U.S. patent application number 10/887366 was filed with the patent office on 2004-12-02 for method and apparatus for determining position in a pipe.
Invention is credited to Zierolf, Joseph A..
Application Number | 20040239521 10/887366 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33449021 |
Filed Date | 2004-12-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040239521 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Zierolf, Joseph A. |
December 2, 2004 |
Method and apparatus for determining position in a pipe
Abstract
A method and apparatus for determining position in a pipe
provides for the precise determination of location and associated
characteristics of each pipe joint of a well, cross country
pipeline or other fluid transmission line. The system includes a
passive or active radio identification device at each joint in the
pipe or casing string. The devices are preferably sealed within the
resilient seal positioned between each pipe or casing joint. A
pipeline tool includes a radio transmitter and receiver, with the
transmitter transmitting on a frequency selected for resonating the
identification devices. The resonant response of each device is
detected by a receiver in the pipeline tool, with the response
transmitted to the surface via the wireline to which the tool is
connected. Alternatively, the tool may include storage information
means until the tool can be recovered from the well or pipe. An
information storage and retrieval system includes information on
the location of each of the identification devices in the well or
pipe, e.g., length or depth, pipe or casing diameter, previously
logged geological characteristics and stratum at each
identification device location, etc. The system may count each
device as the tool passes through the pipe in order to determine
the location of the tool at any point. Alternatively, each
identification device may provide a distinct signal, with the tool
transmitting the signal to the surface (or storing the signal for
later retrieval) where the system correlates the signal with
previously logged information for that specific location.
Inventors: |
Zierolf, Joseph A.; (Houma,
LA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Jack E. Ebel
11735 Applewood Knolls Drive
Lakewood
CO
80215
US
|
Family ID: |
33449021 |
Appl. No.: |
10/887366 |
Filed: |
July 6, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10887366 |
Jul 6, 2004 |
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10032114 |
Dec 21, 2001 |
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6759968 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
340/854.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B 17/006 20130101;
E21B 23/00 20130101; G01V 3/30 20130101; E21B 47/09 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
340/854.1 |
International
Class: |
G01V 003/00 |
Claims
I claim:
1. A well comprising: a pipe; and at least one radio frequency
identification device installed in said pipe.
2. The well of claim 1 wherein said pipe is casing.
3. The well of claim 2 wherein said casing is secured in a well
bore by cement.
4. The well of claim 2 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device is installed at an intermediate point in said
casing.
5. The well of claim 2 wherein said casing has a plurality of
sections with adjoining sections defining a joint therebetween.
6. The well of claim 5 wherein each of said at least one radio
frequency identification device is installed in one of said
plurality of joints.
7. The well of claim 5 further comprising: a seal positioned in
said joint.
8. The well of claim 5 wherein each of said at least one radio
frequency identification devices is installed at an intermediate
point along one of said plurality of sections.
9. The well of claim 2 wherein a plurality of radio frequency
identification devices are installed in said casing.
10. The well of claim 9 wherein said casing has a plurality of
joints.
11. The well of claim 10 wherein each of said plurality of radio
frequency identification devices is installed in a different joint
of said plurality of joints.
12. The well of claim 1 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device is an active radio frequency identification
device.
13. The well of claim 1 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device is a passive radio frequency identification
device.
14. The well of claim 1 wherein each of said at least one radio
frequency identification device is configured to provide a distinct
response.
15. The well of claim 1 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device has an antenna.
16. The well of claim 15 wherein said antenna is a configured as a
loop.
17. The well of claim 8 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device is secured in said casing by means of a
sleeve.
18. The well of claim 17 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device has an antenna.
19. A pipeline comprising: a pipe; and at least one radio frequency
identification device installed in said pipe.
20. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is installed at an intermediate
point in said pipe.
21. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein said pipe has a plurality of
sections with adjoining sections defining a joint therebetween.
22. The pipeline of claim 21 wherein each of said at least one
radio frequency identification device is installed in one of said
plurality of joints.
23. The pipeline of claim 21 further comprising: a seal positioned
in said joint.
24. The pipeline of claim 21 wherein each of said at least one
radio frequency identification devices is installed at an
intermediate point along one of said plurality of sections.
25. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein a plurality of radio frequency
identification devices are installed in said pipe.
26. The pipeline of claim 25 wherein said pipe has a plurality of
joints.
27. The pipeline of claim 26 wherein each of said plurality of
radio frequency identification devices is installed in a different
joint of said plurality of joints.
28. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is an active radio frequency
identification device.
29. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is a passive radio frequency
identification device.
30. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein each of said at least one
radio frequency identification device is configured to provide a
distinct response.
31. The pipeline of claim 19 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device has an antenna.
32. The pipeline of claim 31 wherein said antenna is a configured
as a loop.
33. The pipeline of claim 20 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is secured in said pipe by means of
a sleeve.
34. The pipeline of claim 33 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device has an antenna.
35. A method of assembling casing for use in a well comprising:
installing at least one radio frequency identification device in
casing.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is installed at an intermediate
point in said casing.
37. The method of claim 35 wherein said casing has a plurality of
sections with adjoining sections defining a joint therebetween.
38. The mentod of claim 37 wherein each of said at least one radio
frequency identification device is installed in one of said
plurality of joints.
39. The method of claim 37 wherein each of said at least one radio
frequency identification devices is installed at an intermediate
point along one of said plurality of sections.
40. The method of claim 35 wherein a plurality of radio frequency
identification devices are installed in said casing.
41. The method of claim 40 wherein said casing has a plurality of
joints.
42. The method of claim 41 wherein each of said plurality of radio
frequency identification devices is installed in a different joint
of said plurality of joints.
43. The method of claim 35 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is an active radio frequency
identification device.
43. The method of claim 34 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is a passive radio frequency
identification device.
