U.S. patent application number 10/877092 was filed with the patent office on 2004-11-25 for low cost antennas using conductive plastics or conductive composites.
This patent application is currently assigned to INTEGRAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Aisenbrey, Thomas.
Application Number | 20040233112 10/877092 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32312238 |
Filed Date | 2004-11-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040233112 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Aisenbrey, Thomas |
November 25, 2004 |
Low cost antennas using conductive plastics or conductive
composites
Abstract
Low cost antennas formed of a conductive loaded resin-based
material. The conductive loaded resin-based material comprises
conductor fibers or conductor particles in a resin or plastic host
wherein the ratio of the weight of the conductor fibers or
conductor particles to the weight of the resin or plastic host is
between about 0.20 and 0.40. The conductive fibers can be stainless
steel, nickel, copper, silver, or the like. The antenna elements
can be formed using methods such as injection molding or extrusion.
Virtually any antenna fabricated by conventional means such as
wire, strip-line, printed circuit boards, or the like can be
fabricated using the conductive loaded resin-based materials. The
conductive loaded resin-based material used to form the antenna
elements can be in the form of a thin flexible woven fabric which
can readily cut to the desired shape.
Inventors: |
Aisenbrey, Thomas;
(Littleton, CO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
George 0. Saile
28 Davis Avenue
Poughkeepsie
NY
12603
US
|
Assignee: |
INTEGRAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
|
Family ID: |
32312238 |
Appl. No.: |
10/877092 |
Filed: |
June 25, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10877092 |
Jun 25, 2004 |
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10309429 |
Dec 4, 2002 |
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10309429 |
Dec 4, 2002 |
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10075778 |
Feb 14, 2002 |
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6741221 |
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60317808 |
Sep 7, 2001 |
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60269414 |
Feb 16, 2001 |
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60268822 |
Feb 15, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/700MS ;
343/795 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05K 2201/0281 20130101;
H01Q 9/16 20130101; G06K 19/07749 20130101; H01Q 1/36 20130101;
H05K 2203/0113 20130101; B29L 2031/3456 20130101; H01Q 1/1271
20130101; H01Q 1/40 20130101; H05K 3/101 20130101; H05K 1/095
20130101; H05K 2201/09118 20130101; B29C 45/0013 20130101; B29K
2995/0005 20130101; H01Q 9/30 20130101; H05K 3/107 20130101; B29C
45/0001 20130101; H01Q 9/0407 20130101; H01Q 1/38 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
343/700.0MS ;
343/795 |
International
Class: |
H01Q 001/36; H01Q
009/28 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An antenna comprising: a number of antenna elements formed of a
conductive loaded resin-based material, wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material comprises conductor fibers in a resin
or plastic host and the ratio of the weight of said conductor
fibers to the weight of said resin or plastic host is between about
0.20 and 0.40; and electrical communication to and among said
antenna elements.
2-30. (CANCELLED)
31. A conductive composite, comprising: a base resin host; and
micron conductor particles in said base resin host wherein the
ratio of the weight of said micron conductor particles to the
weight of said base resin host is between about 0.20 and 0.40,
thereby forming a conductive loaded resin-based material.
32. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said micron
conductor particles have generally spherical shapes and diameters
of between about 3 and 11 microns.
33. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said micron
conductor particles are stainless steel, nickel, copper, or
silver.
34. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said base resin
host is a polymer resin.
35. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material has a resistivity of between about 5
and 25 ohms per square.
36. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be used to fabricate antennas.
37. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be used to fabricate ground
planes.
38. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be molded or extruded to form
desired shapes.
39. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be cut or milled to form desired
shapes.
40. The conductive composite of claim 31 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be formed into fibers which can be
woven or webbed into a conductive fabric.
41. A conductive composite, comprising: a base resin host; and
micron conductor fibers in said base resin host wherein the ratio
of the weight of said micron conductor fibers to the weight of said
base resin host is between about 0.20 and 0.40, thereby forming a
conductive loaded resin-based material.
42. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said micron
conductor fibers have diameters of between about 3 and 11
microns.
43. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said micron
conductor fibers have lengths of between about 5 and 10
millimeters.
44. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said micron
conductor fibers are stainless steel, nickel, copper, silver, or
nickel plated carbon.
45. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said base resin
host is a polymer resin.
46. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material has a resistivity of between about 5
and 25 ohms per square.
47. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be used to fabricate antennas.
48. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be used to fabricate ground
planes.
49. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be molded or extruded to form
desired shapes.
50. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be cut or milled to form desired
shapes.
51. The conductive composite of claim 41 wherein said conductive
loaded resin-based material can be formed into fibers which can be
woven or webbed into a conductive fabric.
Description
[0001] This patent application is a Continuation In Part of
application Ser. No. 10/075,778, filed Feb. 14, 2002.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] (1) Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to antennas formed of conductive
loaded resin-based materials comprising micron conductive powders
or micron conductive fibers.
[0004] (2) Description of the Related Art
[0005] Antennas are an essential part of electronic communication
systems that contain wireless links. Low cost antennas offer
significant advantages for these systems.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,027 to Marks et al. describes a
composite antenna having a grid comprised of electrical conductors
woven into the warp of a resin reinforced cloth forming one layer
of a multi-layer laminate structure of an antenna.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,249,261 B1 to Solberg, Jr. et al. describes
a direction-finding material constructed from polymer composite
materials which are electrically conductive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] Antennas are essential in any electronic systems containing
wireless links. Such applications as communications and navigation
require reliable sensitive antennas. Antennas are typically
fabricated from metal antenna elements in a wide variety of
configurations. Lowering the cost of antenna materials or
production costs in fabrication of antennas offers significant
advantages for any applications utilizing antennas.
[0009] It is a principle objective of this invention to provide
antennas fabricated from conductive loaded resin-based
materials.
[0010] It is another principle objective of this invention to
provide antennas having two antenna elements fabricated from
conductive loaded resin-based materials.
[0011] It is another principle objective of this invention to
provide antennas having an antenna element and a ground plane
fabricated from conductive loaded resin-based materials.
[0012] It is another principle objective of this invention to
provide a method of forming antennas from conductive loaded
resin-based materials.
[0013] These objectives are achieved by fabricating the antenna
elements and ground planes from conductive loaded resin-based
materials. These materials are resins loaded with conductive
materials to provide a resin-based material which is a conductor
rather than an insulator. The resins provide the structural
material which, when loaded with micron conductive powders or
micron conductive fibers, become composites which are conductors
rather than insulators.
[0014] Antenna elements are fabricated from the conductive loaded
resins. Almost any type of antenna can be fabricated from the
conductive loaded resin-based materials, such as dipole antennas,
monopole antennas, planar antennas or the like. These antennas can
be tuned to a desired frequency range.
[0015] The antennas can be molded or extruded to provide the
desired shape. The conductive loaded resin-based materials can be
cut, injection molded, over-molded, laminated, extruded, milled or
the like to provide the desired antenna shape and size. The antenna
characteristics depend on the composition of the conductive loaded
resin-based materials, which can be adjusted to aid in achieving
the desired antenna characteristics. Virtually any antenna
fabricated by conventional means such as wire, strip-line, printed
circuit boards, or the like can be fabricated using the conductive
loaded resin-based materials.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a dipole antenna formed
from a conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0017] FIG. 2A shows a front view of the dipole antenna of FIG. 1
showing insulating material between the radiating antenna element
and a ground plane.
[0018] FIG. 2B shows a front view of the dipole antenna of FIG. 1
showing insulating material between both the radiating antenna
element and the counterpoise antenna element and a ground
plane.
[0019] FIG. 2C shows an amplifier inserted between the radiating
antenna element and the coaxial cable center conductor for the
dipole antenna of FIG. 1.
[0020] FIG. 3 shows a segment of an antenna element formed from a
conductive loaded resin-based material showing a metal insert for
connecting to conducting cable elements.
[0021] FIG. 4A shows a perspective view of a patch antenna
comprising a radiating antenna element and a ground plane with the
coaxial cable entering through the ground plane.
[0022] FIG. 4B shows a perspective view of a patch antenna
comprising a radiating antenna element and a ground plane with the
coaxial cable entering between the ground plane and the radiating
antenna element.
[0023] FIG. 5 shows an amplifier inserted between the radiating
antenna element and the coaxial cable center conductor for the
patch antenna of FIGS. 4A and 4B.
[0024] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a monopole antenna formed
from a conductive loaded resin-based material.
[0025] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a monopole antenna formed
from a conductive loaded resin-based material with an amplifier
between the radiating antenna element and the coaxial cable center
conductor.
[0026] FIG. 8A shows a top view of an antenna having a single L
shaped antenna element formed from a conductive loaded resin-based
material.
[0027] FIG. 8B shows a cross section view of the antenna element of
FIG. 8A taken along line 8B-8B' of FIG. 8A.
[0028] FIG. 8C shows a cross section view of the antenna element of
FIG. 8A taken along line 8C-8C' of FIG. 8A.
[0029] FIG. 9A shows a top view of an antenna formed from a
conductive loaded resin-based material embedded in an automobile
bumper.
[0030] FIG. 9B shows a front view of an antenna formed from a
conductive loaded resin-based material embedded in an automobile
bumper formed of an insulator such as rubber.
[0031] FIG. 10A shows a schematic view of an antenna formed from a
conductive loaded resin-based material embedded in the molding of a
vehicle window.
[0032] FIG. 10B shows a schematic view of an antenna formed from a
conductive loaded resin-based material embedded in the plastic case
of a portable electronic device.
[0033] FIG. 11 shows a cross section view of a conductive loaded
resin-based material comprising a powder of conductor
materials.
[0034] FIG. 12 shows a cross section view of a conductive loaded
resin-based material comprising conductor fibers.
[0035] FIG. 13 shows a simplified schematic view of an apparatus
for forming injection molded antenna elements.
[0036] FIG. 14 shows a simplified schematic view of an apparatus
for forming extruded antenna elements.
[0037] FIG. 15A shows a top view of fibers of conductive loaded
resin-based material webbed into a conductive fabric.
[0038] FIG. 15B shows a top view of fibers of conductive loaded
resin-based material woven into a conductive fabric.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0039] The following embodiments are examples of antennas
fabricated using conductive loaded resin-based materials. In some
of the examples ground planes are also used and these ground planes
can be formed of either conductive loaded resin-based materials or
metals. The use of these conductive loaded resin-based materials in
antenna fabrication significantly lowers the cost of materials and
manufacturing processes used in the assembly antennas and the ease
of forming these materials into the desired shapes. These materials
can be used to form either receiving or transmitting antennas. The
antennas and/or ground planes can be formed using methods such as
injection molding, overmolding, or extrusion of the conductive
loaded resin-based materials.
[0040] The conductive loaded resin-based materials typically but
not exclusively have a conductivity of between about 5 and 25 ohms
per square. The antenna elements, used to form the antennas, are
formed of the conductive loaded resin-based materials and can be
formed using methods such as injection molding, overmolding, or
extrusion. The antenna elements can also be stamped to produce the
desired shape. The conductive loaded resin-based material antenna
elements can also cut or milled as desired.
[0041] The conductive loaded resin-based materials comprise micron
conductive powders or fibers loaded in a structural resin. The
micron conductive powders are formed of metals such as nickel,
copper, silver or the like. The micron conductive fibers can be
nickel plated carbon fiber, stainless steel fiber, copper fiber,
silver fiber, or the like. The structural material is a material
such as a polymer resin. Structural material can be, here given as
examples and not as an exhaustive list, polymer resins produced by
GE PLASTICS, Pittsfield, Mass., a range of other plastics produced
by GE PLASTICS, Pittsfield, Mass., a range of other plastics
produced by other manufacturers, silicones produced by GE
SILICONES, Waterford, N.Y., or other flexible resin-based rubber
compounds produced by other manufacturers. The resin-based
structural material loaded with micron conductive powders or fibers
can be molded, using a method such as injection molding,
overmolding, or extruded to the desired shape. The conductive
loaded resin-based materials can be cut or milled as desired to
form the desired shape of the antenna elements. The composition of
the composite materials can affect the antenna characteristics and
must be properly controlled. The composite could also be in the
family of polyesters with woven or webbed micron stainless steel
fibers or other micron conductive fibers forming a cloth like
material which, when properly designed in metal content and shape,
can be used to realize a very high performance cloth antenna. Such
a cloth antenna could be embedded in a persons clothing as well as
in insulating materials such as rubber or plastic. The woven or
webbed conductive cloths could also be laminated to materials such
as Teflon, FR-4, or any resin-based hard material.
[0042] Refer now to FIGS. 1-10B for examples of antennas fabricated
using conductive loaded resin-based materials. These antennas can
be either receiving or transmitting antennas. FIG. 1 shows a
perspective drawing of a dipole antenna with a radiating antenna
element 12 and a counterpoise antenna element 10 formed from
conductive loaded resin-based materials. The antenna comprises a
radiating antenna element 12 and a counterpoise antenna element 10
each having a length 24 and a rectangular cross section
perpendicular to the length 24. The length 24 is greater than three
multiplied by the square root of the cross sectional area. The
center conductor 14 of a coaxial cable 50,is electrically connected
to the radiating antenna element 12 using a metal insert 15 formed
in the radiating antenna element 12. The shield 52 of the coaxial
cable 50 is connected to the counterpoise antenna element 10 using
a metal insert formed in the counterpoise antenna element 10. The
metal insert in the counterpoise antenna element 10 is not visible
in FIG. 1 but is the same as the metal insert 15 in the radiating
antenna element 12. The length 24 is a multiple of a quarter
wavelength of the optimum frequency of detection or transmission of
the antenna. The impedance of the antenna at resonance should be
very nearly equal to the impedance of the coaxial cable 50 to
assure maximum power transfer between cable and antenna.
[0043] FIG. 3 shows a detailed view of a metal insert 15 formed in
a segment 11 of an antenna element. The metal insert can be copper
or other metal. A screw 17 can be used in the metal insert 15 to
aid in electrical connections. Soldering or other electrical
connection methods can also be used.
[0044] FIG. 1 shows an example of a dipole antenna with the
radiating antenna element 12 placed on a layer of insulating
material 22, which is placed on a ground plane 20, and the
counterpoise antenna element 10 placed directly on the ground plane
20. The ground plane 20 is optional and if the ground plane is not
used the layer of insulating material 22 may not be necessary. As
another option the counterpoise antenna element 10 can also be
placed on a layer of insulating material 22, see FIG. 2A. If the
ground plane 20 is used it can also be formed of the conductive
loaded resin-based materials.
[0045] FIG. 2A shows a front view of the dipole antenna of FIG. 1
for the example of an antenna using a ground plane 20, a layer of
insulating material 22 between the radiating antenna element 12 and
the ground plane 20, and the counterpoise antenna element 10 placed
directly on the ground plane 20. FIG. 2B shows a front view of the
dipole antenna of FIG. 1 for the example of an antenna using a
ground plane 20 and a layer of insulating material 22 between both
the radiating antenna element 12 and the counterpoise antenna
element 10.
[0046] As shown in FIG. 2C, an amplifier 72 can be inserted between
the center conductor 14 of the coaxial cable and the radiating
antenna element 12. A wire 70 connects metal insert 15 in the
radiating antenna element 12 to the amplifier 72. For receiving
antennas the input of the amplifier 72 is connected to the
radiating antenna element 12 and the output of the amplifier 72 is
connected to the center conductor 14 of the coaxial cable 50. For
transmitting antennas the output of the amplifier 72 is connected
to the radiating antenna element 12 and the input of the amplifier
72 is connected to the center conductor 14 of the coaxial cable
50.
[0047] In one example of this antenna the length 24 is about 1.5
inches with a square cross section of about 0.09 square inches.
This antenna had a center frequency of about 900 MHz.
[0048] FIGS. 4A and 4B show perspective views of a patch antenna
with a radiating antenna element 40 and a ground plane 42 formed
from conductive loaded resin-based materials. The antenna comprises
a radiating antenna element 40 and a ground plane 42 each having
the shape of a rectangular plate with a thickness 44 and a
separation between the plates 46 provided by insulating standoffs
60. The square root of the area of the rectangular square plate
forming the radiating antenna element 40 is greater than three
multiplied by the thickness 44. In one example of this antenna
wherein the rectangular plate is a square with sides of 1.4 inches
and a thickness of 0.41 inches the patch antenna provided good
performance at Global Position System, GPS, frequencies of about
1.5 MHz.
[0049] FIG. 4A shows an example of the patch antenna where the
coaxial cable 50 enters through the ground plane 42. The coaxial
cable shield 52 is connected to the ground plane 42 by means of a
metal insert 15 in the ground plane. The coaxial cable center
conductor 14 is connected to the radiating antenna element 40 by
means of a metal insert 15 in the radiating antenna element 40.
FIG. 4B shows an example of the patch antenna where the coaxial
cable 50 enters between the radiating antenna element 40 and the
ground plane 42. The coaxial cable shield 52 is connected to the
ground plane 42 by means of a metal insert 15 in the ground plane
42. The coaxial cable center conductor 14 is connected to the
radiating antenna element 40 by means of a metal insert 15 in the
radiating antenna element 40.
[0050] As shown in FIG. 5 an amplifier 72 can be inserted between
the coaxial cable center conductor 14 and the radiating antenna
element 40. A wire 70 connects the amplifier 72 to the metal insert
15 in the radiating antenna element 40. For receiving antennas the
input of the amplifier 72 is connected to the radiating antenna
element 40 and the output of the amplifier 72 is connected to the
center conductor 14 of the coaxial cable 50. For transmitting
antennas the output of the amplifier 72 is connected to the
radiating antenna element 40 and the input of the amplifier 72 is
connected to the center conductor 14 of the coaxial cable 50.
[0051] FIG. 6 shows an example of a monopole antenna having a
radiating antenna element 64, having a height 71, arranged
perpendicular to a ground plane 68. The radiating antenna element
64 and the ground plane 68 are formed of conductive plastic or
conductive composite materials. A layer of insulating material 66
separates the radiating antenna element 64 from the ground plane
68. The height 71 of the radiating antenna element 64 is greater
than three times the square root of the cross sectional area of the
radiating antenna element 64. An example of this antenna with a
height 71 of 1.17 inches performed well at GPS frequencies of about
1.5 GHz.
[0052] FIG. 7 shows an example of the monopole antenna described
above with an amplifier 72 inserted between the center conductor 14
of the coaxial cable 50 and the radiating antenna element 64. For
receiving antennas the input of the amplifier 72 is connected to
the radiating antenna element 64 and the output of the amplifier 72
is connected to the center conductor 14 of the coaxial cable 50.
For transmitting antennas the output of the amplifier 72 is
connected to the radiating antenna element 64 and the input of the
amplifier 72 is connected to the center conductor 14 of the coaxial
cable 5.0.
[0053] FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C shows an example of an L shaped antenna
having a radiating antenna element 80 over a ground plane 98. The
radiating antenna element 80 and the ground plane 98 are formed of
conductive loaded resin-based materials. A layer of insulating
material 96 separates the radiating antenna element 64 from the
ground plane 98. The radiating antenna element 80 is made up of a
first leg 82 and a second leg 84. FIG. 8A shows a top view of the
antenna. FIG. 8B shows a cross section of the first leg 82. FIG. 8C
shows a cross section of the second leg 84. FIGS. 8B and 8C show
the ground plane 98 and the layer of insulating material 96. The
cross sectional area of the first leg 82 and the second leg 84 need
not be the same. Antennas of this type may be typically built using
overmolding technique to join the conductive resin-based material
to the insulating material.
[0054] Antennas of this type have a number of uses. FIGS. 9A and 9B
show a dipole antenna, formed of conductive loaded resin-based
materials, embedded in an automobile bumper 100, formed of
insulating material. The dipole antenna has a radiating antenna
element 102 and a counterpoise antenna element 104. FIG. 9A shows
the top view of the bumper 100 with the embedded antenna. FIG. 9B
shows the front view of the bumper 100 with the embedded
antenna.
[0055] The antennas of this invention, formed of conductive loaded
resin-based materials, can be used for a number of additional
applications. Antennas of this type can be embedded in the molding
of a window of a vehicle, such as an automobile or an airplane.
FIG. 10A shows a schematic view of such a window 106. The antenna
110 can be embedded in the molding 108. Antennas of this type can
be embedded in the plastic housing, or be part of the plastic shell
itself, of portable electronic devices such as cellular phones,
personal computers, or the like. FIG. 10B shows a schematic view of
a segment 112 of such a plastic housing with the antenna 110
embedded in the housing 112.
[0056] The conductive loaded resin-based material typically
comprises a powder of conductor particles or a fiber of a conductor
material in a resin or plastic host. FIG. 11 shows cross section
view of an example of conductor loaded resin-based material 212
having powder of conductor particles 202 in a resin or plastic host
204. In this example the diameter 200 of the of the conductor
particles 202 in the powder is between about 3 and 11 microns. FIG.
12 shows a cross section view of an example of conductor loaded
resin-based material 212 having conductor fibers 210 in a resin or
plastic host 204. In this example the conductor fibers 210 have a
diameter of between about 3 and 11 microns and a length of between
about 5 and 10 millimeters. The conductors used for these conductor
particles 202 or conductor fibers 210 can stainless steel, nickel,
copper, silver, or other suitable metals. These conductor particles
or fibers are embedded in a resin which in turn is embedded in a
plastic host. As previously mentioned, the conductive loaded
resin-based materials have a conductivity of between about 5 and 25
ohms per square. To realize this conductivity the ratio of the
weight of the conductor material, in this example the conductor
particles 202 or conductor fibers 210, to the weight of the resin
or plastic host 204 is between about 0.20 and 0.40.
[0057] Antenna elements formed from conductive loaded resin-based
materials can be formed in a number of different ways including
injection molding or extrusion. FIG. 13 shows a simplified
schematic diagram of an injection mold showing a lower portion 230
and upper portion 231 of the mold. Uncured conductive loaded
resin-based material is injected into the mold cavity 237 through
an injection opening 235 and cured. The upper portion 231 and lower
portion 230 of the mold are then separated and the cured antenna
element is removed.
[0058] FIG. 14 shows a simplified schematic diagram of an extruder
for forming antenna elements using extrusion. Uncured conductive
loaded resin-based material is placed in the cavity 239 of the
extrusion unit 234. A piston 236 or other means is then used to
force the uncured conductive loaded resin-based material through an
extrusion opening 240 which shapes the partially cured conductive
loaded resin-based material to the desired shape. The conductive
loaded resin-based material is then fully cured and is ready for
use.
[0059] The conductive loaded resin based material can be formed
into fibers which are woven or webbed into a conductive fabric.
FIG. 15A shows a webbed conductive fabric 230. FIG. 15B shows a
webbed conductive fabric 232. This conductive fabric, 230 and/or
232, can be very thin and cut into desired shapes to form antenna
elements. These antenna elements can take the shape of a host and
attached as desired.
[0060] Antennas formed from the conductive loaded resin-based
materials can be designed to work at frequencies from about 2
Kilohertz to about 300 Gigahertz.
[0061] While the invention has been particularly shown and
described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it
will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes
in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention.
* * * * *