U.S. patent application number 10/827605 was filed with the patent office on 2004-11-11 for method for affinity viscosimetry and viscosimetric sensor.
Invention is credited to Beyer, Uwe, Ehwald, Rudolf, Haueter, Ulrich.
Application Number | 20040221643 10/827605 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 7633473 |
Filed Date | 2004-11-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040221643 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ehwald, Rudolf ; et
al. |
November 11, 2004 |
Method for affinity viscosimetry and viscosimetric sensor
Abstract
A method and apparatus for determining solute levels by affinity
viscosimetry involving a sensitive fluid, in which the sensitive
fluid flows continuously through a first hydraulic resistor in the
flow direction of the dialysis chamber, and the sensitive fluid
modified by dialysis simultaneously flows through another resistor,
wherein the pressure differences between the resistors is
determined on-line with the aid of pressure sensors and converted
into a relative value which is approximately proportional to the
concentration of solute.
Inventors: |
Ehwald, Rudolf; (Berlin,
DE) ; Haueter, Ulrich; (Grosshoechstetten, CH)
; Beyer, Uwe; (Bern, CH) |
Correspondence
Address: |
David E. Bruhn
DORSEY & WHITNEY LLP
Suite 1500
50 South Sixth Street
Minneapolis
MN
55402-1498
US
|
Family ID: |
7633473 |
Appl. No.: |
10/827605 |
Filed: |
April 19, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10827605 |
Apr 19, 2004 |
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10232969 |
Aug 30, 2002 |
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10232969 |
Aug 30, 2002 |
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PCT/CH01/00126 |
Feb 28, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
73/54.06 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 5/14532 20130101;
G01N 11/08 20130101; Y10T 436/144444 20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
073/054.06 |
International
Class: |
G01N 011/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 3, 2000 |
DE |
DE 100 10 539 A1 |
Claims
1. A method for determining sugar levels by affinity viscosimetry
involving a sensitive fluid, in which the sensitive fluid flows
continuously through a first hydraulic resistor in the flow
direction of the dialysis chamber, and the sensitive fluid modified
by dialysis simultaneously flows through another hydraulic
resistor, wherein the pressure differences between the resistors is
determined on-line with the aid of pressure sensors and converted
into a relative value which is approximately proportional to the
concentration of sugar.
2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fluid exhibits
one of a defined sugar content and no sugar content.
3. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said first resistor
is a reference resistor and said another resistor is a measuring
resistor which is approximately isothermal with said reference
resistor, wherein the pressure difference which drops away across
said measuring resistor and said reference resistor is
determined.
4. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein said reference
resistor, said dialysis chamber and said measuring resistor are in
succession on a flow path.
5. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein said reference
resistor is on one flow path and said dialysis chamber and said
measuring resistor are together on a parallel flow path.
6. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein the relative value
represents the quotient between the drop in pressure at said
reference resistor and the sum of the drop in pressure at said
measuring resistor and a correction value leading to a
linearization of the correlation with the glucose
concentration.
7. A method for determining solute levels by affinity viscosimetry
involving a sensitive fluid, in which the sensitive fluid flows
continuously through a first resistor in the flow direction of the
dialysis chamber, and the sensitive fluid modified by dialysis
simultaneously flows through another resistor, wherein the pressure
differences between the resistors is determined on-line with the
aid of pressure sensors and converted into a relative value which
is approximately proportional to the concentration of solute.
8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein said first resistor
is a reference resistor and said another resistor is a measuring
resistor which is approximately isothermal with said reference
resistor, wherein the pressure difference which drops away across
said measuring resistor and said reference resistor is
determined.
9. The method as set forth in claim 8, wherein the relative value
represents the quotient between the drop in pressure at said
reference resistor and the sum of the drop in pressure at said
measuring resistor and a correction value leading to a
linearization of the correlation with the solute concentration.
10. A device for determining solute concentration by affinity
viscosimetry involving a sensitive fluid, comprising a first
resistor in the flow direction of a dialysis chamber which the
sensitive fluid continuously flows through, another resistor which
the sensitive fluid modified by dialysis simultaneously flows
through, at least one pressure sensor which determines the pressure
difference between said resistors on-line, and means for converting
the pressure difference to a relative value approximately
proportional to the concentration of solute.
