U.S. patent application number 10/753628 was filed with the patent office on 2004-08-26 for pharmaceutical compositions.
This patent application is currently assigned to West Pharmaceutical Services Drug Delivery & Clinical Research Centre Limited. Invention is credited to Castile, Jonathan David, Lafferty, William Columbus Ian, Smith, Alan, Watts, Peter James.
Application Number | 20040166067 10/753628 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 9950919 |
Filed Date | 2004-08-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040166067 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Watts, Peter James ; et
al. |
August 26, 2004 |
Pharmaceutical compositions
Abstract
This invention provides a composition for the intranasal
delivery of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
to an animal comprising an aqueous solution of fentanyl or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically
acceptable additive selected from (i) a pectin and (ii) a poloxamer
and chitosan or a salt or derivative thereof; provided that when
the composition comprises a pectin it is substantially free of
divalent metal ions; and which, in comparison to a simple aqueous
solution of fentanyl administered intranasally at the same dose,
provides a peak plasma concentration of fentanyl (C.sub.max) that
is from 10 to 80% of that achieved using a simple aqueous solution
of fentanyl administered intranasally at an identical fentanyl
dose.
Inventors: |
Watts, Peter James;
(Nottingham, GB) ; Castile, Jonathan David;
(Nottingham, GB) ; Lafferty, William Columbus Ian;
(Leicestershire, GB) ; Smith, Alan; (Nottingham,
GB) |
Correspondence
Address: |
AKIN GUMP STRAUSS HAUER & FELD L.L.P.
ONE COMMERCE SQUARE
2005 MARKET STREET, SUITE 2200
PHILADELPHIA
PA
19103-7013
US
|
Assignee: |
West Pharmaceutical Services Drug
Delivery & Clinical Research Centre Limited
|
Family ID: |
9950919 |
Appl. No.: |
10/753628 |
Filed: |
January 8, 2004 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/45 ; 514/317;
514/54 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/4468 20130101;
A61P 29/00 20180101; A61K 9/0043 20130101; A61K 47/36 20130101;
A61P 25/00 20180101; A61M 15/08 20130101; A61P 25/04 20180101; A61K
47/26 20130101; A61M 11/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/045 ;
514/054; 514/317 |
International
Class: |
A61L 009/04; A61K
031/445 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 10, 2003 |
GB |
0300531.1 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A composition for the intranasal delivery of fentanyl or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to an animal comprising an
aqueous solution of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from
(i) a pectin and (ii) a poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or
derivative thereof; provided that when the composition comprises a
pectin it is substantially free of divalent metal ions; and which,
in comparison to a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl administered
intranasally at the same dose, provides a peak plasma concentration
of fentanyl (C.sub.max) that is from 10 to 80% of that achieved
using a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl administered
intranasally at an identical fentanyl dose.
2. A composition according to claim 1, which, in comparison to a
simple aqueous solution of fentanyl administered intranasally at
the same dose, provides a peak plasma concentration of fentanyl
(C.sub.max) that is from 30 to 70% of that achieved using a simple
aqueous solution of fentanyl administered intranasally at an
identical fentanyl dose.
3. A composition according to claim 1, comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of fentanyl.
4. A composition according to claim 3, wherein the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of fentanyl is fentanyl citrate.
5. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive is a
pectin.
6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the pectin has a DE
value of from 7 to 30%.
7. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the concentration of
pectin is from 5 to 25 mg/ml.
8. A composition according to claim 5 that is at least 99% free of
divalent metal ions.
9. A composition according to claim 5 having an osmolality of from
0.25 to 0.35 osmol/kg.
10. A composition according to claim 5 having a pH of from 3.4 to
5.0.
11. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive is a
poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or derivative thereof.
12. A composition according to claim 11, wherein the chitosan or
salt derivative thereof is chitosan glutamate.
13. A composition according to claim 11, wherein the concentration
of poloxamer is from 80 to 120 mg/ml and the concentration of
chitosan or a salt or derivative thereof is from 1 to 10 mg/ml
(expressed as chitosan base).
14. A composition according to claim 11 having an osmolality of
from 0.4 to 0.7 osmol/kg.
15. A composition according to claim 11 having a pH of from 3.0 to
5.0.
16. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the concentration
of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from
0.2 to 15 mg/ml (expressed as fentanyl base).
17. A composition according to claim 1 which is adapted to be
delivered to the nose in the form of drops or as a spray.
