acrylated epoxies,
ethylenically unsaturated compounds, aminoplast derivatives having
pendant unsaturated carbonyl groups, isocyanurate derivatives
having at least one pendant acrylate group, isocyanate derivatives
having at least one pendant acrylate group, vinyl ethers, epoxy
resins, and combinations thereof. The term "acrylate" includes
acrylates and methacrylates.
[0086] Acrylated urethanes are diacrylate esters of hydroxy
terminated NCO extended polyesters or polyethers. Examples of
commercially available acrylated urethanes include that available
under the trade name "UVITHANE.TM. 782," from Morton Thiokol
Chemical, and those available under the trade designations "CMD
6600," "CMD 8400," and "CMD 8805," from Radcure Specialties.
[0087] Acrylated epoxies are diacrylate esters of epoxy resins,
such as the diacrylate esters of bisphenol A epoxy resin. Examples
of commercially available acrylated epoxies include those available
under the trade designations "CMD 3500," "CMD 3600," and "CMD
3700," from Radcure Specialties.
[0088] Ethylenically unsaturated compounds include both monomeric
and polymeric compounds that contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, and optionally, nitrogen and the halogens. Oxygen or
nitrogen atoms or both are generally present in ether, ester,
urethane, amide, and urea groups. Ethylenically unsaturated
compounds preferably have a molecular weight of less than about
4,000. The preferred ethylenically unsaturated compounds are esters
made from the reaction of compounds containing aliphatic
monohydroxy groups or aliphatic polyhydroxy groups and unsaturated
carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic
acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, maleic acid, and the like.
Representative examples of ethylenically unsaturated compounds
include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, styrene,
divinylbenzene, vinyl toluene, ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene
glycol methacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, triethylene glycol
diacrylate, trimethylopropane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate,
pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol methacrylate, and
pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. Other ethylenically unsaturated
compounds include monoallyl, polyallyl, and polymethallyl esters
and amides of carboxylic acids, such as diallyl phthalate, diallyl
adipate, and N,N-diallyladipamide. Still other nitrogen-containing
ethylenically unsaturated compounds include tris
(2-acryloyloxyethyl)isocyanurate,
1,3,5-tri(2-methyacryloxyethy)-s-triazi- ne, acrylamide,
methylacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide,
N-vinylpyrrolidone, and N-vinylpiperidone.
[0089] Aminoplast resins suitable for this invention have at least
one pendant .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl group per molecule
or oligomer. These materials are further described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,903,440 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,472, both of which are
incorporated herein by reference.
[0090] Isocyanurate derivatives having at least one pendant
acrylate group and isocyanate derivatives having at least one
pendant acrylate group are further described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,652,275, incorporated herein by reference. The preferred
isocyanurate derivative is a tri-acrylate of tris(hydroxy
ethyl)isocyanurate.
[0091] Epoxy resins have an oxirane ring and are polymerized by
opening of the ring. Epoxy resins suitable for this invention
include monomeric epoxy resins and oligomeric epoxy resins.
Representative examples of epoxy resins preferred for this
invention include 2,2-bis[4-(2,3-epoxypro-
poxy)phenylpropane](diglycidyl ether of bisphenol) and commercially
available materials under the trade designation "Epon.TM. 828,"
"Epon.TM. 1004," and "Epon.TM. 1001F," available from Shell
Chemical Co., under the trade designations "DER.TM.-331,"
"DER.TM.-332," and "DER.TM.-334," available from Dow Chemical Co.
Other epoxy resins suitable for this invention include glycidyl
ethers of phenol formaldehyde novolac (e.g., under the trade
designations "DEN.TM.-431" and "DEN.TM.-428," available from Dow
Chemical Co.). Epoxy resins useful in this invention can polymerize
via a cationic mechanism in the presence of one or more appropriate
photoinitiators. These resins are further described in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,318,766, incorporated herein by reference.
[0092] If either ultraviolet radiation or visible radiation is to
be used, it is preferred that the binder precursor further comprise
a photoinitiator. Examples of photoinitiators that generate a free
radical source include, but are not limited to, organic peroxides,
azo compounds, quinones, benzophenones, nitroso compounds, acyl
halides, hydrazones, mercapto compounds, pyrylium compounds,
triacrylimidazoles, bisimidazoles, phosphene oxides,
chloroalkyltriazines, benzoin ethers, benzil ketals, thioxanthones,
acetophenone derivatives, and combinations thereof.