11. A sensor for determining sugar levels by affinity viscosimetry
involving a sensitive fluid, comprising a first hydraulic resistor
in the flow direction of a dialysis chamber which the sensitive
fluid continuously flows through, another hydraulic resistor which
the sensitive fluid modified by dialysis simultaneously flows
through, pressure sensors which determine the pressure differences
between said resistors on-line, and a device by means of which the
pressure differences are converted into a relative value which is
approximately proportional to the concentration of sugar.
12. The sensor as set forth in claim 11, further comprising one of
a continuously conveying pump or suction device which is coupled to
a flow path with at least two pressure sensors, on which flow path
said first hydraulic resistor, the dialysis chamber and the another
hydraulic resistor are arranged in succession in the flow
direction, wherein the flow resistors are in joint contact with one
of a person's body, a temperature-stabilized device or a heat
conductor, and the expandable volume content of the flow path
between said first hydraulic resistor and said another hydraulic
resistor is smaller than the volume of sensitive fluid moved by the
pump or suction device within 15 minutes.
13. The sensor as set forth in claim 11, further comprising two
parallel flow paths coupled to one or more pump or suction devices
which maintain a constant relation between the flows on the two
flow paths; said first hydraulic resistor on one flow path and said
dialysis chamber and said another hydraulic resistor on the other
flow path, said another hydraulic resistor downstream of the
dialysis chamber; a pressure sensor arranged on each of the two
flow paths for measuring the drop in pressure across the respective
flow resistors, wherein the resistors are in joint contact with one
of a person's body, a temperature-stabilized device or a heat
conductor.
14. The sensor as set forth in claim 12, wherein a deformable
membrane of the pressure sensors lies between the atmosphere and a
suitable measuring point on the flow path, so measuring the drop in
pressure across said resistors.
15. The sensor as set forth in claim 13, wherein a deformable
membrane of the pressure sensors lies between suitable points on
the flow paths, so measuring the drop in pressure across said
resistors.
16. A device for determining sugar levels by affinity viscosimetry
involving a sensitive fluid, comprising a first resistor through
which the sensitive fluid flows, a dialysis chamber through which
the sensitive fluid flows, another resistor through which the
sensitive fluid modified by dialysis simultaneously flows, at least
one pressure sensor which determines the pressure difference
between said resistors on-line, and means for converting the
pressure difference to a relative value approximately proportional
to the sugar level.
17. The device as set forth in claim 16, further comprising one of
a continuously conveying pump or suction device which is coupled to
the flow path of the sensitive fluid, on which flow path first
resistor, the dialysis chamber and the another resistor are
arranged in succession in the flow direction.
18. The device according to claim 17, wherein the resistors are in
contact with one of a person's body, a temperature-stabilized
device or a heat conductor.
19. The device according to claim 16, further comprising two
parallel flow paths coupled to one or more pump or suction devices,
said first resistor on one flow path and said dialysis chamber and
another resistor on the other flow path, said another resistor
downstream of said dialysis chamber, and a pressure sensor
associated with each of the flow paths for measuring the drop in
pressure across the respective resistors.
20. The device according to claim 19, wherein the resistors are in
contact with one of a person's body, a temperature-stabilized
device or a heat conductor.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/232,969, filed on Aug. 30, 2002, which
claims priority to International Patent Application PCT/CH01/00126,
filed on Feb. 28, 2001, which in turn claims priority to German
Application No. DE 100 10 539 A1, filed on Mar. 3, 2000, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] For measuring blood sugar concentration, viscosimetric
affinity sensors have, among other things, been developed which can
be miniaturized and used in an implanted form (DE 195 01 159) or as
transdermal sensors (DE 197 14 087).
[0003] Viscosimetric affinity sensors for determining sugar levels
are based on a sensitive fluid, a concentrated solution consisting
of macromolecular branched dextran and the tetravalent bonding
protein concanavalin A (ConA), with the specificity of glucose,
being situated in a dialysis chamber coupled to a device for
measuring viscosity. The viscosity of the sensitive fluid is high
when the dextran molecules are cross-linked via their exposed
terminal glucose groups by ConA, and is reduced, dependent on
concentration, with the free glucose penetrating the dialysis
chamber by diffusion from a glycosuric external solution.