44. The method of claim 34 wherein each of said at least one radio
frequency identification device is configured to provide a distinct
response.
45. The method of claim 34 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device has an antenna.
46. The method of claim 45 wherein said antenna is a configured as
a loop.
47. The method of claim 36 wherein said at least one radio
frequency identification device is secured in said pipe by means of
a sleeve.
48. The well of claim 47 wherein said at least one radio frequency
identification device has an antenna.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of copending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/032,114, filed on Dec. 21, 2001 and
entitled "Method and Apparatus for Determining Position in Pipe",
which claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/286,650, filed Apr. 6, 1999 and entitled "Method and Apparatus
for Determining Position in Pipe", now U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,699 B1,
which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent
Application Ser. No. 60/098,284, filed on Aug. 28, 1998.
[0002] This application is related to the following copending
patent applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/586,648,
filed on Jun. 1, 2000 and entitled "Method and System for
Performing Operations and for Improving Production in Wells"; U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/656,720, filed on Sep. 7, 2000,
entitled "Method and System for Performing a Casing Conveyed
Perforating Process and Other Operations in Wells", and issued on
Mar. 25, 2003 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,536,524 B1; U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/843,998, filed on Apr. 27, 2001 and
entitled "Process and Assembly for Identifying and Tracking
Assets"; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/323,536, filed on Dec.
18, 2002 and entitled "Method and System for Performing Operations
and for Improving Production in Wells"; and U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 10/726,027, filed on Dec. 1, 2003 and entitled "Method and
System for Transmitting Signals Through a Metal Tubular".
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0003] 1. Field of the Invention
[0004] The present invention relates generally to devices for
detecting intermediate points within wells, gas and oil pipelines,
and the like, and more specifically to a system using radio
frequency resonant devices installed at various points in the well
or pipe. A detector is inserted into the pipe, and detects the
resonant devices where installed to transmit location or depth and
other information back to a station at the surface or along the
pipe. The present invention may provide for the storage of the
information gathered for downloading upon retrieval of the device
from the well or pipe.
[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0006] The need for accurate measurement of the depth of a drilled
well is critical, as oftentimes the stratum of interest in the
well, resides within a relatively narrow band. Wells are typically
cased after drilling, with cement being poured between the casing
and the wall of the drilled hole in order to seal and stabilize the
hole. The casing and cement are perforated at the desired depth in
order to access the stratum of interest (oil bearing deposits, gas,
water, etc.), with the casing and cement serving to prevent the
flow and mixing of undesired fluids with the fluid of interest from
the well (e.g., water with oil, etc.).
[0007] In view of the above, it is critical that the well be
perforated at precisely the proper depth in order to avoid drawing
an undesirable fluid into the well, and/or missing the desired
stratum of interest in the well. As wells typically extend from a
few to several thousand feet below the surface in the case of oil
and gas wells, the precise measurement of the depth of the well to
within a few feet, poses a difficult problem. U.S. Pat. No.
5,279,366 provides an excellent and detailed discussion of the
problem in the Background of the Invention, columns 1 through 4,
for further background.
[0008] Accordingly, numerous devices and systems have been
developed in the past for logging or measuring the precise depth of
the well, for perforating the well or for other purposes as
required. Such principles as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),
gamma ray detection, and others, have been utilized in order to
enable a detector lowered into the well casing to determine its
position or depth within the hole. However, none of the systems or
principles utilized in the past, provide the needed accuracy to
enable an operator to determine precisely the depth of the tool
within the hole. It is very easy for the well to be logged
incorrectly, or for the tool to detect the wrong joint or point in
the casing, and thus throw off all calculations and measurements
accordingly. As the conventional well casing pipe has a length of
some thirty feet, it will be seen that an error in the detection of
one joint location, could cause a perforating gun or other tool to
miss the stratum of interest completely.
[0009] Those skilled in the art are aware that the limitations of
the prior art extend to other types of pipelines and the like, and
are not limited only to generally vertical well bores. For example,
the standard procedure for examining a cross-country oil, gas, or
other pipeline, is to "pig" the line, i.e., send a mechanical
device (called a "pig") through the line, generally by pneumatic
means. The "pig" may sense various information relating to the
condition of the line, or other factors, which information may be
stored within the device until it is recovered at some point in the
line. However, any flaws or other problems in the line must be
identified as to location, and the mechanical "pigs" used for such
operations have no means of determining their position in the line.
Rather, their location must be detected externally, by a worker
stationed along the pipe or line as the "pig" travels through the
line, and who logs the passage of the "pig" at various points along
the line, relative to time. By knowing the time that any
information was gathered in the pipe, and the time of passage of
the "pig" at various points, the location of any anomalies may be
indirectly determined.
[0010] However, it will be seen that it can be difficult to
determine the precise location of various anomalies or other points
of interest in such a pipeline, as the detection of the passage of
the "pig" through the line, is determined at only a relatively few
widely separated points along the line. Thus, when the record of
the recovered "pig" is examined, it may not be possible to narrow
the location of some point of interest in the line, to an area
smaller than perhaps a few hundred feet of pipeline, or perhaps
more.
[0011] Accordingly, a need will be seen for a system which
positively identifies the location or depth of a well tool at
various points within the well. The system comprises a plurality of
passive or active radio frequency resonant devices, which are
installed at several, or all, of the joints in the well casing.
Each of the devices is preferably constructed or tuned to provide a
unique individual signal. A well tool is provided which transmits a
low power and/or directional signal on an appropriate frequency for
reception by the devices, which then resonate to provide a
responding signal to the well tool. The responding signal passes up
the wire line to the well operator at the surface, who is able to
determine precisely the location or depth of the well tool in the
well. Alternatively, the information may be stored within the
downhole tool, for downloading into a computer or other suitable
reading device at the surface, after recovery of the tool.