[0093] Cationic photoinitiators generate an acid source to initiate
the polymerization of an epoxy resin. Cationic photoinitiators can
include a salt having an onium cation and a halogen containing a
complex anion of a metal or metalloid. Other cationic
photoinitiators include a salt having an organometallic complex
cation and a halogen containing complex anion of a metal or
metalloid. These are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,138,
incorporated herein by reference. Another example of a cationic
photoinitiator is an organometallic salt and an onium salt
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,340; European Patent Applications
306,161; 306,162; all of which are incorporated herein by
reference. Still other cationic photoinitiators include an ionic
salt of an organometallic complex in which the metal is selected
from the elements of Periodic Group IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and
VIIIB.
[0094] In addition to the radiation curable resins, the binder
precursor may further comprise resins that are curable by sources
of energy other than radiation energy, such as condensation curable
resins. Examples of such condensation curable resins include
phenolic resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, and
urea-formaldehyde resins.
[0095] The binder precursor can further comprise optional
additives, such as, for example, fillers (including grinding aids),
fibers, lubricants, wetting agents, surfactants, pigments, dyes,
coupling agents, plasticizers, and suspending agents. An example of
an additive to aid in flow properties has the trade designation
"OX-50," commercially available from DeGussa. The amounts of these
materials can be adjusted to provide the properties desired.
Examples of fillers include calcium carbonate, silica, quartz,
aluminum sulfate, clay, dolomite, calcium metasilicate, and
combinations thereof. Examples of grinding aids include potassium
tetrafluoroborate, cryolite, sulfur, iron pyrites, graphite, sodium
chloride, and combinations thereof. The mixture can contain up to
70% by weight filler or grinding aid, typically up to 40% by
weight, and preferably from 1 to 10% by weight, most preferably
from 1 to 5% by weight.
[0096] A preferred mixture for making the abrasive coating for the
products of the present invention comprises 19.47 parts by weight
trimethylolpropane triacrylate available under the trade
designation SR 351 from Sartomer Company, Exton, Pa., 12.94 parts
by weight 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate available under the trade
designation SR 339 from Sartomer Company, 3.08 parts by weight
dispersant available under the trade name Zephrym.TM. PD 9000, 1.08
part by weight ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenyl-phosphinate
available under the former trade designation Lucirin.TM. LR 8893
(now under the trade designation Lucirin.TM. TPO-L) from BASF as a
photoinitiator, 1.93 part by weight
gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane available under the trade
designation Silquest.TM. A--174.TM. Silane from Witco, Corp.,
Greenwich, Conn., as a resin modifier and 61.50 parts by weight
grade GC 3000 green silicon carbide abrasive particles having an
average particle size of 4.0 .mu.m available from Fujimi Abrasives
Company, based on 100.00 parts by weight total.
[0097] The mixture can be prepared by mixing the ingredients,
preferably by a low shear mixer. A high shear mixer can also be
used. Typically, the abrasive particles are gradually added into
the binder precursor. Additionally, it is possible to minimize the
amount of air bubbles in the mixture. This can be accomplished by
pulling a vacuum during the mixing step.
[0098] During the manufacture of the shaped, handleable structure,
radiation energy is transmitted through the production tool and
into the mixture to at least partially cure the binder precursor.
The phrase "partial cure" means that the binder precursor is
polymerized to such a state that the resulting mixture releases
from the production tool. The binder precursor can be fully cured
once it is removed from the production tool by any energy source,
such as, for example, thermal energy or radiation energy. The
binder precursor can also be fully cured before the shaped,
handleable structure is removed from the production tool.
[0099] Sources of radiation energy preferred for this invention
include electron beam, ultraviolet light, and visible light. Other
sources of radiation energy include infrared and microwave. Thermal
energy can also be used. Electron beam radiation, which is also
known as ionizing radiation, can be used at a dosage of about 0.1
to about 10 Mrad, preferably at a dosage of about 1 to about 10
Mrad. Ultraviolet radiation refers to non-particulate radiation
having a wavelength, within the range of about 200 to 400
nanometers, preferably within the range of about 250 to 400
nanometers. It is preferred that ultraviolet radiation be provided
by ultraviolet lamps operating in a range of 100 to 300 Watts/cm.
Visible radiation refers to non-particulate radiation having a
wavelength within the range of about 400 to about 800 nanometers,
preferably within the range of about 400 to about 550
nanometers.
[0100] In the method of this invention, the radiation energy is
transmitted through the production tool and directly into the
mixture. It is preferred that the material from which the
production tool is made not absorb an appreciable amount of
radiation energy or be degraded by radiation energy. For example,
if electron beam energy is used, it is preferred that the
production tool not be made from a cellulosic material, because the
electrons will degrade the cellulose. If ultraviolet radiation or
visible radiation is used, the production tool material should
transmit sufficient ultraviolet or visible radiation, respectively,
to bring about the desired level of cure.
