U.S. patent application number 10/810820 was filed with the patent office on 2004-10-21 for primary beam stop.
This patent application is currently assigned to Bruker AXS GmbH. Invention is credited to Lange, Joachim, Schipper, Rolf-Dieter.
Application Number | 20040206908 10/810820 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32892391 |
Filed Date | 2004-10-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040206908 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lange, Joachim ; et
al. |
October 21, 2004 |
Primary beam stop
Abstract
An X-ray or neutron-optical system comprising an X-ray or
neutron source (1) from which corresponding radiation is guided as
a primary beam (2) to a sample (4) under investigation, with an
X-ray or neutron detector (6) for receiving radiation diffracted or
scattered from the sample (4), wherein the source (1), the sample
and the detector are disposed substantially on one line (=z-axis)
and wherein a beam stop (5; 31; 41) is provided between the sample
and the detector whose cross-sectional shape is adjusted to the
cross-section of the primary beam is characterized in that the beam
stop is disposed to be displaceable along the z-direction for
optimum adjustment of the amounts of useful and interfering
radiation impinging on the detector. This protects the detector
from the influence of the primary beam while allowing a maximum
amount of diffracted or scattered radiation to reach the detector,
wherein the beam stop can be easily adjusted to temporally changing
properties of the beam optics.
Inventors: |
Lange, Joachim; (Hagenbach,
DE) ; Schipper, Rolf-Dieter; (Karlsruhe, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Kohler Schmid + Partner
Ruppmannstr. 27
D-70565 Stuttgart
DE
|
Assignee: |
Bruker AXS GmbH
Karlsruhe
DE
D-76187
|
Family ID: |
32892391 |
Appl. No.: |
10/810820 |
Filed: |
March 29, 2004 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/393 ;
250/358.1; 250/390.01; 250/390.09; 378/70; 378/71; 378/86 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 23/201 20130101;
G01N 23/2073 20130101; G01N 23/207 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
250/393 ;
250/390.01; 378/070; 378/071; 378/086; 250/358.1; 250/390.09 |
International
Class: |
G01N 023/20 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 17, 2003 |
DE |
103 17 677.2 |
Claims
We claim:
1. An X-ray or neutron system for investigating a sample, the
system comprising: a source for directing a primary beam of
radiation onto the sample; a detector for receiving radiation from
the sample; a beam stop disposed between the sample and said
detector, wherein said source, the sample, said beam stop, and said
detector are substantially collinear along a z-axis, said beam stop
having a cross-sectional shape transverse to said z-axis to
intercept said primary beam; and means, cooperating with said beam
stop, for displacing said beam stop along said z-axis for optimal
adjustment of amounts of useful and disturbing radiation impinging
on said detector.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein said radiation from the sample is
X-ray or neutron radiation diffracted or scattered from the
sample.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is designed to measure
small-angle radiation.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein said small-angle radiation is
between 0.1.degree. and 5.degree..
5. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam stop can be adjusted in
an xy-plane, perpendicular to said z-axis.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam stop has a round cross
section.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam stop has a circular
cross-section.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam stop has a shape
similar to a truncated cone.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam stop is formed from a
material with good radiation-absorbing properties.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein said material comprises at least
one of Au, Sb, Pb, W and Bi.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein said displacing means comprises
a motor.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the system can be automatically
adjusted in accordance with predetermined criteria.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein a surface of said beam stop
facing said primary beam is concave.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein said the detector is a
one-element detector (zero-dimensional detector) which can scan a
defined angular region about said z-axis.
14. The system of claim 1, wherein said detector is a
one-dimensional detector.
15. The system of claim 1, wherein said detector is a
two-dimensional area detector, wherein a detector surface is
disposed substantially perpendicular to said z-axis.
Description
[0001] This application claims Paris Convention priority of DE 103
17 677.2 filed Apr. 17, 2003 the complete disclosure of which is
hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention concerns an X-ray or neutron-optical system
with an X-ray or neutron source from which associated radiation is
guided as a primary beam to a sample under investigation, and with
an X-ray or neutron detector for receiving radiation diffracted or
scattered from the sample, wherein the source, the sample and the
detector are substantially disposed on one line (=z-axis), and
wherein a beam stop is provided between the sample and the
detector, whose cross-sectional shape is adjusted, perpendicularly
to the z-direction, to the cross-section of the primary beam.
[0003] An X-ray optical system of this type is disclosed e.g. in
the company document "HR-PHK for NanoSTAR" Instruction Handbook,
Anton Paar GmbH, Krntner Str. 322, A 8054 graz (Austria), 1998, in
particular, on page 16.
[0004] X-ray and neutron-optical methods are used to investigate
the properties, i.e. material properties, of samples. Towards this
end, a focussed X-ray or neutron beam is directed onto the sample
where it interacts with the sample in a plurality of ways, in
particular through scattering and/or diffraction. The X-ray or
neutron radiation after the interaction process is registered by a
detector and subsequently evaluated to obtain information about the
properties of the sample.
[0005] In many of these methods, only a small part of the X-ray or
neutron radiation is deflected in direction; the major portion of
the radiation passes the sample without deflection. The
non-deflected part of the radiation is called the primary beam,
both in front of as well as behind the sample. Detectors for
registering diffracted or scattered radiation must usually be
protected from direct influence of the primary beam to prevent
irreversible damage to the detector. Towards this end, so-called
beam stops are used which partially shield the detector to prevent
impingement of primary radiation. A beam stop can also shield
disturbing divergent parasitic radiation (e.g. through Fresnel
diffraction on collimator edges).
[0006] A conventional beam stop is described in the company
document of Anton Paar GmbH loc. cit. The beam stop consists
essentially of a gold plate which is fixed in a steel ring using
nylon threads. The position of the gold plate in the annular plane
(xy plane) can be adjusted with two micrometer screws. The steel
ring is flanged to the detector.
[0007] The shape of the primary beam, in particular its diameter,
depends on various factors. First of all, the components used such
as diaphragms or the beam optics have production tolerances.
Secondly, there are temporally varying properties of the beam
optics, such as e.g. temperature influences, aging effects, or
varying experimental structures.
[0008] To provide sufficient and reliable protection of the
detector under these circumstances, a relatively large beam stop
must be used which also shields part of the radiation in the region
of small angle scattering (approximately 0.1 to 5.degree. beam
deflection), and information about the sample can be lost.
Alternatively, the beam stop can be iteratively adjusted to a given
beam optics. In this case, varying properties of the beam optics
cannot be corrected.
[0009] In contrast thereto, it is the underlying purpose of the
present invention to provide a beam stop which protects the
detector from the influence of the primary beam and divergent
parasitic interfering radiation and at the same time permits
passage of a maximum selectable part of diffracted or scattered
radiation to the detector, wherein the beam stop can be easily
adjusted to temporally varying properties of the beam optics.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] This object is achieved in a surprisingly simple but
effective fashion with an X-ray or neutron optical system of the
above-mentioned type in that the beam stop is disposed to be
displaceable along the z-direction to optimally set the ratio of
useful radiation to interfering radiation reaching the
detector.
[0011] After penetration through the sample, the primary beam is
generally divergent, i.e. the beam diameter increases with the
propagation path along the beam axis (z-axis). The inventive
feature that the beam stop can be displaced in the z-direction,
i.e. towards the detector or away from the detector, permits
displacement of the beam stop to exactly that position along the
beam path, where the fixed diameter of the beam stop and the
spatially varying diameter of the primary beam (and of the
parasitic stray radiation) coincide. This geometry keeps the
primary beam and parasitic stray radiation away from the detector
and at the same time diffraction phenomenon close to the beam can
be largely detected by the detector.
[0012] In other words, in accordance with the invention, the
diameter of the shielding projection of the beam stop in the
detector plane (perpendicular to the beam axis, z-direction) can be
set as desired. When the shadow cast by the beam stop exactly
covers the beam spot of the primary beam and optionally parasitic
radiation at the detector plane, the position of the beam stop is
optimum. The diameter of the shielding projection can be adjusted
to the experimental conditions, in particular to the exact
dimensions of the components. Change of the shielding projection is
easy to adjust in response to time-dependent changes of the
properties of the beam optics.
[0013] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the inventive
system, the system is adjusted to measure small-angle scattering,
in particular between 0.1.degree. and 5.degree.. In this case,
exact blanking of the interfering radiation of the primary beam and
divergent parasitic radiation is particularly advantageous to
guarantee maximum information content of the detected useful
radiation, since the useful radiation of small-angle scattering
experiments is mainly radiation diffracted close to the beam.
[0014] In a preferred embodiment, the beam stop can be adjusted in
an xy-plane, perpendicular to the z-direction which permits setting
of the diameter and also of the position of the shielding
projection of the beam stop at the detector plane.
[0015] In one additional advantageous embodiment, the beam stop has
a round, preferably circular cross-section. The cross-sections of
the primary beam and parasitic stray radiation are also round such
that in this case, the cross-section of the beam stop has a shape
adapted to the standard situation.
[0016] One embodiment of an inventive system is also preferred,
with which the beam stop has a shape similar to a truncated cone.
The cone axis is thereby oriented on the beam axis and the broader
truncated cone side faces the source or the sample. In this case,
the broad truncated cone side edge defines a precise border of the
shadowed region in the path of rays. Interaction between radiation
and the cone surface is largely eliminated.
[0017] In a further advantageous embodiment of the inventive
system, the beam stop is formed from a material having good
radiation-absorbing properties, in particular from Au and/or Sb
and/or Pb and/or W and/or Bi. In this case, the beam stop may be
relatively thin and light, which facilitates its adjustment.
[0018] One embodiment is also advantageous with which the beam stop
can be displaced in the z-direction by a motor to permit highly
precise mechanical adjustment in the z-direction.
[0019] In one particularly preferred further development of this
embodiment, the system can be automatically adjusted in accordance
with predetermined criteria. Automatic adjustment is possible, in
particular, after each change of the experimental structure or
before each measurement. The measurements are carried out under
optimum conditions. Typical criteria are e.g. keeping below a
certain upper power limit for radiation on the detector.
[0020] One embodiment of the inventive system is also preferred
with which the surface of the beam stop facing the impinging beam
is concave. The radiation impinges approximately perpendicularly to
the surface of the beam stop, achieving good radiation
absorption.
[0021] In another preferred embodiment, the detector is a
one-element detector (zero-dimension detector) which can scan a
defined angle region about the z-axis. One-element detectors are
particularly inexpensive and reliable.
[0022] In an alternative embodiment, the detector is a
one-dimensional detector which can increase the measuring speed for
measuring an angular or solid angular region.
[0023] In a further, particularly preferred alternative embodiment
having even larger measuring speeds for measuring a solid angle
region, the detector is a two-dimensional area detector, wherein
the detector surface is disposed substantially perpendicular to the
z-direction. Area detectors are particularly sensitive.
[0024] Further advantages of the invention can be extracted from
the description and the drawing. The features mentioned above and
below can be used in accordance with the invention individually or
collectively in arbitrary combination. The embodiments shown and
described are not to be understood as exhaustive enumeration but
have exemplary character for describing the invention.
[0025] The invention is shown in the drawing and is explained in
more detail with reference to embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0026] FIG. 1 shows the schematic path of rays of one embodiment of
an inventive system with the beam stop adjusted in the
z-direction;
[0027] FIG. 2 shows the schematic structure of an embodiment of the
inventive system;
[0028] FIG. 3 shows the schematic structure of a beam stop having
spring suspension, which, in accordance with the invention, can be
displaced in the z-direction;
[0029] FIG. 4 shows the schematic structure of a beam stop with
spindle drive, which, in accordance with the invention, can be
displaced in the z-direction.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0030] FIG. 1 shows the beam path of one embodiment of the
inventive X-ray or neutron-optical system. A source 1, which is
shown highly schematically, emits radiation (X-ray or neutron
radiation) along a z-axis. The emitted radiation is divergent (or
convergent) i.e. its cross-section increases (or decreases) with
increasing propagation in the positive z-direction. The radiation
consists substantially of a conical primary beam 2 whose external
edge region is surrounded by a conical surface of parasitic
interfering radiation 3. The interfering radiation 3 can be
produced e.g. through diffraction effects on collimators associated
with the source 1. The source 1 denotes the device which generates
the primary beam 2 impinging on the sample, i.e. a last mirror, a
last diaphragm, or a last collimator behind an X-ray tube or a
neutron emitter (which is often radioactive).
[0031] A sample 4 is disposed on the beam axis (z-axis) of the
primary beam 2 and can be completely illuminated by the primary
beam. A major part of the primary beam 2 penetrates the sample 4
without being changed, while another part of the radiation
interacts with the sample 4 in a manner not shown and is scattered
or diffracted out of the conical surface of primary beam 2 and
interfering radiation 3.
[0032] A beam stop 5 and a two-dimensional area detector 6 are also
disposed on the beam axis. The beam stop 5 is disposed between
sample 4 and area detector 6 and can be displaced along the z-axis.