18. A composition according to claim 1 for use in the treatment or
prevention of acute or chronic pain.
19. The use of a pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from
(i) a pectin and (ii) a poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or
derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the
intranasal delivery of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof to an animal in need thereof, which medicament is
adapted to provide a peak plasma concentration of fentanyl
(C.sub.max) that is from 10 to 80% of that achieved using a simple
aqueous solution of fentanyl administered intranasally at an
identical fentanyl dose.
20. Use according to claim 19 for the manufacture of a medicament
for the treatment or prevention of acute or chronic pain.
21. A method for the treatment or prevention of acute or chronic
pain, comprises an intranasal delivery of a composition according
to claim 1 to a patient.
22. A spray device loaded with a composition according to claim
1.
23. A process for preparing a composition according to claim 1
comprising mixing fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof with the pharmaceutically acceptable additive in water.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for
the intranasal administration of fentanyl.
[0002] The nasal route of drug delivery can afford rapid onset of
action and convenience to patients and/or care giver. In
particular, this route can provide rapid absorption of drugs into
the blood circulation. In some cases absorption of almost the whole
dose can be achieved and the pharmacokinetics can be similar to
intravenous administration. Such rapid and effective drug delivery
can be useful in the treatment of crisis situations such as pain,
including breakthrough pain, headache and migraine (Nasal Systemic
Drug Delivery, Chien et al. (eds), Dekker, New York, 1987).
[0003] Fentanyl (N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide) is a
potent opioid analgesic and may be used in the treatment of severe
acute and chronic pain.
[0004] It has been reported that fentanyl is rapidly and well
absorbed from the nasal cavity (Striebel et al., Brit. J.
Anaesthesia, 96, suppl 1, 108, 1993). In addition, the
effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl in providing analgesia in
patients has been demonstrated in a number of studies (for example
Striebel et al., Brit. J. Anaesthesia, 96, suppl 1, 108 and 109,
1993; Striebel et al., Anaesthesia, 48, 753-757, 1993; Majushree et
al., Can. J. Anesth., 49, 190-193, 2002; Toussaint et al., Can. J.
Anesth., 47, 299-302, 2000). In all of these studies the intranasal
administration of fentanyl appears to have been achieved by
dropping or spraying a commercially available injection formulation
into the nose (SUBLIMAZE.RTM., from Janssen). The commercially
available injection formulation of fentanyl contains 0.05 mg of
fentanyl, in the form of the citrate salt, in 1 ml of sodium
chloride solution and necessitates the intranasal administration of
a large volume of liquid in order to provide a therapeutically
effective dose of drug.
[0005] Fentanyl is also currently available in a transdermal patch
and a transmucosal lozenge. The transdermal patch (for example
DUROGESIC.RTM. from Janssen) provides a steady concentration of
fentanyl in plasma over a prolonged period and is not suitable for
the rapid relief of severe pain, such as breakthrough pain
associated with terminal illness or acute pain associated with
trauma or following surgery. The transmucosal lozenge (ACTIQ.RTM.,
Cephalon Inc) is used in the treatment of breakthrough pain and is
available in a number of dose strengths ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 mg.
The absorption of fentanyl from the transmucosal formulation is
relatively slow. Times to achieve the peak plasma concentration
(T.sub.max) of from 20 to 480 minutes have been reported (pp.
405-409, Physician's Desk Reference, 54th edition, Medical
Economics Company, Montvale, N.J., 2000).
[0006] Thus, there remains a need for alternative means for the
delivery of fentanyl, for example via the intranasal route.
[0007] The listing or discussion of a prior-published document in
this specification should not necessarily be taken as an
acknowledgement that the document is part of the state of the art
or is common general knowledge.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides a composition suitable for
the intranasal administration of fentanyl that overcomes one or
more of the problems described above.
[0009] Surprisingly, it has been found that it is possible to
administer fentanyl intranasally in a practical dose volume and
provide rapid absorption in combination with a lower peak plasma
concentration than that provided using a simple aqueous solution
and an extended plasma concentration-time profile. These advantages
can be achieved while maintaining a bioavailability that is
comparable to that obtained by the intranasal administration of a
simple aqueous solution comprising fentanyl.
[0010] By "comparable bioavailability," it is meant that the area
under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) is at least
50%, more preferably at least 60% and most preferably at least 70%
of that for a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl administered
intranasally at the same dose.