[0101] The production tool should be operated at a velocity that is
sufficient to avoid degradation by the source of radiation.
Production tools that have relatively high resistance to
degradation by the source of radiation can be operated at
relatively lower velocities; production tools that have relatively
low resistance to degradation by the source of radiation can be
operated at relatively higher velocities. In short, the appropriate
velocity for the production tool depends on the material from which
the production tool is made.
[0102] The production tool can be in the form of a belt, e.g., an
endless belt, a sheet, a continuous sheet or web, a coating roll, a
sleeve mounted on a coating roll, or die. The surface of the
production tool that will come into contact with the mixture has a
topography or pattern. This surface is referred to herein as the
"contacting surface." If the production tool is in the form of a
belt, sheet, web, or sleeve, it will have a contacting surface and
a non-contacting surface. If the production tool is in the form of
a coating roll, it will have a contacting surface only. The
topography of the abrasive article formed by the method of this
invention will have the inverse of the pattern of the contacting
surface of the production tool. The pattern of the contacting
surface of the production tool will generally be characterized by a
plurality of cavities or recesses. The opening of these cavities
can have any shape, regular or irregular, such as a rectangle,
semicircle, circle, triangle, square, hexagon, octagon, etc. The
walls of the cavities can be vertical or tapered. The pattern
formed by the cavities can be arranged according to a specified
plan or can be random. The cavities can butt up against one
another.
[0103] Thermoplastic materials that can be used to construct the
production tool include polyesters, polycarbonates, poly(ether
sulfone), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethanes,
polyvinylchloride, polyolefins, polystyrene, or combinations
thereof. Thermoplastic materials can include additives such as
plasticizers, free radical scavengers or stabilizers, thermal
stabilizers, antioxicants, and ultraviolet radiation absorbers.
These materials are substantially transparent to ultraviolet and
visible radiation. One type of production tool is described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,435,816. Examples of materials forming the production
tool include polycarbonate and polyester. The material forming the
production tool should exhibit low surface energy. The material of
low surface energy improves ease of release of the abrasive article
from the production tool. Examples of materials suitable include
polypropylene and polyethylene. In some production tools made of
thermoplastic material, the operating conditions for making the
abrasive article should be set such that excessive heat is not
generated. If excessive heat is generated, this may distort or melt
the thermoplastic tooling. In some instances, ultraviolet light
generates heat. It should also be noted that a tool consisting of a
single layer is also acceptable, and is the tool of choice in many
instances. A thermoplastic production tool can be made according to
the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,816.
[0104] FIG. 11 shows a roller 40 that was used for making
production tool 11 as depicted in FIG. 1. The following specific
embodiment of roller 40 was used to make production tool 11 which
was then used to make Examples 1-6 of the invention. Roller 40 has
a shaft 41, an axis of rotation 42 and a patterned surface 43 over
a major portion of its cylindrical surface. The length of the
patterned surface is d which may vary according to the user's
requirements. The patterned surface 43 includes 2 identical sets 44
and 45 of repeating equally spaced grooves, with grooves in set 44
being deployed in a direction perpendicular to grooves in set 45
with angle c being 90.degree.. In this embodiment angle a is
50.degree. with respect to the axis of rotation 42 and angle b is
40.degree. with respect to the axis of rotation.
[0105] FIG. 12 provides an enlarged cross sectional view of a
segment of patterned surface 43 taken at line 12-12 in FIG. 11
perpendicular to one set of grooves. In this case, the peak to peak
distance, l, is 0.0042 inch (0.107 mm) and the valley to peak
distance, n, is 0.025 inch (0.064 mm). The angle between adjacent
peak slopes, m, is 80.degree..
[0106] Roller 40 was used to make a production tool of the type
described above to impart a shaped surface to the abrasive articles
depicted in FIGS. 3, 4 and 7-10.
[0107] An alternative roller 50 is depicted in FIG. 13 which
includes a shaft 51 and an axis of rotation 52. In this case the
patterned surface includes a first set 53 of adjacent
circumferential grooves around the roller and a second set 54 of
equally spaced grooves deployed at an angle of 30.degree. with
respect to the axis of rotation 52.
[0108] FIG. 14 shows an enlarged cross sectional view of a segment
of the patterned surface of roller 50 taken at line 14-14 in FIG.
13 perpendicular to the grooves in set 53. FIG. 14 shows the
patterned surface has peaks spaced by distance x which is 50 .mu.m
apart peak to peak and a peak height, y, from valley to peak of 50
.mu.m, with an angle z which is 53.degree. angle between adjacent
peak slopes.