[0012] A further need will be seen for a system which is capable of
positively identifying the location of a tool which is passed
through a pipeline or the like, and recording the location
corresponding to the tool at various points in time as the tool
passes through the pipeline. The system may utilize active or
passive radio frequency resonant devices, with information being
stored within the pipeline tool for later recovery when the tool is
recovered from the line.
[0013] A discussion of the related art of which the present
inventor is aware, and its differences and distinctions from the
present invention, is provided below. U.S. Pat. No. 4,572,293
issued on Feb. 25, 1986 to James G.
[0014] Wilson et al., titled "Method Of Placing Magnetic Markers On
Collarless Cased Wellbores," describes the magnetic polarizing of
well casing by positioning one or more electromagnets within the
casing, and activating the electromagnets to impart a permanent
magnetic field at the location of the electromagnet(s) within the
casing or pipe. The magnetically polarized area may be detected
using a conventional magnetic reading casing collar locator. The
Wilson et al. method does not provide any means of differentiating
between magnetically marked spots, nor of precisely positioning the
magnetically polarized areas at predetermined points in the casing.
Moreover, Wilson et al. do not disclose any means of logging or
determining the position of a device in a cross country or other
fluid pipeline, as provided by the present method and
apparatus.
[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 4,630,044 issued on Dec. 16, 1986 to Rudolf
Polzer, titled "Programmable Inductively Coupled Transponder,"
describes a passive radio identification device (PRID) including a
memory for modulating the response signal when triggered by an
appropriate transmitter. Polzer describes the placement of the
resonating transponder on a moving object, e.g., a railroad car,
with the triggering transmitter having a stationary mounting. This
configuration is precisely the opposite of the present invention,
with its stationary responding devices and triggering transmitter
being mounted within a moving well hole or pipeline "pigging" tool.
Moreover, Polzer makes no suggestion of using his invention for
determining depth or other characteristics in a well casing or
other fluid pipeline, as provided by the present invention.
[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,925 issued on Feb. 28, 1989 to Gary K.
Baird, titled "Three Magnet Casing Collar Locator," describes a
magnetic device for detecting pipe or casing joints in a well. The
device provides a specially shaped toroidal magnetic field, which
magnetically affects the ferrometallic casing and casing joints. A
detector associated with the device detects variations in the
magnetic field as the field changes as it passes each casing joint.
Baird makes no provision for detecting any differences in the
joints. Rather, each joint appears essentially the same when
detected, and the operator cannot determine precisely where in the
casing the device is located. Each joint must be counted in order
for the location to be determined, and no other information is
provided by the Baird device. Baird does not disclose any means of
logging or determining the precise location of a pigging tool in a
cross country or other than vertical fluid pipeline, as provided by
the present invention.
[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,366 issued on Jan. 18, 1994 to Patrick
L. Scholes, titled "Method For Wireline Operation Depth Control In
Cased Wells," describes the use of both magnetic and radioactive
location markers in a well casing. The detector device is capable
of detecting both high energy radiation (gamma rays) and magnetic
anomalies, thus making it easier to confirm that well depth logs
using either system separately, are properly "tied in." The Scholes
'366 U.S. patent provides an excellent explanation of the problem
of well depth control and logging, as well as the importance of a
solution for the problem, in the Background of the Invention
portion of the disclosure, as noted further above. However, Scholes
does not provide any means of differentiating between different
joints or other locations along the length of the casing, nor any
radio frequency resonant means for doing so. Moreover, Scholes is
silent regarding any form of logging or determining the position of
a tool in other than a vertical line, whereas the present system
may be applied to any fluid line in a generally vertical or other
than vertical orientation.
[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,838 issued on Nov. 8, 1994 to Marion D.
Kilgore, titled "Slick Line Casing And Tubing Joint Locator
Apparatus And Associated Methods," describes a device which is
usable with a slick line, i.e., a monofilament metal or other line
which does not carry an electrical signal. The device relies upon
an integral magnetic anomaly detector for detecting pipe or casing
joints. When a joint is detected, the device drives a drag
producing structure against the inner surface of the casing, with
the drag registering as a momentary increase in tension on the line
at the surface as the device passes the joint. Thus, the Kilgore
device can only be used when being drawn upwardly through the pipe,
and does not utilize any radio frequency resonance means. The
Kilgore device is also unworkable in other than a generally
vertical line, whereas the present system is operable in any fluid
line, regardless of its orientation.
[0019] U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,447 issued on Oct. 10, 1995 to Sanjar
Ghaem et al., titled "Portable Power Source And RF Tag Utilizing
Same," describes a radio frequency (RF) device providing an
interrogation signal and receiving a response from the
interrogation signal. The device may be powered by any one or more
of several electrical sources, including conventional battery
power, solar or infrared cells, etc. However, Ghaem et al. are
silent regarding a responding unit for their RF tag device. While
the present invention makes use of an RF transmitter and receiver
disposed within a well downhole tool, pipeline pigging tool, or the
like, the present invention also makes use of inert or active
resonant responding devices which are triggered by the RF
transponder device of the well or pipeline tool, which resonant
responding devices are not a part of the Ghaem et al.
disclosure.
[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,140 issued on Mar. 5, 1996 to John R.
Tuttle, titled "Electrically Powered Postage Stamp Or Mailing Or
Shipping Label Operative With Radio Frequency (RF) Communication,"
describes a small and very thin radio receiver and transmitter,
including a memory chip for modulating the transmitted signal to
provide certain specific information, e.g., routing, etc. The
Tuttle disclosure provides for a thin, flat battery for power of
the device, and accordingly includes "sleep" and "wake" circuitry
which is triggered by a transmission from another device. The
present invention does not require any integral electrical power in
the specific form of an electric battery, but resonates when power
is received from a nearby transmitter. The present device may
include active circuitry requiring electrical power, but the
electrical power is generated by electrochemical means using the
fluid within the well or pipe, as an electrolyte. The Tuttle device
is not a resonant device.
