U.S. patent application number 10/250088 was filed with the patent office on 2004-12-09 for turbomachine seal assembly and method therefor.
This patent application is currently assigned to GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. Invention is credited to Brisson, Bruce William, Burnett, Mark Edward, Caruso, David Alan, Deallenbach, Robert Edward, Vogan, James Harvey, Wolfe, Christopher Edward.
Application Number | 20040247430 10/250088 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32680604 |
Filed Date | 2004-12-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040247430 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Brisson, Bruce William ; et
al. |
December 9, 2004 |
TURBOMACHINE SEAL ASSEMBLY AND METHOD THEREFOR
Abstract
A seal assembly and method for a turbomachine having a rotary
member and a stationary member circumscribing the rotary member.
The seal assembly comprises an annular-shaped platform on the
rotary member so as to be disposed at an outer circumferential
region thereof. The platform is supported radially outward from the
rotary member so as to project beyond axially-adjacent regions of
the rotary member. The platform has a contact region radially
separated from the rotary member by a cavity. A sealing member is
disposed at a radially inward region of the stationary member, with
a portion of the sealing member in rubbing contact with the contact
region.
Inventors: |
Brisson, Bruce William;
(Galway, NY) ; Burnett, Mark Edward; (Buskirk,
NY) ; Caruso, David Alan; (Ballston Lake, NY)
; Deallenbach, Robert Edward; (Schenectady, NY) ;
Vogan, James Harvey; (Schenectady, NY) ; Wolfe,
Christopher Edward; (Niskayuna, NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HARTMAN & HARTMAN, P.C.
552 EAST 700 NORTH
VALPARAISO
IN
46383
US
|
Assignee: |
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
1 River Road
Schenectady
NY
12345
|
Family ID: |
32680604 |
Appl. No.: |
10/250088 |
Filed: |
June 3, 2003 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
415/174.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01D 11/001 20130101;
F16J 15/3288 20130101; F01D 11/025 20130101; F05D 2240/56 20130101;
F16J 15/324 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
415/174.2 |
International
Class: |
F01D 011/00 |
Claims
1. A seal assembly for a turbomachine having a rotary member
rotatable about an axis and a stationary member circumscribing the
rotary member, the rotary member having an outer circumferential
region disposed in a plane normal to the axis thereof and the
stationary member having a portion radially extending toward the
rotary member so that the stationary member has a radially inward
region facing the outer circumferential region of the rotary
member, the seal assembly comprising: an annular-shaped platform on
the rotary member so as to be disposed at the outer circumferential
region thereof, the platform being supported radially outward from
the rotary member so as to project radially outward beyond
axially-adjacent outer surface regions of the rotary member, the
platform having a contact region radially separated from the rotary
member by a cavity therebetween; and sealing means disposed at the
radially inward region of the stationary member and having a
portion thereof in rubbing contact with the contact region of the
platform, the platform being effective to distribute and dissipate
heat generated by rubbing contact with the sealing means.
2. The seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the sealing
means comprises a brush seal.
3. The seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the platform is
supported radially outward from the rotary member by at least a
first rib spaced in a first axial direction from the contact region
and by at least a second rib spaced in an oppositely-disposed
second axial direction from the contact region.
4. The seal assembly according to claim 3, wherein the platform is
welded to the first and second ribs.
5. The seal assembly according to claim 3, wherein each of the
first and second ribs is continuous along the outer circumferential
region of the rotary member.
6. The seal assembly according to claim 3, wherein the cavity is
delineated by the platform, the rotary member, and the first and
second ribs.
7. The seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cavity is
entirely enclosed.
8. The seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cavity
contains only air.
9. The seal assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a
labyrinth packing disposed at the radially inward region of the
stationary member and spaced axially from the portion of the
sealing means.
10. The seal assembly according to claim 9, further comprising
raised surface regions on a radially-outward surface of the
platform, the labyrinth packing comprises teeth that extend
radially inward toward the raised surface regions.
11. The seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seal
assembly is installed on the turbomachine.
12. The seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the
turbomachine is a steam turbine.