[0109] FIG. 15 shows an enlarged cross sectional view of a segment
of the patterned surface of roller 50 taken at line 15-15 in FIG.
13 perpendicular to the grooves in set 54. FIG. 15 shows grooves 55
having an angle w which is a 90.degree. angle between adjacent peak
slopes and valleys separated by a distance t which is 250 .mu.m and
a valley depth s which is 55 .mu.m.
[0110] Roller 50 is also useful for producing a preferred
production tool for use in the process depicted in FIG. 1.
[0111] The flexible abrasive product of the present invention is
typically used in surface finishing applications with a sanding
device such as a dual action sander. A useful dual action sander is
that sold by Dynabrade Inc. of Clarence, N.Y. under the trade
designation Dynorbital.TM. sander model number 56964. Such a sander
typically requires a sanding pad having a surface to which the
flexible abrasive product of the invention will be mounted. A
preferred pad surface typically includes one part of a two part
attachment surface such as a looped fabric to which a backing
bearing hooks or flattened stems on the backside of the abrasive
product will engage. A preferred backing for this purpose is known
under the trade designation Hookit.TM. II laminating backing made
available in abrasive products sold, for example, under the trade
designation 3M Hookit.TM. II Finishing Film Discs by Minnesota
Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn.
[0112] Workpiece
[0113] The workpiece can be any of a variety of types of material
such as painted surfaces (clear coat, base (color) coat, primer or
e-primer) coated surfaces (polyurethane, lacquer, etc), plastics
(thermoplastic, thermosetting), reinforced plastics, metal, (carbon
steel, brass, copper, mild steel, stainless steel, titanium and the
like) metal alloys, ceramics, glass, wood, wood-like materials,
composites, stones (including gem stones), stone-like materials,
and combinations thereof. The workpiece may be flat or may have a
shape or contour associated with it. Examples of common workpieces
that may be polished by the abrasive article of the invention
include painted automotive surfaces (car doors, hoods, trunks,
etc.), plastic automotive components (headlamp covers, tail-lamp
covers, other lamp covers, arm rests, instrument panels, bumpers,
etc.), flooring (vinyl, stone, wood and wood-like materials),
counter tops, other plastic components and the like.
[0114] Depending upon the application, the force load at the
polishing interface may range from about 0.01 kg to over 25 kg.
Generally, this range is between 1 kg to 15 kg of force load at the
polishing interface. Also, it is preferred to have a liquid present
during polishing. The liquid may be water and/or an organic
compound. These liquids may also contain other additives such as
defoamers, degreasers, lubricants, soaps, corrosion inhibitors, or
the like. The abrasive article may oscillate at the abrading
interface during use.
[0115] At least one or both of the abrasive article and the
workpiece is moved relative to the other. The abrasive disc may
range from about 50 mm to 1,000 mm in diameter. Typically, abrasive
discs are secured to a back-up pad by an attachment means. The
attachment means may be a hook and loop type attachment, where the
hooks may be on the back side of the abrasive article and the loops
on the support pad or vice versa. Alternatively, the attachment
system may be a pressure sensitive adhesive. The abrasive discs
typically rotate between 100 to 20,000 revolutions per minute,
usually between 1,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute. The back up
pad may rotate in a circular fashion, orbital fashion or random
orbital fashion. Alternatively, the abrasive article of the
invention may be used by hand.
EXAMPLES
[0116] The invention is further illustrated by the following
examples wherein all parts and percentages are by weight unless
otherwise indicated.
[0117] Identification of Ingredients
[0118] "HyCar.TM. 2679" is an acrylic latex obtained from BF
Goodrich Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio containing
about 50% by weight acrylic polymer solids in an aqueous medium
which includes trace quantities of formaldehyde.
[0119] "Carbopol.TM. EZ-1" is an acrylic resin powder comprised of
crosslinked acrylic acid polymer used as a thickener obtained from
BF Goodrich Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
[0120] "Ammonium Hydroxide Solution" is an aqueous solution of
ammonium hydroxide containing 29.5% by weight NH.sub.3.
[0121] "3M Fluorad.TM. Fluorosurfactant FC-129" is an anionic
surfactant consisting of 50% by weight potassium fluoroalkyl
carboxylates dissolved in 14% by weight 2-butoxyethanol, 4% by
weight ethyl alcohol and 32% by weight water obtained from
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) of St. Paul,
Minn.