[0004] A particularly favorable method of affinity viscosimetry
involves measuring the viscosity, once dialysis has been performed
in the segment of a microdialysis fiber, by measuring the flow
resistor of a downstream capillary (DE 197 14 087). A known problem
in affinity viscosimetry is that the viscosity of the sensitive
fluid is dependent not only on the concentration of glucose but to
a large extent also on the temperature and on the concentration of
the active glycopexic protein (Ballerstdt and Ehwald, Biosensors
& Bioelectronics 9: 557-567, 1994; Ehwald et al., Analytical
Biochemistry 234: 1-8, 1996). In order to release the signals of a
viscosimetric affinity sensor for glucose from this significant
temperature-dependency, relative values having low
temperature-dependency can be formed (Ballerstdt and Ehwald,
Biosensors & Bioelectronics 9: 557-567, 1994). Up until now,
only methods for discontinuously determining the relative values by
consecutively measuring the viscosity changed by glucose and the
reference viscosity have been known. A method for continuously
determining such relative values in a sensor on-line has not been
known up until now.
[0005] Developing a viscosimetric affinity sensor which operates
on-line requires a method for preparing readings which converts
viscosity-dependent measured values provided by the sensor on-line
into glucose concentration. In this connection, the aim is that the
sensor detects a measured value which is directly dependent, in a
linear relationship, on the glucose concentration and is
simultaneously independent of the temperature and the concentration
of active ConA in the sensitive fluid. The method to this effect
has not been known up until now.
SUMMARY
[0006] An object of the invention is to provide a method and a
sensor for determining sugar levels by affinity viscosimetry, which
allow a parameter which is largely independent of the temperature
and the concentration of ConA and directly proportional to the
concentration of sugar to be detected on-line.
[0007] The object is addressed by the method for affinity
viscosimetry and by a viscosimetric sensor in accordance with the
present invention.
[0008] In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a method
and apparatus for determining solute levels by affinity
viscosimetry involving a sensitive fluid, in which the sensitive
fluid flows continuously through a first hydraulic resistor in the
flow direction of the dialysis chamber, and the sensitive fluid
modified by dialysis simultaneously flows through another resistor,
wherein the pressure differences between the resistors is
determined on-line with the aid of pressure sensors and converted
into a relative value which is approximately proportional to the
concentration of solute.
[0009] In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a method
and apparatus for determining sugar levels by affinity
viscosimetry, in which the sensitive fluid flows continuously
through a first hydraulic resistor in the flow direction of the
dialysis chamber, and the sensitive fluid modified by dialysis
simultaneously flows through another resistor, wherein the pressure
differences between the resistors is determined on-line with the
aid of pressure sensors and converted into a relative value which
is approximately proportional to the concentration of sugar.
[0010] In accordance with the invention, it is advantageous if the
sensitive fluid flows continuously, having a defined sugar content
or having no sugar content, through a hydraulic resistor in the
flow direction of the dialysis chamber, the reference resistor, and
the sensitive fluid modified by dialysis simultaneously flows
through another resistor which is approximately isothermal with the
reference resistor, the measuring resistor, wherein the pressure
difference which drops away across the reference resistor and the
measuring resistor is determined on-line with the aid of pressure
sensors and converted into a relative value approximately
proportional to the concentration of sugar.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts possible variants for the arrangements of the
resistors in a sensor in accordance with the invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a sensor in
accordance with the invention for determining sugar levels by
affinity viscosimetry; and
[0013] FIGS. 3a and 3b are diagrams showing relative viscosity and
relative fluidity against glucose concentration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] FIG. 1 schematically shows a few of the possible variants
for the arrangements of the resistors, the dialysis chamber and the
pressure sensors needed for measuring. The arrow represents the
pressure pump (Variants 1, 2 and 4) or suction device (Variant 3)
with the generated flow direction of the sensitive fluid or
solution.
[0015] The reference resistor Rr, the dialysis chamber D and the
measuring resistor Rm can lie in succession on a flow path (FIG. 1,
Variants 1 to 3), or the reference resistor lies on one flow path
and the dialysis chamber and the measuring resistor lie together on
a parallel flow path (FIG. 4, Variant 4).
[0016] If the reference resistor and the measuring resistor lie on
one flow path, one pump or suction device is sufficient, and the
drop in pressure across the two resistors can be detected by a
suitable arrangement of pressure sensors P1 and P2 (FIG. 1,
Variants 1 to 3). If the reference resistor and the measuring
resistor lie on two parallel flow paths, they are connected in
accordance with the invention to one or more pump or suction
devices which maintain a constant relation between the flows on the
two flow paths (FIG. 1, Variant 4).
[0017] To simultaneously measure the drop in pressure across the
reference resistor and the drop in pressure across the flow
resistor, pressure sensors can be suitably arranged on the flow
path, wherein the deformable membranes of these pressure sensors
must lie either between the atmosphere and a measuring point on the
flow path (FIG. 1, Variants 1, 3 and 4) or between two different
measuring points on the flow path (P1 in FIG. 1, Variant 2).
[0018] If the measuring resistor and the reference resistor are
measured simultaneously, the ratio of measuring resistor and
reference resistor is known to provide a relative,
temperature-dependent viscosity (Ballerstdt and Ehwald, Biosensors
& Bioelectronics 9: 557-567, 1994), which does not, however,
decrease linearly with the glucose concentration and is not
suitable for calculating glucose levels from the measured resistor
values in a sensor. The relative fluidity ("RF") calculated in
accordance with the invention therefore represents the quotient
between the drop in pressure at the reference resistor and the sum
of the drop in pressure at the measuring resistor and a correction
value leading to a linearization of the correlation with the
glucose concentration. The relative fluidity is a relative value
which is independent of temperature and ConA concentration and
which has a linear relationship to the glucose concentration.
[0019] It is important for forming the temperature-independent
relative value for the flow resistors cited to be kept isothermal.
This may be achieved by contacting the two resistors with the body
or with an additionally temperature-stabilized device, or by having
the two resistors in joint contact with a good heat conductor. For
the method in accordance with this embodiment, it is furthermore
necessary for the expandable volume content of the flow path
between the reference resistor and the measuring resistor to be
smaller than the volume of sensitive fluid moved by the pump or
suction device within a particular period of time corresponding to
the measuring task, since otherwise the change in pressure at the
measuring resistor responds too slowly to the change in viscosity.
This period of time should not be longer than 15 minutes.
[0020] Exemplary Application:
[0021] In the equipment shown in FIG. 2, sensitive fluid is moved
through a flow channel at a constant speed (5 .mu.l/h) by means of
a pump, wherein a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure p1,
the hydraulic reference resistor 3, a pressure sensor 4 for
measuring the pressure p2, a dialysis probe 5, the hydraulic
measuring resistor 6 and a collecting vessel 7 for the used
sensitive fluid are situated in succession on said flow channel. In
short intervals, the pressures p1 and p.sup.2 are measured
simultaneously and stored, assigned to the time of measurement, by
means of a programmable evaluation unit 8. The difference p1-p2 is
then the drop in pressure across the reference resistor, and p2 the
drop in pressure across the measuring resistor. From these pressure
values, the evaluation unit calculates the relative fluidity
and/or, with the aid of settable constant calibration parameters,
the glucose concentration, and displays this on a display.
[0022] If the quotient Q is the ratio of the drop in pressure
across the reference resistor to the drop in pressure across the
measuring resistor, RF may be calculated according to the
formula:
RF=Q/(1+kQ) (Equation 1)
[0023] where the constant k is a linearization parameter dependent
on the sensitive fluid and the ratio of the resistors, and is
determined iteratively for the best correlation between the RF
values and the corresponding values of a glucose concentration
series (FIG. 3b). As opposed to the relative viscosity (FIG. 3a),
the relative fluidity defined by Equation 1 is proportional to the
glucose concentration.
[0024] In the foregoing description embodiments of the invention
have been presented for the purpose of illustration and
description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the
invention to the precise form or steps disclosed. Obvious
modifications or variations are possible in light of the above
teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described to provide the
best illustration of the principals of the invention and its
practical application, and to enable one of ordinary skill in the
art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with
various modifications as are suited to the particular use
contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the
scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when
interpreted in accordance with the breadth they are fairly,
legally, and equitably entitled.
* * * * *