13. A turbomachine comprising: a rotor rotatable about an axis and
having an outer circumferential region disposed in a plane normal
to the axis; a diaphragm web circumscribing the rotor, the
diaphragm web having a portion radially extending toward the rotor
so that the diaphragm web has a radially inward region facing the
outer circumferential region of the rotor; a continuous
annular-shaped platform on the rotor so as to be disposed at the
outer circumferential region thereof, the platform being supported
radially outward from a first circumferential surface of the rotor
so as to project radially outward beyond and between
axially-adjacent second circumferential surfaces of the rotor, the
platform having a contact region radially separated from the first
circumferential surface of the rotor by a cavity therebetween; and
a brush seal disposed at the radially inward region of the
diaphragm web and in rubbing contact with the contact region of the
platform, the platform being effective to distribute and dissipate
heat generated by rubbing contact with the brush seal.
14. The turbomachine according to claim 13, wherein the platform is
supported radially outward from the rotor by a first rib spaced in
a first axial direction from the contact region and by a second rib
spaced in an oppositely-disposed second axial direction from the
contact region.
15. The turbomachine according to claim 14, wherein the first and
second ribs are machined features of the rotor, and the platform is
welded to the first and second ribs.
16. The turbomachine according to claim 14, wherein each of the
first and second ribs is continuous along the outer circumferential
region of the rotor.
17. The turbomachine according to claim 14, wherein the cavity is
delineated and entirely enclosed by the platform, the first
circumferential surface of the rotor, and the first and second
ribs.
18. The turbomachine according to claim 13, wherein the cavity is
entirely enclosed and contains only air.
19. The turbomachine according to claim 13, further comprising a
labyrinth packing disposed at the radially inward region of the
diaphragm web and spaced axially from the brush seal.
20. The turbomachine according to claim 13, wherein the
turbomachine is a steam turbine having a diaphragm packing area,
and the platform and brush seal are installed in each stage within
the diaphragm packing area of the steam turbine.
21. A method of providing a seal assembly for a turbomachine having
a rotary member rotatable about an axis and a stationary member
circumscribing the rotary member, the rotary member having an outer
circumferential region disposed in a plane normal to the axis
thereof and the stationary member having a portion radially
extending toward the rotary member so that the stationary member
has a radially inward region facing the outer circumferential
region of the rotary member, the method comprising the steps of:
providing an annular-shaped platform on the rotary member so as to
be disposed at the outer circumferential region thereof, the
platform being supported radially outward from the rotary member so
as to project radially outward beyond axially-adjacent outer
surface regions of the rotary member, the platform having a contact
region radially separated from the rotary member by a cavity
therebetween; and providing sealing means at the radially inward
region of the stationary member, the sealing means having a portion
thereof in rubbing contact with the contact region of the platform,
the platform distributing and dissipating heat generated by rubbing
contact with the sealing means as the rotary member rotates about
the axis thereof.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the platform is
supported radially outward from the rotary member by at least a
first rib spaced in a first axial direction from the contact region
and by at least a second rib spaced in an oppositely-disposed
second axial direction from the contact region.
23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising the step
of welding the platform to the first and second ribs.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein each of the first and
second ribs are formed on the rotary member to be continuous along
the outer circumferential region thereof.
25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the platform, the
rotary member, and the first and second ribs are fabricated on the
rotary member so as to delineate the cavity.
26. The method according to claim 21, wherein the platform is
fabricated on the rotary member so that the cavity is entirely
enclosed.
27. The method according to claim 21, wherein the platform is
fabricated on the rotary member so that the cavity contains only
air.
28. The method according to claim 21, further comprising the step
of providing a labyrinth packing disposed at the radially inward
region of the stationary member and spaced axially from the sealing
means.
29. The method according to claim 28, further comprising the step
of forming raised surface regions on a radially-outward surface of
the platform, the labyrinth packing comprising teeth that extend
radially inward toward the raised surface regions.
30. The method according to claim 21, wherein the method is
performed while the rotary member is installed on the
turbomachine.
31. The method according to claim 21, wherein the turbomachine is a
steam turbine.