[0122] "Hookit.TM. II Laminating Backing" is one part of a 2-part
fastening system comprising sheet material bearing on one side a
multiplicity of erect stems that have flattened distal ends that is
made according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,540 and manufactured by 3M
Company of St. Paul, Minn. The flattened stems are engageable in a
fabric material which provides the other part of 2-part fastening
system, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,102. The Hookit.TM. II
laminating backing is mounted on the backside of an abrasive pad by
an adhesive coating on its backside which is brought into contact
with the backside of the abrasive pad.
[0123] "SR 351" is trimethylolpropane triacrylate monomer having a
molecular weight of 296 and functionality of 3 available under the
designation SR--351 from Sartomer Company, Exton, Pa.
[0124] "SR 339" is 2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate aromatic monomer having
a molecular weight of 192 and functionality of 1 available under
the designation SR--339 from Sartomer Company, Exton, Pa.
[0125] "PD 9000" is a polymeric disperant available under the trade
designation Zephrym.TM. PD 9000 (formerly known as Hypermer PS-4)
from Uniqema an international business of Imperial Chemical
Industries PLC.
[0126] "A--174.TM." is gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane
resin modifier available under the trade designation SILQUEST.TM.
A--174.TM. silane from Witco Corporation, Greenwich, Conn.
[0127] "TPO-L" is ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate
photoinitiator available under the trade designation LUCIRIN.TM.
TPO-L (formerly known as LUCIRIN.TM. LR 8893) from BASF Corp.,
Charlotte, N.C.
[0128] "Green SiC" is green silicon carbide abrasive particles
having a grade size of GC 3000 and an average particle size of 4.0
.mu.m as determined by Coulter.TM. Counter available under the
trade designation FUJIMI GC 3000 from Fujimi Abrasives Company,
Elmhurst, Ill.
[0129] Table 1 shows the trade designations for open cell polyester
polyurethane foams obtained from illbruck, Inc., Minneapolis,
Minn.:
1 TABLE 1 Bulk Density Tensile Strength Elongation Designation
(lb/ft.sup.3) (kg/m.sup.3) (psi) (kg/cm.sup.2) (%) "R 200U" 1.8-2.0
29-32 19.0 1.3 100 "R 400U" 4.0 .+-. 0.4 64 .+-. 6 20.0 1.4 100 "R
600U" 6.0 .+-. 0.6 96 .+-. 10 16.0 1.1 150 "PPF 8" 2.2-2.7 34-38
66.1 4.6 173
[0130] "EF3-700C" is the trade designation of illbruck, Inc.,
Minneapolis, Minn. for a felted, polyether foam felted at a ratio
of 3:1 to its thickness. The EF3-700C foam has a bulk density of
1.65-1.9 lb/ft.sup.3 (26-30 kg/m.sup.3), a tensile strength of 12
psi (0.8 kg/cm.sup.2), an elongation of 85%.
[0131] The air permeability values of various open cell foam
samples, both uncoated and coated with a barrier coat, were
determined by use of the Frazier.TM. air permeability measuring
instrument described above. These values are set forth in Table
2.
2 TABLE 2 Coating Weight Permeability Manufacturer's Dry Hycar .TM.
Ft.sup.3 Air/Min/Ft.sup.2 M.sup.3 Air/Min/M.sup.2 Product 2679
Grain Dry Hycar .TM. Coat of Sample @ of Sample @ Code 4 .times.
6.sup.1 2679 gsm Method 0.5" Water 12.7 mm Water EF3-700C-188 13.9
58.2 Roll 17. 5.92 EF3-700C-188 14.5 60.7 Roll 14.6 5.08
EF3-700C-188 15.9 66.5 Roll 10. 3.48 EF3-700C-188 16.3 68.2 Roll
11.8 4.11 EF3-700C-188 20.0 83.7 Roll 8. 2.78 EF3-700C-188 22.1
92.5 Roll 11.8 4.11 EF3-700C-188 22.5 94.2 Roll 8.1 2.82
EF3-700C-188 23.4 97.9 Spray 15.7 5.46 EF3-700C-188 23.4 97.9 Spray
16.8 5.85 EF3-700C-188 24.0 100.4 Roll 6.7 2.33 EF3-700C-188 24.0
100.4 Roll 6.6 2.30 EF3-700C-188 24.4 102.1 Roll 6.7 2.33
EF3-700C-188 25.0 104.6 Roll 8.9 3.10 EF3-700C-188.sup.2 42.0 175.8
Knife 0.143 0.05 EF3-700C-188 None None 14.9 5.19 EF3-700C-188 None
None 14.9 5.19 EF3-700C-188 None None 16.8 5.85 R200U-188 37.6
157.4 Roll 111. 38.63 R200U-188 39.2 164.1 Roll 113. 39.32
R200U-188 41.8 174.9 Roll 98. 34.10 R200U-188 None None 434. 151.03
R400U-188 15.9 66.5 Spray 13.8 4.80 R400U-188 15.9 66.5 Spray 22.2
7.73 R400U-188 23.4 97.9 Spray 28.1 9.78 R400U-188 23.4 97.9 Spray
18.1 6.30 R400U-188 23.9 100.0 Roll 17.2 5.99 R400U-188 27.5 115.1
Roll 18.9 6.58 R400U-188 29.4 123.0 Roll 18.4 6.40 R400U-188 None
None 22.5 7.83 R600U-090 15.9 66.5 Spray 20.2 7.03 R600U-090 23.4
97.9 Spray 39.8 13.85 R600U-090 23.4 97.9 Spray 31.5 10.96
R600U-090 41.5 173.7 Roll 81. 28.19 R600U-090 45.1 188.7 Roll 90.