[0021] U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,192 issued on May 6, 1997 to Michael L.
Connell et al., titled "Coiled Tubing Joint Locator And Methods,"
describes a tube which is lowered into the well pipe string for
locating pipe joints. The device includes a fluid passage formed
generally axially therethrough, and an electromagnetic joint
detector which senses the increased mass of each joint, according
to the disclosure. When a joint is detected, a lateral valve is
opened, which decreases the fluid flow resistance through the
device and produces a pressure drop which is transmitted to the
surface. The Connell et al. device can only sense each joint, and
cannot detect any difference between different joints, whereas the
present device may provide means for differentiating between
different joints in the well casing or fluid pipeline.
[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,345 issued on Feb. 24, 1998 to Timothy
M. Price et al., titled "Casing Joint Detector," describes a
magnetic anomaly detector which detects the variations in magnetic
flux across pipe or casing joints, as in other devices of the prior
art discussed further above. The detector may also measure the
distance traveled down the borehole, and correlate this distance
with the number of joints passed. However, Price et al. make no
provision for distinguishing between different casing or pipe
joints, for determining precisely which joint is being passed at
any given point. Also, as with other magnetic anomaly detectors,
the device must be moving at some minimum velocity through the
casing in order to generate the spike in electromagnetic energy for
generating a detection signal. The present active or passive RF
system is operable at any practicable velocity in vertical,
horizontal, or otherwise oriented fluid pipelines of virtually any
type, i.e., ferromagnetic or other material.
[0023] European Patent Publication No. 013,494 published on Jul.
23, 1980 to British Gas Corporation, titled "Measurement Of
Velocity And/Or Distance," describes a device which produces a
magnetic anomaly in the wall of a ferrometallic pipe, and then
detects the anomaly as the device passes. The device may thus
measure its velocity through the pipe, by measuring the time
between the production of the magnetic anomaly and its detection by
another part of the device, with the distance between the two
components being known. As in other devices using magnetic
principles or means discussed further above, the British Gas device
cannot distinguish between different magnetic anomalies produced
thereby, but can only count the total number of magnetic anomalies
along the length of the pipe and provide a distance measurement
based upon the distance between the magnetic anomaly producer and
detector. No RF means, nor use in other than a generally vertical
downhole, is disclosed in the British Gas Corporation patent
publication.
[0024] European Patent Publication No. 412,535 published on May 11,
1994 to Michael L. Smith, titled "Tubing Collar Position Sensing
Apparatus, And Associated Methods, For Use With A Snubbing Unit,"
describes a device for electromagnetically detecting tubing or
joint collars for progressively opening and closing the blowout
pressure seals of a blowout valve. Accordingly, there is no need,
and no teaching, of any means for distinguishing between different
joints along the length of the tube or pipe. Smith notes that the
measurement of the pipes cannot be accomplished by odometer means
alone, due to slight variations in pipe length and in the length of
engaged threads at each coupling, to which problem the present
invention responds. Moreover, the present system is adaptable to
both generally vertical well holes, as well as generally horizontal
or other orientation gas and other fluid lines.
[0025] European Patent Publication No. 651,132 published on May 3,
1995 to the Halliburton Company, titled "Method For Locating
Tubular Joints In A Well," describes a device which applies lateral
pressure to the walls of the pipe whenever a joint is detected. The
increased drag of the device increases the tension on the line as
the device is raised up the pipe, thus enabling the joints to be
detected without requirement for an electrical connection between
the device in the pipe and the surface. The device described in the
'132 European Patent Publication is the same as that described in
the '838 U.S. patent, and discussed further above. The same
differences and distinctions noted in the above discussion, are
also seen to apply here.
[0026] Finally, European Patent Publication No. 730,083 published
on Sep. 4, 1996 to the Halliburton Company, titled "Method And
Apparatus For Use In Setting Barrier Member In Well," describes a
device using conventional magnetic anomaly detection means for
detecting pipe or casing joints, for positioning a barrier within
the pipe or casing so that the barrier is not positioned on the
joint. There is no need, and no teaching, for the device to
distinguish between different joints, as all that is necessary for
the Halliburton device is to determine that the barrier or seal
will not be positioned directly on a joint.
[0027] None of the above inventions and patents, taken either
singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention
as claimed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0028] The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for
determining position in a pipe or the like, for detecting pipe or
casing joints in an oil, gas, or other drilled well or pipe, and
for distinguishing between joints. The system includes a passive
radio identification device (PRID), or alternatively an active
device, installed at each pipe or casing joint, with a well or
pipeline tool including a radio frequency transmitter and receiver.
The transmitter of the tool provides a constant transmission
signal, which is attenuated or directionally modified so as to be
received only by an identification device at an immediately
adjacent pipe or casing joint. When the device receives the
transmission from the tool, the identification device circuit
resonates to transmit a response, which is received by the tool
receiver. The signal received by the receiver is then transmitted
up the wireline between the tool and the surface, where it is
processed. Alternatively, the tool may include means for recording
the information received, with the information being downloaded
from the tool upon retrieval of the tool at the surface or access
point in a pipeline.
[0029] Information relating to each of the radio identification
devices may be stored at the surface, with the operator being able
to determine the location of the downhole tool at any time, and
other characteristics which have been logged into the computer or
information system, such as pipe or casing size, geological
characteristics or stratum at any particular point as previously
logged and entered into the system, depth of the well at that
point, etc. Again, the present system is adaptable for use in
generally horizontal fluid (oil, gas, water, etc.) pipelines as
well as generally vertical downholes, and may be used in pipes of
virtually any non-horizontal or non-vertical orientation as well.
