U.S. patent application number 09/770890 was filed with the patent office on 2004-10-14 for method for cdma to packet-switching interface code division switching in a terrestrial wireless system.
Invention is credited to Gerakoulis, Diakoumis Parissis.
Application Number | 20040202137 09/770890 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25090021 |
Filed Date | 2004-10-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040202137 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gerakoulis, Diakoumis
Parissis |
October 14, 2004 |
Method for CDMA to packet-switching interface code division
switching in a terrestrial wireless system
Abstract
A low-cost, flexible, high performance system and method
comprises a means for interfacing a code division wireless system
to a fast packet switched network for transmission over a core
network to a destination terminal user via a destination access
node and a destination access radio port. The method is for code
division switching at an originating terminal, the originating
terminal being located within a microport cell of a terrestrial
wireless network at a given instant in time, where said network
interfaces with an access radio port, and comprises the steps of
spreading a transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to an
intended receiving port, inserting an identifier of a few bits for
identifying a user, spreading a payload data signal by an
orthogonal code, spreading the orthogonal spread payload data
signal by the PN-code associating the user with payload data,
modulating the PN-code spread transmission signal and the twice
spread payload data signal, and forwarding the modulated PN-code
spread transmission signal and the modulated twice spread payload
data signal to an access radio port. The code division switching
system at an originating terminal, the originating terminal being
located within a microport cell of a terrestrial wireless network
at a given instant in time, where said network interfaces with an
access radio port, comprise a first spreader for spreading a
transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to an intended receiving
port, a second spreader for spreading a payload data signal by an
orthogonal code assigned to a receiving terminal user to which the
payload data signal is directed, the payload data signal being
further spread by the first spreader, a means for forwarding the
PN-code spread transmission signal to an access radio port and a
means for forwarding the twice spread transmission signal to an
access radio port, is described.
Inventors: |
Gerakoulis, Diakoumis Parissis;
(Dover, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Samuel H. Dworetsky
AT&T CORP.
P.O. Box 4110
Middletown
NJ
07748-4110
US
|
Family ID: |
25090021 |
Appl. No.: |
09/770890 |
Filed: |
January 26, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
370/335 ;
370/441; 370/479; 370/503; 370/522 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 12/5601 20130101;
H04L 2012/5607 20130101; H04L 2012/5618 20130101; H04L 12/4608
20130101; H04L 2012/5676 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/335 ;
370/441; 370/479; 370/503; 370/522 |
International
Class: |
H04B 007/216; H04L
012/28 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for code division packet switching at an originating
mobile subscriber terminal, said originating mobile subscriber
terminal being located within a microport cell of a terrestrial
wireless network at a given instant of time, where said network
interfaces with an originating access radio port, comprising the
steps of: spreading a transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to
a radio access port; inserting an identifier of a few bits for
identifying a user; modulating said PN-code spread transmission
signal; forwarding said modulated PN-code spread transmission
signal and marking a time origin of said forwarding of said
modulated PN-code spread transmission signal; receiving an
acknowledgment, within a timeout period, from said originating
access radio port, said acknowledgment comprising an assignment of
an orthogonal code to said originating mobile subscriber terminal
and a timing adjustment; spreading a payload data signal by said
assigned orthogonal code; spreading the orthogonal spread payload
data signal by the PN-code thereby associating the user with
payload data; modulating said twice spread payload data signal;
adjusting a transmission time by said timing adjustment received
from said originating radio access port; and forwarding said
modulated twice spread payload data signal to said originating
access radio port.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein if no acknowledgment is
received from said originating radio access port within said
timeout period, said modulated PN-code spread transmission signal
is forwarded again marking the time origin of said forwarding
again.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first spreading
step by said PN-code forms a preamble, which is prepended to a
packet.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said orthogonal code is
a Hadamard code.
5. A method for code division packet switching at an originating
access radio port of a terrestrial wireless network, where said
originating access radio port interfaces with a plurality of
originating mobile subscriber terminals located within a microport
cell of said terrestrial wireless network, comprising the steps of:
demodulating a transmission signal; acquiring a preamble from said
transmission signal; acquiring a header from said transmission
signal; forwarding an acknowledgment to one of said plurality of
said originating mobile subscriber terminals, said acknowledgment
comprising an assignment of an orthogonal code to said one of said
plurality of originating mobile subscriber terminals and a timing
adjustment; receiving a further transmission signal comprising
payload data; and despreading said further transmission signal by
both said assigned orthogonal code and a PN-code.
6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising the steps
of: creating an ATM packet; and forwarding said ATM packet through
said network via an access node.
7. The method according to claim 5, wherein said orthogonal code
sequence is a Hadamard code.
8. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of
releasing said assignment of said orthogonal code.
9. A method for code division packet switching at an originating
mobile subscriber terminal, said originating mobile subscriber
terminal being located within a microport cell of a terrestrial
wireless network at a given instant in time, where said network
interfaces with an originating radio access port, comprising the
steps of: spreading a transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to
a access radio port; inserting an identifier of a few bits for
identifying a user; modulating said PN-code spread transmission
signal; forwarding said modulated PN-code spread transmission
signal and marking a time origin of said forwarding of said
modulated PN-code spread transmission signal; receiving an
acknowledgment, within a timeout period, from said originating
access radio port, said acknowledgment comprising an assignment of
an orthogonal code to said originating mobile subscriber terminal
and a timing adjustment; spreading a payload data signal and an end
of packet flag by said assigned orthogonal code; spreading the
orthogonal spread payload data signal and said end of packet flag
by the PN-code thereby associating the user with payload data;
modulating said twice spread payload data signal and said end of
packet flag; adjusting a transmission time by said timing
adjustment received from said originating radio access port; and
forwarding said modulated twice spread payload data signal and said
end of packet flag to said originating access radio port.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein if no acknowledgment
is received from said originating radio access port within said
timeout period, said modulated PN-code spread transmission signal
is forwarded again marking the time origin of said forwarding
again.
11. A method for code division packet switching at a destination
radio access port of a terrestrial wireless network, where said
destination radio access port interfaces with a plurality of
destination mobile subscriber terminals located within a microport
cell of said terrestrial wireless network, comprising the steps of:
transmitting a paging message to one of said plurality of
destination mobile subscriber terminals over a paging channel
indicating that there is payload data for said one of said
plurality of destination mobile subscriber terminals; receiving an
acknowledgment from said one of said plurality of destination
mobile subscriber terminals; spreading said payload data extracted
from an ATM packet with a uniquely assigned orthogonal code; and
transmitting said spread payload data to said one of said plurality
of destination mobile subscriber terminals.
12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising the steps
of: waiting for a timeout period for a negative acknowledgement;
and releasing said uniquely assigned orthogonal code if no negative
acknowledgment is received within said timeout period.
13. A method for code division packet switching at a destination
mobile subscriber terminal, said destination mobile subscriber
terminal being located within a microport cell of a terrestrial
wireless network at a given instant in time, where said network
interfaces with a destination radio access port, comprising the
steps of: monitoring a paging channel for paging messages
indicating that there is payload data for said destination mobile
subscriber terminal; receiving a paging message via said paging
channel; transmitting an acknowledgment to said destination radio
access port; receiving twice spread payload data; despreading said
payload data using a uniquely assigned orthogonal code and a
PN-code; and decoding said despread payload data.
14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step
of presenting said payload data to a user.
15. The method according to claim 13, wherein said monitoring step
is accomplished by monitoring said paging channel using an
arbitrary orthogonal code.
16. The method according to claim 13, wherein said acknowledgment
comprises an assignment of a unique orthogonal code.
17. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step
of switching, by said destination mobile subscriber terminal, to
said uniquely assigned orthogonal code before dispreading said
twice spread payload data.
18. The method according to claim 5, wherein said network is an ATM
network.
19. A method for code division packet switching at a destination
access radio port of a terrestrial wireless network, where said
destination access radio port interfaces with a plurality of
destination mobile subscriber terminals located within a microport
cell, comprising the steps of: receiving a packet switched
transmission signal from an access node via a network; assigning a
unique orthogonal code to one of said plurality of said destination
mobile subscriber terminal; spreading payload data destined for
said one of said plurality of destination mobile subscriber
terminals using both said uniquely assigned orthogonal code and a
PN-code; forwarding a paging message via a paging channel to said
one of said plurality of said destination mobile subscriber
terminals indicating that there is payload data destined for said
one of said plurality of said destination mobile subscriber
terminals; receiving an acknowledgment from said one of said
plurality of said destination mobile subscriber terminals;
modulating said twice spread payload data; and transmitting said
twice spread payload data over air to said one of said plurality of
said destination mobile subscriber terminals.
20. A method for code division packet switching at a destination
access radio port of a terrestrial wireless network, where said
destination access radio port interfaces with a plurality of
destination mobile subscriber terminals located within a microport
cell, comprising the steps of: acquiring a preamble and a header,
which has a PN-code; processing said PN-code to insure
synchronization; sending an acknowledgement; and receiving payload
data.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said preamble is
acquired using a serial/parallel acquisition circuit.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said synchronization
is made to a standard reference time maintained by said destination
access radio port.
23. The method according to claim 20, wherein said payload data are
received by despreading by a unique orthogonal code and said
PN-code.
24. A method for code division packet switching used for
interfacing a terrestrial wireless network with a packet switched
network, where said wireless network interfaces with a plurality of
radio access ports, each of said radio access ports interfacing to
a plurality of mobile subscriber terminals, comprising the steps
of: spreading, by said originating mobile subscriber terminal, a
transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to an intended receiving
port; inserting, by said originating mobile subscriber terminal, an
identifier of a few bits for identifying a user; modulating, by
said originating mobile subscriber terminal, said PN-code spread
transmission signal; forwarding, by said originating mobile
subscriber terminal, said modulating PN-code spread transmission
signal and marking the time origin of said forwarding;
demodulating, by said originating access radio port, said modulated
PN-code spread transmission signal; acquiring, by said originating
access radio port, a preamble from said transmitted signal;
despreading, by said originating access radio port, a header from
transmitted signal; forwarding, by said originating access radio
port, an acknowledgment to one of said plurality of said
originating mobile subscriber terminals, said acknowledgment
comprising an assignment of an orthogonal code to said one of said
plurality of originating mobile subscriber terminals and a timing
adjustment; receiving, by said originating mobile subscriber
terminal, said acknowledgment, within a timeout period, from said
originating access radio port; spreading, by said originating
mobile subscriber terminal, a payload data signal by said assigned
orthogonal code; spreading, by said originating mobile subscriber
terminal, the orthogonal spread payload data signal by the PN-code
associating the user with payload data; modulating, by said
originating mobile subscriber terminal, said twice spread payload
data signal; adjusting, by said originating mobile subscriber
terminal, a transmission time by said timing adjustment received
from said originating radio access port; forwarding, by said mobile
subscriber terminal, said modulated twice spread payload data
signal to said originating access radio port; receiving, by said
originating access radio port, a further transmission signal
comprising payload data; despreading said further transmission
signal by both said assigned orthogonal code and said PN-code;
monitoring, by a destination mobile subscriber terminal, a paging
channel for paging messages indicating that there is payload data
for said destination mobile subscriber terminal; transmitting, by a
destination access radio port, said paging message to a destination
mobile subscriber terminal over said paging channel indicating that
there is payload data for one of said plurality of destination
mobile subscriber terminals; receiving, by said destination mobile
subscriber terminal, said paging message via said paging channel;
transmitting, by said destination mobile subscriber terminal, an
acknowledgment to said destination radio access port; receiving, by
said destination access radio port, said acknowledgment from said
one of said plurality of destination mobile subscriber terminals;
spreading, by said destination access radio port, said payload data
extracted from an ATM packet with a uniquely assigned orthogonal
code and with said PN-code; transmitting, by said destination
access radio port, said twice spread payload data to said one of
said plurality of destination mobile subscriber terminals;
receiving, by said destination mobile subscriber terminal, said
twice spread payload data; despreading, by said destination mobile
subscriber terminal, said payload data using said uniquely assigned
orthogonal code and said PN-code; and decoding, by said destination
mobile subscriber terminal, said despread payload data.
25. The method according to claim 24, further comprising the step
of presenting, by said destination mobile subscriber terminal, said
payload data to a user.
26. A method for code division packet switching used for
interfacing a terrestrial wireless network with a packet switched
network, where said wireless network interfaces with a plurality of
radio access ports, each of said radio access ports interfacing to
a plurality of mobile subscriber terminals, comprising the steps
of: spreading, by said originating mobile subscriber terminal, a
transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to an intended receiving
port; inserting, by said originating mobile subscriber terminal, an
identifier of a few bits for identifying a user; modulating, by
said originating mobile subscriber terminal, said PN-code spread
transmission signal; forwarding, by said originating mobile
subscriber terminal, said modulating PN-code spread transmission
signal and marking the time origin of said forwarding;
demodulating, by said originating access radio port, said modulated
PN-code spread transmission signal; acquiring, by said originating
access radio port, a preamble from said transmitted signal;
despreading, by said originating access radio port, a header from
transmitted signal; forwarding, by said originating access radio
port, an acknowledgment to one of said plurality of said
originating mobile subscriber terminals, said acknowledgment
comprising an assignment of an orthogonal code to said one of said
plurality of originating mobile subscriber terminals and a timing
adjustment; receiving, by said originating mobile subscriber
terminal, said acknowledgment, within a timeout period, from said
originating access radio port; spreading, by said originating
mobile subscriber terminal, a payload data signal by said assigned
orthogonal code; spreading, by said originating mobile subscriber
terminal, the orthogonal spread payload data signal by the PN-code
associating the user with payload data; modulating, by said
originating mobile subscriber terminal, said twice spread payload
data signal; adjusting, by said originating mobile subscriber
terminal, a transmission time by said timing adjustment received
from said originating radio access port; forwarding, by said
originating mobile subscriber terminal, said modulated twice spread
payload data signal to said originating access radio port;
receiving, by said originating access radio port, a further
transmission signal comprising payload data; dispreading, by said
originating access radio port, said further transmission signal by
both said assigned orthogonal code and said PN-code; monitoring, by
a destination mobile subscriber terminal, a paging channel for
paging messages indicating that there is payload data for said
destination mobile subscriber terminal; receiving, by said
destination radio access port, said packet switch transmission
signal from an access node via a network; assigning, by said
destination access radio port, a unique orthogonal code to one of
said plurality of said destination mobile subscriber terminal;
spreading, by said destination access radio port, payload data
destined for said one of said plurality of destination mobile
subscriber terminals using both said uniquely assigned orthogonal
code and a PN-code; transmitting, by a destination access radio
port, said paging message to said one of said plurality of said
destination mobile subscriber terminals over said paging channel
indicating that there is payload data for one of said plurality of
destination mobile subscriber terminals; receiving, by said
destination mobile subscriber terminal, said paging message via
said paging channel; transmitting, by said destination mobile
subscriber terminal, an acknowledgment to said destination radio
access port; receiving, by said destination access radio port, said
acknowledgment from said one of said plurality of destination
mobile subscriber terminals; spreading, by said destination access
radio port, said payload data extracted from an ATM packet with a
uniquely assigned orthogonal code and with said PN-code;
modulating, by said destination access radio port, said twice
spread payload data; transmitting, by said destination access radio
port, said twice spread payload data over air to said one of said
plurality of destination mobile subscriber terminals; receiving, by
said destination mobile subscriber terminal, said twice spread
payload data; despreading, by said destination mobile subscriber
terminal, said payload data using said uniquely assigned orthogonal
code and said PN-code; and decoding, by said destination mobile
subscriber terminal, said despread payload data.
27. The method according to claim 26, further comprising the step
of presenting, by said destination mobile subscriber terminal, said
payload data to a user.
28. The method according to claim 5, wherein said first spreading
step by said PN-code forms a preamble, which is prepended to a
packet.
29. The method according to claim 9, wherein said first spreading
step by said PN-code forms a preamble, which is prepended to a
packet.
30. The method according to claim 24, wherein said first spreading
step by said PN-code forms a preamble, which is prepended to a
packet.
31. The method according to claim 26, wherein said first spreading
step by said PN-code forms a preamble, which is prepended to a
packet.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates generally to communications systems
and in particularly, to wireless systems using a wireline backbone
to communicate between a source subscriber terminal and a
destination subscriber terminal, where the wireline backbone forms
a core network.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The difficulty in a terrestrial system is the inherent need
for internal communication. Cells are generally not connected over
the air. Instead, an air interface is defined within a small area
around a base station (access radio port or microport). A number of
microports are distributed geographically to give a desired region
of coverage (e.g. the continental US). The distributed microports
are connected by a plurality of access nodes to some core transport
network, presumably wired, as opposed to wireless, as shown in FIG.
1. Several microports may be connected to a single access node.
[0003] Between access nodes, which are typically connected
terrestrially over wirelines, an alternate means of addressing is
needed. The demands of multimedia, for which terrestrial wireless
systems are now being considered, imply transport by means of a
fast packet switched network, e.g. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode). Packet switching affords flexibility in the bandwidth
assigned to a connection as well as in the delay incurred in
propagating through the network. Message switching and circuit
switching would not appear to offer the flexibility and speed
necessary to meet the demands of multimedia. This is due, in part,
to the longevity of message and circuit switched connections in a
wireless environment, in which the users are mobile and move from
cell to cell. Datagrams also do not appear to be a solution to the
problems because of the additional circuitry and overhead involved
in datagram reassembly. Both of the above observations further
point to packet switching as a fast and flexible solution.
[0004] In current terrestrial CDMA wireless systems, user signals,
received by an originating access radio port, are routed to the
intended destination radio port using an individual spreading code
to encode the signal. The individual spreading code uniquely
associates the spread spectrum signal with a particular wireless
receiver. This method reduces optimum system performance and data
rates. Therefore, there is a need for a low-cost, flexible, high
performance system that can distribute user data to the appropriate
destination user without adding undue complexity and costs to the
infrastructure (radio port) equipment. The present invention, as
described herein, provides a low-cost, flexible, high performance
means for interfacing a code division switched wireless system to
fast packet switched network for backhaul to the core network.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention comprises a system and method for
solving the current problem by extending code division switching to
a terrestrial CDMA wireless system. Code division switching is the
means by which subscribers are interconnected in a large scale
wireless system, leveraging the fact that multiple users share a
common air interface at either end of the wireless connection. Code
division switching is based on the ability through code division
multiplexing to support multiple users over a common air
interface.
[0006] The present invention relies upon the application by a
source user terminal of an individual spreading code (PN-code)
based on a port identifier to a transmission signal (containing no
payload data). This forms the preamble. A few bits of data follow,
to which the PN-code is also applied to form the packet header.
Following the preamble and packet header, a switch is triggered and
PN-code sequences are applied by the source user terminal, after
applying an individual spreading code based on an identifier for an
individual user, to a transmitted spread spectrum signal
(containing individual user data). The transmitted spread spectrum
signal is received by an originating access radio port (also called
the receiving microport because the microport receives information
and data from a mobile subscriber) to distribute the spread
spectrum signal to the intended destination radio port (also called
the transmitting microport because the microport transmits
information and data to the mobile subscriber) via a wireline
packet switched network such as ATM. The packet switched network is
used to distribute information and data to the destination radio
port. Switching complexity and equipment volume are, thereby,
greatly reduced since all user code processing is performed at the
periphery of the network (subscriber/user terminal) and greater
data rates and improved system performance can be realized.
[0007] The present invention involves a novel change to the
previous methods of transporting user data, between access radio
ports, on the wireline backbone of terrestrial wireless
systems.
[0008] It is therefore an objective of the present invention to
simplify and reduce switching complexity (hardware and/or software)
and equipment volume within the infrastructure of a terrestrial
CDMA wireless system satellite to increase system performance and
data rates.
[0009] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a
method and apparatus for improving radio port routing of spread
spectrum user data within a terrestrial CDMA wireless system using
a packet switched network backbone.
[0010] It is another objective of the present invention to take
advantage of CDMA orthogonal coding schemes to perform baseband
self-routing (at the originating wireless terminal) in an effort to
reduce the volume of radio port switching equipment to the number
of interconnected radio ports rather than the number of individual
system users.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The invention is best described with reference to the
detailed description and the following figures, where:
[0012] FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary system configuration.
[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates the common air interface.
[0014] FIG. 3a depicts the packet format of the reverse link.
[0015] FIG. 3b depicts the packet format of the forward link.
[0016] FIG. 4a is the reverse link access and transmission flow in
time.
[0017] FIG. 4b is the forward link paging and transmission flow in
time.
[0018] FIG. 5a is the flow of the actions of the originating mobile
subscriber.
[0019] FIG. 5b is the flow of the actions of the originating radio
access port (receiving microport).
[0020] FIG. 5c is the flow of the actions of the destination radio
access port (transmitting microport).
[0021] FIG. 5d is the flow of the actions of the destination mobile
subscriber.
[0022] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the overall flow from an
originating mobile subscriber and a destination subscriber.
[0023] FIG. 7a depicts the reverse link transmission and reception
process.
[0024] FIG. 7b depicts the spreading process of the originating
mobile subscriber.
[0025] FIG. 7c is a block diagram of the originating radio access
port (receiving microport).
[0026] FIG. 7d depicts the serial/parallel PN-code acquisition
process.
[0027] FIG. 7e depicts a typical double-dwell SSDC for PN-code
acquisition.
[0028] FIG. 7f depicts the despreading process at the originating
radio access port (microport receiver) during payload data
transmission over the reverse link during the contention free
period.
[0029] FIG. 8a depicts the forward link reception and transmission
process.
[0030] FIG. 8b illustrates the spreading operation at the
destination radio access port (microport transmitter) for the
forward link.
[0031] FIG. 8c depicts the demodulation and despreading process at
the destination mobile subscriber over the forward link.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0032] FIG. 1 depicts a terrestrial wireless system configuration.
Within a terrestrial CDMA wireless communications system
interfacing with a plurality of originating and destination
wireless terminal users, a core network backbone 15 interconnects a
plurality of access nodes 10 within the system. Originating
wireless subscriber/user terminals and destination wireless
subscriber/user terminals are interchangeable. That is, on any
given transmission, a given wireless subscriber/user terminal may
be an originating or a destination terminal. The wireless
subscriber/user terminals are depicted within cells 5 by a circle
with an antenna. They are distinguished from one another by the
letter "s" with a numerical subscript. It should be noted here that
the number and identification of subscriber/user terminals within a
cell will vary as subscribers drive through a given cell. Also
depicted within each cell is an access radio port (also called a
microport). An access radio port is depicted as a rectangle with an
antenna. The subscriber/user terminals send and receive signals
to/from the access radio ports over the air (wireless). The access
radio ports are connected via a wireline to an access node. The
wireline connections are depicted in FIG. 1 as solid lines. An
access node interfaces with a plurality of radio ports
communicating with the wireless terminal users. Initial access to
the system by a mobile subscriber is asynchronous, that is, the
time is unslotted.
[0033] It is also possible and appropriate to characterize the air
links between a mobile subscriber terminal and its access radio
port. A forward link is a link in which the transmission is from
the access radio port to the mobile subscriber terminal. A reverse
link is a link in which the transmission is from the mobile
subscriber terminal to the access radio port. Orthogonal channels
are used for both forward and reverse links.
[0034] The core network backbone advantageously comprises a fast
packet switched network (e.g., Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)).
Packet switching provides flexibility in the bandwidth assigned to
a wireless connection as well as in the delay incurred in
propagating through the network. The present invention provides an
efficient means for interfacing the terrestrial CDMA wireless
system with the wireline packet switched core network to distribute
user data rapidly through the system to an intended destination
radio port and user.
[0035] Interfacing to a packet switched network is accomplished
using the techniques outlined for code division packet switching.
In code division packet switching, transmissions intended for the
same microport are grouped together by a common PN-code. In a
terrestrial system, the intervening transport is likely to be a
packet switched network. The transport in a terrestrial system may,
however, be by any other means that provides a flexible, high
performance system. Transmissions from a mobile subscriber terminal
are broadcast over the air to an originating access radio port on a
reverse link. The transmission signals are then directed through an
access node to and through the packet switched network to another
access node, which directs the signal to the destination microport.
After reaching the destination cell area, the data are transmitted
over the air according to the forward link air interface
design.
[0036] A preamble is prepended to a packet to be transmitted
(before the header). The preamble is at most the length of one data
bit but may contain a number of chips. There is a code common to
all packets contained within the preamble. The code is recognized
by a receiver and is used to acquire and synchronize the signal
(packet). The PN-code is called a cover code and is the same for
all users that transmit to an access radio port. Once the PN or
cover code is acquired then the orthogonal code can be
recognized.
[0037] Within a given cell all user preamble and header
transmissions are presented over the air in the same time and
frequency space, separated by a pseudorandom noise code or PN-code.
The PN-code effectively spreads a user's preamble and header
transmission over a bandwidth greater than that needed to represent
the data itself. Users are transmitting asynchronously in this
interval. This has the effect of hiding the data from anyone other
than the intended recipient. Without the proper code, the spread
signal looks like noise and cannot be used by an unintended
receiver. The PN-code described is only used as a typical example
and any other code performing a similar identifying function may be
substituted, and therefore the PN-code is not intended as any
hardware/software limitation to the present invention. Contention
for the initial access is resolved with a spread-spectrum random
access protocol, while the data transmissions utilize orthogonal
codes.
[0038] Orthogonal codes, identifying each individual originating
user, have the further effect of canceling the interference of
other transmissions that may be present over the air at the time of
decoding. Being orthogonal, they have zero cross correlation. As a
result transmitted signals contribute relatively little
co-interference in adjacent signal spaces. Orthogonal codes require
synchronization between all transmitting users. Each transmitting
user has its own uniquely assigned orthogonal code. The number of
orthogonal codes is limited and is equal to the spreading factor N.
This is an important factor in multiplexing signals, which at some
point are to be resolved with reasonably high integrity. Hadamard
codes are a class of code sequences that have the additional
property of being orthogonal.
[0039] According to the present invention, the routing procedure,
both wired and wireless, for an end-to-end connection beginning
with the transmitting subscriber terminal is described below.
[0040] At the transmitting terminal:
[0041] spreading a transmission signal by a PN-code assigned to the
intended receiver (receiving port) for the duration of the sequence
(this constitutes the preamble);
[0042] a few bits are inserted identifying the user or the user's
orthogonal code (this constitutes the packet header)
[0043] spreading the orthogonal spread signal by the PN-code
identifying (and associating) the user with the payload data;
and
[0044] modulating the transmission signal and the twice spread
payload data signal and forwarding the modulated twice spread
transmission signal to an access radio port.
[0045] At each originating microport:
[0046] demodulating a transmission signal;
[0047] despreading a transmission signal by orthogonal code
assignments to recover microport groupings and route them
accordingly; and
[0048] translating the orthogonal code assignments to a packet
address identifying a destination microport augmented to identify a
destination access node
[0049] The transmitting (originating) access node directs the fully
addressed packets into the core network. At the destination access
node, packets are distributed among the microports according to
their respective address fields. At each destination (transmitting)
microport, the address fields are translated to orthogonal codes,
the data respread and put over the air. Equipped with the correct
orthogonal assignment, each receiving terminal can pull its
intended transmission out of the air without the need for explicit
switching between subscribers.
[0050] FIG. 2 depicts the common air interface design.
Specifically, the system under consideration is frequency division
duplexing where the forward link carrier frequency is denoted by
f.sub.d and the reverse link carrier frequency is denoted by
f.sub.u. That is, the frequencies are different for the forward
link and the reverse link. The "d" subscript alternatively
represents "downlink" and the "u" represents "uplink". The PN-code
for identifying the destination port is g.sub.j (in the forward and
reverse links) and .omega..sub.i are the orthogonal codes for
identifying individual mobile subscribers (i=1,2, . . . N) and
.omega..sub.j is the paging channel orthogonal code (forward
link)
[0051] There is a paging channel between the destination radio
access port (microport transmitter) over the forward link that the
microport uses to indicate to a mobile subscriber that the
microport has information and data for that mobile subscriber. The
paging channel is an orthogonal forward link channel for
transmitting paging messages or responding to contention access
channel requests. There is one paging channel per microport and is
identified by orthogonal code .omega..sub.j. There is a contention
access channel between an originating mobile subscriber and an
originating radio access port (microport receiver) over the reverse
link by which an originating mobile subscriber communicates with an
originating radio access port. Since a number of mobile subscribers
are attempting to communicate with a single microport there is
contention for the microports attention. Thus, the access channel
has contention. That is, the contention access channel is for
transmitting access request messages or responding to paging
messages. There is one contention access channel per microport and
is identified by PN-code g.sub.j. Transmissions over the contention
access channel are made according to the spread spectrum random
access protocol.
[0052] Payload data (orthogonal data traffic channel) over the
forward link is spread with both the PN-code identifying the port
and an orthogonal code uniquely identifying the mobile subscriber.
The forward link payload data channel is used for transmitting
information and data and is identified by orthogonal code
.omega..sub.i (i=1,2 . . . ,N and i.noteq.j) uniquely assigned to a
mobile subscriber by the microport transmitter after the paging
process. Payload data (orthogonal data traffic channel) over the
reverse link is spread with both the PN-code identifying the port
and an orthogonal code uniquely identifying the mobile subscriber.
The reverse link payload data channel is used for transmitting
information and data and is identified by orthogonal code
.omega..sub.i (i=1,2 . . . ,N) uniquely assigned to a mobile
subscriber by the microport receiver after the access process.
[0053] FIG. 3a depicts the packet format for the reverse link.
Initial access by a mobile subscriber terminal to a microport has
the dual purpose of sending data to the microport and providing
information that aids in the later transmission of data and the
synchronization of that data with a standard reference time
maintained by the microport. The payload data (transmitted between
the originating mobile subscriber and the originating radio access
port (microport receiver)) is formatted according to the depicted
packet where "P" represents the preamble (no data), "H" represent
the header and "E" represent the end of the packet flag. The
payload data is spread by both the microport PN-code g.sub.j and
the uniquely assigned mobile subscriber orthogonal code
.omega..sub.i. The preamble and header are spread by the microport
PN-code g.sub.j only. The payload data comprises one or more
packets or ATM cells. The ATM cells are packets that include ATM
headers, which further include destination and source addresses.
The preamble and the header are transmitted during the contention
period. During this period all transmission signals from all
contending users are spread by the same microport based PN-code
g.sub.j. The spread spectrum random access (SSRA) protocol utilizes
the delay capture property of the spread spectrum signal. The
contention free period comprises the transmission period for the
payload data and the end of packet indicator (flag). During this
period all transmitting users are assigned an orthogonal code
uniquely identifying the transmitting user.
[0054] FIG. 3b depicts the packet format for the forward link. That
is, the payload data is formatted according to the depicted packet
between the destination radio access port (microport transmitter)
and the destination mobile subscriberwhere "PG" represents paging
information and "E" represents the end of packet flag. The payload
data is spread by both the microport PN-code g.sub.j and the
uniquely assigned mobile subscriber orthogonal code .omega..sub.i.
The paging information is spread by the paging channel orthogonal
code .omega..sub.j only.
[0055] FIG. 4a depicts the preamble, the packet header, the
acknowledgement and the payload data as they flow between the
originating mobile subscriber terminal and the microport receiver
in time. The preamble and the header access are utilized by the
spread spectrum random access (SSRA) protocol. Also the preamble
and header are transmitted asynchronously but "marking" their
transmission time for obtaining synchronization of the orthogonal
codes in the next step of the process.
[0056] Simultaneous transmission of preambles and headers from a
plurality of contending mobile users may be received successfully
by the receiving microport if they arrive at the microport
despreader greater than one chip (bit interval of the PN-code)
apart. This is due to the delay capture property of spread spectrum
signals. The acknowledgement message contains the time adjustment
required for the orthogonal transmission that follows. The
acknowledgment message also contains the assignment of the
orthogonal code to the transmitting mobile user. This assignment is
made by the microport from the available (not utilized) orthogonal
codes. This is due to the limited number of orthogonal codes
available. If there is no available orthogonal code, then the
transmission is blocked. Upon receipt of the acknowledgment message
by the terminal, the terminal adjusts its transmission time with
respect to its "marked" position in time. Note a propagation delay
of .tau..sub.p. The subscriber terminal then switches to position 2
(see FIG. 7b) and utilizes the assigned orthogonal code
.omega..sub.i for the payload data transmission. If no
acknowledgment message is received by a predetermined time-out
period, then the terminal retransmits the preamble and header. The
microport receives the payload data synchronously with respect to
other terminal transmissions. That is, all payload data arrives
synchronously with respect to a reference time. The payload data
are despread from the PN and orthogonal codes. The end of packet is
indicated by a flag. After the end of packet indicator is received
the orthogonal code .omega..sub.i assigned to the subscriber
terminal becomes available for reuse and can be assigned to another
transmitting (originating) mobile subscriber terminal. The received
payload data (e.g., ATM cells) contain their own routing headers
and thus can be routed via routers over the core network to a
destination as known in the art and in accordance with
communications standards.
[0057] FIG. 4b depicts the paging message, the acknowledgment and
the payload data as the flow between the destination radio access
port (microport transmitter) and the destination mobile subscriber
terminal. The paging message indicates to the destination mobile
subscriber terminal that the transmitting microport (microport
transmitter) has information and data for it. Note both that there
is a propagation delay of .tau..sub.p and also that there is no
time adjustment necessary on the forward link. The destination
mobile subscriber terminal sends an acknowledgement message to the
transmitting microport. Upon receipt of the acknowledgement message
from the destination mobile subscriber terminal, the transmitting
microport forwards the payload data.
[0058] FIGS. 5a and 5b depict the reverse link
(mobile-to-microport) access operation, which is based on the
spread spectrum random access (SSRA) protocol. That is, the
preamble and header (P&H, see FIG. 3a) of the transmitting
(originating) mobile subscriber (user) is spread by the PN code,
g.sub.j, of microport j. Transmissions that arrive one or more
chips, where a chip is the bit length of the PN-code, apart can be
distinguished and received successfully (this phenomenon is called
delay capture).
[0059] FIG. 5a is a flowchart of the actions performed at the
originating (transmitting) mobile subscriber terminal. Step 505 is
performed with the switch (shown in FIG. 7b) in position 1, which
allows the preamble and header information to flow through the
switch but no payload data. Step 510 represents the spreading of
the payload data twice when the switch depicted in FIG. 7b is in
position 2. Step 515 represents the completion of the sending of
the payload data and the end of packet flag so that the uniquely
assigned orthogonal code can be released.
[0060] FIG. 5b is a flowchart of the steps performed at the
originating radio access port (microport receiver). At step 520,
the receiving microport acquires the preamble, which has the
PN-code without any payload data. The preamble is acquired using a
serial/parallel acquisition circuit, which synchronizes to the
PN-code. The header is also received and despread at step 520. The
PN-code is asynchronous and received unslotted. The acquisition
process is the initial synchronization. At step 525, once the
preamble is acquired and processed, the receiving microport sends
an acknowledgement, which contains a uniquely assigned orthogonal
code for the originating mobile user and the required adjustments
for the orthogonal transmission that follows. The timing
adjustments are derived by comparing the arrival time of the
preamble to the reference time, which is maintained by the
receiving microport. The purpose of making timing adjustments is to
synchronize all orthogonal code transmissions to a standard
reference time maintained by the microport. A short time later (a
matter of a few msecs), the receiving microport receives the
payload data, which are processed by despreading by the orthogonal
and PN-codes as indicated at step 530. If the information and data
are successfully received by the receiving microport then an ATM
cell (packet) is created and the packet is routed through the core
network in accordance with standards and protocols for core network
use. After the end of packet flag (step 535) is received by the
receiving microport the assigned orthogonal code becomes available
for reuse and re-assignment.
[0061] FIGS. 5c and 5d depict the forward link operation (microport
to mobile user). FIG. 5c depicts the actions at the destination
microport (transmitting microport). Upon the arrival at the
destination microport of one or more ATM cells destined for a
mobile user, a paging message is sent to the mobile user via the
paging channel (step 540). The paging message includes an assigned
forward link orthogonal code w.sub.i. The mobile user terminal
responds with an acknowledgment. After the transmitting microport
receives the acknowledgement from the destination mobile user
terminal via the contention access channel, the transmitting
microport spreads the payload data (extracted from the ATM cell)
with orthogonal code .omega..sub.i and transmits it to the mobile
user terminal (step 545). The data includes the end of packet flag.
If, after a time out period, no negative acknowledgement is
received, the transmitting microport assumes that the mobile
subscriber terminal correctly received the data and releases the
assigned (forward link) orthogonal code making it available for
reuse and reassignment for other transmissions (step 550).
[0062] FIG. 5d depicts the actions of the destination mobile user
terminal via the forward link. While idle, the mobile subscriber
terminal monitors the paging channel for transmissions (step 555).
If a paging message is received indicating the assignment of a
particular orthogonal code, the mobile user terminal switches to
that orthogonal code in order to receive the data. The switch to
the orthogonal code specified by the microport is indicated in the
acknowledgment sent to the transmitting microport. The
acknowledgment is sent via the contention access channel (step
560). After the end of packet flag is received and decoded (it was
spread along with the data), the mobile user terminal reverts to
monitoring the paging channel for further paging messages (step
565).
[0063] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the overall flow from an
originating mobile subscriber and a destination subscriber. Similar
to the system configuration as depicted in FIG. 1, the solid lines
between the receiving microport and the transmitting microport
through the core network are wires. The interface between the
originating mobile subscriber terminal and the receiving microport
is an common air interface (CAI), as is the interface between the
transmitting microport and the destination mobile subscriber
terminal. The originating and destination mobile subscriber
terminal are respresented on FIG. 1 as s.sub.i. The originating
mobile subscriber forwards the signal to the receiving microport,
which demodulates, despreads and decodes the signal, creates a
packet and forwards the packet to the access node. Following this
stage, the packet is directed by the access node into the packet
switched network, where it is transmitted to the intended
destination radio port, via a routing node for that destination
radio port (transmitting microport), based on the packet address.
After the (ATM) packet is received by the destination radio port
then it is spread by an orthogonal code .omega..sub.i assigned to
the receiving user i, and by the PN-code g.sub.j, of the
destination port j. The signal is then forwarded to the destination
mobile subscriber terminal which demodulates, despreads and decodes
the signal and presents the information and data to the mobile
subscriber for his/her use.
[0064] FIGS. 7a through 7f all depict various aspects and details
of the reverse link process. FIG. 7a depicts the reverse link
transmission and reception process showing the originating mobile
subscriber terminal and the receiving microport. The originating
mobile subscriber terminal uses forward error correction (FEC) to
detect and correct certain errors. The signal is then spread using
a PN-code to spread the preamble and header and both a uniquely
assigned orthogonal code and the PN-code to spread the data and the
end of packet flag. The signal is then modulated for transmission
over the radio frequency (RF) to the receiving microport. The
receiving microport is actually a plurality of receivers in
parallel. The signal is recognized by at least one of the plurality
of receivers and the preamble is synchronized by a PN-code
acquisition process. The payload data and the end of packet flag
are then despread by a data despreader. The data is then decoded
and a cell (packet) is created for transmission over the core
network (via the access node) in accordance with standards and
protocols for the underlying core network.
[0065] FIG. 7b depicts the spreading process of the originating
mobile subscriber. The inventive process begins with the
originating wireless terminal user within the terrestrial CDMA
wireless system (see FIG. 7b). The originating terminal spreads a
transmission signal (preamble only) by a PN-code (g.sub.j) assigned
to the intended receiver microport j for identifying the receiving
microport for the duration of the PN sequence, which may be for
example, length L=1024. This constitutes the preamble. Following
the preamble a few bits of data are inserted uniquely identifying
the user or the user's orthogonal code. This constitutes the packet
header. Both of these steps are performed with the switch in
position 1. That is, the switch allows the preamble and header to
flow through the switch but no payload data. Once this is
accomplished the switch is moved to position 2. That is, payload
data now flows through the switch. The payload data is spread by
.omega..sub.i, which is the orthogonal code that is assigned to
user i by the microport. After being spread by .omega..sub.i the
payload data is spread by the PN-code g.sub.j used for identifying
receiving microport to which the transmission is directed. This
second spreading separates the receiving microport for the present
data (signal) from other radio port groups. Conventional spread
spectrum radio processing techniques follow this stage as the
spread spectrum signal containing the PN-code and unique orthogonal
code sequence is transmitted to the receiving microport. The
conversion of the twice spread transmission signal to a carrier
frequency f.sub.u is performed by the modulator shown on FIG.
7b.
[0066] FIG. 7c is a block diagram of the originating radio access
port (receiving microport). FIG. 7c is a more detailed view of the
circuit at the receiving microport. Demodulator 720, which is a
device well known in the art, further comprises a pair of
multipliers, a pair of baseband filters (BBF) and a pair of A/D
converters. The array of serial search detection circuits is
denoted as 725 and the array of l-parallel Data Receivers 730
comprises l channel decoders (735-a, . . . 735-l). The array of
SSDCs 725 constitutes the acquisition process used to synchronize
the preamble and header. The l-parallel data receivers 530
constitute data reception and comprise the data despreader and the
decoder.
[0067] FIG. 7d depicts the serial/parallel PN-code acquisition
process. FIG. 7d depicts the serial/parallel acquisition circuit at
the destination microport. The serial/parallel acquisition unit
comprises a demodulator 720, an array of serial search detection
circuits (725-a, . . . 725-K) in parallel and an array of
l-parallel data receivers 730, which further comprises l channel
decoders. Each SSDC searches in a window of L/K chips, where L is
the length of the PN-code and K is the number of SSDCs. The SSDC-k
searches in the window [(k-1), kL/K]. The plurality of SSDCs
constitutes an acquisition circuit.
[0068] FIG. 7e depicts a typical double-dwell SSDC for PN-code
acquisition. Process B follows process A. Process A is essentially
an acquisition circuit. The timing adjustment determination portion
has been left out for clarity and simplicity. Process A is
performed within a variable window, which could be one chip long to
the entire length of the PN-code sequence depending on the value of
K (K=1, . . . L). Windows one chip (K=L) in length are very fast.
However, many windows are then required increasing circuit
complexity. Windows the entire length of the PN-code sequence (K=1)
are significantly slower but significantly less complex. The step
n=n+1 accomplishes a shift by one chip. Once PN-code
synchronization is achieved, the PN-code timing offset from the
reference time (maintained by the receiving microport) is
determined and inserted into the acknowledgement message and
forwarded to the originating mobile subscriber terminal along with
the uniquely assigned orthogonal code. Process B in FIG. 7e depicts
a double dwell algorithm.
[0069] FIG. 7f depicts the demodulation and despreading process at
the originating radio access port (microport receiver) during
payload data transmission over the reverse link during the
contention free period. The despreader is a data despreader. The
signal is demodulated. Following demodulation of the signal, the
preamble and header are despread. Once the preamble and the header
are received and despread, then the payload data are despread using
both the uniquely assigned orthogonal code and the PN-code. The
summation is performed over N, which is the length of the
orthogonal code. The accumulator sums from 1 to N, where N is the
total number of orthogonal codes and the length or size of the
orthogonal Hadamard code. N is both the total number and the length
of the orthogonal codes because the number of chips is the same.
After the signal is despread, then the data is decoded by the
decoder.
[0070] FIG. 8a depicts the forward link reception and transmission
process. The transmitting microport receives the data (packaged in
an ATM cell) and performs forward error correction on the data. The
transmitting microport then spreads the data as further illustrated
in FIG. 8b. The spread data are then modulated for transmission
over a radio frequency (RF) to the destination mobile subscriber
terminal. The destination mobile subscriber terminal receives the
signal and demodulates it. The data are then despread (preamble,
header and payload data) and finally decoded for presentation to
the subscriber using the mobile user terminal.
[0071] FIG. 8b illustrates the spreading operation at the
destination radio access port (microport transmitter) for the
forward link. FIG. 8b is an exploded view of the spreader at the
transmitting microport. FIG. 8b is a block diagram of the
transmitting microport and a destination subscriber terminal and
the radio frequency (RF). The microport performs forward error
correction and then spreads the signal. This is followed by
modulation and transmission over the air (RF) interface to the
destination subscriber terminal. The receiving subscriber terminal
demodulates the signal and then despreads and decodes the signal.
The destination user terminal can extract the transmitted user
signal by filtering out other signals that do not contain the
unique orthogonal code applied by the originating user. A
subscriber terminal i, while idle monitors a broadcast/paging
channel j spread by orthogonal code .omega..sub.i. The
broadcast/paging is effective only for those subscriber terminals
in the coverage area. When a broadcast/paging message is received
for subscriber terminal i indicating that an assigned code i, the
subscriber terminal uses code .omega..sub.i to receive its data. In
the spreader the PN-code g.sub.j is used to distinguish one
microport from another microport and reject interference between
adjacent microport. The accumulator sums over i=1 to N, where N is
the length of the orthogonal code. No synchronization is required
because the signals are transmitted from the same microport. The
orthogonal codes .omega..sub.i, where i=1, . . . , N and i.noteq.j
are user channels and j is the paging channel.
[0072] FIG. 8c depicts the demodulation and despreading process at
the destination mobile subscriber over the forward link. This
process is virtually identical to the demodulation and dispreading
process for the reverse link as depicted in FIG. 7f.
[0073] A procedure and system have been described for using code
division packet switching techniques to simplify the network
processing involved in interfacing with a packet switched network
in a terrestrial wireless system. Individual subscriber switching
is accomplished through the unique assignment of orthogonal codes
to the subscriber terminals. PN-codes are assigned, in addition, to
group transmissions intended for the same receiving microport.
[0074] While the present invention is described using a wireless
CDMA terrestrial communications network embodiment, it is not
deemed a departure from the spirit and scope of the present
invention to apply the fundamental novel concepts to a similarly
configured wireless communications network.
[0075] It should be clear from the foregoing that the objectives of
the invention have been met. While particular embodiments of the
present invention have been described and illustrated, it should be
noted that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications
may be made by persons skilled in the art. The present application
contemplates any and all modifications within the spirit and scope
of the underlying invention disclosed and claimed herein.
* * * * *