31.32 R600U-090 51.1 213.9 Roll 90. 31.32 R600U-090 None None 214.
74.47 R600U-125 15.9 66.5 Spray 13.3 4.63 R600U-125 15.9 66.5 Spray
16.6 5.78 R600U-125 23.4 97.9 Spray 12.6 4.38 R600U-125 34.1 142.7
Roll 44.7 15.56 R600U-125 34.5 144.4 Roll 55.1 19.17 R600U-125 37.3
156.1 Roll 54.4 18.93 R600U-125 None None 114. 39.67 R600U-188 40.9
171.2 Roll 12.7 4.42 R600U-188 41.8 174.9 Roll 41.4 14.41 R600U-188
42.6 178.3 Roll 55.7 19.38 R600U-188 43.1 180.4 Roll 41.5 14.44
R600U-188 45.6 190.8 Roll 35. 12.18 R600U-188 None None 189. 65.77
.sup.1The test sample was 4 inches by 6 inches (about 5 cm by 7.5
cm). .sup.2Open cell foam was coated with an impervious barrier
coat.
Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples A-C
[0132] Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples A-C demonstrate the
advantages of the inventive abrasive articles when employed to
refine the surface of painted automotive panels. The compositions
of Examples 1-6 and Comparative Example A are shown in Table 3.
[0133] A barrier coating composition consisting of 100% HYCAR.TM.
2679 was employed in the roll coating and spray coating processes
to make foraminous barrier coatings. When the knife coating process
was employed, a thickened barrier coating composition further
consisting of 91.120% HYCAR.TM. 2679, 5.304% water, 0.152%
FLUORAD.TM. FC 129, 3.152% CARBOPOL.TM. EZ-1 (4% in water), and
0.273% ammonium hydroxide solution was used to apply an impervious
barrier coating. The selected barrier coating composition was
applied to each foam backing by either a roll coating process, a
spray coating process, or a knife coating process as indicated in
Table 3.
[0134] The roll coating process was used to generate a foraminous
barrier coat and employed 7.6 cm diameter rolls (one with a rubber
surface and one with a steel surface) gapped to about 0.38 mm less
than the thickness of the foam to be coated. The coating pan was
filled with the barrier coating composition and the coater set to
operate at 3 to 4.5 m/min. The various foam backing sheets (1
m.times.0.3 m) were then introduced into the nip. Upon exiting the
nip area, each coated backing was impinged by an air flow to break
any bubbles resulting from the coater. The sheets were then placed
in an oven set at 120-150.degree. C. for about 6 minutes.
[0135] The spray coating process was used to generate a foraminous
barrier coat and employed a conveyor belt traversing under a
reciprocating spray nozzle and subsequent radiant heater sufficient
to achieve a temperature at the backing surface of about
120.degree. C. The conveyor speed was controlled to provide the
required add-on as reported in Table 3.
[0136] The knife coating process was used to generate impervious
barrier coatings on selected backings. The 1 m.times.0.3 m foam
backing specimens were drawn by hand at about 10 m/minute through a
knife coater having the coating knife adjusted to barely touch the
backing surface. An approximate 50 ml aliquot of thickened barrier
coating composition was placed before the leading edge of the
knife. The knife position was adjusted to achieve the required
add-on. The coated backing was then placed in an oven set at
150.degree. C. for about 6 minutes.
[0137] After the appropriate barrier coating was applied, an
abrasive slurry formed by mixing 19.47 parts SR 351, 12.94 parts SR
339, 3.08 parts PD 9000, 1.93 part A-174.TM., 1.08 part TPO-L, and
61.50 parts Green SiC was applied. The slurry was applied via knife
coating to a polypropylene tool having a patterned surface, the
patterned surface being the reverse pattern of that desired for the
shaped abrasive surface, and being made by use of a pattern roll
depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12. The coated tool was then applied to
the coated foam backing so that contact is established between the
coating of the backing and the slurry side of the tool. The tool
side of the resulting lamination was then exposed to ultraviolet
radiation by exposure to a D-bulb at high power (600 Watts per
inch) (236 Watts per cm) while moving the web at 30 feet per minute
(9.14 m/minute) at a nip pressure of 50 psi (3.52 kg/cm.sup.2) for
a 10 inch (25 cm) wide web. The tooling was then removed from the
resulting partially-cured shaped abrasive coating on the barrier
coated backing. In the event that the barrier coating was
foraminous, this process of removing the tool caused at least part
of the shaped abrasive layer in at least some of the tool cavities
to remain in the polypropylene tool, thereby creating a shaped
abrasive layer with irregular openings. Alternatively, in the case
of the barrier coating being impervious, at least most of the
shaped abrasive layer was successfully transferred from the tool
cavities to the barrier coating, thereby creating a more uniform
shaped abrasive layer.
[0138] Example 6 was further needle tacked to render foraminous the
otherwise impervious barrier coated article. The abrasive
composition was needled from the abrasive side with a staggered
20.times.20 array of needles (Foster 15.times.18.times.25.times.3.5
RB) deployed in a standard needle board with rows and columns being
spaced 1/2 inch (1 cm) apart and operated at 37 strokes per 10 inch
(25 cm) length (1.46 stroke per cm) to provide about 148
penetrations per square inch (23 penetrations per cm.sup.2). Such
needles and needle board may be obtained from Foster Needle
Company, Inc., Manitowoc, Wis. Needle tacking provided the
requisite porosity for the successful employment of the otherwise
unacceptable abrasive article, as indicated by comparison with
Comparative Example A, that is identical to Example 6, but without
the needling step.
[0139] The resulting abrasive products were then ready for
conversion to six inch (15 cm) diameter discs for comparative
testing.
Examples 7-9
[0140] Examples 7-9 demonstrate the preparation and efficacious
performance of abrasive articles of the present invention when made
using convoluted open cell foam backings.
[0141] Examples 7-9 were made according to the procedure described
for Examples 1-6 employing roll coating to provide the barrier
coating except for the use of a production tool having a different
geometry from that of the previous examples. Example 7 used a
polyester polyurethane open cell foam backing with planar major
surfaces available from illbruck, Inc. as "R600U-090." Examples 8
and 9 used a convoluted polyester polyurethane open cell foams
"PPF8" and "R400U," respectively, having an array of 20 mm base
diameter, 2 mm high projecting portions on the first major surface
spaced 25 mm apart, and a thickness measured from the distal ends
of the projection on the first major surface to the second major
surface of 5 mm. The second major surface was essentially planar.
The convoluted foam for Examples 8 and 9 was obtained from illbruck
under the illbruck designation "Mini-Standard." Examples 7-9 are
further described in Table 3. Comparative test results are reported
in Table 4.
3TABLE 3 Barrier Shaped Coating Abrasive Barrier wt, g/m.sup.2
Coating Example Foam Backing Coat (dry) wt, g/m.sup.2 Needled 1
EF3-700C-188 Roll coat 100-121 66 No 2 R600U-125 Spray coat 98
60-67 No 3 R600U-90 Spray coat 67 60-67 No 4 R400U-188 Spray coat
98 60-67 No 5 R200U-188 Roll coat 167 65 No 6 EF3-700C-188 Knife
coat 176 90 Yes 7 R600U-090 Roll coat 92 60-67 No 8 Mini-Standard
Roll coat 65 36 No 9 Mini-Standard Roll coat 90 55 No Com-
EF3-700C-188 Knife coat 176 90 No parative A
Comparative Example B
[0142] Comparative Example B was a 6 inch diameter (15 cm) abrasive
finishing disc available under the trade designation Abralon.TM.
2000 from Mirka Abrasives Incorporated, Twinsburg, Ohio.
Comparative Example C
[0143] Comparative Example C was a 6 inch diameter (15 cm) abrasive
finishing disc available under the trade designation BUFLEX.TM. PN
192-1501 from Eagle Abrasives Incorporated, Norcross, Ga.
Product Testing
[0144] Materials
[0145] AOEM clear coated black painted cold roll steel test panels
obtained from Advanced Coating Technologies Laboratories, Inc.,
Hillsdale, Mich. having dimensions of 18 inches by 24 inches (45.7
cm by 61 cm).
[0146] Fine Finish orbital sander available from Dynabrade, Inc. of
Clarence, N.Y. under the trade designation Dynorbital.TM. Model No.
56964 equipped with a 3M.TM. Hookit.TM. II 6 inch (15.2 cm)
diameter backup pad.
[0147] Water spray bottle.
[0148] Stopwatch.
[0149] Profilometer available from Federal Products Corporation an
Esterline Company of Providence, R.I. under the trade designation
Pocket Surf.TM. profilometer.
[0150] Panel Preparation
[0151] The painted panels deployed horizontally in their long
dimension were first prepared by sanding their surfaces using the
fine finish sander and 3M.TM. Hookit.TM. II Finishing Film Discs,
grade P1500, available from 3M Company under the trade designation
3M.TM. Hookit.TM. II Finishing Film Discs. The orbital sander was
operated at a line pressure of 50 psi (3.52 kg/cm.sup.2) using
moderate but consistent downward pressure. Each sweep of the sander
was overlapped by 50% with the pad half off the panel on the first
and last sweep. Sanding was started in the upper left hand corner
of the test panel and the sanding pad was moved back and forth
across the panel, moving from top to bottom, ending at the lower
right corner after a total of seven sweeps. The sander was then
moved in a reverse pattern, back up the panel in seven sweeps,
ending at the starting point. The same sanding disc was then moved
in a vertical path from the upper left corner, sweeping vertically,
moving from left to right ending, after nine sweeps, at the lower
right hand panel corner. The sander was then moved in a reverse
pattern, back across the panel in nine sweeps, ending at the
starting point. A new P1500 abrasive disc was then used, starting
at the lower right panel corner and finishing at the upper left
corner after seven horizontal sweeps. The sander was moved from the
upper left corner horizontally moving back down the panel, ending
at the lower right corner after seven sweeps. Sanding then
proceeded from the lower right corner vertically across the panel,
ending at the upper left corner after nine sweeps. Finally, sanding
was continued vertically, starting at the upper left corner, moving
from left to right, ending at the lower right in nine sweeps.
[0152] Initial Finish of Prepared Panel
[0153] Using the profilometer, the Rz in the vertical center of
each vertical one-third of the panel was read. Five readings were
taken in each one-third of a panel at 3 inches (7.6 cm) above and
below the vertical center and at the vertical center. The average
of these readings was the initial Rz for the prepared test
panel.
[0154] Abrasive Product Evaluation
[0155] The test abrasive products were converted into a six inch
(15.2 cm) diameter pads to which was applied the 3M Hookit.TM. II
attachment part that was engageable to its mating part on the
support pad of the fine finish sander. The test pad was mounted on
the support pad of the sander and was used to finish the prepared
panel. The panel was considered to have 3 equal sized vertical
portions. Water was sprayed over the panel in a sufficient amount
to prevent chattering or sticking of the product to the panel. One
test disc was used on each panel. Sanding was in a vertical
direction in each one-third panel part under an applied constant
hand pressure. The left most one-third portion was sanded for 10
seconds, the middle portion for 20 seconds and the right portion
for 30 seconds. Three panels were sanded for each test product. The
R.sub.z of each sanded portion was measured in each vertical
portion at 5 points, at the vertical center, 1.5 inch (3.8 cm)
above and below the vertical center and 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) above
and below the vertical center. The average R.sub.z for each sanding
time is then reported with the initial R.sub.z. The results are
shown in Table 4.
4TABLE 4 R.sub.z Following Various Sanding Times Example 0 sec 10
sec 20 sec 30 sec Stick to panel? 1 37.9 15.7 13.6 14.4 No 2 37.3
16.8 12.3 13.6 No 3 37.6 16.3 14.9 14.9 No 4 37.2 16.8 13.3 15.5 No
5 37.7 19.5 16.8 15.7 No 6 37.5 16.5 13.1 13.6 No 7 34.3 10.9 8.8
8.8 No 8 33.5 13.3 10.9 10.9 No 9 33.6 12.0 10.1 11.2 No
Comparative A 37.8 18.9 12.8 14.4 Yes Comparative B 37.8 42.5 34.0
31.2 No Comparative C 37.5 21.6 17.3 14.1 Yes
[0156] It can be seen that the abrasive products of the present
invention provide a lower R.sub.z faster than comparatives B and C.
The products of the invention are also easier to handle during
use.
[0157] The present invention has now been described with reference
to several embodiments thereof. It will be apparent to those
skilled in the art that many changes can be made in the embodiments
described without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus,
the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the
structures described herein, but rather by the structures described
by the language of the claims, and the equivalents of those
structures.
* * * * *