Adjustment of the position of the beam stop 5 in a xy-plane
perpendicular to the z-direction is also possible. The outer edge 7
of the beam stop 5 facing the sample 4 extends perpendicular to the
z-direction to the same extent as the conical surface of the
interfering radiation 3 at this z-position, thereby keeping a solid
angular region 8, which is delimited by edges 9, free from primary
beam 2 radiation and also from interfering radiation 3. The portion
of the area detector 6 within the solid angular region 8 remains
free from intense radiation, thereby protecting the area detector 6
from damage. The remaining surface of the area detector 6 is
available to detect radiation diffracted or scattered from the
sample 4.
[0033] If the beam stop were disposed further to the left, i.e. at
a lower z-position closer to the sample 4, in addition to the
primary radiation 2 and the interfering radiation 3, further
radiation diffracted or scattered by the sample 4 would be
absorbed. If however, the beam stop 5 were disposed further to the
right at a larger z-position further away from the sample 4, part
of the interfering radiation 3 or even of the primary beam 2 could
reach the area detector 6.
[0034] FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of an inventive X-ray optical
system. An optical means 22 is connected to an X-ray tube 21 which
prepares, in particular, monochromatizes and focusses the X-ray
radiation provided by the X-ray tube 21. An outlet window of the
optical means 22 facing the sample 4 defines the source 1 of the
X-ray radiation in accordance with the invention. The source 1
emits the primary beam, and any disturbing parasitic radiation,
substantially along a beam axis coinciding with the z-axis.
[0035] A beam stop 5 is disposed between the sample 4 and an area
detector 6 which can be displaced and locked on the beam axis
(z-axis). Displacement of the beam stop 5 can define the X-ray
radiation impinging on the area detector 6 to exclude interfering
radiation from being detected and to supply a maximum amount of
useful radiation for detection.
[0036] FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a beam stop 31 within the
scope of the invention. The beam stop 31 consists of a cylindrical
permanent magnetic plate whose side facing the source is coated
with gold. The plate may also comprise a massive absorbing member,
e.g. of gold, lead, bismuth etc. and a permanent-magnetic element
which can move the beam stop 31 in a magnetic field. The
cylindrical axis and magnet axis coincide with the z-axis. The beam
stop 31 is fastened, via capton threads 35, to tension springs 32
which are attached to a stationary holding frame 33.
[0037] To adjust the beam stop 31 along the z-axis, a z-dependent
magnetic field or a magnetic field in the z-direction can be
generated (in a manner not shown) in the region of the beam stop 31
using an electromagnetic coil thereby increasing a force on the
beam stop 31. This force deflects the beam stop 31 in the direction
of arrow 34. This deflection is opposed by the restoring force of
the tension springs 32. In accordance with Hooke's law, the
deflection of the beam stop 34 from the central position shown
increases linearly with the direct current flowing through the
electromagnetic coil, thereby facilitating adjustment of the
z-position of the beam stop 31. The electromagnetic coil may
advantageously be integrated in the holding frame 33.
[0038] Instead of a magnetic device, mechanical structures may be
used for moving the beam stop 31.
[0039] To adjust the beam stop 31, in particular for testing
blockage of the primary beam, a robust auxiliary detector which is
not damaged by direct primary radiation can be used instead of a
sensitive detector, or the radiant power of the source is reduced
for the adjustment measurement such that the sensitive detector
cannot be damaged. This may be effected e.g. using an absorber in
the primary beam.
[0040] FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a beam stop 41 within the
scope of the invention. The beam stop 41 consists of a cylindrical
plate with a cylinder axis extending along the z-axis. The beam
stop 41 is disposed on a stand 42. This stand 42 is guided in a
rail 43 which extends parallel to the z-axis. A foot 44 of the
stand 42 has a thread in which a spindle 45 extends. This spindle
45 is mounted via jaws 46, 47 to the rail 43 and can be driven by a
motor (not shown). Rotation of the spindle displaces the foot 44
along the rail 43 thereby displacing the entire stand 42 in the
direction of arrow 48 to position the beam stop 41 along the
z-axis. The entire arrangement with beam stop 41 is disposed within
a radiation shield 49.
[0041] Beam stops which can be adjusted in all three spatial
directions, can also be used to shadow or blank individual
diffracted beams in a diffraction spectrum. In this way,
combinations of several beam stops are possible within the scope of
this invention.
* * * * *