The present invention may also utilize identification devices which
provide a distinct signal from one another, in order that the
downhole tool is able to distinguish between each device, and
therefore the joint with which any particular device is associated
and the physical characteristics previously logged at that
location.
[0030] While passive radio identification devices (PRIDs) which
resonate when a specific frequency or frequencies are detected, may
be used in the present invention, the present method and apparatus
may also make use of active devices, i.e., devices requiring
electrical power for operation. The present invention provides such
electrical power in the form of an electrical battery, with two
dissimilar metals being provided in the resonant device, or the
resonant device and tool, with the fluid within the well or pipe
serving as an electrolyte for the device.
[0031] Accordingly, it is a principal object of the invention to
provide an improved method and apparatus for determining position
in a pipe or the like, utilizing a radio frequency transmitter and
receiver in a downhole or pipeline tool, with passive radio
identification devices (PRIDs) or active devices located at each
joint in the pipe or casing.
[0032] It is another object of the invention to provide an improved
pipeline position determining method and apparatus which may
include an information storage and retrieval system, such as a
computer, at the surface or outside the pipeline, with the downhole
or pipeline tool transmitting a signal to the system whenever a
radio frequency identification device is detected.
[0033] Yet another object of the invention is to provide an
improved pipeline position determining method and apparatus which
may use a tool having recording means therein, for recording
information detected during tool passage through the pipe, and for
downloading the information from the tool recording means upon
recovery of the tool.
[0034] It is a further object of the invention to provide an
improved pipeline position determining method and apparatus which
computer or other information system is programmed with various
facts relating to each of the identification devices in the well or
pipe, such as the stratum or geological characteristics at each
identification device installed in the well, the pipe or casing
diameter, distance between each of the identification devices in
the pipe or casing string, etc.
[0035] An additional object of the invention is to provide an
improved pipeline position determining method and apparatus which
identification devices may be distinguished from one another, in
order that the tool distinguishes the specific identification
device with which it is communicating at any given location in the
well or pipe.
[0036] Still another object of the invention is to provide an
improved pipeline position determining method and apparatus which
may utilize resilient seals disposed between each pipe or casing
joint, for holding each of the identification devices in place.
[0037] Another object of the invention is to provide an improved
pipeline position determining method and apparatus which may
utilize active RF identification devices which draw electrical
power from an electrochemical source provided by dissimilar metals
in the RF device and/or tool, with the fluid within the well or
pipe serving as an electrolyte.
[0038] It is an object of the invention to provide improved
elements and arrangements thereof in an apparatus for the purposes
described which is inexpensive, dependable and fully effective in
accomplishing its intended purposes.
[0039] These and other objects of the present invention will become
apparent upon review of the following specification and
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] FIG. 1 is a broken away perspective view in section, of a
section of well casing and joint including the installation of a
radio identification device therein, and downhole tool including
radio transceiver means therein for communicating with the
device.
[0041] FIG. 2 is a schematic elevation view of a drilled well and
casing, showing the general operation of one embodiment of the
present invention and its communication with the surface and
surface components associated with the invention.
[0042] FIG. 3 is a side perspective view in section of a pipeline
coupling incorporating a radio frequency identification device in
accordance with the present invention.
[0043] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a radio frequency
identification device and loop antenna for use with the present
invention.
[0044] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a sleeve installable in a
pipe, including the identification device and loop of FIG. 4.
[0045] FIG. 6 is an elevation view in broken away section of a pipe
incorporating the present identification device and loop antenna,
and including electrochemical energy generation means having
dissimilar metals disposed in the loop and in the detection
tool.
[0046] FIG. 7 is an elevation view similar to that of FIG. 6, but
having both dissimilar metals incorporated in the antenna loop.
[0047] Similar reference characters denote corresponding features
consistently throughout the attached drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0048] The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for
determining position in a pipe or the like, for oil, gas, and other
drilled wells having a jointed casing therein, and for cross
country pipelines and other non-vertical gas, oil, water, and other
fluid wells and pipelines. The present system provides for the
determination of the precise location of a well or pipe tool within
the casing or pipe, and associated characteristics of the well or
pipe at the location of the tool.
[0049] FIG. 1 provides a broken away perspective view in section of
a well casing or pipe 10 formed of a plurality of sections 12, with
each section 12 having a joint 14 therebetween comprising
externally threaded connecting ends 16 with an internally threaded
mating coupling sleeve 18 securing the two ends 16 together. Such
joints 14 generally include at least a slight gap 20 between each
connecting end 16 of the casing or pipe sections 12, with a
resilient O-ring 22 being placed in the gap 20 at the time of
assembly of the joint 14. A well downhole tool 24 is also shown in
FIG. 1, at the lower end of a wireline 26 which serves both to
support the tool 24 within the casing 10 and also for electrical
power and communication between the tool 24 and the surface, as
shown in FIG. 2 and discussed further below.
[0050] The well tool 24 includes a radio frequency transmitter and
receiver 28 therein, shown in broken lines in FIG. 1. A radio
frequency identification device 30 is installed at each of the
coupling joints 14 of the pipe or casing string 10, as by sealing,
imbedding, or otherwise securing the device 30 within the resilient
O-ring seal 22 at each joint 14. The radio frequency identification
device 30 may be in the form of a passive radio identification
device (known as a "PRID"). Such PRIDs are conventional and are
used for merchandise security in the retail industry, library
security, etc., and generally comprise a solid state printed
circuit which is configured to resonate upon receipt of radio
frequency energy from a radio transmission of appropriate frequency
and strength. Such devices do not require any additional power
source, as the energy received from the transmission provides
sufficient power for the device to respond with a weak and/or
periodic reply transmission so long as it is receiving an
appropriate transmission.
[0051] Alternatively, the responding device 30 may be in the form
of an active device, requiring a separate source of electrical
power (e.g., electrical storage battery or other electrical power
means). Such devices are also conventional, and may be configured
to draw practically no electrical power until a radio frequency
signal is received, whereupon they are electrically energized to
produce a responding transmission.
[0052] The transceiver 28 enclosed within the well tool 24 is also
conventional, and provides a radio frequency transmitted signal at
the appropriate frequency to excite the PRID or active device 30 at
any given joint 14 location. The transceiver 28 also includes a
receiver tuned to receive the response from the PRID or active
device 30, which response is provided on a different frequency than
the transmission frequency used by the transceiver 28 in order that
the transmitted signal from the transceiver 28 does not interfere
with the received signal from the PRID or active device 30. The
transmitter and antenna system of the transceiver 28 are preferably
configured to provide a relatively weak signal which can only be
detected and responded to by a PRID or active device 30 in
relatively close proximity to the transceiver 28, i.e., within a
foot or so distant.
[0053] Alternatively, the antenna of the transceiver 28 may be
configured to provide a highly directional signal, e.g., radially
polarized or shielded to provide only a narrow radial transmission
pattern, so the transmitted signal from the transceiver 28 radiates
essentially horizontally from the transceiver 28 and well tool 24.
In this manner, the transceiver 28 will not trigger more than a
single PRID or active device 30 at any point in the passage of the
transceiver 28 through the casing pipe string 10, and will be in
very close proximity, e.g., within a few inches, of the exact depth
of the responding PRID or active device 30. Alternatively, the
receiving antenna may provide only a narrow radial reception band
for accuracy.
[0054] FIG. 2 provides a schematic elevation view of a drilled well
32 including a casing string 10 installed therein. The wireline 26
is shown extended from the conventional wireline head 34
(comprising a reel and/or other extension and retraction means for
the wireline 26, and conventional means for communicating
electrical power and signals to and from the wireline 26 and thus
to the well tool 24 at the lower end thereof), with the well tool
24 disposed at a specific joint 14a having a specific PRID or
active device 30a installed therein. The radio frequency
transmission of the transceiver 28 triggers a response from the
adjacent PRID or active device 30a, causing the device 30a to
resonate according to the transmitted frequency from the
transceiver 28 and to transmit a responding signal on a different
frequency. The different frequency of the responding device 30a
transmission is detected by the receiver portion of the transceiver
28 in the well tool 24, and is relayed back to the wireline head 34
for processing at the surface.
[0055] In many instances, the line 26 used to lower the tool 24
into the hole, and to withdraw the tool 24 from the hole, is a
non-electric line. Accordingly, tools 24 used with such
non-electric lines include recording means therein, with the data
recorded by the recording means being downloaded to the remotely
located computer and database after recovery of the tool from the
hole or pipeline. Such data recording well tools are conventional,
and are in use in the well and pipeline industry.
[0056] Normally, a drilled well is "logged" before casing is
installed, in order to determine the exact depths of specific
geological structures (e.g., impervious rock, oil and/or gas
bearing strata, etc.). The information logged, as well as other
information, such as the diameter or size of the casing, well name
and/or number, depth of the well, etc., is entered into an
information storage and retrieval system database, conventionally a
computer 36 including appropriate programming for the
application.
[0057] Thus, as the well downhole tool 24 passes each PRID or
active device 30, 30a at each joint 14, 14a along the depth of the
assembled well casing 10, each device 30, 30a responds with a
signal which is relayed to the surface and ultimately to the
computer 36. By "counting" the number of PRIDs or active devices
30, 30a which the well tool 24 has passed as it is lowered through
the casing 10, and comparing each consecutive PRID 30, 30a with the
corresponding data previously logged, the computer 36 can indicate
the conditions at the location of the well downhole tool 24 in the
well casing 10. As an example, previously logged data may indicate
that an oil bearing stratum is located between 12,000 and 12,200
feet below the surface. As the length of each of the casing
sections 12 is known, the computer 36 need only divide the depth of
the stratum by the length of the casing sections 12 to determine
how many casing sections 12 (and thus how many joints 14, with
their associated PRIDs or active devices 30) lie between the
surface and the desired stratum. This allows the well casing 10 to
be perforated accurately at the desired strata, assuring that good
flow of the desired substance is obtained without any mixture of
undesired substances (water, etc.).
[0058] It will be seen that each of the PRIDs or active devices 30,
30a may be configured to provide a distinct and unique response, if
desired, or at least several different responses may be provided
for the plurality of PRIDs or active devices 30 used in the present
invention. Such devices may be configured to provide different
frequency responses, and/or modulation of the responses in some
manner (amplitude, frequency, pulse) in order for each device to
provide a distinct response.
[0059] In this manner, each PRID or active device 30, 30a, etc. may
be installed along the casing or pipe string 10 with each providing
a different response. The different responses corresponding to each
of the PRIDs are entered into the computer 36. Thus, information is
available as to the exact location of each independent PRID or
active device 30, 30a, etc. This may be important in the event that
the system misses a response by one or more of the devices 30
installed along the pipe casing 10. In such a situation, if all of
the devices 30, 30a, etc. provided identical response signals, the
missing of e.g., two of the PRID or active device response signals
would result in an error of about sixty feet in the determination
of the depth of the well tool 24. By providing each PRID with a
distinct response signal, the computer 36 is able to determine the
precise location of any given PRID or active device, even if a
response signal was not received from one or more of the devices
along the casing string 10.
[0060] It will further be seen that it is not absolutely essential
to provide a separate and distinct response signal for each of the
PRIDs or active devices 30 along the string 10. Provision for e.g.,
five different responses, with each identical response being
installed five casing sections apart from one another in a
repeating pattern, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., would
provide sufficient resolution for the location of the well tool 24
within the pipe or casing string 10, even in the event that
responses from one or two, or even four consecutive, PRIDs or
active devices 30 were not received. Thus, an accurate
representation of the location of the well tool 24 at each joint 14
may be provided by the present invention.
[0061] While the discussion to this point has been directed to the
well of FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be seen that the present invention
is not limited only to use in generally vertical drilled wells and
the like. The present method for determining position in a pipeline
may be used in other pipeline environments, such as generally
horizonal cross country gas, oil, or other fluid pipelines as
desired, or in any pipeline orientation.
[0062] As an example of such use in a cross country pipeline, such
lines are conventionally used for the transport of oil, gas, etc.
between various points. It is necessary to inspect the interior of
such lines from time to time, and this is conventionally
accomplished by means of an automated tool, called a "pig," which
is passed through the pipeline (generally "blown" through the line
by increasing the pressure on one side of the pipeline relative to
the tool). Such tools may include means of detecting various flaws
within the pipeline, but may not include any means of determining
their position in the line. Accordingly, a worker stationed along
the pipeline logs the time when the "pig" passes, and travels to
another point along the line where the process is repeated. When
the "pig" is recovered from the pipeline, the data recorded by the
conventional data recording means therein, is downloaded to some
form of data recovery means (e.g., computer and database). The
times at which any anomalies in the line were recorded by the data
recording means in the "pig" are noted and compared to the times
logged by the worker who noted the passage of the "pig" at various
points along the line.
[0063] As can be seen, this provides only a very approximate idea
of the position of the "pig" at any point where a pipeline anomaly
was recorded, by interpolation of the times of passage at various
points. Thus, the narrowing of the location where a more detailed
inspection and/or repair is required, can be time consuming and
costly. Moreover, such a system may result in the unnecessary
replacement of a larger length of pipeline than is absolutely
required, merely because the precise location of a flaw could not
be accurately determined.
[0064] The present system provides a solution to the above problem,
by means of installing a series of PRIDs or active radio frequency
devices at various predetermined locations within the pipeline.
Such PRIDs or active devices may be installed at joints in the
pipeline, somewhat in the manner described above for the well
casing or pipe, or in other areas of the pipeline as desired. The
"pig" may include a transmitter and receiver similar to the
conventional units which may be used in well downhole tools as
described above, with the transmitter unit sending a continuous
signal which is received by each of the radio frequency devices in
turn as the "pig" travels through the pipeline. The devices
sequentially provide responses as they are triggered by the
transmitter in the "pig," with the receiver in the "pig" receiving
the responding signals and the conventional recording means within
the "pig" storing the location signals from the PRIDs or active
devices, in a manner similar to that described above for well
downhole tools having self contained recording means therein.
[0065] The data stored within the recording means, including the
responding signals from the PRIDs or other active responding
devices, is downloaded after the "pig" is recovered and is examined
to determine if any flaws or other anomalies are present in the
pipeline. If an anomaly is noted in the pipeline data, its location
is easily determined relatively precisely by noting the PRID or
active device signal at that location, or to either side of the
location of the anomaly. Workers may then repair the problem as
required, without need to spend substantial amounts of time and
effort searching a relatively long length of pipeline for the
problem, and/or replacing a large amount of the line in order to be
sure that the problem was taken care of.
[0066] It may be desirable to provide a separate, relatively short
section of pipe which incorporates a responding device therein, and
which may be added to an existing pipeline or string as desired.
Such a unit 38, or "sub," is shown in section in FIG. 3 of the
drawings. The "sub" unit 38 includes an internally threaded portion
40 at one end thereof and an externally threaded portion 42 at the
end opposite the internally threaded portion 40, thus allowing the
sub unit 38 to be assembled between two sections of pipe or string
to act as a joint therebetween. The sub unit 38 is particularly
configured for the installation of a PRID or active device therein,
by means of the internal groove or channel 44 provided
circumferentially about the interior of the unit 38. The channel 44
may include a PRID or other active radio frequency response device
30 imbedded therein, by means of a radio frequency transparent
material 46 (e.g., resilient rubber or elastic material, plastic,
etc.) installed within the groove or channel 44 for securing the
PRID or active device 30 therein. In this manner, a series of such
"sub" joints 38, with each including a PRID or active device 30,
may be manufactured and installed in the field in a pipeline or
well string, as desired. It will be noted that while threaded
connecting ends 40 and 42 are illustrated for the sub joint 38 of
FIG. 3, that other connecting means (flanges, etc.) may be provided
as desired and in accordance with the configuration of the line in
which the sub joint is to be installed, without departing from the
scope of the present invention.
[0067] As noted further above, the signal strength of the
responding devices (PRIDs or active devices) need not be
particularly high, as the receiver in the pipeline tool will always
be located quite close to the passive or active responding device.
However, additional signal strength may be desirable in certain
circumstances, particularly in the case of PRIDs which do not have
any supplemental electrical power but rely upon the electromagnetic
energy provided by the transmitted signal. Accordingly, it may be
desirable to provide some means of enhancing the signal received
for such PRIDs. One such means is disclosed in FIG. 4, where the
PRID or active device 30 includes a circular loop antenna 48
installed therewith. The loop antenna 48 is configured to fit
closely within a corresponding section or joint of the pipeline,
casing, etc., as indicated by the section of loop antenna 48 shown
installed in the section of sub joint 38 of FIG. 3.
[0068] The loop antenna 48 also includes a wrap or encircling
portion 50 surrounding the corresponding PRID or active device 30
installed therewith. The relatively large antenna loop 48 (compared
to the relatively small antenna of the PRID or other device 30,
itself) is capable of receiving considerably greater signal
strength from the transmitter as it passes that point in the pipe,
as it completely surrounds the transmitter during the transmitter
passage. The wrap of encircling antenna loop component 50
surrounding the PRID or active device 30, thus re-radiates the
received signal to the device 30, thus providing a much stronger
signal to the device 30 than would be the case without the
supplementary loop antenna 48.
[0069] In some instances, it may not be possible or convenient to
install a PRID or other radio frequency responding device 30 at a
joint location in a pipeline or pipe string. Accordingly, FIG. 5
illustrates a means of installing such a responding device 30 at
some intermediate point in a pipeline or string, without need for
specialized pipe components. FIG. 5 illustrates a sleeve 52 formed
of radio frequency transparent material (plastic, etc.) which may
be installed within a pipeline or string. The sleeve 52 includes a
PRID or active responding device 30 therein, and may also include
an antenna loop 48 therein as well. As in the case of the
responding device 30 and antenna loop 48 of FIG. 4, the antenna 48
may include a smaller loop 50 encircling the PRID or active device
30, and providing the benefits noted further above. The responding
device 30 and antenna loop 48 may be encapsulated into the wall of
the plastic sleeve 52 during manufacture.
[0070] As noted herein, the responding devices 30 may be of two
classes. One class comprises PRIDs, or passive radio identification
devices, which do not require any additional form of electrical
power. However, the other class of active responding devices
requires some form of electrical power to provide a responding
radio frequency transmission. Accordingly, such devices also
require some form of electrical power source. Conventional
electrical storage batteries may be provided for such active
devices, if so desired, with long battery life being achieved by
means of "sleep" circuits in such active devices to reduce
electrical power requirements to practically nil when no radio
signal is being received.
[0071] However, the present invention may also include another
means of generating electrical power for such active responding
devices, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. FIGS. 6 and 7 show an
O-ring, respectively 22a and 22b, installed within respective gaps
20a and 20b between pipe sections 12a, 12a and 12b, 12b and
surrounded by a pipe coupling, respectively 14a and 14b in the two
drawing Figures. FIG. 6 also illustrates a portion of a pipe or
well tool 24a disposed within the pipe 12a. The groove or gap 20a
of FIG. 6 includes a first electrochemically reactive metal
component 54 therein, with the well or pipeline tool 24a including
a second electrochemically reactive metal component 56 disposed to
the outer surface thereof. The two metal components 54 and 56 are
formed of dissimilar metals, e.g., copper and zinc, etc., having
different electrolytic capacities.
[0072] The fluid 58 which flows through the pipeline or well bore
casing 12a, normally provides some electrical conductivity and
serves as an electrolyte for the dissimilar metals 54 and 56. (The
fluid 58 is not shown in the gap 20a in FIG. 6, for clarity in the
drawing Figure.) Accordingly, an electrical potential is developed
between the two dissimilar metals 54 and 56, which may be used to
provide the relatively small amount of electrical power required
for the operation of an active radio identification device (not
shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, but shown schematically in other drawing
Figures). It is noted that while no electrical connections are
shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, such connections are conventional and well
known in the art.
[0073] As an example, a first electrical connector may be connected
between one terminal of the active responding device and the first
dissimilar metal component 54, with a mutual ground connector
between the second terminal of the responding device and the second
metal component 56 of the pipeline tool 24a, as by means of an
electrical contact between the outer surface of the tool 24a and
second terminal of the responding device. The electrolytic reaction
of the dissimilar metals 54 and 56 and at least slightly
electrolytically reactive fluid 58, results in a current flow
between the two metals 54 and 56 and across the responding device,
by means of the electrical contact between the tool 24a and second
terminal of the responding device.
[0074] FIG. 7 illustrates a variation upon the assembly of FIG. 6,
with the two dissimilar metal components 54a and 56a both being
installed within the wall of the pipe 12b, in the gap 20b formed
therein at the assembly joint. The fluid 58 flowing through the
pipeline (not shown in FIG. 7, for clarity in the drawing Figure)
flows around and past the two metal components 54a and 56a, thus
serving as an electrolyte between the two. The two components 54a
and 56a may be electrically connected to the terminals of an active
radio identification device, as is conventionally done in the case
of electrical storage battery power for such devices. However, the
provision of the two electrochemically dissimilar metals 54a and
56a (or 54 and 56, in FIG. 6) serves to generate a certain amount
of electrical energy, which is sufficient to supply the relatively
small electrical energy needs of such active radio identification
devices as used in the present invention.
[0075] In summary, the present method and apparatus for determining
position in a pipeline provides a much needed system for easily and
precisely determining the position of a well tool within a drilled
oil, gas, or other well having a jointed well casing, or the
position of a pipeline tool or "pig" within a pipeline. The present
system is relatively simple and yet robust, with the PRID or active
devices being used having great durability and reliability. The
imbedding or sealing of each of the PRIDs or active devices within
the resilient O-ring (rubber, Teflon; tm, etc.) located at each
casing or pipe joint, provides further protection for the devices
while simultaneously locating them precisely at each joint. The
prior logging of the well hole characteristics, such as geological
characteristics, depth of various strata of interest, well name
and/or number, diameter of the casing to be used, etc., into a
database, provides an operator at the surface with all information
necessary to determine the appropriate action to take and the
appropriate positioning of the tool for perforating the casing or
other operations in the pipe.
[0076] It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the
invention can be used in any type of pipe or casing, either
vertically or horizontally oriented, and as found in refineries,
chemical plants, oil and gas pipelines, underground water systems,
or in any system where it is necessary to know the exact location
of a tool or instrument being run through a pipe in any particular
pipe system. The use of conventional self contained recording means
within the well or pipeline tool, enables the present invention to
be used with "slickline" type tools as well, as no electrical or
other communication is required through the line. Accordingly, the
present system will provide well drillers and operators, pipeline
operators, and others working with similar systems, with a much
needed means of quickly, easily, and relatively inexpensively,
determining the precise location of a well tool in a well and
correlating that location with previously logged information for
accurate operations.
[0077] It is to be understood that the present invention is not
limited to the sole embodiment described above, but encompasses any
and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.
* * * * *