32. A method of installing a seal assembly in a turbomachine having
a rotor rotatable about an axis and a diaphragm web circumscribing
the rotor, the rotor having an outer circumferential region
disposed in a plane normal to the axis thereof and the diaphragm
web having a portion radially extending toward the rotor so that
the diaphragm web has a radially inward region facing the outer
circumferential region of the rotor, the method comprising the
steps of: fabricating a continuous annular-shaped platform on the
rotor so that the platform is disposed at the outer circumferential
region thereof and is supported radially outward from a first
circumferential surface of the rotor so as to project radially
outward beyond and between axially-adjacent second circumferential
surfaces of the rotor, the platform having a contact region
radially separated from the first circumferential surface by a
cavity therebetween; and installing a brush seal at the radially
inward region of the diaphragm web so that bristles of the brush
seal are in rubbing contact with the contact region of the
platform, the platform distributing and dissipating heat generated
by rubbing contact with the brush seal as the rotor rotates about
the axis thereof.
33. The method according to claim 32, further comprising the step
of forming first and second ribs on the rotor that support the
platform radially outward from the first circumferential surface of
the rotor, the first rib being spaced in a first axial direction
from the contact region and the second rib being spaced in an
oppositely-disposed second axial direction from the contact
region.
34. The method according to claim 33, further comprising the steps
of machining the rotor to form the first and second ribs, and
welding the platform to the first and second ribs.
35. The method according to claim 33, wherein each of the first and
second ribs is formed to be continuous along the outer
circumferential region of the rotor.
36. The method according to claim 33, wherein the platform, the
first circumferential surface of the rotor, and the first and
second ribs are fabricated so as to delineate and entirely enclose
the cavity.
37. The method according to claim 32, wherein the cavity is formed
so as to be entirely enclosed and contain only air.
38. The method according to claim 32, further comprising the step
of installing a labyrinth packing at the radially inward region of
the diaphragm web and spaced axially from the brush seal.
39. The method according to claim 38, further comprising the step
of machining raised surface regions on a radially-outward surface
of the platform so that installation of the labyrinth packing
results in teeth of the labyrinth packing extending radially inward
toward the raised surface regions.
40. The method according to claim 32, wherein the turbomachine is a
steam turbine having a diaphragm packing area, and the platform and
brush seal are installed in each stage within the diaphragm packing
area of the steam turbine.
Description
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention generally relates to dynamic seals of
the type used in turbomachinery. More particularly, this invention
relates to a seal assembly comprising a seal and a platform
mounted, respectively, to non-rotating and rotating components of a
turbomachine, wherein the platform is adapted to promote the
dissipation of heat produced by rubbing contact between the seal
and platform.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] Labyrinth-type packings and brush seals are widely used in
steam turbines and in aircraft and industrial gas turbines to
provide dynamic seals between the rotating and static turbine
components, such as the rotor and diaphragm inner web of a steam
turbine. Traditional labyrinth packing comprises a series of teeth
that project radially inward from the circumference of a static
component and toward but out of contact with the rotary component,
thereby defining a series of partial barriers that create a
tortuous axial flow path immediately adjacent the surface of the
rotary component. Brush seals typically comprise metal bristles
that, similar to the teeth of a labyrinth packing, project radially
inward from the circumference of a static component toward a rotary
component. In contrast to labyrinth packings, brush seals are
normally intended to be in rubbing contact with the adjacent
circumferential surface of the rotary component, creating a
substantially continuous barrier to flow around the circumference
of the rotary component. In this regard, brush seals provide a more
effective barrier to secondary flow losses, i.e., provide better
sealing performance, as compared to labyrinth packings, and
therefore have the potential for significantly improving section
performance.
[0005] The rotors of aircraft and industrial gas turbines are
relatively stiff, and as a result their dynamic behavior is not
generally affected by rubbing contact with a brush seal. In
contrast, the rotor of a steam turbine typically includes a
continuous solid shaft to which buckets are attached. Impulse-type
steam turbines typically operate above the rotor's first bending
critical frequency, and often near the second bending critical
frequency. It has been shown that the rubbing contact between a
brush seal and the rotor of a steam turbine can magnify rotor
vibration through the first and second critical speeds of a rotor,
resulting in unacceptable radial rotor movement. It is believed
that this effect is particularly likely to occur if the rotor is
bowed as a result of thermal, dynamic or manufacturing
circumstances. More particularly, the friction resulting from the
rubbing contact locally increases the surface temperature of the
rotor, leading to nonuniform surface temperatures along its
circumference. Because high (proud) spots of a bowed rotor are
particularly prone to heating in this manner from more intense
rubbing contact, the localized heating caused by brush seals can
further increase bowing in a rotor as a result of nonuniform
thermal expansion about the rotor circumference, thereby
exacerbating vibration and rotor dynamics concerns.
[0006] Various solutions to the above problem have been proposed.
For example, brush seals have been installed in steam turbines with
an initial clearance sized to ensure that their bristles do not
contact the rotor during start-up, when there is a lack of adequate
cooling flow that would otherwise reduce the degree of localized
heating. While such an approach can eliminate or at least
significantly reduce rotor dynamics concerns associated with brush
seals, sealing performance is compromised. In commonly-assigned
U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,377, a brush seal assembly includes an
annular-shaped insert located in a circumferential groove in the
rotor surface. The bristles of the brush seal are aligned to be in
rubbing contact with the insert, such that heat generated by
rubbing contact with the bristles is better distributed and
dissipated by the insert. Another solution posed by
commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,314 is to position the brush
seals in rubbing contact with platforms formed on the bucket
dovetails, such that rubbing contact occurs at a location spaced
radially outward from the outer diameter of the rotor shaft, thus
eliminating localized heating at the rotor surface.
[0007] While the above approaches to reducing localized rotor
heating have been proven to be effective, the use of brush seals in
steam turbines has remained limited by rotor-dynamic constraints
associated with localized heating of the rotor. As a consequence,
in the diaphragm packing area of a steam turbine, brush seals have
been limited by the number of stages in which they can be installed
without inducing unacceptable radial rotor movement. The result is
decreased section efficiency due to the increased secondary flow
losses associated with the labyrinth packings that must be used
instead of brush seals.
[0008] In view of the above, it would be desirable if alternative
approaches were available for reducing vibration and rotor dynamics
concerns arising from the localized heating caused by brush seals,
such that brush seals can be used in essentially all stages within
the diaphragm packing area of a steam turbine.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0009] The present invention provides a seal assembly and method
therefor that is capable of significantly reducing vibration and
rotor dynamics concerns that arise in turbomachinery, such as steam
turbines, as a result of localized heating caused by seals in
rubbing contact with a rotary member of a turbomachine. The
invention enables such seals, including brush seals, to be
installed in essentially all stages within the diaphragm packing
area of a steam turbine.
[0010] In view of the above, the present invention finds
application with a turbomachine having a rotary member rotatable
about an axis and a stationary member circumscribing the rotary
member. The rotary member has an outer circumferential region
disposed in a plane normal to the axis thereof and the stationary
member having a portion radially extending toward the rotary member
so that the stationary member has a radially inward surface region
facing the outer circumferential region of the rotary member. The
seal construction of this invention entails a seal assembly
comprising an annular-shaped platform on the rotary member so as to
be disposed at the outer circumferential region thereof. The
platform is supported radially outward from the rotary member so as
to project radially outward beyond axially-adjacent outer surface
regions of the rotary member. Furthermore, the platform has a
contact region radially separated from the rotary member by a
cavity therebetween. A sealing member is disposed at the radially
inward surface region of the stationary member, with a portion of
the sealing member being in rubbing contact with the contact region
of the platform. As a result of being spaced apart from the rotary
member, with a cavity axially separating the contact region of the
platform from the rotary member, the platform is effective to
distribute and dissipate heat generated by rubbing contact with the
sealing member.
[0011] The present invention also provides a method of providing a
seal assembly for a turbomachine of the type described above. The
method comprises the steps of providing the annular-shaped platform
on the rotary member so as to be disposed at the outer
circumferential region thereof, such that the platform is supported
radially outward from the rotary member, projects radially outward
beyond axially-adjacent outer surface regions of the rotary member,
and has a contact region radially separated from the rotary member
by a cavity therebetween. The sealing member is provided at the
radially inward surface region of the stationary member, so that a
portion of the sealing means is in rubbing contact with the contact
region of the platform. Again, as a result of being spaced apart
from the rotary member with a cavity therebetween, the platform is
effective to distribute and dissipate heat generated by rubbing
contact with the sealing member as the rotary member rotates about
its axis.
[0012] In view of the above, it can be seen that a significant
advantage of this invention is that the platform is configured to
promote the distribution and dissipation of heat generated as a
result of rubbing contact with a seal. More particularly, the
platform is able to conduct heat axially from the contact area
toward the ribs, thereby better distributing frictional heating
that would otherwise cause a localized rise in temperature in a
relatively limited surface region of a rotary member, in which case
nonuniform surface temperatures and bowing of the rotary member
could occur. Vibration and rotor dynamics concerns can be
sufficiently reduced with the present invention to the extent that
brush seals can potentially be used in every stage within the
diaphragm packing area of a steam turbine, limited only be the
particular brush seal design. The platform is preferably fabricated
to be symmetrical about the axis of the rotary member, so as not to
affect vibrational characteristics. The platform can also be
configured to be well-adapted for field installation, as well as
for use in original production.
[0013] Other objects and advantages of this invention will be
better appreciated from the following detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 represents a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional
view of a diaphragm packing area of a steam turbine in accordance
with the prior art.
[0015] FIG. 2 represents a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional
view of a diaphragm packing area of a steam turbine equipped with a
sealing assembly in accordance with a particular embodiment of this
invention.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a more detailed representation of a platform shown
as part of the sealing assembly of FIG. 2.
[0017] FIGS. 4 and 5 are two views showing an intermediate stage in
the fabrication of the platform of FIGS. 2 and 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] FIG. 1 represents the diaphragm packing area of a steam
turbine 10 equipped with labyrinth packings 24 and 26 in accordance
with conventional practice. The steam turbine 10, which may be of
the impulse type, has a rotor 12 on which axially-spaced wheels 14
are formed or mounted, and to which buckets 16 are attached in a
conventional manner. The rotor 12 is represented as a continuous
and unitary member, as opposed to a typical gas turbine rotor made
up of wheels and disks bolted to one another. The rotor 12, wheels
14 and buckets 16 rotate about an axis (not shown) of the rotor 12,
and thereby form part of a rotary portion of the turbine 10. A
diaphragm inner web 18 radially extends inward between the wheels
14, defining separate stages of the turbine 10. A casing 22
surrounds the rotor 12, and with the web 18 supports a nozzle
partition 20. The web 18, partition 20 and casing 22 together form
part of a stationary portion of the turbine 10, and surround an
outer circumferential region of the rotor 12 that is disposed in a
plane normal to the rotor axis. As indicated by an arrow, steam
flows through the buckets 16 and partition 20.
[0019] The turbine 10 is depicted in FIG. 1 as being equipped with
labyrinth packings 24 and 26, each of which is mounted to a packing
ring segment 28. As is conventional, each packing ring segment 28
is one of multiple arcuate segments that are assembled
circumferentially to the rotor 12 or casing 22. The labyrinth
packings 24 and 26 reduce secondary flow losses between the rotary
and stationary components, more particularly, between the rotor 12
and web 18 and between the buckets 16 and casing 22. While
effective and widely used, the labyrinth packings 24 and 26 cannot
reduce secondary flow losses to the extent possible with brush
seals because of the gap between the teeth 30 of the labyrinth
packings 24 and 26 and the opposing surfaces with which they
seal.
[0020] FIG. 2 represents the same turbine 10 illustrated in FIG. 1,
but modified to so that the packing ring segment 28 mounted to the
web 18 carries the stationary portion of a seal assembly 32 that
includes a brush seal 38 situated axially between sets of labyrinth
packings 34 and 36, in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention. The labyrinth packings 34 and 36 serve as backup seals
to the brush seal 38, and are therefore preferred but optional in
this invention. In contrast to the packings 34 and 36, the brush
seal 38 is adapted to continuously contact the surface with which
it is intended to seal, thereby effecting a better seal than
possible with the labyrinth packing 24 it replaced. As is
conventional, the brush seal 38 and labyrinth packings 34 and 36
are depicted as being equipped with bristles 56 and teeth 58,
respectively, that project radially toward the rotor 12. As known
in the art, the bristles 56 and teeth 58 may be formed of a variety
of materials.
[0021] Rubbing contact that occurs with the brush seal 38
inherently causes frictional heating that, if not addressed, can
lead to nonuniform heating along the circumference of the rotor 12,
with the adverse potential for magnifying rotor vibrations of the
rotor 12. Better distribution and dissipation of this heat are
achieved with the present invention by modifying the rotor 12 to
have a raised section 40, shown in FIG. 2 and in greater detail in
FIG. 3. The raised section 40, which in effect constitutes the
rotating portion of the seal assembly 32, projects radially outward
beyond axially adjacent surface regions 46 of the rotor 12. The
raised section 40 is depicted as comprising a platform 42 supported
above a surface region 48 of the rotor 12 by a pair of support ribs
44. An individual rib 44 is shown as being located at each of the
axial extremities of the platform 42, though other configurations
are possible, including the inclusion of additional ribs 44. The
platform 43 and ribs 44 are preferably continuous along the entire
circumference of the rotor 12, such that the raised section 40 is
symmetrical about the axis of the rotor 12 and will not affect its
vibrational characteristics. With the rotor surface region 48, the
platform 42 and support ribs 44 define a cavity 50 that is
preferably completely enclosed, such that the cavity 50 contains
only air that was trapped during construction of the raised section
40.
[0022] The platform 42 is shown as being equipped with ribs 52 on
its outer radial surface, providing what is termed a high-low
sealing arrangement with teeth 58 of each of the labyrinth packings
34 and 36. As evident from FIGS. 2 and 3, the platform 42 also
provides a contact area 54 that is continuously in rubbing contact
with the bristles 56 of the brush seal 38. With the configuration
of the raised section 40 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the contact area
54 is located approximately midway between the ribs 44, such that
heat generated by rubbing contact with the brush seal 38 is
conducted away from the contact area 54 in both the fore and aft
axial directions before being conducted radially inward to the
rotor 12. The cavity 50 acts as a thermal barrier, such that heat
is not transferred by conduction directly to the surface region 48
of the rotor 12 beneath the platform 42, but instead is limited to
radiation heat transfer. As such, heat generated by the brush seal
38 is not localized in a limited circumferential surface region of
the rotor 12, thereby drastically reducing if not preventing
rotor-dynamic instability problems caused or exacerbated by
localized rotor heating when the steam turbine rotor 12 is operated
near one of its critical bending frequencies.
[0023] According to one aspect of the invention, the support ribs
44 can be machined directly into the original rotor forging, with a
pair of ribs 44 being located at each of the packing areas of the
rotor 12. Multiple arcuate-shaped inserts 62 are then welded to
each other and to each set of ribs 44, as represented in FIGS. 4
and 5, followed by machining of the inserts 62 to form the platform
42 and its ribs 52. Such an operation can be performed during the
original production of the rotor 12, or as an in-field modification
of an existing rotor 12. Various known welding techniques can be
used to fabricate the raised section 40, depending on the materials
being welded. Suitable materials for the platform 42 (and therefore
the inserts 62 from which the platform 42 is fabricated) are those
that can be reliably welded to the rotor 12 and have similar
thermal expansion properties to those of the rotor 12, the latter
of which avoids high thermal stresses and platform bending. In view
of these considerations, for a rotor 12 formed of a
chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy, a suitable material for the
platform 42 would be the same or similar
chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy.
[0024] While the invention has been described in terms of a
particular embodiment, it is apparent that other forms could be
adopted by one skilled in the art. For example, while the invention
has been described in reference to a steam turbine, the invention
can find application in other types of turbomachinery. Therefore,
the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following
claims.
* * * * *