[0011] By "simple aqueous solution," it is meant fentanyl and an
ingredient to make the solution isotonic, such as mannitol,
dextrose or sodium chloride, dissolved in water. A simple aqueous
solution may optionally contain a preservative, such as
benzalkonium chloride. An example of such a simple aqueous solution
comprises 1.57 mg/ml fentanyl citrate, 48 mg/ml mannitol and 0.15
mg/ml benzalkonium chloride in water.
[0012] The present invention provides a composition for the
intranasal delivery of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof to an animal, which comprises an aqueous solution
of
[0013] fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
and
[0014] a pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from
[0015] a pectin and
[0016] a poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or derivative
thereof;
[0017] provided that when the composition comprises a pectin it is
substantially free of agents that cause the pectin to gel, such as
divalent metal ions, especially calcium ions.
[0018] The additive may be a pectin, a poloxamer, a chitosan (or a
salt or derivative thereof) or it may be a mix of two or more of
these additives.
[0019] In comparison to a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl
administered intranasally at the same dose, the compositions of the
present invention provide a lowered peak plasma concentration of
fentanyl (C.sub.max) and optionally an extended
plasma-concentration time profile. The peak plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) achieved using a composition of the present invention
is from 10 to 80%, preferably from 20 to 75% and more preferably
from 30 to 70% of that achieved using a simple aqueous solution
administered intranasally at an identical fentanyl dose. This
means, for example, if a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl
produces a C.sub.max of 1000 .mu.g/ml, the C.sub.max produced by a
composition of this invention following administration of an
identical dose of fentanyl, is in the range 100-800 .mu.g/ml,
preferably 200-750 .mu.g/ml and more preferably 300-700
.mu.g/ml.
[0020] The time to achieve the peak plasma concentration
(T.sub.max) by nasal administration of a composition of the present
invention is preferably from 5 to 60 minutes, more preferably from
5 to 45 minutes and most preferably from 5 to 30 minutes.
[0021] Fentanyl is preferably used in the form of a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Most preferably fentanyl citrate
is used.
[0022] The concentration of fentanyl or a salt thereof in the
compositions of the invention is preferably in the range of from
0.05 to 30 mg/ml, more preferably from 0.1 to 20 mg/ml and most
preferably from 0.2 to 16 mg/ml (expressed as fentanyl base).
[0023] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" is readily understood
in the art and can be considered to include materials that may be
used in commercially available pharmaceutical or food products
and/or have GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status and/or are
listed in a pharmacopoeia such as the United States Pharmacopoeia
or the European Pharmacopoeia.
[0024] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition
for the intranasal delivery of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, comprising an aqueous solution of fentanyl
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pectin and
which provides a peak plasma concentration (C.sub.max) of fentanyl
of from 10 to 80% of that achieved using a simple aqueous solution
administered intranasally at an identical fentanyl dose.
[0025] Pectins are polysaccharide substances present in the cell
walls of all plant tissues. Commercially they are generally
obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the
rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace. Pectins are
heterogeneous materials, comprising partially methoxylated
polygalacturonic acids.
[0026] The proportion of galacturonic acid moieties in the methyl
ester form represents the degree of esterification (DE). The term
"DE" is well understood by those skilled in the art and may be
represented as the percentage of the total number of carboxyl
groups that are esterified, i.e., if four out of five acid groups
is esterified this represents a degree of esterification of 80%, or
as the methoxyl content of the pectin. The respective theoretical
maximum for each is 100% and 16% respectively. "DE" as used herein
refers to the total percentage of carboxyl groups that are
esterified. The degree of esterification (DE) of pectins found
naturally can vary considerably (from 60 to 90%).
[0027] Pectins can be categorized into those having a low degree of
esterification (low methoxylation) or a high degree of
esterification (high methoxylation). A "low DE" or "LM" pectin has
a degree of esterification below 50% whereas a "high DE" or "HM"
pectin has a degree of esterification of 50% or above.
[0028] The gelling properties of aqueous pectin solutions can be
controlled by the concentration of pectin, the type of pectin,
especially the degree of esterification of the galacturonic acid
units, and the presence of added salts.
[0029] Preferably low DE pectins are used in the compositions of
the present invention. More preferably pectins having a degree of
esterification of less than 35%, for example from 5 to 35%,
preferably from 7 to 30%, such as from about 10 to about 25%, for
example from 15 to 25% are used in the present invention.
[0030] Low DE pectins are usually prepared by the de-esterification
of extracted pectins, normally on a bench scale, by way of an
enzymatic process, or, on an industrial scale, by treatment with
acid or ammonia in an alcoholic heterogeneous medium. Treatment
with ammonia creates so-called low DE amidated pectins. As used
herein, the term "low DE pectin" includes both amidated and
non-amidated low DE pectins.
[0031] Low DE pectins may be purchased commercially. An example of
a low DE pectin which may be used in the present invention is
SLENDID.RTM. 100, supplied by CP Kelco (Lille Skensved, Denmark)
which has a degree of esterification of about 15 to 25%.
[0032] The primary mechanism by which low DE pectins gel in aqueous
solution is through exposure to metal ions, such as those found in
the nasal mucosal fluid as described in WO98/47535.
[0033] The solutions of the invention should not gel on storage.
Thus, solutions containing a pectin are substantially free of
agents that cause the pectin to gel, such as divalent metal ions,
especially calcium ions. By "substantially free" of divalent metal
ions it is meant greater than 97%, preferably greater than 99%,
more preferably greater than 99.9% and especially greater than
99.99% free of divalent metal ions.
[0034] When a composition of the invention contains a pectin, the
concentration of pectin is preferably in the range of from 1 to 40
mg/ml, more preferably from 2 to 30 mg/ml and most preferably from
5 to 25 mg/ml.
[0035] A preferred pectin containing composition of the invention
comprises 0.2 to 16 mg/ml of fentanyl (expressed as fentanyl base)
and 5 to 25 mg/ml of a pectin having a DE value of from 7 to 30%
and has a pH of from 3.4 to 5.0 and an osmolality of from 0.25 to
0.35 osmol/kg.
[0036] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition
comprising fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
and a poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or derivative thereof.
[0037] Poloxamers are block copolymers of ethylene oxide and
propylene oxide. They have the general formula
HO(C.sub.2H.sub.4O).sub.a(C.sub.3H.s-
ub.6O).sub.b(C.sub.2H.sub.4O).sub.aH wherein a is typically from 2
to 130 and b is typically from 15 to 67. Poloxamers have a number
of pharmaceutical applications such as viscosity modifiers,
solubilising agents or emulsifiers. They may be used in the
compositions of the present invention as thickening agents and in
order to control and modify the absorption of fentanyl into the
systemic circulation such that a peak plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) of fentanyl of from 10 to 80% of that achieved using a
simple aqueous solution administered intranasally at an identical
fentanyl dose is achieved.
[0038] Several different types of poloxamer are available
commercially, from suppliers such as BASF, and vary with respect to
molecular weight and the proportions of ethylene oxide "a" units
and propylene oxide "b" units. Poloxamers suitable for use in the
present invention typically have a molecular weight of from 2,500
to 18,000, for example from 7,000 to 15,000 Da. Examples of
commercially available poloxamers suitable for use in the present
invention include poloxamer 188, which structurally contains 80 "a"
units and 27 "b" units, and has a molecular weight in the range
7680 to 9510 and poloxamer 407 which structurally contains 101 "a"
units and 56 "b" units, and has a molecular weight in the range
9840 to 14600 (Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, editor A. H.
Kippe, 3.sup.rd edition, Pharmaceutical Press, London, United
Kingdom, 2000). Preferably the poloxamer is poloxamer 188.
[0039] When the compositions of the present invention comprise a
poloxamer, the poloxamer is preferably present at a concentration
in the range of from 50 to 200 mg/ml, more preferably from 65 to
160 mg/ml and most preferably from 80 to 120 mg/ml.
[0040] Compositions of the invention that comprise a poloxamer also
comprise chitosan or a salt or derivative thereof.
[0041] Chitosans are cationic polymers that have mucoadhesive
properties. The mucoadhesion is thought to result from an
interaction between the positively charged chitosan molecule and
the negatively charged sialic acid groups on mucin (Soane et al.
Int. J. Pharm., 178, 55-65, 1999).
[0042] By the term "chitosan," it is meant all derivatives of
chitin, or poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, including all
polyglucosamines and oligomers of glucosamine materials of
different molecular weights, in which the greater proportion of the
N-acetyl groups have been removed through hydrolysis
(deacetylation). Preferably, the chitosan is produced from chitin
by deacetylation to a degree of greater than 40%, preferably
between 50 and 98%, more preferably between 70% and 90%.
[0043] The chitosan, chitosan derivative, or salt used in the
present invention preferably has a molecular weight of 4,000 Da or
more, preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000 Da, more preferably from
15,000 to 750,000 Da and most preferably from 50,000 to 300,000
Da.
[0044] Salts of chitosan are suitable for use in the present
invention. Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, the
nitrate, phosphate, glutamate, lactate, citrate, hydrochloride and
acetate salts. Preferred salts are chitosan glutamate and chitosan
hydrochloride.
[0045] Chitosan derivatives are also suitable for use in the
present invention. Suitable chitosan derivatives include, but are
not limited to, ester, ether or other derivatives formed by bonding
acyl and/or alkyl groups with the hydroxyl groups, but not the
amino groups of chitosan. Examples are O-alkyl ethers of chitosan
and O-acyl esters of chitosan. Modified chitosans, such as those
conjugated to polyethylene glycol may be used in the present
invention.
[0046] Low and medium viscosity chitosans suitable for use in the
present invention may be obtained from various sources, including
NovaMatrix, Drammen, Norway; Seigagaku America Inc., Maryland,
United States of America; Meron (India) Pvt, Ltd., India; Vanson
Ltd, Virginia, United States of America; and AMS Biotechnology
Ltd., United Kingdom. Suitable derivatives include those that are
disclosed in Roberts, Chitin Chemistry, MacMillan Press Ltd.,
London (1992).
[0047] Particularly preferred chitosan compounds that may be
mentioned include the "PROTOSAN.TM." types available from
NovaMatrix, Drammen, Norway.
[0048] Preferably, the chitosan, or salt or derivative thereof is
water-soluble.
[0049] An aqueous solution of chitosan may be prepared by
dissolving chitosan base or a derivative of chitosan base in a
pharmaceutically acceptable mineral or organic acid such as
hydrochloric, lactic, citric or glutamic acid or by dissolving a
chitosan salt or a salt of a chitosan derivative in water.
[0050] When the compositions of the present invention comprise
chitosan, a chitosan salt or a chitosan derivative, the
concentration of chitosan is preferably from 0.1 to 20 mg/ml, more
preferably from 0.5 to 15 mg/ml and most preferably from 1 to 10
mg/ml (expressed as chitosan base).
[0051] A preferred poloxamer and chitosan containing composition of
the invention comprises 0.2 to 16 mg/ml of fentanyl (expressed as
fentanyl base), 80 to 120 mg/ml of a poloxamer having a molecular
weight of from 7,000 to 15,000 Da and 1 to 10 mg/ml (expressed as
chitosan base) of a chitosan having a molecular weight of from
50,000 to 300,000 Da or a salt or derivative thereof and has a pH
of from 3.0 to 5.0 and an osmolality of from 0.4 to 0.7
osmol/kg.
[0052] The pH of the compositions of the invention may be
regulated. For example, buffered aqueous solutions may be used.
Alternatively, the pH of the compositions of the present invention
may be adjusted using any pharmaceutically acceptable acidifying or
alkalizing agent that is compatible with the other components of
the compositions. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable
acidifying agents include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric
acid, acetic acid, citric acid, methane sulphonic acid, lactic
acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid and malic acid. Examples of
pharmaceutically acceptable alkalizing agents include, but are not
limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, meglumine,
tromethamine, sodium bicarbonate, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine
and triethanolamine. When the composition of the invention contains
pectin, in order to prevent unwanted gelling, the acidifying agent
or alkalizing agent preferably should not contain an alkali metal
or alkaline earth metal ion, for example it should not be sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate.
[0053] The pH of the compositions of the invention is generally
preferably from 3 to 6. For the pectin containing compositions of
the invention, the pH is more preferably from 3.2 to 5.5 and most
preferably from 3.4 to 5.0. For the poloxamer and chitosan
containing compositions of the invention, the pH is more preferably
from 3.0 to 5.5 and most preferably from 3.0 to 5.0.
[0054] To ensure that the compositions of the invention are well
tolerated by the patient when administered to the nose (for example
when sprayed into the nasal cavity), it is advantageous that they
have an osmolality close to that of plasma. The osmolality is
generally preferably from 0.1 to 1.0 osmol/kg. For the pectin
containing compositions of the invention, the osmolality is more
preferably from 0.2 to 0.8 osmol/kg, still more preferably from 0.2
to 0.4 osmol/kg and most preferably from 0.25 to 0.35 osmol/kg. For
the poloxamer and chitosan containing compositions of the
invention, the osmolality is more preferably from 0.2 to 0.9
osmol/kg, still more preferably from 0.3 to 0.8 osmol/kg and most
preferably from 0.4 to 0.7 osmol/kg.
[0055] The osmolality of the compositions of the invention may be
adjusted to the desired value by adding any appropriate agent.
Salts of metal ions, in particular sodium chloride, are commonly
used to adjust the osmolality of pharmaceutical preparations.
However, it is not appropriate to use metal ions when the
composition of the invention includes a pectin because pectins may
form a gel in the presence of metal ions. It has been found that
addition of metal ions, for example sodium in the form of sodium
chloride, to compositions containing fentanyl and chitosan results
in the formation of a precipitate. Thus, the use of metal ion
containing agents should preferably be avoided. We have found that
gel formation in pectin-containing fentanyl compositions and
precipitate formation in chitosan-containing fentanyl compositions
can be avoided by using a non-metal ion containing compound such as
a polyhydric alcohol, for example mannitol or sorbitol, or a sugar,
for example dextrose, sucrose or trehalose, to adjust the
osmolality. Especially preferred agents to adjust osmolality are
mannitol and dextrose at a concentration of up to 50 mg/ml.
[0056] The compositions of the invention may also contain other
ingredients such as antioxidants (for example sodium
metabisulphite), chelating agents (such as edetic acid or one of
its salts), preservatives (such as benzalkonium chloride, sorbic
acid or one of its salts, phenylethyl alcohol and/or propyl
hydroxybenzoate), sweeteners (such as saccharin or aspartame),
flavorings (such as peppermint) or other agents generally used in
pharmaceutical liquid preparations and well known to those skilled
in the art.
[0057] Preferably, the compositions of the invention contain a
preservative or are sterile.
[0058] Preferably, the compositions of the invention are
non-pyrogenic.
[0059] The composition of the invention can be administered to the
nasal cavity in any suitable form, for example in the form of drops
or sprays.
[0060] Methods suitable for administering a composition to the
nasal cavity will be well known by the person of ordinary skill in
the art. Any suitable method may be used. The preferred method of
administration is the use of a spray device. Spray devices can be
single (unit) dose or multiple dose systems, for example comprising
a bottle, pump and actuator, and are available from various
commercial sources including Pfeiffer, Valois, Bespak and
Becton-Dickinson. Electrostatic spray devices, such as described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,517, are also suitable for the intranasal
administration of the compositions of the present invention.
[0061] For a spray device, the typical volume of liquid that is
dispensed in a single spray actuation is in the range of from 0.01
to 0.15 ml. A typical dosing regimen for a nasal spray product
would be in the range of one spray into a single nostril to two
sprays into each nostril.
[0062] The preferred dose of fentanyl or one of its salts is from
0.01 to 5.0 mg (10 to 5000 .mu.g), more preferably from 0.015 to
4.0 mg (15 to 4000 .mu.g) and most preferably from 0.02 to 3.0 mg
(20 to 3000 .mu.g).
[0063] The present invention also provides a spray device loaded
with a composition as defined above.
[0064] The present invention also provides a process for preparing
a composition as described above. This process comprises mixing the
components of the composition in water. Purified water such as
water for injections may be used.
[0065] The compositions of this invention can be used for the
treatment, management or prevention of both acute and chronic pain,
in animals including humans. The compositions of the invention can
be used to treat, manage or prevent pain a wide variety of pain
conditions such as those associated with injury and accident
trauma, terminal illness, especially breakthrough pain, and
following surgery.
[0066] The present invention also provides the use of a
pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from
[0067] (a) a pectin and
[0068] (b) a poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or derivative
thereof;
[0069] in the manufacture of a medicament for the intranasal
delivery of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
to an animal such as a human in need thereof, which medicament is
adapted to provide a peak plasma concentration of fentanyl
(C.sub.max) that is from 10 to 80% of that achieved using a simple
aqueous solution of fentanyl administered intranasally at an
identical fentanyl dose.
[0070] In particular, the present invention provides the use of a
pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from
[0071] (a) a pectin and
[0072] (b) a poloxamer and chitosan or a salt or derivative
thereof;
[0073] in the manufacture of a medicament for the intranasal
delivery of fentanyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
to an animal such as a human in need thereof suitable for the
treatment, prevention or management of acute or chronic pain, which
medicament is adapted to provide a peak plasma concentration of
fentanyl (C.sub.max) that is from 10 to 80% of that achieved using
a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl administered intranasally at
an identical fentanyl dose.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0074] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed
description of preferred embodiments of the invention, will be
better understood when read in conjunction with the appended
drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is
shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It
should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to
the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
[0075] In the drawings:
[0076] FIG. 1 shows mean plasma concentration profiles of fentanyl
following the administration of a fentanyl solution comprising
chitosan and a fentanyl solution that did not contain chitosan to
sheep obtained in Example 7.
[0077] FIG. 2 shows plasma concentration of fentanyl profiles for
three intranasal and one transmucosal formulation obtained in
Example 8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0078] The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting
examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Solution Containing 1.57 mg/ml Fentanyl Citrate (Equivalent to 1
mg/ml Fentanyl Base) and 10 mg/ml Pectin
[0079] 2 g of pectin (SLENDID 100, CP Kelco, Denmark) was dissolved
with stirring in 180 ml of water. 1 ml of phenylethyl alcohol (R.
C. Treat, United Kingdom) and 40 mg of propyl hydroxybenzoate (Nipa
Laboratories, United Kingdom) were added to the pectin solution as
preservatives. 314 mg of fentanyl citrate (MacFarlan Smith,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom) and 8.3 g of mannitol (Sigma, Poole,
United Kingdom) were dissolved in the pectin solution, the solution
transferred to a 200 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume with
water. The pH of the solution was 4.2 and the osmolality was 0.33
osmol/kg.
Example 2
Solution Containing 1.57 mg/ml Fentanyl Citrate and 20 mg/ml
Pectin
[0080] 4 g of pectin (SLENDID 100) was dissolved with stirring in
180 ml of water. 1 ml of phenylethyl alcohol and 40 mg of propyl
hydroxybenzoate were added to the pectin solution. 314 mg of
fentanyl citrate and 8.3 g of mannitol were dissolved in the pectin
solution, the solution was transferred to a 200 ml volumetric flask
and made up to volume with water.
[0081] 4 ml of the solution was transferred into a 5 ml glass
bottle. A Valois VP7 spray pump (0.1 ml volume) with actuator
(Valois, France) was attached to bottle. The pump was primed by
firing several times. When primed, firing the device delivered 0.1
ml of liquid spray containing 0.157 mg of fentanyl citrate
(equivalent to 0.1 mg of fentanyl base).
Example 3
Solution Containing 1.57 mg/ml Fentanyl Citrate, 100 mg/ml
Poloxamer 188 and 5 mg/ml Chitosan Glutamate
[0082] A 15 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride solution was prepared by
weighing 300 mg of 50% benzalkonium chloride aqueous solution
(Albright & Wilson, United Kingdom) into a 10 ml volumetric
flask, dispersing it in approximately 8 ml of water, then making
the solution up to 10 ml with water.
[0083] 2.5 ml of 15 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride solution and 200 ml
of water were added to 25 g of poloxamer 188 in a beaker. The
beaker was placed in an ice bath and the contents stirred until the
poloxamer had dissolved. 1.25 g of chitosan glutamate (PROTASAN
UPG213, Pronova, Norway) and 11.25 g of mannitol were stirred into
the poloxamer solution until dissolved. 393 mg of fentanyl citrate
was dissolved in approximately 10 ml of water and added to the
poloxamer solution. The solution was transferred into a 250 ml
volumetric flask and made up to volume with water.
[0084] The pH of the solution was 3.3 and the osmolality was 0.56
osmol/kg.
[0085] 0.123 ml samples of the final solution were filled into the
glass vial of a single dose nasal spray device (Unitdose System,
Pfeiffer, Germany). The vial was sealed with a rubber closure and
assembled into the device. On firing, the device emitted 0.1 ml of
liquid spray containing a 0.157 mg dose of fentanyl citrate
(equivalent to 0.1 mg fentanyl base).
Example 4
Solution Containing 6.28 mg/ml Fentanyl Citrate (Equivalent to 4
mg/ml Fentanyl Base) and 10 mg/ml Pectin
[0086] 2.5 g of pectin (SLENDID 100) was dissolved with stirring in
200 ml of water. 1.25 ml of phenylethyl alcohol and 50 mg of propyl
hydroxybenzoate were added to the pectin solution. 1.58 mg of
fentanyl citrate and 9 g of mannitol were dissolved in the pectin
solution, the solution transferred to a 250 ml volumetric flask and
made up to volume with water.
[0087] The pH of the solution was 3.8 and the osmolality was 0.30
osmol/kg.
[0088] 0.123 ml samples of the final solution were filled into the
glass vial of a single dose nasal spray device (Unitdose System,
Pfeiffer, Germany). The vial was sealed with a rubber closure and
assembled into the device. On firing, the device emitted 0.1 ml of
liquid spray containing a 0.628 mg dose of fentanyl citrate
(equivalent to 0.4 mg fentanyl base).
Example 5
Preparation of Solution Containing 1.57 mg/ml Fentanyl Citrate
[0089] 78.5 mg of fentanyl citrate was dissolved in 40 ml of water.
0.5 ml of 15 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride solution and 2.4 g
mannitol were added to the fentanyl solution which was stirred
until all of the ingredients had dissolved. The solution was
transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume with
water.
Example 6
Preparation of Solution Containing 1.57 mg/ml Fentanyl Citrate and
5 mg/ml Chitosan Glutamate
[0090] 250 mg of chitosan glutamate was dissolved in 40 ml of
water. 0.5 ml of 15 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride solution, 78.5 mg
fentanyl citrate and 2.4 g mannitol were added to the chitosan
solution which was stirred until all of the ingredients had
dissolved. The solution was transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask
and made up to volume with water.
Example 7
Pharmacokinetic Performance of Fentanyl Intranasal Formulations in
the Sheep
[0091] The solutions prepared in Examples 5 and 6 were administered
intranasally to sheep. A group of eight animals, each weighing
approximately 60 kg, was used. The doses were administered to a
randomized crossover design and each animal received 0.3 ml of each
test solution (equivalent to 0.3 mg fentanyl base) intranasally.
Nasal doses were administered via a spray device with the dose
volume being divided equally between both nostrils.
[0092] Blood samples were collected and plasma separated. Plasma
samples were assayed by a LC-MS-MS method for fentanyl content.
[0093] Mean plasma concentration-time curves for the two nasal test
solutions are shown in FIG. 1. The curves were essentially
identical and indicated that fentanyl was rapidly absorbed both in
the absence and presence of chitosan.
Example 8
Pharmacokinetic Performance of Fentanyl Intranasal and Oral
Transmucosal Formulations in Human Volunteers
[0094] A clinical study was performed to evaluate the
pharmacokinetic performance of three intranasal fentanyl
formulations and a transmucosal lozenge formulation (ACTIQ.RTM.,
Elan Pharmaceuticals, United Kingdom).
[0095] The intranasal formulations were prepared as described
Examples 1, 3, and 6 above.
[0096] The study was a randomized four-way complete cross-over
trial in a group of 18 healthy adult volunteers. Intranasal doses
were administered using Pfeiffer Unitdose devices. Each subject
received a single spray into one nostril to provide a fentanyl dose
of 0.1 mg. The ACTIQ.RTM. dose was provided as a lozenge containing
200 .mu.g (0.2 mg) of fentanyl. The lozenge was administered by
dissolving in the mouth over a period of approximately 15 minutes.
Plasma samples were collected from the subjects and analyzed for
fentanyl content using a LC-MS-MS assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters
were calculated from the plasma data.
[0097] Plasma concentration versus time curves for the three
intranasal and one transmucosal formulation are shown in FIG. 2. A
summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters is provided in Table
1.
1TABLE 1 Summary of mean fentanyl pharmacokinetic parameters.
Bioavailability T.sub.max C.sub.max AUC relative to Formulation
(min) (pg/ml) (pg/ml .multidot. h) ACTIQ .RTM. (%) Nasal chitosan
12 647 95747 166 solution Nasal pectin solution 21 337 87079 147
Nasal poloxamer + chitosan 18 442 82614 143 solution ACTIQ .RTM.
(oral 101 264 117840 (100) transmucosal)
[0098] Based on the results from the sheep study described in
Example 7, the pharmacokinetic performance of the chitosan solution
in the human volunteer study can be considered to be representative
of a simple aqueous solution of fentanyl. The intranasal
formulations containing pectin and a mixture of poloxamer and
chitosan were able to reduce the C.sub.max to values of 52% and 68%
respectively relative to the nasal chitosan solution.
[0099] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
changes could be made to the embodiments described above without
departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is
understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the
particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover
modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention
as defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *