U.S. patent application number 10/776505 was filed with the patent office on 2004-08-19 for system and method for a three dimensional database modeler for wireless communications network management and engineering.
Invention is credited to Rappaport, Theodore, Skidmore, Roger.
Application Number | 20040162840 10/776505 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23239791 |
Filed Date | 2004-08-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040162840 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rappaport, Theodore ; et
al. |
August 19, 2004 |
System and method for a three dimensional database modeler for
wireless communications network management and engineering
Abstract
A Building Database Manipulator to build databases for a variety
of physical environments including definitions of buildings,
terrain and other site parameters, by scanning in or rapidly
editing data. Raster scans may be entered or object files in
various formats may be used as input. Detailed information is
stored in the drawing database about the object's location, radio
frequency attenuation, color, and other physical information such
as electrical characteristics and intersections of the object with
the ground, floors, ceilings, and other objects when objects are
formatted in a drawing. The formatting process is strictly
two-dimensional in nature, but the resulting drawing is a true
three-dimensional environment. The user sees the three-dimensional
building structure by altering the views. The resulting database
may be used in a variety of modeling applications, but is
especially useful for engineering, planning and management tools
for in-building or microcell wireless systems. Grouping objects in
layers allows for simultaneous conversion of all objects in one
layer to have certain predetermined attributes (e.g., converting
objects to be made from glass versus cement; converting objects
within a layer to have a uniform, smaller or larger, height or
width dimension).
Inventors: |
Rappaport, Theodore; (Saiem,
VA) ; Skidmore, Roger; (Blacksburg, VA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
WHITHAM, CURTIS & CHRISTOFFERSON, P.C.
11491 SUNSET HILLS ROAD
SUITE 340
RESTON
VA
20190
US
|
Family ID: |
23239791 |
Appl. No.: |
10/776505 |
Filed: |
February 12, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10776505 |
Feb 12, 2004 |
|
|
|
09633120 |
Aug 4, 2000 |
|
|
|
6721769 |
|
|
|
|
09633120 |
Aug 4, 2000 |
|
|
|
09318841 |
May 26, 1999 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 ; 707/999.1;
707/E17.019 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10S 707/921 20130101;
Y10S 707/955 20130101; Y10S 707/915 20130101; Y10S 707/99956
20130101; Y10S 707/957 20130101; Y10S 707/922 20130101; Y10S
707/99942 20130101; G06F 16/50 20190101; Y10S 707/959 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
707/100 |
International
Class: |
G06F 017/00 |
Claims
Having thus described our invention, what we claim as new and
desire to secure by Letters Patent is as follows:
1. A method for manipulating data from any environment in the world
to construct a database that can be used to generate definitions of
the user's physical environment including buildings, terrain and
other site parameters, comprising the steps of: (a) creating and
formatting a plurality of objects defining an environment of
floors, walls, partitions, buildings, building complexes or
compounds, terrain, foliage or other sites or obstructions; (b)
verifying the sufficiency of said plurality of objects to ensure a
useful definition of said environment and notifying a user of
results of said verification of sufficiency; and (c) generating a
set of formatted data in a form transportable to and usable by an
engineering planning model or other application, said set of
formatted data including at least one layer which includes grouped
objects of said plurality of objects.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, said method further comprising
at least one of the steps: (d) inputting existing data, vectors or
drawing objects, said existing data, vectors or drawing objects
either partially or fully describing said environment; and (e)
removing extraneous drawing objects to simplify said definition of
said environment; wherein steps (d) and (e) may be performed before
or after step (a), if data exists that fully or partially defines
said environment.
3. A method as recited in claim 2, wherein said existing data is in
the form of raster files, or in the form of vector files, wherein
said raster files are selected from the group consisting of Windows
Bitmaps (BMP), Joint Photographic Experts Group format (JPEG),
Graphical Interchange Format (GIF), Tagged-Image File Format
(TIFF), Targa format (TGA), PICT, and Postscript, and wherein said
vector files are selected from the group consisting of AutoCAD
(DWG), AutoDesk (DXF), AutoDesk (DWF) and Windows MetaFile
(WMF).
4. A method as recited in claim 1, said method further comprising
the step of rendering a three-dimensional view of said environment,
wherein said step of rendering a three-dimensional view may be
performed at any time after at least one of said plurality of
objects has been created.
5. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein said rendering step
includes the step of selecting a three-dimensional view of a
selected perspective of said environment.
6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein step (a) further
comprises the step of adjusting partition colors, and physical and
electrical descriptions of said partitions.
7. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said formatted data
defines said environment and each said object is associated with at
least one of the group consisting of a specific location in said
environment, an attenuation factor, a color, a height, a surface
roughness value, a reflectivity value, an electrical value, a
mechanical value, and an aesthetic value.
8. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein step (b) automatically
prompts a user to verify that each piece of necessary information
to define said environment has been added to said definition of
said environment before executing the verification of said each
piece of necessary information, and if said user answers in the
negative, prompts said user to enter missing information before
proceeding.
9. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said formatted data
comprises at least one vectorized drawing of said environment.
10. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising the step of
simultaneously converting said grouped objects in said at least one
layer to a selected category.
11. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising the step of
simultaneously designating dimensions of said grouped objects in
said at least one layer.
12. An apparatus for manipulating data from any environment in the
world to construct a database that can be used to generate
definitions of the user's physical environment including buildings,
terrain and other site parameters, comprising: means for creating
and formatting a plurality of objects defining an environment of
floors, walls, partitions, buildings, building complexes or
compounds, terrain, foliage or other sites or obstructions; and
means for generating a set of formatted data in a form
transportable to and usable by an engineering planning model or
other application, said set of formatted data including at least
one layer which includes grouped objects of said plurality of
objects.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application
of U.S. Ser. No. 09/318,841 filed May 26, 1999, and the complete
contents of that application are herein incorporated by
reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention generally relates to database
development using computer aided design and, more particularly, to
manipulating data from any environment in the world (e.g. cities,
buildings, campuses, floors within a building, objects in an
outdoor setting, etc.) to construct an electronic building database
that can be used to generate definitions of the user's building and
site parameters and used with wireless communication system
modeling and engineering planning products.
[0004] 2. Background Description
[0005] As wireless communications use increases, radio frequency
(RF) coverage within buildings and signal penetration into
buildings from outside transmitting sources has quickly become an
important design issue for wireless engineers who must design and
deploy cellular telephone systems, paging systems, or new wireless
systems and technologies such as personal communication networks or
wireless local area networks. Designers are frequently requested to
determine if a radio transceiver location, or base station cell
site can provide reliable service throughout an entire city, an
office, building, arena or campus. A common problem for wireless
systems is inadequate coverage, or a "dead zone," in a specific
location, such as a conference room. It is now understood that an
indoor wireless PBX (private branch exchange) system or wireless
local area network (WLAN) can be rendered useless by interference
from nearby, similar systems. The costs of in-building and
microcell devices which provide wireless coverage within a 2
kilometer radius are diminishing, and the workload for RF engineers
and technicians to install these on-premises systems is increasing
sharply. Rapid engineering design and deployment methods for
microcell and in-building wireless systems are vital for
cost-efficient build-out.
[0006] Analyzing radio signal coverage penetration and interference
is of critical importance for a number of reasons. A design
engineer must determine if an existing outdoor large scale wireless
system, or macrocell, will provide sufficient coverage throughout a
building, or group of buildings (i.e., a campus). Alternatively,
wireless engineers must determine whether local area coverage will
be adequately supplemented by other existing macrocells, or whether
indoor wireless transceivers, or picocells, must be added. The
placement of these cells is critical from both a cost and
performance standpoint. If an indoor wireless system is being
planned that interferes with signals from an outdoor macrocell, the
design engineer must predict how much interference can be expected
and where it will manifest itself within the building, or group of
buildings. Also, providing a wireless system that minimizes
equipment infrastructure cost as well as installation cost is of
significant economic importance. As in-building and microcell
wireless systems proliferate, these issues must be resolved
quickly, easily, and inexpensively, in a systematic and repeatable
manner.
[0007] There are many computer aided design (CAD) products on the
market that can be used to design the environment used in one's
place of business or campus. WiSE from Lucent Technology, Inc.,
SignalPro from EDX, PLAnet by Mobile Systems International, Inc.,
and TEMS and TEMS Light from Ericsson are examples of wireless CAD
products. In practice, however, a pre-existing building or campus
is designed only on paper and a database of parameters defining the
environment does not readily exist. It has been difficult, if not
generally impossible, to gather this disparate information and
manipulate the data for the purposes of planning and implementation
of indoor and outdoor RF wireless communication systems, and each
new environment requires tedious manual data formatting in order to
run with computer generated wireless prediction models. Recent
research efforts by AT&T Laboratories, Brooklyn Polytechnic,
and Virginia Tech, are described in papers and technical reports
entitled "Radio Propagation Measurements and Prediction Using
Three-dimensional Ray Tracing in Urban Environments at 908 MHZ and
1.9 GHz," (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VOL. 48, No.
3, May 1999), by S. Kim, B. J. Guarino, Jr., T. M. Willis III, V.
Erceg, S. J. Fortune, R. A. Valenzuela, L. W. Thomas, J. Ling, and
J. D. Moore, (hereinafter "Radio Propagation"); "Achievable
Accuracy of Site-Specific Path-Loss Predictions in Residential
Environments," (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VOL. 48,
No. 3, May 1999), by L. Piazzi and H. L. Bertoni; "Measurements and
Models for Radio Path Loss and Penetration Loss In and Around Homes
and Trees at 5.85 Ghz," (IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol.
46, No. 11, November 1998), by G. Durgin, T. S. Rappaport, and H.
Xu; "Radio Propagation Prediction Techniques and Computer-Aided
Channel Modeling for Embedded Wireless Microsystems," ARPA Annual
Report, MPRG Technical Report MPRG-TR-94-12, July 1994, 14 pp.,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, by T. S. Rappaport, M. P. Koushik, J. C.
Liberti, C. Pendyala, and T. P. Subramanian; "Radio Propagation
Prediction Techniques and Computer-Aided Channel Modeling for
Embedded Wireless Microsystems," MPRG Technical Report
MPRG-TR-95-08, July 1995, 13 pp., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, by T.
S. Rappaport, M. P. Koushik, C. Carter, and M. Ahmed; "Use of
Topographic Maps with Building Information to Determine Antenna
Placements and GPS Satellite Coverage for Radio Detection &
Tracking in Urban Environments," MPRG Technical Report
MPRG-TR-95-14, Sep. 15, 1995, 27 pp., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, by
T. S. Rappaport, M. P. Koushik, M. Ahmed, C. Carter, B. Newhall,
and N. Zhang; "Use of Topographic Maps with Building Information to
Determine Antenna Placement for Radio Detection and Tracking in
Urban Environments," MPRG Technical Report MPRG-TR-95-19, November
1995, 184 pp., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, by M. Ahmed, K.
Blankenship, C. Carter, P. Koushik, W. Newhall, R. Skidmore, N.
Zhang and T. S. Rappaport; "A Comprehensive In-Building and
Microcellular Wireless Communications System Design Tool,"
MPRG-TR-97-13, June 1997, 122 pp., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, by R.
R. Skidmore and T. S. Rappaport; "Predicted Path Loss for Rosslyn,
Va.," MPRG-TR-94-20, Dec. 9, 1994, 19 pp., Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, by S. Sandhu, P. Koushik, and T. S. Rappaport;
"Predicted Path Loss for Rosslyn, Va., Second set of predictions
for ORD Project on Site Specific Propagation Prediction"
MPRG-TR-95-03, Mar. 5, 1995, 51 pp., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, by
S. Sandhu, P. Koushik, and T. S. Rappaport. These papers and
technical reports are illustrative of the state of the art in
site-specific propagation modeling and show the difficulty in
obtaining databases for city environments, such as Rosslyn, Va.
While the above papers describe a research comparison of measured
vs. predicted signal coverage, the works do not demonstrate a
systematic, repeatable and fast methodology for creating an
environmental database, nor do they report a method for visualizing
and placing various environmental objects that are required to
model the propagation of RF signals in the deployment of a wireless
system in that environment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a
method for manipulating drawings and electronic files to build
databases for use in planning the positioning of components and for
designing, installing and optimizing a wireless communication
system. In the method, raster scanned images of an environment may
be entered or object files in various formats may be used as input
to define an environment in which a wireless system is to be
implemented. Detailed information about the location, radio
frequency attenuation, color, and other physical information of an
object, such as intersections of the object with the ground,
floors, ceilings, and other objects in the environment is stored in
a drawing database.
[0009] It is another object of the invention to provide a
computerized drawing in a true three-dimensional environment based
on input data which is strictly two-dimensional in nature. The user
sees the three-dimensional drawing structure on a computer display
by altering the views.
[0010] It is another object of the invention to provide the
resulting database of the inventive method in a form easily used in
a variety of modeling applications, especially forms useful for
engineering, planning and management tools for wireless
systems.
[0011] It is another object of the invention to support a universal
method for creating and editing and transporting environmental
databases for wireless communication system design, prediction,
measurement and optimization. A systematic and automated method for
producing a 3-D environmental database that is reproduceable and
transportable between many different wireless system prediction
models, measurement devices, and optimization methods has value and
is a marked improvement over present day systems.
[0012] According to the invention, pre-existing data for a desired
environment may be scanned in, traced or translated from another
electronic format as a short-cut to provide a partial definition
for the environment. The partial or empty environment is then
refined using a specialized drawing program to enter entities and
objects that fully define the environment in terms of floors,
partitions, obstructions, and other data required for engineering
planning of a wireless communications network in the environment.
The input data are generally two dimensional (2D) representations
of the environment. When ceiling height, elevation above sea level,
or partition height data is entered, the drawing may then
automatically be viewed in three-dimensions (3D). This 3D
representation enables the design engineer to visually verify any
parameters incorrectly entered. The definition of the environment,
or drawings, maps or other data are verified and the design
engineer is automatically prompted to enter missing or inconsistent
information. Once the drawing(s) have been verified, the data
defining the environment may be used by a variety of tools, models,
wireless propagation prediction methods, measurement products or
optimization procedures that require information about an
environment's terrain levels, physical make up, and specific
location of floors, walls, foliage or other obstruction and
partition structures. Anything that impedes or otherwise affects
the propagation of radio wave energy must be considered when
predicting the performance of a wireless communication system in
the environment, and the present methodology provides a simplified
mechanism for collecting and editing this information in a readily
usable form. The method for constructing and manipulating an indoor
or outdoor environment is useful not only for wireless
communication designers, but may also be useful for other
applications, as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will
be better understood from the following detailed description of a
preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the
drawings, in which:
[0014] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the general method of the
invention;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a representation of a typical building floor
plan;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a representation of a raster image of a house;
[0017] FIG. 4 is flow diagram of a method for generating drawings
from pre-existing computer aided design (CAD) drawings;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method for creating a drawing
without pre-existing information;
[0019] FIG. 6A is a flow diagram of a method for generating
drawings from pre-existing raster images to be used only with
distant dependent wireless system performance prediction
models;
[0020] FIG. 6B is a flow diagram of a method for generating
drawings from pre-existing raster images to be used with any number
of wireless system performance prediction models;
[0021] FIGS. 7A through 7F show examples of methods for snapping an
object to a grid, or other desired location on a drawing;
[0022] FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing of a computer dialog window
illustrating the layers contemplated by this invention; and
[0023] FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing, in 3-D, of the same CAD file
shown in FIG. 8 following the automatic processing of groups of
objects in any one layer according to this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
[0024] The present invention is used to build databases for use
with modeling and engineering planning and automated design
products. The current embodiment permits repeatable, reproduceable
computer representation that may be transported or exported into
many standard file formats and is designed specifically for use
with the SitePlanner suite of products available from Wireless
Valley Communications, Inc. of Blacksburg, Va. However, it will be
apparent to one skilled in the art that the method could be
practiced with other products either now known or to be developed
in the future. (SitePlanner is a trademark of Wireless Valley
Communications, Inc.)
[0025] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG.
1, there is shown a flow diagram for the method of the present
invention. In order to build a specially formatted database that
contains data necessary and sufficient for input into an
engineering model, a definition of the desired environment must
first be built. First, existing data is entered into the system
database in function block 101. This data may be in a variety of
formats, as described in detail later. Because this existing data
may be in a format which embodies unnecessary additional data,
legends, map layers or text, unneeded objects are removed from the
database in function block 102. The existing objects are then
formatted and embellished with additional information in function
block 103. Objects may include simple lines, representing walls or
the sides of buildings or they may be polygons or polylines which
represent trees, foliage, buildings, or other obstructions. An
arbitrary number of objects may be drawn, traced, or moved using
CAD commands which have a specific representation. In the preferred
embodiment, each object or the group of objects saved in a file
format known as ".DWG" which is developed by AutoDesk, Inc.
However, it would be apparent to one skilled in the art how to
practice this invention with other applications and tools using
other formats. If additional objects are needed to describe the
environment, they are also added to the database here. In the event
that there is no pre-existing data, and the database must be built
from scratch, the process may begin at this point, skipping steps
101 and 102.
[0026] Once the data has been entered, the user may optionally
display the 2D data as a 3D representation in function block 105.
The 3D view can be displayed at any time after entering height
data, at the user's discretion.
[0027] Once the user has entered all of the data, a verification of
the drawing may be performed in function block 104. At this point
the process does a step-by-step analysis of the environment defined
in the database to determine whether any data is missing. The
invention provides an interactive feedback to the engineer and
prompts the user as to where scaling and alignment are required,
etc. While the preferred embodiment is described in detail, it
should be evident to one skilled in the art that alternative
methods such as totally automated verification may be possible.
Because any engineering planning tool requires a specific set of
information to operate optimally and efficiently, verification is
important. The user is prompted to affirmatively declare that each
piece of desired data has been entered and verified for proper
format. If there are missing data, the user may then return to step
103 to enter additional necessary objects before running the
verification procedure in function block 104, again. This step
provides automatic verification guidance and prompts the user with
feedback.
[0028] Once the drawing has been verified, the data is stored in
the database in function block 106 or can be exported for use in an
application that does not read directly from the database. This
specially formatted data includes all information necessary to
describe the building, site or campus environment.
[0029] While the above description generally describes the method
of the invention, a more detailed description follows. The current
embodiment, Building Database Manipulator (BDM), has been designed
to operate integrally with the SitePlanner suite of products.
Therefore, a detailed example of how each step is performed will
use this embodiment as a foundation for discussion. However, it
should be understood that the BDM could be used with other wireless
communications propagation models (e.g. ray-tracing models or
statistical models), other wireless prediction tools (e.g., Lucent
Technologies WiSE, EDX SignalPro.TM., Ericsson TEMS, MSI PLAnet),
or measurement tools now available (e.g., a wireless LAN
transceiver, a spectrum analyzer, or any wireless measurement
device such as a ZK Celltest 836 or a Berkeley Varitronics Champ
receiver), or developed in the future. (BDM is a trademark of
Wireless Valley Communications, Inc. SignalPro is a Trademark of
EDX. PLAnet is a trademark of Mobile Systems International.)
[0030] Wireless prediction modeling software will typically utilize
a site-specific database format, meaning that the database is
specific to the area/environment it represents. This database can
be thought of as being a collection of buildings and terrain,
properly scaled and positioned in three-dimensional (3D) space
relative to one another. In turn, each building is a collection of
the floors that it houses (e.g., a nine story building has nine
floors). FIG. 2 shows a typical building floor plan as it may be
entered into the database. Each floor is a collection of
obstructions/partitions. An obstruction/partition is anything that
impedes or otherwise affects the propagation of radio wave energy,
and thus must be considered when predicting the performance of a
wireless communication system in the environment. For example,
concrete walls, brick walls, sheetrock walls, doors, windows, large
filing cabinets, and many others are all obstructions/partitions.
At the same time, a large crowd of people, varying terrain, or
foliage could also be considered obstruction/partitions.
[0031] The SitePlanner products, specifically, utilize a specially
formatted vector database format, meaning that it consists of lines
and polygons rather than individual pixels (as in a raster format).
The arrangement of lines and polygons in the database corresponds
to obstructions/partitions in the environment. For example, a line
in the database could represent a wall, a door, or some other
obstruction/partition in the modeled environment.
[0032] Obstructions/partitions are classified into categories. The
user may define different categories of obstructions/partitions. A
category is defined by a textual description (e.g., "External Brick
Walls"), a vertical height (i.e., how tall is the wall), a color
(to quickly distinguish it from entities belonging to other
categories while viewing the drawing), and electromagnetic
properties (discussed in further detail later). The category to
which a given drawing entity (where an entity is either a line or
polygon) has been assigned defines the type of
obstruction/partition it represents. For example, if a given line
has been assigned to the user-defined category of "Sheetrock
Walls," then it shares the characteristics given by the user to all
other entities within that category throughout the entire database
drawing. The process of either creating new entities or changing
the category to which the entity belongs is a simple
point-and-click process using a mouse or other positioning device,
by linking entities to a particular user defined category of
partitions. The preferred embodiment allows the physical,
electrical, and aesthetic characteristics of entities of the same
category to be individually or collectively edited. Category
designation is carried out by assigning a particular numerical
value to the field of each entity, wherein the field is specified
as part of the drawing database.
[0033] From the standpoint of radio wave propagation, each
obstruction/partition in an environment (i.e., each entity in the
drawing, or the equivalent thereof), has several electromagnetic
properties that directly affect it. When a radio wave signal
intersects a physical surface, several things occur. A certain
percentage of the radio wave reflects off of the surface and
continues along an altered trajectory. A certain percentage of the
radio wave penetrates through the surface and continues along its
course. A certain percentage of the radio wave is scattered once it
strikes the surface. The electromagnetic properties given to the
obstruction/partition categories, when used in conjunction with
known electromagnetic theory, define this interaction within the
environment. Each category has parameters that include an
attenuation factor, surface roughness, and reflectivity. The
attenuation factor determines the amount of power a radio signal
loses when it penetrates through an entity of the given type. The
reflectivity determines the amount of the radio signal that is
reflected from the entity (as opposed to penetrating through it).
The surface roughness provides information used to determine how
much of the radio signal is scattered upon striking an entity of
the given type.
[0034] As mentioned above, the parameters given to each category
fully define the entities contained within it. Altering the
parameters of a category directly affects all entities assigned to
it. This greatly simplifies the tedium of database creation for
site-specific modeling.
[0035] The method used to predict and optimize antenna positioning
in a desired environment uses a number of models, such as those
described in the papers: "Interactive Coverage Region and System
Design Simulation for Wireless Communication Systems in
Multi-floored Indoor Environments, SMT Plus, " IEEE ICUPC '96
Proceedings, by R. R. Skidmore, T. S. Rappaport, and L. Abbott:
"Achievable Accuracy of Site-Specific Path-Loss Predictions in
Residential Environments," (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, VOL. 48, No. 3, May 1999), by L. Piazzi and H. L.
Bertoni (hereinafter "Achievable Accuracy"). "Wireless Propagation
in Buildings: A Statistical Scattering Approach," (IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VOL. 48, No. 3, May 1999), by
D. Ullmo and H. U. Baranger; "Site-Specific Propagation Prediction
for Wireless In-Building Personal Communication System Design,"
(IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VOL. 43, No. 4,
November 1994), by S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport; "Antenna
Effects on Indoor Obstructed Wireless Channels and a Deterministic
Image-Based Wide-Band Propagation Model for In-Building Personal
Communication Systems," (International Journal of Wireless
Information Networks. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1994), by C. M. P. Ho, T. S.
Rappaport and M. P. Koushik; and "Interactive Computation of
Coverage Regions for Wireless Communication in Multifloored Indoor
Environments," (IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication,
Vol 14, No. 3, April 1996), by M. A. Panjwani, A. L. Abbott and T.
S. Rappaport; "Measurements and Models for Radio Path Loss and
Penetration Loss In and Around Homes and Trees at 5.85 Ghz," (IEEE
Transactions on Communications, Vol. 46, No. 11, November 1998), by
G. Durgin, T. S. Rappaport, and H. Xu, and previously cited
references, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Some
simple models are also briefly described in "SitePlanner 3.16 for
Windows 95/98/NT User's Manual" (Wireless Valley Communications,
Inc. 1999), hereby incorporated by reference. It would be apparent
to one skilled in the art how to apply other models to this
method.
[0036] In order to build a database that can be used in
site-specific modeling, as done, for instance, in SitePlanner, or
in equivalent programs now known or later developed, or similarly
in other applications, one can either build each entity from
scratch or start with a full or partial definition of the
environment in some format. The present invention offers many
solutions to ease the incorporation of previously drawn or scanned
images of building floor plans to accomplish step 101 of the
method, as shown in FIG. 1. A wide variety of pre-existing formats
such as a paper map, an electronic map, a blueprint, and existing
CAD drawing, a bitmap image, or some other representation, are used
to obtain environmental information. Most commonly, this
information is available in some form of electronic building
blueprint or map information and in the case of buildings, is often
supplied one floor at a time. That is, a building blueprint usually
involves a separate blueprint or other piece of information for
each building floor. Two possible formats for this information are
raster and vector. The present invention extracts environmental
data from both formats. One skilled in the art would see how both
raster and vector data (e.g., USGS raster terrain data with vector
building overlays) could be combined using the present
invention.
[0037] Raster drawings or maps are collections of individually
colored points (or "pixels") that, when viewed as a whole, form a
picture representation of the environment. FIG. 3 shows a
photograph of a house 10 made up of a series of colored pixels to
represent the appearance of a house (appearing here in black and
white). A raster image or map references the pixels in a specific
grid rather than vectors. Therefore, raster images do not contain
detailed information about objects.
[0038] The present invention allows raster images to be copied,
moved, or clipped. Using the present invention, one can modify an
image with grip modes, adjust an image for contrast, clip the image
with a rectangle or polygon, or use an image as a cutting edge for
a trim. Examples of raster formats processed by the preferred
embodiment of the present invention include, but are not limited
to, Windows Bitmaps (BMP), Joint Photographic Experts Group format
(JPEG), Graphical Interchange Format (GIF), Tagged-Image File
Format (TIFF), Targa format (TGA), PICT, and Postscript. Raster
drawings of any type may be converted into vector drawings, or
other vector data based representations. The process involves using
the imported raster drawing (which is really just an image) as a
backdrop, and then tracing over it with a mouse or other
positioning device, and adding new entities (lines and polygons),
to generate a formatted database/drawing.
[0039] Vector drawings are collections of individual lines and
polygons. Examples of vector formats include AutoCAD drawing files
(DWG), Autodesk Drawing Exchange files (DXF), and Windows Metafiles
(WMF). Because vector drawings already consist of lines and
polygons, converting them into a format used by the present
invention is straightforward. In the preferred embodiment, vector
drawings are converted into BDM format drawings by simply loading
them, selecting lines and/or polygons within the drawing, and then
assigning the selected entities to a given category.
[0040] When using pre-existing data formats, it is probable that
the map or drawing will contain information that is unneeded for
the modeling and prediction steps. Therefore, one should remove
unneeded objects from the drawing, as shown in step 102 of FIG.
1.
[0041] In addition to importing images and drawings, a collection
of commands that permit users to draw new floor plans to accomplish
step 103 of the method is provided. Multiple floor plans may be
combined into three-dimensional, multi-floored drawing databases
for use in the method, also in step 103.
[0042] During the process of creating and formatting building
databases, one may view the current drawing in 3D, as shown in step
105 of FIG. 1. Each obstruction/partition category has an
associated height parameter that defines the vertical dimension of
each entity in the given category. By creating a new entity of a
given category or converting an entity from or between categories,
the vertical dimension of the new entity is automatically adjusted
to match that specified for the category. Thus, if the invention
processes a 2D vector drawing (i.e., a drawing with individually
selectable lines and polygons), selecting an entity and assigning
it to a given category carries out the conversion between 2D and 3D
automatically. If the invention processes a raster drawing (i.e., a
bitmap or similar format drawing that consists of individual
colored pixels), the drawing can be imported and "traced over",
where with the creation of each new entity, the category again
defines the vertical dimension given to the entity.
[0043] Each building floor can itself be thought of as a category
that encapsulates the obstruction/partition categories defined by
the user. Each floor of a building has an associated ceiling
height. Alternatively, entire buildings may be represented with a
building height. For the case of a multifloor building, the ceiling
heights given to each floor in a building defines the vertical
separation between them. Thus, the ceiling height parameter of a
given floor is used to correctly position, vertically in space,
each entity located on the floor relative to the entities located
on other floors of the building.
[0044] Once the height of a given obstruction/partition category
and/or the ceiling height of a given floor is adjusted, the 3D
structure or the drawing database is altered automatically, as
appropriate. This is a major improvement over other 3D techniques
simply from a speed and ease of use point of view. It is much
easier to construct a building in 2D using lines and polygons whose
vertical dimension is handled automatically, as in the present
invention, than to model the same building in 3D using slanted or
vertical planes, as is done in other systems, such as suggested in
the "Radio Propagation" and "Achievable Accuracy" papers, cited
above. The 3D view enables the user to verify the building
structure (i.e., that the vertical dimension of an
obstruction/partition category has not been inadvertently specified
incorrectly) and provides a unique perspective that is ultimately
useful when viewing wireless prediction or measurement data for
evaluation of the performance of the communication system being
modeled.
[0045] Once an environment has been specified and defined as
objects, and a visual verification of the 3D drawing is complete, a
full verification of this definition is performed in step 104, as
shown in FIG. 1. The engineer or designer selects the Final Drawing
Check procedure to ensure that all of the steps necessary to create
a fully functional model of the desired building environment have
been correctly performed. These steps include ensuring that the
modeled environment is properly scaled and that the separate floors
of the building are visually aligned in 3D space. Certain drawing
structures and information can also be automatically detected. For
example, the number of floors in a given building, the number and
types of obstruction/partition categories and the entities assigned
to each type, whether or not the user has already verified the
drawing previously, and what (if any) activity has been done to the
drawing database by the other SitePlanner-tool suite members can be
automatically detected and reported to the user.
[0046] To obtain wireless system performance predictions using data
generated with the present invention, as disclosed in the
co-pending applications Ser. Nos. 09/318,842 and 09/318,840, one
preferably uses the present method for the preparation of building
databases. Depending on the chosen wireless system propagation or
performance prediction model, important information is needed such
as physical distances, partition locations, floor locations, and
the numbers of floors and partitions. Standard architectural
drawings, like scanned images, do not contain the necessary
database information. Therefore, building a verified database for
use in the selected wireless system propagation or performance
prediction model is essential to ensure the best results.
[0047] Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs create vector graphics,
made of lines and curves defined by mathematical objects called
vectors. Vectors describe graphics according to their geometric
characteristics. For example, a wheel in a vector graphic is made
up of a mathematical definition of a circle drawn with a certain
radius, thickness, color, and specific location. A user can move,
resize, or change the color of the wheel without losing the quality
of the graphic.
[0048] The present invention utilizes the vector information of
imported maps, drawings or electronic images and file formats, as
well as information input by users, to build complex 3-D
representations and vector based databases. The preferred
embodiment utilizes the drawing commands from AutoCAD, a product of
AutoDesk, Inc. of San Rafael, Calif. It would be apparent to one
skilled in the art that any other vectorized drawing tool, either
now known or to be invented could be used as an alternative in the
practice of the present invention. The process of inputting and
converting the environmental information into a database is
referred to as formatting. The present invention facilitates the
formatting of objects in a drawing, and also stores detailed
information in the drawing database about the object's location,
attenuation factor, color, and other physical and electrical
information such as reflectivity, or intersections of the object
with floors, ceilings, and other objects.
[0049] The present invention may scan and format environmental
information if a vector drawing of the environment does not exist.
If formatted vector drawings do exist, the method of the invention
provides many ways for these drawings to be formatted into a useful
format. Generally, two "starting points" exist when working with
vector drawings. These starting points are briefly discussed in the
following bulleted list.
[0050] Starting with a previously drawn (CAD) floor plan, and
[0051] Starting from scratch.
[0052] In order to create a vectorized drawing of a desired
environment, it is desired to utilize a number of drawing tools.
The present method provides the user with a wide range of commands
which have been crafted for rapid database creation and
manipulation, as described below. Many of these commands rely on
specific combinations of AutoCAD drawing commands which are
sequentially executed without the user having to know the specific
CAD commands. It should be apparent to one skilled in art that the
method for creating drawings, as described below, could be
practiced with other products either now known or to be developed
in the future.
[0053] View Formatted Information command--This command invokes a
list box that contains a list of formatted floors in a drawing.
[0054] Hide Formatted Information command--This command allows a
user to hide partitions that have been previously formatted.
[0055] View Unformatted Information command--This command works in
a similar manner as the View Formatted Information command. A list
box of available layers in the drawing that are not formatted
layers is displayed.
[0056] Toggle Orthogonal Draw On/Off command--With the default
cursor snap setup, ORTHO mode (ON) constrains cursor movement to
horizontal and vertical directions (90 degrees).
[0057] Display Grid command--This command allows the user to
specify grid spacing, or to turn on/off snap and aspect options. It
also allows the user to specify the spacing value between grid
lines. The user may turn the grid on or off.
[0058] Snap--Sets the grid spacing to the current snap
interval.
[0059] Aspect--Sets the grid to a different spacing in X and Y
directions.
[0060] Cursor Snap command--This command prompts the user with
"Snap spacing or ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style <0.5000>:"
[0061] Spacing--Activates Snap mode with the specified value.
[0062] ON--Activates Snap mode using the current snap grid
resolution, rotation, and style.
[0063] OFF--Turns off Snap mode but retains the values and
modes.
[0064] Aspect--Specifies differing X and Y spacing for the snap
grid. This option is not available if the current snap style is
Isometric.
[0065] Rotate--Sets the rotation of the snap grid with respect to
the drawing and the display screen. The user specifies a rotation
angle between -90 and 90 degrees. A positive angle rotates the grid
counterclockwise about its base point. A negative angle rotates the
grid clockwise.
[0066] Base point <current>: The user specifies a point
[0067] Rotation angle.about.current>: The user specifies an
angle
[0068] Style--The user specifies the format of the Snap grid, which
is standard or isometric.
[0069] Standard--Displays a rectangular grid that is parallel to
the XY plane of the current Universal Coordinate System of the
drawing database. X and Y spacing may differ.
[0070] Isometric--Displays an isometric grid, in which the grid
points are initially at 30- and 150-degree angles. Isometric snap
can be rotated but cannot have different Aspect values.
[0071] Object Selection Snap command--This command allows the user
to select points in the drawing. One should note that when more
than one check box option is selected, the invention applies the
selected snap modes to return a point closest to the center of the
aperture box.
[0072] The Snap procedure is especially useful in drawing the
floors of the environment when tracing raster images and drawing
from scratch. FIGS. 7A through 7F illustrate the various snapping
procedures which are used by AutoCAD and known to those skilled in
the art. For instance, the Endpoint option snaps to the closest
endpoint of an entity as shown in FIG. 7A. The Midpoint option
snaps to the midpoint of an entity as shown in FIG. 7B. The
Perpendicular Node Nearest Intersection option snaps to a point
perpendicular to an entity as shown in FIG. 7C. The node option
snaps to a point object as shown in FIG. 7D. The Nearest option
snaps to the nearest point on an entity. The Intersection option
snaps the intersection of two or more entities as shown in FIG. 7E.
The Apparent Intersection option includes two separate snap modes:
Apparent Intersection and Extended Apparent Intersection. The user
can locate Intersection and Extended Intersection snap points while
running Apparent Intersection object snap mode.
[0073] Apparent Intersection snaps to the apparent intersection of
two entities that do not intersect in 3D space, but might appear to
intersect onscreen. Extended Apparent Intersection snaps to the
imaginary intersection of two objects that would appear to
intersect if the objects were extended along their natural paths,
as shown in FIG. 7F.
[0074] The Quick option snaps to the first snap point on the first
object found. Quick must be used in conjunction with other object
snap modes.
[0075] Other useful commands are described below:
[0076] Show Distance Between Points command--This command prompts
the user to select two points in a drawing, after which the
distance the points are display.
[0077] Break/Ungroup Entities command--This command allows the user
to ungroup and break apart objects.
[0078] Purge command--In addition to the graphic objects used by
the present method, there are several types of non-graphical
objects that are stored in drawing files. These objects have
descriptive designations associated with them; for example blocks,
layers, groups, and dimension styles. In most cases the user names
objects as they are created, and they can later be renamed. Names
are stored in symbol tables. When a named object is specified on
the command line or selected from a dialog box, the name and
associated data of the object is referenced in the symbol table.
Unused, unreferenced named objects can be purged from a drawing at
any time during an editing session. Purging reduces drawing size,
and therefore, the memory requirements for working with the
drawing. Objects that are referenced by other objects cannot be
purged. All objects may be purged at once, or the user can select a
category of object to purge such as: Linetypes, Text Styles,
Dimension Styles, Multiline Styles, Blocks, and Shapes.
[0079] Drawing Utilities command--This command allows the user to
audit the drawing or recover from a corrupted drawing.
[0080] Alternately, the invention supports automated processing of
CAD drawing files to generate a 3-D environmental model. This
functionality utilizes layers that are specified within the CAD
drawing file to automatically convert the graphical entities
defined within the CAD file to three-dimensional
partitions/obstructions within the 3-D environmental model of the
facility. Layers are collections of graphical drawing entities that
have been grouped by an architect or other CAD user to serve some
descriptive purpose regarding the facility. For example, all
windows in a CAD drawing file of a facility could be grouped on a
certain layer, while all the doors of a facility could be grouped
onto a different layer. By referencing a layer that is defined in a
CAD file, all entities that are grouped to form that layer are also
referenced. Therefore, layers enable quick access to entities that
may be similar in function within a CAD drawing file. Textual
labels denote different layers; therefore, all layers in a CAD
drawing file must have unique textual labels assigned to them. For
example, all windows in a CAD drawing file may be grouped on layer
"Windows", whereas all doors may be grouped on layer "Doors". By
referencing the textual label given to a layer, a CAD user may
automatically reference all of the individual graphical entities
that comprise the layer.
[0081] Although the given description of layers describes the
implementation of collections of graphical entities within
AutoCAD.RTM., a popular CAD software tool now available, one
skilled in the art would understand that collections of graphical
entities in CAD drawing files other than AutoCAD.RTM. files could
be utilized in a similar fashion. The present invention includes
functionality that utilizes layers within a CAD drawing file to
automate the processing to convert the CAD drawing file into a 3-D
environmental model of a facility. The process includes the ability
to automatically convert all graphical entities that are grouped
onto a given layer within a CAD drawing file into three-dimensional
partitions/obstructions within the 3-D environmental model. This is
very advantageous as it eliminates the need to individually select
the graphical entities that comprise the given layer. Instead, by
identifying the layer the desired action is applied to all
graphical entities that comprise the layer. In addition to
automatically processing all graphical entities comprising a
selected layer into their three-dimensional partition/obstruction
counterparts within the 3-D environmental model, the designer may
elect to automatically delete all graphical entities on a given
layer, or change the visibility of the entities on a given
layer.
[0082] The automated processing of graphical entities that have
been grouped into layers in CAD drawing files is available in the
present invention by accessing pull-down menus and commands.
Computer dialog windows are displayed that manage the automatic
processing of the drawing layers in a CAD file. Referring to FIG.
8, there is shown the computer dialog window 801 as implemented in
the preferred embodiment of the invention. A simplified CAD drawing
file 810 of the first floor of a building is displayed behind the
computer dialog box 801. Although the CAD drawing file displayed in
FIG. 8 is of a single floor of a building, one skilled in the art
could see how much more complex building structures that include
multiple floors, terrain, or any other physical structure could be
represented. The CAD drawing file in FIG. 8 contains four layers,
named "0", "Floor-1", "Text-1", and "Window-1." These are displayed
in the computer dialog box 802 and are available for the designer
to select. The designer is free to select one or more of the layers
from the list, as shown in FIG. 8. Once one or more layers are
selected, the designer can perform several functions on the
graphical entities that belong to the selected layers. In FIG. 8,
the "Windows-1" layer has been selected. Several of the graphical
entities in the drawing file 808 belong to the "Windows-1" layer.
By selecting the Delete Entities button 803, the designer can
automatically erase all entities belonging to layer "Windows-1".
Alternately, by selecting the Process Selection button 807, the
designer can automatically convert all entities belonging to layer
"Windows-1" into a selected category of partition/obstruction. The
choice of partition/obstruction category is selected by the
designer using the pull-down list 806, and the height of the
partition/obstruction is selected by the designer using the edit
box 805. Using the mouse or other computer pointing device, the
designer selects one or more layers 802, selects a certain
partition/obstruction category 806, identifies a height 805, and
then selects the Process Selection button 807. The preferred
embodiment of the invention then automatically converts all
graphical entities belonging to the selected layers into
partitions/obstructions of the selected category 806 and selected
height 805. In FIG. 8, all graphical entities 808 belonging to the
selected layer "Windows-1" would be converted into
partitions/obstructions of type "Glass Doors and Windows" 805 and
each would be set to be 10.83 feet tall 806. Many variations on
this concept can be practiced within the ambit of this
invention.
[0083] Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown the same CAD file as
shown in FIG. 8 following the automatic processing of all graphical
entities on layer "Windows-1". The graphical entities that
comprised layer "Windows-1" have been replaced with 3-D
obstructions 901 whose height, attenuation, reflectivity, and other
electromechanical and aesthetic properties correspond to those of
the "Glass Doors-Windows" category of 3-D environmental
partitions/obstructions selected during the process discussed above
and using the computer dialog box shown in FIG. 8. In FIG. 9, the
remaining graphical entities 902 have not been altered as they did
not belong to layer "Windows-1". The designer is free to repeat the
process in similar fashion for other CAD file layers to continue
developing the 3-D environmental model of the facility.
[0084] This functionality represents a dramatic improvement over
prior art by rapidly enabling the conversion of CAD drawing files
into three-dimensional representations of any given environment
suitable for use in the prediction of wireless communication system
performance.
[0085] Referring now to FIG. 4, if the user starts with a
previously drawn CAD drawing, the following steps outline typical
procedures for formatting drawings. Methods for implementing this
outline are discussed below.
[0086] First, the CAD drawing is input in function block 201. The
user then decides what extraneous drawing objects to remove (e.g.,
doors, labels, borders, drawing scales, stairs, etc.) in function
block 202. Remaining objects are formatted using drawing commands,
as described above, in function block 203. Partition colors and
descriptions are adjusted, as desired in function block 204. After
formatting all objects, the drawing is verified in function block
206.
[0087] In the preferred embodiment, verification is an automated
sequential process that takes the user through a series of
procedures, as listed below, to determine that all necessary data
has been entered consistently. In alternative embodiments, the
order of the procedures and functions of each procedure can be
altered, merged, expanded, modified, or even omitted depending on
the judgment of one skilled in the art. The verification process
can also be fully automated, without requiring user interaction.
The preferred embodiment currently provides for the following
steps:
[0088] Scale Drawing is used to scale a drawing to the proper size
based on the known size of a particular object in the drawing.
[0089] Align Building Floors assists in aligning floors in a
drawing after the different floors have been assembled in the
drawing.
[0090] Ceiling Height allows the user to adjust the heights of
ceilings in either meters or feet.
[0091] Set Partition Labels and Colors permits the user to set and
modify the partition labels and the colors of the partitions. The
height may also be modified. If the partitions already exist in a
drawing, the user can use this command to globally change the color
of partitions or the partition's name.
[0092] Set Origin of Building Coordinate System allows the user to
specify a reference point which to be stored in the drawing
database. This point is important for assembling drawings so that
the point can automatically align the drawings.
[0093] Set Environmental/Path Loss Parameters allows modification
of partition labels, path loss parameters, and electrical
characteristics such as attenuation parameters.
[0094] Create Boundary creates an invisible boundary around a
drawing to guide the predictive models so that the
predictions/calculations are reasonably bounded in the space within
the database.
[0095] Create Legend allows the user to enter pertinent information
about a drawing, and gives the user options to size the legend
relative to the current window and options to add additional
information to the legend such as a partition color legend, a
contour color legend, and a measurement data color legend.
[0096] The Remove-Purge Unnecessary Drawing Information command
must be selected manually to ensure appropriate purging of unused
drawing objects.
[0097] If the format definition of the database is modified, it
would be apparent to one skilled in the art how to change the
method of verification to accommodate these modifications. It would
also be apparent to one skilled in the art how to modify and extend
existing drawing or CAD packages to perform the method of the
invention.
[0098] Referring to FIG. 5, if the user starts from scratch and
intends to implement a complete vector database, formatting a
drawing will consist, only of drawing entities in function block
203, and assigning partition information to the drawing in function
block 204.
[0099] In the preferred embodiment, partitions are drawn and
existing partitions can be modified. Any entity or drawing object
can be converted into a formatted partition on a particular floor.
The type of partition of a previously formatted entity can be
modified. The floor on which a particular formatted object resides
can also be changed. Objects will still remain visible in the
drawing after converting them to partitions on other floors. These
objects may be hidden at the user's discretion. A user can display
partition information by selecting objects in the drawing
requesting partition information in the command menu. A text window
containing the returned information regarding the object's type,
location, length, and electrical attributes such as attenuation
factor is displayed.
[0100] If more than one drawing is used to define the environment,
they must be assembled before final verification. An automated
procedure combining several separate single floor drawings into one
multi-floored drawing may be executed.
[0101] Finally, the drawing is verified in function block 206, as
described above. This verification will automatically make
corrections to the legend that may have been corrupted after
assembling several drawings into one file. Methods for formatting a
drawing from scratch are discussed below.
[0102] Referring now to FIG. 6, a method is shown to format a
raster image into a drawing that can be used for modeling. Because
computer monitors represent images by displaying them on a grid,
both vector and raster images are displayed on screen as small
squares or dots known as pixels. Raster images only consist of a
rectangular grid of pixels.
[0103] The image file formats supported by the present invention
include the most common formats used in major technical imaging
application areas: computer graphics, document management, and
mapping and geographic information systems (GIS). The present
invention determines the file format from the file contents, not
from the file extension. Thus, additional formats could be added
easily by including their translation parameters in the method.
[0104] Often times only a scanned image of a floor plan is
available, as shown in FIG. 2. A user can insert a raster or
bitmapped black and white, 8-bit gray, 8-bit color, or 24-bit color
image file into the drawing. Users can insert images in a variety
of formats, currently including BMP, TIF, RLE, JPG, GIF, and TGA.
More than one image can be displayed in any viewport, and the
number and size of images is not limited. Once the raster image is
no longer needed, the user can detach the image from the
drawing.
[0105] There are two preferred ways that a scanned image can be
formatted. The first approach for formatting a raster image is
shown in FIG. 6A. First the current floor is set in function block
401. In a new drawing, this creates the necessary floor layers
based upon the user's selection. Therefore, any newly drawn
partitions will reside on the current floor as chosen by the user.
Then the image is imported in function block 402 and scaled in
function block 403. Finally the drawing is verified in function
block 404. Since this drawing originally did not contain any vector
objects, the drawing database consists only of an image of the
given environment that has been scaled to the proper dimensions. It
does not contain information with regard to physical objects within
the environment. Depending on the application, this may be
sufficient for engineering use, for instance, when a wireless
propagation prediction model only uses distance and does not rely
on knowledge of the physical environment.
[0106] The second approach for formatting a raster image is shown
in FIG. 6B. This method is similar to the method shown in FIG. 6A
with the addition of function block 405. The scanned image is
"traced" by the user to draw partitions and other obstructions
prior to verification in function block 404. This method is similar
to drawing a vector based drawing from scratch, except that the
scanned image provides a trace guide. The end result is a drawing
that can be used by all wireless system prediction models,
including those which rely on knowledge of the physical
environment.
[0107] A distinct advantage of the present invention is that a true
three-dimensional environment is rendered from the drawings and
stored in the database. The ceiling heights(or building heights)
that are specified are used to determine the vertical height of any
partitions found on a given floor. A height is defined for a
category of partitions and this defines the object's height for
each entity in that category. This is done automatically during the
formatting process. Thus, even though the formatting process was
strictly two-dimensional in nature, when the formatting of a
drawing is completed, the resulting drawing is a true
three-dimensional environment. The user can see the
three-dimensional building structure by altering the viewpoint.
[0108] The present invention can be used to create single floor
drawings that can later be assembled into one multi-floored drawing
or it can be used to create one or several multi-floored drawings
all at once. After creating a single floor, all entities that are
not partitions should be removed from the drawing. Thus, if a
raster image was used as a reference for tracing partitions, it
should be erased once the tracing is complete. The method provides
assistance to the user to distinguish between partition and
non-partition objects. Typically, objects referred to as formatted
objects are partition objects and objects referred to as
unformatted objects are non-partition objects.
[0109] The final stage of formatting a drawing involves several
verification steps. These steps are automatically sequenced, as
described above. Before each step is performed, the user is asked
whether that step has yet been performed. If the user answers
"Yes", then that step is skipped and the user is asked about the
next step. Otherwise, the current step is performed and the user is
prompted for any necessary information. When all steps have been
completed, the drawing is saved. Unnecessary drawing information
should then be purged. The formatted drawing should then be saved
again.
[0110] This formatted drawing can now be used in any number of
applications. Specifically, it may be used in wireless
communication system engineering, planning and management tools for
in-building or microcell wireless systems, for instance as
described in the co-pending applications: Ser. No. 09/318,842; Ser.
No. 09/318,840; and Ser. No. 09/221,985, the complete contents of
each being herein incorporated by reference. It may also be useful
in any other number of applications that require a 3-D model of a
building, campus or urban environment.
[0111] While the invention has been described in terms of a single
preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that
the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit
and scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *