U.S. patent application number 10/760336 was filed with the patent office on 2004-08-05 for apparatus and method for the conversion of water into a new gaseous and combustible form and the combustible gas formed thereby.
This patent application is currently assigned to Dennis J. Klein. Invention is credited to Klein, Dennis J., Santilli, Ruggero Maria.
Application Number | 20040149591 10/760336 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34860730 |
Filed Date | 2004-08-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040149591 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Klein, Dennis J. ; et
al. |
August 5, 2004 |
Apparatus and method for the conversion of water into a new gaseous
and combustible form and the combustible gas formed thereby
Abstract
An electrolyzer which decomposes distilled water into a new fuel
composed of hydrogen, oxygen and their molecular and magnecular
bonds, called HHO. The electrolyzer can be used to provide the new
combustible gas as an additive to combustion engine fuels or in
flame or other generating equipment such as torches and welders.
The new combustible gas is comprised of clusters of hydrogen and
oxygen atoms structured according to a general formula
H.sub.mO.sub.n wherein m and n have null or positive integer values
with the exception that m and n can not be 0 at the same time, and
wherein said combustible gas has a varying energy content depending
on its use.
Inventors: |
Klein, Dennis J.; (Belleair,
FL) ; Santilli, Ruggero Maria; (Palm Harbor,
FL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Dennis G. LaPointe
17757 U.S. Hwy. 19N., Ste. 500
Clearwater
FL
33764
US
|
Assignee: |
Dennis J. Klein
|
Family ID: |
34860730 |
Appl. No.: |
10/760336 |
Filed: |
January 20, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10760336 |
Jan 20, 2004 |
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09826183 |
Apr 4, 2001 |
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10760336 |
Jan 20, 2004 |
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10277841 |
Oct 22, 2002 |
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10760336 |
Jan 20, 2004 |
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10065111 |
Sep 18, 2002 |
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6689259 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
205/628 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01J 4/00 20130101; C01B
13/00 20130101; H01F 1/00 20130101; Y02E 60/32 20130101; B01J
2219/0809 20130101; B01J 19/088 20130101; C25B 9/17 20210101; G21K
1/00 20130101; C01B 3/0094 20130101; C10L 5/00 20130101; C25B 1/04
20130101; C10L 3/00 20130101; B23K 35/38 20130101; Y02E 60/36
20130101; B01J 2219/0828 20130101; C01B 5/00 20130101; C25B 11/00
20130101; C01B 3/00 20130101; C25B 15/00 20130101; B01J 2219/0877
20130101; B01J 7/00 20130101; B01J 2219/0894 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
205/628 |
International
Class: |
C25C 001/02 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electrolyzer for the separation of water comprising: an
aqueous electrolytic solution comprising water, the aqueous
electrolyte solution partially filling an electrolysis chamber such
that a gas reservoir region is formed above the aqueous electrolyte
solution; two principal electrodes comprising an anode electrode
and a cathode electrode, the two principal electrodes being at
least partially immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution; one
or more supplemental electrodes at least partially immersed in the
aqueous electrolyte solution and interposed between the two
principal electrodes wherein the two principal electrodes and the
one or more supplemental electrodes are held in a fixed spatial
relationship; and said electrolyzer producing a combustible gas
composed of clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured
according to a general formula H.sub.mO.sub.n wherein m and n have
null or positive integer values with the exception that m and n can
not be 0 at the same time, wherein said combustible gas has a
varying energy content depending on its use.
2. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein said combustible
gas contains atomic hydrogen.
3. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein said combustible
gas contains atomic oxygen.
4. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein the combustible
gas instantly melts solids.
5. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein the combustible
gas can be used as a fuel without the need of atmospheric
oxygen.
6. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein the combustible
gas can bond to combustible fuels via magnetic induction.
7. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein said clusters of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to the general
formula H.sub.mO.sub.n are magnecules.
8. The electrolyzer according to claim 1, wherein when said
combustible gas is used as an additive to a combustible fuel, a
combustion of said fuel having said additive results in an exhaust
emission having less pollutants than a combustion of said fuel
alone.
9. A bond between a fossil fuel and a combustible gas, said
combustible gas being composed of clusters of hydrogen and oxygen
atoms with a toroidal polarization of their orbitals and
consequential magnetic field along the symmetry axis of said
toroidal polarizations, said bond originating from the induced
magnetic polarization of at least some of the atomic orbitals of
said fuel and the consequential attraction between opposing
magnetic polarities wherein said combustible gas has a varying
energy content depending on its use and said bonded fossil fuel and
combustible gas has a varying energy content depending on its
use.
10. The bond according to claim 9, wherein an energy efficiency of
a combustion of the resulting fuel is greater than a sum of the
separate efficiencies of the combustion of said fossil fuel and
said cluster of hydrogen and oxygen gas.
11. The bond according to claim 9, wherein a combustion of said
resulting fuel has an exhaust emission having less pollutants than
a combustion of said fossil fuel alone.
12. A combustible gas composed of clusters of hydrogen and oxygen
atoms structured according to a general formula H.sub.mO.sub.n
wherein m and n have null or positive integer values with the
exception that m and n can not be 0 at the same time.
13. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein said
combustible gas includes atomic hydrogen.
14. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein said
combustible gas includes atomic oxygen.
15. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein the
combustible gas instantly melts solids.
16. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein the
combustible gas is capable of combustion without the need of
atmospheric oxygen.
17. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein the
combustible gas is capable of bonding to combustible fuels via
magnetic induction.
18. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein said
clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to the
general formula H.sub.mO.sub.n are magnecules.
19. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein when said
combustible gas is used as an additive with a combustible fuel, a
combustion of said fuel having said additive results in an exhaust
emission having less pollutants than a combustion of said fuel
alone.
20. The combustible gas according to claim 12, wherein said
combustible gas has a varying energy content depending on its
use.
21. An on-demand self-producing combustible gas electrolyzer system
for the separation of water into a combustible gas for use in
combustion equipment, such as welder and combustion engines, the
electrolyzer system comprising: an electrolyte reservoir having a
top portion adapted to contain a generated combustible gas and a
bottom portion containing electrolytic fluid comprising water; an
electrolyzer; an electrical conductor contained within the
electrolyzer; a pump fluidly interposed between the bottom of the
electrolyte reservoir and the electrolyzer wherein the pump draws
electrolytic fluid from the electrolyte reservoir and pumps it to
the electrolyzer; a radiator fluidly connected to and interposed
between the electrolyzer and the electrolyte reservoir, the
radiator adapted to cool the generated combustible gas before
returning to the top portion of the electrolyte reservoir; an
interstitial space within the reservoir above the electrolytic
fluid in the top portion of the electrolytic reservoir wherein the
generated combustible gas accumulates; and at least one
dryer/filter means through which the generated combustible gas
passes before being drawn as needed for use, wherein the
combustible gas produced by said electrolyzer is composed of
clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to a
general formula H.sub.mO.sub.n wherein m and n have null or
positive integer values with the exception that m and n can not be
0 at the same time, and wherein said combustible gas has a varying
energy content depending on its use.
22. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein said
combustible gas contains atomic hydrogen.
23. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein said
combustible gas contains atomic oxygen.
24. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein the
combustible gas instantly melts solids.
25. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein the
combustible gas can be used as a fuel without the need of
atmospheric oxygen.
26. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein the
combustible gas can bond to combustible fuels via magnetic
induction.
27. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein said
clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to the
general formula H.sub.mO.sub.n are magnecules.
28. The electrolyzer system according to claim 21, wherein when
said combustible gas is used as an additive to a combustible fuel,
a combustion of said fuel having said additive results in an
exhaust emission having less pollutants than a combustion of said
fuel alone.
29. A method for increasing the fuel efficiency of an internal
combustion engine or the cutting or welding efficiency of a welding
system, the method comprising: providing an electrolyzer
comprising: an electrolysis chamber; an aqueous electrolyte
solution comprising water, the aqueous electrolyte solution
partially filling the electrolysis chamber such that a gas
reservoir region is formed above the aqueous electrolyte solution;
two principal electrodes comprising an anode electrode and a
cathode electrode, the two principal electrodes at least partially
immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution; and one or more
supplemental electrode at least partially immersed in the aqueous
electrolyte solution and interposed between two principle
electrodes that are not connected to the anode or cathode with a
metallic conductor wherein the two principal electrodes and the one
or more supplemental electrodes are held in a fixed spatial
relationship; applying an electrical potential between the two
principal electrodes wherein a combustible gas is produced, which
is comprised of clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured
according to a general formula H.sub.mO.sub.n wherein m and n have
null or positive integer values with the exception that m and n can
not be 0 at the same time, and wherein said combustible gas has a
varying energy content depending on its use; and providing means
for delivery of the combustible gas to its end use.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more supplemental
electrodes are not connected to either of the two principal
electrodes with a metallic conductor
31. The method of claim 29, wherein a first group of the one or
more supplemental electrodes are connected to the anode electrode
with a first metallic conductor and a second group of the one or
more supplemental electrodes are connected to the cathode electrode
with a second metallic conductor.
32. The method of claim 29, wherein the fixed spatial relationship
is such that the two principal electrodes and the one or more
supplemental electrodes are essentially parallel and wherein each
electrode is separated from an adjacent electrode by a distance
from about 0.15 inches to about 0.35 inches.
33. The method of claim 29, wherein the electrolyzer further
comprises a rack to hold the two principal electrodes and the one
or more supplemental electrodes in the fixed spatial
relationship.
34. The method of claim 32, wherein the two principal electrodes
and the one or more supplemental electrodes are removably attached
to the rack.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the electrolyzer further
comprises a retainer for securing the two principal electrodes and
the one or more supplemental electrodes to the rack, the retainer
being removably attached to the an electrolysis chamber.
36. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more supplemental
electrodes are 1 to 50 supplemental electrodes.
37. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more supplemental
electrodes are each individually a metallic wire mesh, a metallic
plate, or a metallic plate having one or more holes.
38. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more supplemental
electrodes are each individually a metallic plate having one or
more holes.
39. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more supplemental
electrodes are each individually a metallic wire mesh.
40. The method of claim 29, wherein the two principal electrodes
are each individually a metallic wire mesh, a metallic plate, or a
metallic plate having one or more holes.
41. The method of claim 29, wherein the two principal electrodes
are each individually a metallic plate.
42. The method of claim 29, further comprising adjusting the
operation of an oxygen sensor so that the oxygen sensor does not
cause a fuel rich condition.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the operation of the oxygen
sensor is adjusted by an RC circuit, the RC circuit includes: a
resistor placed in series with the oxygen sensor's check engine
light electrical line; and a capacitor placed between the oxygen
sensor's control line that monitors the amount of oxygen and the
check engine light electrical line, wherein the capacitor is
attached to the check engine electrical line at the opposite side
of the resistor from where the resistor is in electrical contact
with the oxygen sensor.
44. The method according to claim 29, wherein said combustible gas
contains atomic hydrogen.
45. The method according to claim 29, wherein said combustible gas
contains atomic oxygen.
46. The method according to claim 29, wherein the combustible gas
instantly melts solids.
47. The method according to claim 29, wherein the combustible gas
can be used as a fuel without the need of atmospheric oxygen.
48. The method according to claim 29, wherein the combustible gas
can bond to combustible fuels via magnetic induction.
49. The method according to claim 29, wherein said clusters of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to the general
formula H.sub.mO.sub.n are magnecules.
50. The method according to claim 29, wherein when said combustible
gas is used as an additive to a combustible fuel, a combustion of
said fuel having said additive results in an exhaust emission
having less pollutants than a combustion of said fuel alone.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This patent application is a continuation-in-part
application of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/277,841
filed on Oct. 22, 2002, a continuation-in-part application of the
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/065,111 filed on Sep. 18, 2002,
and a continuation-in-part application of the U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/826,183 filed on Apr. 4, 2001.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention is related to equipment or a system and
method for the processing of water or distilled water into a
gaseous and combustible form of HHO combustible gas produced from
water for use in internal combustion engine systems, in other
fossil fuel engine systems, in gaseous welding systems and other
similar systems. The invention is also related to the form of HHO
combustible gas produced from electrolyzers or gas generators
connected to such systems.
[0004] The field of this patent application has been the subject of
a rather vast number of patents. Among such prior art is U.S. Pat.
No. 4,014,777 issued on Mar. 29, 1977 to Yull Brown under the title
"Welding"; U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,656 issued on Mar. 28, 1978 to Yull
Brown under the title "Arc assisted hydrogen/oxygen welding"; and
other similar patents. In accordance with the above patents as well
as with the subsequent rather large literature in the field, "Brown
gas" is defined as a combustible gas composed of conventional
hydrogen and conventional oxygen gases having the exact
stochiometric ratio of 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 oxygen. As we shall
see, the combustible gas treated in this invention is dramatically
different than the Brown gas.
[0005] The electrolytic equipment and methods for water separation
have also been the subject of a vast number of patents, among which
is U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,888 issued Feb. 23, 1988 to Michael
McCambridge, entitled "Electrolysis Of Water;" U.S. Pat. No.
5,231,954 issued Aug. 3, 1995 to Gene B. Stowe entitled
"Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cell"; U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,371 issued Mar.
29, 1995 to Yujiro Oshima entitled "Hydrogen Generator;" and
others.
[0006] The novelty of the present invention over preceding prior
art is clear and distinct. The prior art deals with equipment and
methods for the processing of water into conventional gaseous
fuels, that is, fuels possessing the conventional molecular
chemical composition or mixture of chemical compositions and is
sometimes referred to as "Brown's Gas". By comparison, the present
invention provides equipment or a system and related processes
(methodology) to produce novel fuel composed of a chemical species
beyond that of molecules, that is, HHO combustible gas, which fuel
is produced from water using a particular form of electrolyzer.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] This invention deals with the structure, properties and
initial applications of a new clean burning combustible gas
hereinafter called "HHO gas" produced from distilled water using a
special electrolyzer described in detail in the Specifications.
[0008] It will be soon evident that, despite a number of
similarities, the HHO gas is dramatically different than the Brown
gas or other gases produced by pre-existing electrolyzers. In fact,
the latter is a combination of conventional hydrogen and
conventional oxygen gases, that is, gases possessing the
conventional "molecular" structure, having the exact stochiometric
ratio of 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 oxygen. As we shall see, the HHO gas
does not have such an exact stochiometric ratio but instead has
basically a structure having a "magnecular" characteristic,
including the presence of clusters in macroscopic percentages that
cannot be explained via the usual valence bond. As a consequence,
the constituents clusters of the Brown Gas and the HHO gas are
dramatically different both in percentages as well as in chemical
composition, as shown below.
[0009] The first remarkable feature of the special electrolyzers of
this invention are their efficiencies. For example, with the use of
only 4 Kwh, an electrolyzer rapidly converts water into 55 standard
cubic feet (scf) of HHO gas at 35 pounds per square inch (psi). By
using the average daily cost of electricity at the rate of
$0.08/Kwh, the above efficiency implies the direct cost of the HHO
gas of $0.007/scf. It then follows that the HHO gas is cost
competitive with respect to existing fuels.
[0010] Under direct inspection, the HHO gas results to be odorless,
colorless and lighter than air. A first basic feature in the
production of the HHO gas is that there is no evaporation of water
at all, and water is directly transmuted into the HHO gas. In any
case, the electric energy available in the electrolyzer is
basically insufficient for water evaporation.
[0011] This feature alone establishes that the special
electrolyzers of this invention produce a "new form of water" which
is gaseous and combustible. The main objective of this invention is
the first identification on record of the produced unknown chemical
composition of the HHO gas, its relationship with the special
electrolyzers of this invention, and some initial applications.
[0012] The second important feature of the HHO gas is that it
exhibits a "widely varying energy content" in British Thermal Units
(BTU), ranging from a relatively cold flame in open air, to large
releases of thermal energy depending on its use. This is a direct
evidence of fundamental novelty in the chemical structure of the
HHO gas.
[0013] In fact, all known fuels have a "fixed energy content"
namely, a value of BTU/scf that remains the same for all uses.
Also, the variable character of the energy content of the HHO gas
is clear evidence that the gas has a magnecular characteristic in
its structure, rather than a molecular structure, namely, that its
chemical composition includes bonds beyond those of valence
type.
[0014] The third important feature of the HHO gas is that it does
not require any oxygen for its combustion since it contains in its
interior all oxygen needed for that scope. By recalling that other
fuels require atmospheric oxygen for their combustion, thus causing
a serious environmental problem known as "oxygen depletion," the
capability to have combustion without any oxygen depletion renders
the HHO gas particularly important on environmental grounds.
[0015] The fourth important feature of the HHO gas is its anomalous
adhesion to gases, liquids and solids, as verified experimentally
below, thus rendering its use particularly effective as an additive
for the enhancement of desired qualities.
[0016] The fifth important feature of the HHO gas is that it does
not follow the fundamental PVT law of all conventional gases
(namely, those with molecular structure), since the HHO gas begins
to deviate from this law at around 150 psi, and it reacquires the
water state at a sufficiently high pressures beginning with 250
psi. These aspects are further being investigated for possible
development and commercial exploitation.
[0017] The sixth important feature of the HHO gas is that it bonds
to gaseous fuels (such as natural gas, magnegas fuel, and other
fuels) and liquid fuels (such as diesel, gasoline, liquid
petroleum, and other fuels) by significantly improving their
thermal content as well as the environmental quality of their
exhaust.
[0018] The seventh and most important feature of the HHO gas is
that it melts almost instantaneously tungsten, bricks, and other
highly refractive substances. In particular, measurements have
established the remarkable capability by the HHO gas of reaching
almost instantaneously temperatures up to 9,000 degrees C., namely
a temperature of the order of that in the Sun chromosphere under
which all substances on Earth can be sublimated.
[0019] This invention also involves an electrolyzer for the
separation of water, which includes, in one embodiment an
electrolysis chamber; an aqueous electrolytic solution comprising
water and electrolyte, the aqueous electrolyte solution partially
filling the electrolysis chamber such that a gas reservoir region
is formed above the aqueous electrolyte solution; two principal
electrodes comprising an anode electrode and a cathode electrode,
the two principal electrodes being at least partially immersed in
the aqueous electrolyte solution; one or more supplemental
electrodes at least partially immersed in the aqueous electrolyte
solution and interposed between the two principal electrodes
wherein the two principal electrodes and the one or more
supplemental electrodes are held in a fixed spatial relationship;
wherein said electrolyzer produces a combustible gas composed of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms and their bonds into chemical species
caused by electrons valence bonds and the bond due to attractive
forces between opposing magnetic polarities originating in the
toroidal polarization of the electron orbitals. Furthermore, the
relatively simple design of the electrodes--as rectangular or
square metallic shapes allows for the electrodes to be easily
replaced. The combustible gas is collected in the gas reservoir
region, which is adapted to deliver the gas to the fuel system of
an internal combustion engine.
[0020] The invention can be used to improve the fuel efficiency of
an internal combustion engine. The method comprises using any of
the embodiments of the electrolyzers disclosed herein in
conjunction with an internal combustion engine. An electrical
potential is applied to the electrodes of the electrolyzer thereby
caused the electrolyzer to generate the gas. The gas is then
combined with the fuel in the fuel system of the internal
combustion engine before the fuel is combusted in the internal
combustion engine.
[0021] In still another embodiment of an electrolyzer, an
electrolyzer includes an electrolysis chamber which holds an
electrolyte solution. The electrolysis chamber mates with a cover
at a flange. Preferably, there is a seal between the chamber and
cover, which is made from a neoprene gasket, which is placed
between the flange and cover. The electrolyte solution may be an
aqueous electrolyte solution to produce a mixture of the novel
gases; however, to produce the novel inventive gases, distilled
water preferably is used.
[0022] The electrolyte partially fills the electrolysis chamber
during operation to level such that gas reservoir region is formed
above the electrolyte solution. The electrolyzer includes two
principle electrodes--anode electrode and cathode electrode-- which
are at least partially immersed in the electrolyte solution. Anode
electrode and cathode electrode slip into grooves in a rack. The
rack is placed inside the chamber. One or more supplemental
electrodes are also placed in the rack. Again, the supplemental
electrodes are at least partially immersed in the aqueous
electrolyte solution and interposed between the anode electrode and
cathode electrode. Furthermore, anode electrode, cathode electrode,
and supplemental electrodes are held in a fixed spatial
relationship by rack. Preferably, anode electrode, cathode
electrode, and supplemental electrodes are separated by a distance
of about 0.25 inches. The one or more supplemental electrodes allow
for enhanced and efficient generation of this gas mixture.
Preferably, there are from 1 to 50 supplemental electrodes
interposed between the two principal electrodes. More preferably,
there are from 5 to 30 supplemental electrodes interposed between
the two principal electrodes, and most preferably, there are about
15 supplemental electrodes interposed between the two principal
electrodes. Preferably, the two principle electrodes are each
individually a metallic wire mesh, a metallic plate, or a metallic
plate having one or more holes. More preferably, the two principle
electrodes are each individually a metallic plate. A suitable metal
from which the two principal electrodes are formed, includes but is
not limited to, nickel, nickel containing alloys, and stainless
steel. The preferred metal for the two electrodes is nickel. The
one or more supplemental electrodes are preferably a metallic wire
mesh, a metallic plate, or a metallic plate having one or more
holes. More preferably, the one or more supplemental electrodes are
each individually a metallic plate. A suitable metal from which the
two principal electrodes are formed, includes but is not limited
to, nickel, nickel containing alloys, and stainless steel. The
preferred metal for the two electrodes is nickel.
[0023] During operation of the electrolyzer, a voltage is applied
between the anode electrode and cathode electrode which causes the
novel gas to be produced and which collects in a gas reservoir
region. The gaseous mixture exits the gas reservoir region from
through an exit port and ultimately is fed into the fuel system of
an internal combustion engine. An electrical contact to anode
electrode is made through a contactor and electrical contact to
cathode electrode is made by another contactor. The contactors are
preferably made from metal and are slotted with channels such that
the contactors fit over the anode electrode and cathode electrode.
The contactors are attached to rods, which slip through holes in
the cover. Preferable the holes are threaded and the rods are
threaded rods so that rods screw into the holes. The contactors
also hold the rack in place since the anode electrode and cathode
electrode are held in place by channels and by grooves in the rack.
Accordingly, when the cover is bolted to the chamber, the rack is
held at the bottom of the chamber. The electrolyzer optionally
includes a pressure relief valve and a level sensor. The pressure
relief valve allows the gaseous mixture in the gas reservoir to be
vented before a dangerous pressure buildup can be formed. The level
sensor ensures that an alert is sounded and the flow of gas to the
vehicle fuel system is stopped when the electrolyte solution gets
too low. At such time when the electrolyte solution is low,
addition electrolyte solution is added through a water fill port.
The electrolyzer may also include a pressure gauge so that the
pressure in the reservoir may be monitored. Finally, the
electrolyzer optionally includes one or more fins which remove heat
from the electrolyzer.
[0024] In a variation of an electrolyzer, a first group of the one
or more supplemental electrodes is connected to the anode electrode
with a first metallic conductor and a second group of the one or
more supplemental electrodes is connected to the cathode electrode
with a second metallic conductor. The anode electrode, cathode
electrode, and supplemental electrodes are held to the rack by a
holder rod, which slips through channels in the rack and the holes
in the electrodes. The rack is preferably fabricated from a high
dielectric plastic such as PVC, polyethylene or polypropylene.
Furthermore, the rack holds the anode electrode, cathode electrode,
and supplemental electrodes in a fixed spatial relationship.
Preferably, the fixed spatial relationship of the two principal
electrodes and the one or more supplemental electrodes is such that
the electrodes (two principal and one or more supplemental) are
essentially parallel and each electrode is separated from an
adjacent electrode by a distance from about 0.15 to about 0.35
inches. More preferably, each electrode is separated from an
adjacent electrode by a distance from about 0.2 to about 0.3
inches, and most preferably about 0.25 inches. The fixed spatial
relationship is accomplished by a rack that holds the two principal
electrodes and the one or more supplemental electrodes in the fixed
spatial relationship. The electrodes sit in grooves in the rack
which define the separations between each electrode. Furthermore,
the electrodes are removable from the rack so that the electrodes
or the rack may be changed if necessary. Finally, since the rack
and anode electrode and cathode electrode are held in place as set
forth above, the supplemental electrodes are also held in place
because they are secured to the rack by the holder rod.
[0025] During operation, the novel combustible gas is formed by the
electrolysis of the electrolyte solution in the electrolyzer. The
electrolyzer is connected to a collection tank by a pressure line.
The gases are collected and temporarily stored in the collection
tank. The collection tank optionally includes a pressure relief
valve to guard against any dangerous pressure build up. The
collection tank is connected to a solenoid by a pressure line. The
solenoid is in turn connected by a pressure line to an engine
intake manifold. Optionally, a flash arrestor is incorporated in
the pressure line to prevent a flame from propagating in a tube.
Furthermore, a pressure line also includes an orifice to regulate
the flow of the gaseous mixture into the intake manifold. The size
of this orifice will depend on the size of the engine. For example,
an orifice diameter of about 0.04 is suitable for a 1 liter engine,
about 0.06 inches is suitable for a 2.5 liter engine, and about
0.075 inches is suitable for a V8 engine. The applied voltage to
the electrolyzer is provided through the solenoid by an
electrolyzer battery. When the pressure in the collection tank
drops below about 25 psi, solenoid switches and a voltage of about
12 V is applied between the anode electrode and cathode electrode.
A battery isolator allows for charging of a vehicle battery and
electrolyzer battery by an alternator while keeping the
electrolyzer battery and vehicle battery electrically isolated.
Furthermore, the solenoid is powered by the vehicle battery when
the main switch is activated. A gas mixer solenoid is also powered
by the vehicle battery and opens when the gas mixture is provided
to the intake manifold. The solenoid also receives a feedback from
the level sensor which causes the solenoid to shut off the gas flow
if the electrolyte solution level in the electrolyzer gets too low.
Finally, when the method and apparatus of the present invention are
used in a vehicle, the operation of the vehicle's oxygen sensor
needs to be adjusted to take into account the additional oxygen
that is added to the fuel system from the electrolyzer. Normally,
if the oxygen sensor senses more oxygen, the vehicle's computer
would determine that the engine is running lean and open up the
fuel injectors to a richer fuel mixture. This is undesirable and
would cause poor fuel economy.
[0026] In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for
increasing the fuel efficiency of an internal combustion engine is
provided. The method of this embodiment utilizes the electrolyzer
described above in conjunction with an internal combustion engine.
Specifically, the method comprises providing an electrolyzer
equipment described above or as further described below in other
novel embodiments; applying an electrical potential between the
electrodes wherein the novel combustible gas described herein is
generated and collected in the gas reservoir region and wherein the
electrolyzer is adapted to deliver the combustible gas to the fuel
system of an internal combustion engine; and combining the
combustible gas produced with fuel in the fuel system of an
internal combustion engine. The step of adjusting the operation of
an oxygen sensor as set forth above is also provided.
[0027] In another embodiment, an electrolyzer or gas generator is
incorporated into a welding/cutting torch system or another type of
equipment/engine system. This system comprises an electrolyte
reservoir, having a top and a bottom, containing electrolytic fluid
therein. The fluid herein is preferably water. The electrolyte
reservoir comprises a broken or permeable plate, which is sealably
and circumferentially positioned around a top end of the
electrolyte reservoir. Plate functions to release gas pressure
within the electrolyte reservoir when exceeding a pre-determined
safety level.
[0028] The self-producing hydrogen and oxygen gas generating system
further comprises a pump, preferably an electromagnetic pump, which
is connected at one distal end to the bottom of the electrolyte
reservoir. Pump is connected at an opposite distal end to at least
one hydrogen and oxygen electrolyzer/generator containing an
electrical conductor therein. The electrical conductor is
electrically connected on one distal end to an electrical ground.
The opposite distal end of the electrical conductor is electrically
connected to one distal end of a pressure controller. The opposite
distal end of the electrical conductor is electrically connected to
a power source. Pump functions to circulate electrolytic fluid from
the electrolyte reservoir through at least one hydrogen and oxygen
electrolyzer/generator through a radiator back into the electrolyte
reservoir via a gas pipe. The radiator functions to cool the
generated hydrogen and oxygen gas before returning to the
electrolyte reservoir.
[0029] The pressure controller is connected to the electrolyte
reservoir and monitors the pressure therein. When gas pressure
within the electrolyte reservoir exceeds a pre-determined level,
electrical current is terminated to the electrical conductor
contained within the hydrogen and oxygen generator thereby ceasing
production of hydrogen and oxygen gas. When gas pressure within the
electrolyte reservoir drops below a pre-determined level,
electrical current is connected to the electrical conductor
contained within the hydrogen and oxygen generator thereby
commencing production of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The pre-selected
level is less than the pre-selected level required to cause a
pressure release through plate.
[0030] This self-producing on-demand hydrogen and oxygen generating
system further comprises a non-return valve connected at one end to
an upper end of the electrolyte reservoir below plate. The
non-return valve is further connected to a dryer/filter means or
tank at an opposite distal end.
[0031] System further comprises another filter/dryer means or tank
in fluid communication with one end of the electrolyte reservoir
above plate and further connected at an opposite distal end to
another non-return valve via gas line, which is connected at an
opposite end to another filter/dryer means or tank.
[0032] System further comprises a decompression valve in fluid
communication at one end to the top end of the electrolyte
reservoir and further being in fluid communication with the gas
pipe, which in turn is connected to radiator.
[0033] The welding system further comprises a microprocessor
controlled D.C. amperage regulator adapted to regulate the D.C.
amperage from the power source to the hydrogen and oxygen
generator. A first microprocessor controlled cut-off switch is
adapted to terminate the power source to the welder in response to
a malfunction of the pump.
[0034] A second microprocessor controlled cut-off switch is adapted
to terminate the power source to the welder in response to an
insufficient electrolyte solution condition within the electrolyte
reservoir. A microprocessor controlled liquid crystal display is
adapted to display operating statistics regarding the welding
system, such statistics to include hours of operation, amperage,
indicator lights and pressure gauge readings. The liquid crystal
display receives input from a plurality of locations within the
system.
[0035] A microprocessor controlled polarity change system is
adapted to change the polarity of the electrical conductor located
within the hydrogen and oxygen generator. A microprocessor
controlled cool-down system is adapted to operate a generator fan
and the pump wherein operation of the fan and the pump continue
throughout a cool-down stage following manual shut-off of the
welder.
[0036] The produced gas or HHO gas is routed from the dryer means
to the final gas reservoir tank. Dryer means and are only
exemplary. It is understood that a single unit may be designed to
effectively accomplish the same objective. The gas is then supplied
on-demand to the engine or in this case, the welding equipment,
through gas line and hydrogen flash suppressor check valve
(non-return valve) and control valve.
[0037] As mentioned above, a flame from said produced gas or
species of hydrogen and oxygen, from said electrolyzer can
instantly melt solids without the use of atmospheric oxygen. The
produced gas can also be used as a fuel without the use of
atmospheric oxygen, and can bond to other substances via magnetic
induction.
[0038] A bond is created between a fossil fuel and a combustible
gas composed by a combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms with
toroidal polarization of their orbitals. The bond originates from
the induced magnetic polarization of at least some of the orbitals
of said fuel and the consequential attraction between opposing
magnetic polarities. The combustion exhaust of the resulting fuel
is cleaner than that of said fossil fuels. Further, the resulting
fuel has contained more thermal energy than that of said fossil
fuels.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0039] FIG. 1a depicts a conventional hydrogen atom with its
distribution of electron orbitals in all space directions, thus
forming a sphere;
[0040] FIG. 1b depicts the same hydrogen atom wherein its electron
is polarized to orbit within a toroid resulting in the creation of
a magnetic field along the symmetry axis of said toroid;
[0041] FIG. 2a depicts a conventional hydrogen molecule with some
of the rotations caused by temperature;
[0042] FIG. 2b depicts the same conventional molecule in which the
orbitals are polarized into toroids, thus causing two magnetic
field in opposite directions since the hydrogen molecule is
diamagnetic;
[0043] FIG. 3a depict the conventional water molecules H--O--H in
which the dimers H--O and O--H form an angle of 105 degrees, and in
which the orbitals of the two H atoms are polarized in toroids
perpendicular to the H--O--H plane;
[0044] FIG. 3b depicts the central species of this invention
consisting of the water molecule in which one valence bond has been
broken, resulting in the collapse of one hydrogen atom against the
other;
[0045] FIG. 4a depicts a polarized conventional hydrogen
molecule;
[0046] FIG. 4b depicts a main species of this invention, the bond
between two hydrogen atoms caused by the attractive forces between
opposing magnetic polarities originating in the toroidal
polarizations of the orbitals;
[0047] FIG. 5 depicts a new chemical species identified for the
first time in this invention consisting of two dimers H--O of the
water molecule in their polarized form as occurring in the water
molecule, with consequential magnetic bond, plus an isolated and
polarized hydrogen atom also magnetically bonded to the preceding
atoms;
[0048] FIG. 6 depicts mass spectrometric scans of the HHO gas of
this invention;
[0049] FIG. 7 depicts infrared scans of the conventional hydrogen
gas;
[0050] FIG. 8 depicts infrared scans of the conventional oxygen
gas;
[0051] FIG. 9 depicts infrared scans of the HHO gas of this
invention;
[0052] FIG. 10 depicts the mass spectrography of the commercially
available diesel fuel;
[0053] FIG. 11 depicts the mass spectrography of the same diesel
fuel of the preceding FIG. 10 with the HHO gas of this invention
occluded in its interior via bubbling;
[0054] FIG. 12 depicts an analytic detection of the hydrogen
content of the HHO gas of this invention;
[0055] FIG. 13 depicts an analytic detection of the oxygen content
of the HHO gas of this invention;
[0056] FIG. 14 depicts an analytic detection of impurities
contained in the HHO gas of this invention;
[0057] FIG. 15 depicts the anomalous blank of the detector since it
shows residual substances following the removal of the gas;
[0058] FIG. 16 depicts a scan confirming the presence in HHO of the
basic species with 2 amu representing H--H and H.times.H, and the
presence of a clean species with 5 amu that can only be interpreted
as H--H.times.H--H.times.H;
[0059] FIG. 17 depicts a scan which provides clear evidence of a
species with mass 16 amu that in turn confirms the presence in HHO
of isolated atomic oxygen, and which confirms the presence in HHO
of the species H--O with 17 amu and the species with 18 amu
consisting of H--O--H and H.times.H--O;
[0060] FIG. 18 depicts a scan which establishes the presence in HHO
of the species with 33 amu representing O--1.times.H or O--O--H,
and 34 amu representing O--H.times.O--H and similar
configurations;
[0061] FIG. 19 is an exploded view of an electrolyzer;
[0062] FIG. 20 is top view of a variation of an electrolyzer in
which one group of supplemental electrodes are connected to the
anode electrode and a second group of supplemental electrodes are
connected to the cathode electrode;
[0063] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of the electrode plate
securing mechanism for the electrolyzer of FIG. 20;
[0064] FIG. 22 is a plumbing schematic showing the integration of
an electrolyzer when applied to a vehicle;
[0065] FIG. 23 is an electrical schematic showing the integration
of an electrolyzer when applied to a vehicle; and
[0066] FIG. 24 is a schematic representation of a mixed gas
electrolyzer applied to a welder system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0067] A summary of the scientific representation of the preceding
main features of the HHO gas is outlined below without formulae for
simplicity of understanding by a broader audience.
[0068] Where the HHO gas originates from distilled water using a
special electrolytic process described hereinafter, it is generally
believed that such a gas is composed of 2/3 (or 66.66% in volume)
hydrogen H2 and 1/2 (or 33.33% in volume) oxygen O2.
[0069] A fundamental point of this invention is the evidence that
such a conventional mixture of H2 and O2 gases absolutely cannot
represent the above features of the HHO gas, thus establishing the
novel existence in the produced inventive HHO gas.
[0070] The above occurrence is established beyond any possible
doubt by comparing the performance of the HHO gas with that of a
mixture of 66.66% of H2 and 33.33% of O2. There is simply no
condition whatsoever under which, the latter gas can instantly cut
tungsten or melt bricks as done by the HHO gas, therein supporting
the novelty in the chemical structure of the produced HHO gas.
[0071] To begin the identification of the novelty in the HHO gas we
note that the special features of the HHO gas, such as the
capability of instantaneous melting tungsten and bricks, require
that HHO contains not only "atomic hydrogen" (that is, individual H
atoms without valence bond to other atoms as in FIG. 1a), but also
"magnetically polarized atomic hydrogen", that is, hydrogen atoms
whose electrons are polarized to rotate in a toroid, rather than in
all space directions, as per FIG. 1b.
[0072] It should be indicated that the Brown gas does assumes the
existence of "atomic hydrogen". However, calculations have
established that such a feature is grossly insufficient to explain
all the feature of the HHO gas, as it will be evidence in the
following. The fundamental novelty of this invention is, therefore,
the use of "polarized atomic hydrogen" as depicted in FIG. 1b.
[0073] Alternatively, in the event the hydrogen contained in the
HHO gas is bonded to another atom, the dimension of the H2
molecules caused by thermal rotations (as partially depicted in
FIG. 2a) are such to prevent a rapid penetration of hydrogen within
deeper layers of tungsten or bricks, thus preventing their rapid
melting. The only know configuration of the hydrogen molecule
compatible with the above outlined physical and chemical evidence
is that the molecule itself is polarized with its orbitals
restricted to rotate in the oo-shaped toroid of FIG. 2b.
[0074] In fact, polarized hydrogen atoms as in FIG. 1b and
polarized hydrogen molecules as in FIG. 2b are sufficiently thin to
have a rapid penetration within deeper layers of substances.
Moreover, the magnetic field created by the rotation of electrons
within toroids is such so as to polarize the orbitals of substances
when in close proximity, due to magnetic induction. But the
polarized orbitals of tungsten and bricks are essentially at rest.
Therefore, magnetic induction causes a natural process of rapid
self-propulsion of polarized hydrogen atoms and molecules deep
within substances.
[0075] Nature has set the water molecule H2O.dbd.H--O--H in such a
way that its H atoms do not have the spherical distribution of FIG.
1a, and have instead precisely the polarized distribution of FIG.
1b along a toroid whose symmetry plane is perpendicular to that of
the H--O--H plane, as depicted in FIG. 3a, as established in the
technical literature, e.g., in D. Eisenberg and W. Kauzmann, "The
Structure and Properties of Water." Oxford University Press
(1969).
[0076] It is also known that the H--O--H molecule at ambient
temperature and pressure, even though with a null total charge, has
a high "electric polarization" (deformation of electric charge
distributions) with the predominance of the negative charge density
localized in the O atom and the complementary predominant positive
charge density localized in the H atoms. This implies a repulsion
of the H atoms caused by their predominantly positive charges,
resulting in the characteristic angle of 105 degree between the
H--O and O--H dimers as depicted in FIG. 3a.
[0077] Nevertheless, it is well established in quantum
electrodynamics that toroidal polarizations of the orbitals of the
hydrogen atom as in the configuration of FIG. 1b create very strong
magnetic fields with a symmetry axis perpendicular to the plane of
the toroid, and with a value of said magnetic fields that is 1,415
times bigger than the magnetic moment of the H-nucleus (the
proton), thus having a value such to overcome the repulsive force
due to charges.
[0078] It then follows that, in the natural configuration of the
H--O--H molecule, the strong electric polarization caused by the
oxygen is such to weaken the magnetic field of the toroidal
polarization of the H-orbital resulting in the indicated repulsion
of the two H-atoms in the H--O--H structure.
[0079] However, as soon as the strong electric polarization of
H--O--H is removed, the very strong attraction between opposite
polarities of the magnetic fields of the polarized H atom become
dominant over the Coulomb repulsion of the charges, resulting in
the new configuration of FIG. 3b that has been discovered in this
invention.
[0080] The central feature of this invention is, therefore, that
the special electrolyzer of this invention is such to permit the
transformation of the water molecule from the conventional H--O--H
configuration of FIG. 3a to the basically novel configuration of
FIG. 3b, which latter configuration is, again, permitted by the
fact that, in the absence of electric polarization, the attraction
between opposite magnetic polarities of the toroidal distributions
of the orbitals is much stronger than the Coulomb repulsion due to
charges.
[0081] By denoting with "--" the valence bond and with ".times."
the magnetic bond, the water molecule is given by H--O--H (FIG. 3a)
and its modified version in the HHO gas is given by H.times.H--O
(FIG. 3b). As a result, according to the existing scientific
terminology, as available, e.g., in R. M. Santilli, "Foundations of
Hadronic Chemistry", Kluwer Academic Publisher (2001), H--O--H is a
"molecule," because all bonds are of valence type, while
H.times.H--O must be a specific "magnecule," because one of its
bonds is of magnecular type.
[0082] The validity of the above rearrangement of the water
molecule is readily established by the fact that, when the species
H--O--H is liquid, the new species H.times.H--O can be easily
proved to be gaseous. This is due to various reasons, such as the
fact that the hydrogen is much lighter than the oxygen in the ratio
1 atomic mass units (amu) to 16 amu. As a result, from a
thermodynamical view point, the new species H.times.H--O is
essentially equivalent to ordinary gaseous oxygen in full
conformity with conventional thermodynamical laws, since the
transition from liquids to gases implies an increase of entropy, as
well known. This feature explains the creation by our special
electrolyzer of a new form of gaseous water without any need for
evaporation energy.
[0083] There are also other reason for which the transition from
the H--O--H configuration of FIG. 3a to the H.times.H--O
configuration of FIG. 3b implies the necessary transition from the
liquid to the gaseous state. As it is established in the chemical
literature (see D. Eisenberg and W Kauzmann quoted above), the
liquid state of water at ambient temperature and pressure is caused
by the so-called "hydrogen bridges," namely a terminology
introduced to represent the experimental evidence of the existence
of "attractions between hydrogen atoms of different water
molecules."
[0084] However, the above interpretation of the liquid state of
water remain essentially conceptual because it lacks completely the
identification of the "attractive force" between different H atoms,
as necessary for the very existence of the liquid state. Note that
such attraction cannot be of valence type because the only
available electron in the H atom is completely used for its bond in
the H--O--H molecule. Therefore, the bridge force cannot credibly
be of valence type.
[0085] The precise identification of the attractive force in the
hydrogen bridges of water at the liquid state has been done by R.
Santilli in the second above quoted literature, and has resulted to
be precisely of magnecular type, in the sense of being due
precisely to attraction between opposite magnetic polarities of
toroidal distributions of orbitals that are so strong to overcome
repulsive Coulomb forces. Therefore, the H--O--H can be correctly
called a "molecule" because all bonds are of valence type, while
the liquid state of water is composed of "magnecules" because some
of the bonds are of magnecular type.
[0086] In different terms, a central feature of this invention is
that the transition from the H--O--H configuration to the new
H.times.H--O one is essentially caused by the two H atoms
establishing an "internal hydrogen bridge," rather than the usual
"external bridge with other H atoms. The first fundamental point is
the precise identification of the "physical origin of the
attractive force" as well as its "numerical value," without which
science is reduced to a mere political nomenclature.
[0087] In view of the above, it is evident that the transition from
the H--O--H configuration of FIG. 3a to the H.times.H--O
configuration of FIG. 3b implies the disruption of all possible
hydrogen bridges, thus prohibiting the H.times.H--O magnecule to be
liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. This is due, e.g., to
the rotation of the H.times.H dimer around the O atom under which
no stable hydrogen bridge can occur.
[0088] In conclusion, the transition from the conventional H--O--H
configuration of FIG. 3a to the new configuration H.times.H--O of
FIG. 3b implies the necessary transition from the liquid to the
gaseous state.
[0089] A first most important experimental verification of this
invention is that the removal of the electric polarization of the
water molecule, with consequential transition from the H--O--H to
the new H.times.H--O configuration, can indeed be achieved via the
minimal energy available in the electrolyzer and absolutely without
the large amount of energy needed for water evaporation.
[0090] It is evident that the conventional H--O--H species is
stable, while the new configuration H.times.H--O is unstable, e.g.,
because of collision due to temperature, thus experiencing its
initial separation into the oxygen O and H.times.H. The latter
constitutes a new chemical "species", hereinafter referred to
detectable "clusters" constituting the HHO gas, whose bond, as
indicated earlier, originates from the attractive force between
opposing magnetic polarities in the configuration when the toroidal
orbitals are superimposed as depicted in FIG. 4b, rather than being
of the conventional molecular type depicted in FIG. 4a.
[0091] The new chemical species H.times.H is another central
novelty of this invention inasmuch as it contains precisely the
polarized atomic hydrogen needed to explain physical and chemical
evidence recalled earlier, the remarkable aspect being that these
polarizations are set by nature in the water molecule, and mainly
brought to a useful form by the inventive electrolyzer.
[0092] Note that one individual polarized atomic hydrogen, as
depicted in FIG. 1b, is highly unstable when isolated because the
rotations due to temperatures instantaneously cause said atom to
recover the spherical distribution of FIG. 1a.
[0093] However, when two or more polarized H atoms are bonded
together as in FIG. 4b, the bond is fully stable at ambient
temperature since all rotations now occur for the coupled H-atoms.
It then follows that the size of the H.times.H species under
rotation due to temperature is one half the size of an ordinary H
molecule, since the radius of the preceding species is that of one
H atom, while the radius of the later species is the diameter of
one H atom. In turn, this reduction in size is crucial, again, to
explain the features of the HHO gas.
[0094] Needless to say, it is possible to prove via quantum
chemistry that the H.times.H species has a 50% probability of
converting into the conventional H--H molecule. Therefore, the
hydrogen content of the HHO gas is predicted to be given by a
mixture of H.times.H and H--H that, under certain conditions, can
be 50%-50%.
[0095] The H--H molecule has a weight of 2 atomic mass units (amu).
The bond in H.times.H is much weaker than the valence bond of H--H.
Therefore, the species H.times.H is predicted to be heavier than
the conventional one H--H (because the binding energy is negative).
However, such a difference is of the order of a small fraction of
one amu, thus being beyond the detecting abilities of currently
available analytic instruments solely based on mass detection. It
ten follows that the species H.times.H and H--H will appear to be
identical under conventional mass spectrographic measurements since
both will result to have the mass of 2 amu.
[0096] The separation and detection of the two species H.times.H
and H--H require very accurate analytic equipment based on magnetic
resonances, since the H.times.H species has distinct magnetic
features that are completely absent for the H--H species, thus
permitting their separation and identification. In this patent
application, experimental evidence is presented based on
conventional mass spectrometry.
[0097] It should be also noted that the weaker nature of the bond
H.times.H over the conventional valence bond H--H is crucial for
the representation of physical and chemical evidence. The sole
interpretation of the latter is permitted by "polarized atomic
hydrogen," namely, isolated hydrogen atoms without valence bonds
with the polarization of FIG. 1b.
[0098] It is evident that the conventional hydrogen molecule H--H
does not allow a representation of said physical and chemical
evidence precisely in view of the strong valence bond H--H that has
to be broken as a necessary condition for any chemical reaction. By
comparison, the much weaker magnecular bond H.times.H permits the
easy release of individual hydrogen atoms, precisely as needed to
represent experimental data. As a matter of fact, this evidence is
so strong to select the new H.times.H species as the only one
explaining physical and chemical behavior of the HHO gas, since the
conventional H--H species absolutely cannot represent such evidence
as stressed above.
[0099] The situation for the oxygen atom following its separation
in the H--O--H molecule is essentially similar to that of hydrogen.
When the oxygen is a member of the H--O--H molecule, the orbitals
of its two valence electrons are not distributed in all directions
in space, but have a polarization into toroids parallel to the
corresponding polarizations of the H atoms.
[0100] It is then natural to see that, as soon as one H-valence
bond is broken, and the two H atoms collapse one against the other
in the H.times.H--O species, the orbitals of the two valance
electrons of the O atom are correspondingly aligned. This implies
that, at the time of the separation of the H.times.H--O species
into H.times.H and O, the oxygen has a distinct polarization of its
valence orbitals along parallel toroids. In addition, the oxygen is
paramagnetic, thus quite responsive to a toroidal polarization of
the valence electrons as customary under magnetic induction when
exposed to a magnetic field.
[0101] It then follows that the oxygen contained in the HHO gas is
initially composed of the new magnecular species O.times.O, that
also has a 50% probability of converting into the conventional
molecular species O--O, resulting in a mixture of O.times.O and
O--O according to proportions that can be, under certain
conditions, 50%-50%.
[0102] The O--O species has the mass of 32 amu. As in the case for
H.times.H, the new species O.times.O has a mass bigger than 32 amu
due to the decrease in absolute value of the binding energy (that
is negative) and the consequential increase of the mass. However,
the mass increase is of a fraction of one amu, thus not being
detectable with currently available mass spectrometers.
[0103] It is easy to see that the HHO gas cannot be solely composed
of the above identified mixture of H.times.H/H--H and
O.times.O/O--O gases and numerous additional species are possible.
This is due to the fact that, valence bonds ends when all valence
electrons are used, in which case no additional atom can be added.
On the contrary, magnecular bonds such as that of the H.times.H
structure of FIG. 4b have no limit in the number of constituents,
other than the limits sets forth by temperature and pressure.
[0104] In the order of increased values of amu, we therefore expect
in the HHO gas the presence of the following additional new
species.
[0105] First, there is the prediction of the presence of a new
species with 3 amu consisting of H.times.H.times.H as well as
H--H.times.H. Note that the species H--H--H is impossible since the
hydrogen has only one valence electron and valance bonds only occur
in pairs as in H--H, thus prohibiting the triplet valence bonds
H--H--H.
[0106] It should be recalled that a species with 3 amu, thus
composed of three H atoms, has already been identified in mass
spectrometry. The novelty of this invention is the identification
of the fact that this species is a magnecule H.times.H--H and not
the molecule H--H--H, since the latter is impossible.
[0107] Next, there is the prediction of traces of a species with 4
amu that is not the helium (since there is no helium in water) and
it is given instead by the magnecule (H--H).times.(H--H) having
essentially the same atomic mass of the helium. Note that the
latter species is expected to exist only in small traces (such as
parts per million) due to the general absence in the HHO gas of
polarized hydrogen molecules H--H needed for the creation of the
species (H--H)--(H--H).
[0108] Additional species with more than four hydrogen atoms are
possible, but they are highly unstable under collisions due to
temperature, and their presence in the HHO gas is expected to be in
parts per millions. Therefore, no appreciable species is expected
to exist in the HHO gas between 4 amu and 16 amu (the latter
representing the oxygen).
[0109] The next species predicted in the HHO gas has 17 amu and
consists of the magnecule H.times.O that also has a 50% transition
probability to the conventional radical H--O. Detectable traces of
this species are expected because they occur in all separations of
water.
[0110] The next species expected in the HHO gas has the mass of 18
amu and it is given by the new magnecular configuration of the
water H.times.H--O of FIG. 3b. The distinction between this species
and the conventional water molecule H--O--H at the vapor state can
be easily established via infrared and other detectors.
[0111] The next species expected in the HHO gas has the mass of 19
amu and it is given by traces the magnecule H.times.H--O--H or
H.times.H--O--H. A more probable species has the mass of 20 amu
with structure H.times.H--O--H.times.H.
[0112] Note that heavier species are given by magnecular
combination of the primary species present in the HHO gas, namely,
H.times.H and O.times.O. We therefore have a large probability for
the presence of the species H.times.H--O.times.O with 34 amu and
H.times.H--O.times.O--H with 35 amu.
[0113] The latter species is depicted in FIG. 5 and consists of two
conventional dimers H--O of the water molecule under bond caused by
opposite polarities of the magnetic fields of their polarized
valence electron orbitals, plus an additional hydrogen also bonded
via the same magnecular law.
[0114] Additional heavier species are possible with masses
re-presentable with the simple equation m.times.1+n.times.16 amu,
where m and n are an integer value of 0 or greater, except the case
where both m and n are 0, although their presence is expected to be
of the order of parts per million.
[0115] In summary, a fundamental novelty of this invention relates
to the prediction, to be verified with direct measurements by
independent laboratories outlined below, that the HHO gas is
constituted by:
[0116] i) two primary species, one with 2 amu (representing a
mixture of H.times.H and H--H) in large percentage yet less than
66% in volume, and a second one with 32 amu (representing a mixture
of O.times.O and O--O) in large percentage yet less than 33% in
volume;
[0117] ii) new species in smaller yet macroscopic percentages
estimated to be in the range of 8%-9% in volume comprising: 1 amu
representing isolated atomic hydrogen; 16 amu representing isolated
atomic oxygen; 18 amu representing H--O--H and H.times.H--O; 33 amu
representing a mixture of H.times.O.times.O and H.times.O--O; 36
amu representing a mixture of H.times.H--O--O.times.H.times.H and
similar configurations; and 37 amu representing a mixture of
H.times.H--O--O.times.H.times.H.times.H and equivalent
configurations; plus
[0118] iii) traces of new species comprising: 3 amu representing a
mixture of H.times.H.times.H and H.times.H--H; 4 amu representing a
mixture of H--H.times.H--H and equivalent configurations; and
numerous additional possible species in part per million with
masses bigger than 17 amu characterized by the equation
n.times.1+m.times.16, where n and m can have integer values 1, 2,
3, and so on.
[0119] The preceding theoretical considerations can be unified in
the prediction that the HHO combustible gas is composed of hydrogen
and oxygen atoms bonded into clusters H.sub.mO.sub.n in which m and
n have integer values with the exclusion of the case in which both
m and n are zero. In fact: for m=1, n=0 we have atomic hydrogen H;
for m=0, n=1, we
[0120] have atomic oxygen O; for m=2 and n=0 we have the ordinary
hydrogen molecule H.sub.2.dbd.H--H or the magnecule H.times.H; for
m=0 and n=2 we have the ordinary oxygen molecule O.sub.2.dbd.O--O
or the magnecule O.times.O; for m=1, n=1 we have the radical H--O
or the magnecule H.times.O; for m=2 n=1 we have water vapor H--O--H
or the predicted new species of water (FIG. 3b)
[0121] H.times.H--O; for m=3, n=2 we have the magnecules
H.times.H--O--H or H.times.H--O; for m=3, n=3 we have the
magnecules H.times.H.times.H--O.times.O or (H--O--H).times.O; and
so on.
[0122] As we shall see below, "all" the above predicted magnecular
clusters have been identified experimentally, thus confirming the
representation of the chemical structure of the HHO combustible gas
with the symbol H.sub.mO.sub.n where m and n assume integer values
with the exception of both m and n being 0.
[0123] The above definition of the HHO gas establishes its dramatic
difference with the Brown gas in a final form.
[0124] Outline of the Experimental Evidence:
[0125] On Jun. 30, 2003, scientific measurements on the specific
weight of the HHO gas were conducted at Adsorption Research
Laboratory in Dublin, Ohio. The resultant value was 12.3 grams per
mole. The same laboratory repeated the measurement on a different
sample of the gas and confirmed the result.
[0126] The released value of 12.3 grams per mole is anomalous. The
general expectation is that the HHO gas consist of a mixture of H2
and O2 gases since the gas is produced from water. This implies a
mixture of H2 and O2 with the specific weight (2+2+32)/3=11.3 grams
per mole corresponding to a gas that is composed in volume of
66.66% H2 and 33.33% O2.
[0127] Therefore, we have the anomaly of 12.3-11.2=1 gram per mole,
corresponding to 8.8% anomalous value of the specific weight.
Therefore, rather than the predicted 66.66% of H2 the gas contains
only 60.79% of the species with 2 amu, and rather than having
33.33% of 02 the gas contains only 30.39 of the species with 32
amu.
[0128] These measurements provide direct experimental confirmation
that the HHO gas is not composed of a sole mixture of H2 and O2,
but has additional species. Moreover, the gas was produced from
distilled water. Therefore, there cannot be an excess of O2 over H2
to explain the increased weight. Therefore, the above measurement
establish the presence in HHO of 5.87% of H2 and 2.94% O2 bonded
together into species heavier than water to be identified via mass
spectroscopy.
[0129] Adsorption Research Laboratory also conducted gas
chromatographic scans of the HHO gas reproduced in FIG. 6
confirming most of the predicted constituents of this invention. In
fact, the scans of FIG. 6 confirm the presence in the HHO gas of
the following species here presented in order of their decreasing
percentages:
[0130] 1) A first major species with 2 amu representing hydrogen in
the above indicated indistinguishable combination of magnecular
H.times.H and molecular H--H versions;
[0131] 2) A second major species with 32 amu representing the above
indicated combination of the magnecular species O.times.O and the
molecular one O--O;
[0132] 3) A large peak at 18 amu that is established by other
measurements below not to be water, thus leaving as the only
rational explanation the new form of water H.times.H--O at the
foundation of this invention;
[0133] 4) A significant peak with 33 amu that is a direct
experimental confirmation of the new species in the HHO gas given
by H.times.H--O.times.H;
[0134] 5) A smaller yet clearly identified peak at 16 amu
representing atomic oxygen;
[0135] 6) Other small yet fully identified peaks at 17 amu,
confirming the presence of the mixture of the magnecule H.times.O
and radical H--O;
[0136] 7) A small yet fully identified peak at 34 amu confirming
the presence of the new species (H--O).times.(H--O);
[0137] 8) A smaller yet fully identified peak at 35 amu confirming
the prediction of the new species (H--O).times.(H--O).times.H;
and
[0138] 9) numerous additional small peaks expected to be in parts
per million.
[0139] It should be added that the operation of the IR detector was
halted a few seconds following the injection of the HHO gas, while
the same instrument was operating normally with other gases. This
occurrence is a direct experimental verification of the magnetic
features of the HHO gas because the behavior can only be explained
by the clogging up of the feeding line by the HHO gas via its
anomalous adhesion to the internal walls of the line due to
magnetic induction, clogging that progressively occurred up to the
point of preventing the gas to be injected into the instrument due
to the small sectional area of the feeding line, with consequential
halting of the instrument.
[0140] On Jul. 22, 2003, the laboratory of the PdMA Corporation in
Tampa, Fla. conducted infrared scans reported in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9
via the use of a Perkin-Elmer InfraRed (IR) scanner with fixed
point/single beam, model 1600. The reported scans refer to 1) a
conventional H2 gas (FIG. 7); 2) a conventional O2 gas (FIG. 8);
and 3) the HHO gas (FIG. 9).
[0141] The inspection of these scans shows a substantial difference
between HHO gas and H2 and O2 gases. H2.dbd.H--H and O2.dbd.O--O
are symmetric molecules. Therefore, they have very low IR peaks, as
confirmed by the enclosed scans. The first anomaly of HHO is that
of showing comparatively much stronger resonating peaks. Therefore,
the enclosed IR scan of HHO first establish that the HHO gas has an
asymmetric structure, that is a rather remarkable feature since the
same feature is absence for the presumed mixture if H2 and O2
gases.
[0142] Moreover, H2 and O2 gases can have at most two resonating
frequencies each, under infrared spectroscopy, one for the
vibrations and the other for rotations. Spherical distributions of
orbitals and other features imply that H2 has essentially only one
dominant IR signature as confirmed by the scan of FIG. 7, while O2
has one vibrational IR frequency and three rotational ones, as also
confirmed by the scans of FIG. 8.
[0143] The inspection of the IR scans for the HHO gas in FIG. 9
reveals additional novelties of this invention. First the HHO scan
reveals the presence of at least nine different IR frequencies
grouped around wavenumber 3000 plus a separate distinct one at
around wavenumber 1500.
[0144] These measurements provide the very important experimental
confirmation that the species with 18 amu detected in the IR scans
of FIG. 6 is not given by water, thus leaving as the only
possibility a direct experimental verification of the fundamental
novel species H.times.H--O of this invention.
[0145] In fact, the water vapor with molecules H--O--H has IR
frequencies with wavelengths 3756, 3657, 1595, their combination
and their harmonics (here ignored for simplicity). The scan for the
HHO gas in FIG. 7 confirms the presence of an IR signature near
1595, thus confirming the molecular bond H--O in the magnecular
structure H.times.H--O, but the scan shows no presence of the
additional very strong signatures of the water molecules at 3756
and 3657, thus establishing the fact that the peak at 18 amu is not
water as conventionally understood in chemistry.
[0146] On Jul. 22, 2003, the laboratory of the PdMA Corporation in
Tampa, Fla. conducted measurements on the flash point, first on
commercially available diesel fuel, measuring a flash point of 75
degrees C., and then of the same fuel following the bubbling in its
interior of the HHO gas, measuring the flash point of 79 degrees
C.
[0147] These measurements too are anomalous because it is known
that the addition of a gas to a liquid fuel reduces its flash point
generally by half, thus implying the expected flash value of about
37 degrees C. for the mixture of diesel and HHO gas. Therefore, the
anomalous increase of the flash point value is not of 4 degrees C.,
but of about 42 degrees C.
[0148] Such an increase cannot be explained via the assumption that
HHO is contained in the diesel in the form of a gas, and requires
the necessary occurrence of some type of bond between the HHO gas
and the liquid fuel. The latter cannot possibly be of valence type,
but it can indeed be of magnetic type due to induced polarization
of the diesel molecules by the polarized HHO gas and consequential
adhesion of the constituents of the HHO gas to the diesel
molecule.
[0149] A major experimental confirmation of the latter bond was
provided on Aug. 1, 2003, by the Southwest Research Institute of
Texas, that conducted mass spectrographic measurements on one
sample of ordinary diesel marked "A" as used for the above flash
point value of 75 degrees C., here reported in FIG. 10, and another
sample of the same diesel with HHO gas bubbled in its interior
marked "B", here reported in FIG. 11.
[0150] The measurements were conducted via a Total Ion Chromatogram
(TIC) via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry GC-MS manufactures
by Hewlett Packard with GC model 5890 series II and MS model 5972.
The TIC was obtained via a Simulated Distillation by Gas
Chromatography (SDGC).
[0151] The used column was a HP 5MS 30.times.0.25 mm; the carrier
flow was provided by Helium at 50 degrees C. and 5 psi; the initial
temperature of the injection was 50 degrees C. with a temperature
increase of 15 degrees C. per minute and the final temperature of
275 degrees C.
[0152] The chromatogram of FIG. 10 confirmed the typical pattern,
elusion time and other feature of commercially available diesel.
However, the chromato graph of the same diesel with the HHO gas
bubbled in its interior of FIG. 11 shows large structural
differences with the preceding scan, including a much stronger
response, a bigger elusion time and, above all, a shift of the
peaks toward bigger amu values.
[0153] Therefore, the latter measurements provide additional
confirmation of the existence of a bond between the diesel and the
HHO gas, precisely as predicted by the anomalous value of the flash
point. In turn such a bond between a gas and a liquid cannot
possibly be of valence type, but can indeed be of magnetic type via
induced magnetic polarization of the diesel molecules and
consequential bond with the HHO magnecules.
[0154] In conclusion, the experimental measurements of the flash
point and of the scans of FIGS. 10 and 11 establish beyond doubt
the existence in the HHO gas of a magnetic polarization that is the
ultimate foundation of this invention.
[0155] Additional chemical analyses on the chemical composition of
the HHO gas were done by Air Toxic LTD of Folsom, Calif. via the
scans reproduced in FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 resulting in the
confirmation that H2 and O2 are the primary constituents of the HHO
gas. However, the same measurements imply the identification of the
following anomalous peaks:
[0156] a) A peak in the H2 scan at 7.2 minutes elusion times (FIG.
12);
[0157] b) A large peak in the O2 scan at 4 minutes elusion time
(FIG. 13); and
[0158] c) A number of impurities contained in the HHO gas (FIG.
14).
[0159] FIG. 15 depicts the anomalous blank of the detector since it
shows residual substances following the removal of the gas. The
blank following the removal of the HHO gas is anomalous because it
shows the preservation of the peaks of the preceding scans, an
occurrence solely explained by the magnetic polarization of species
and their consequential adhesion to the interior of the instrument
via magnetic induction.
[0160] Unfortunately, the equipment used in the scans of FIGS. 12,
13, 14 cannot be used for the identification of atomic masses and,
therefore, the above anomalous peaks remain unidentified in this
test.
[0161] Nevertheless, it is well know that species with bigger mass
elude at a later time. Therefore, the very presence of species
eluding after the H.sub.2 and the O.sub.2 detection is an
additional direct experimental confirmation of the presence in the
HHO gas of species heavier than H.sub.2 and O.sub.2, thus providing
additional experimental confirmation of the very foundation of this
invention.
[0162] Final mass spectrographic measurements on the HHO gas were
done on Sep. 10, 2003, at the SunLabs, located at the University of
Tampa in Florida via the use of the very recent GC-MS Clarus 500 by
Perkin Elmer, one of the most sensitive instruments capable of
detecting hydrogen.
[0163] Even though the column available at the time of the test was
not ideally suited for the separation of all species constituting
HHO, the measurements have fully confirmed the predictions i), ii)
and iii) above on the structure of the HHO gas.
[0164] In fact, the Scan of FIG. 16 confirm the presence in HHO of
the basic species with 2 amu representing H--H and H.times.H,
although their separation was not possible in the Clarus 500 GC-MS.
The same instrument also cannot detect isolated hydrogen atoms due
to insufficient ionization. The species with 4 amu representing
H--H.times.H--H could not be detected because helium was the
carrier gas and the peak at 4 amu had been subtracted in the scan
of FIG. 16. Note however the presence of a clean species with 5 amu
that can only be interpreted as H--H.times.H--H.times.H.
[0165] The scan of FIG. 17 provides clear evidence of a species
with mass 16 amu that confirms the presence in HHO of isolated
atomic oxygen, thus providing an indirect confirmation of the
additional presence of isolated hydrogen atoms due to the
impossibility of their detection in the instrument. The same scan
of FIG. 17 confirms the presence in HHO of the species H--O with 17
amu and the species with 18 amu consisting of H--O--H and
H.times.H--O, whose separation is not possible in the instrument
here considered.
[0166] The scan of FIG. 18 clearly establishes the presence in HHO
of the species with 33 amu representing O--O.times.H or O--O--H,
and 34 amu representing O--H.times.O--H and similar configurations,
while the species with 35 amu detected in preceding measurements
was confirmed in other scans.
[0167] The test also confirmed the "blank anomaly" typical of all
gases with magnecular structure, namely, the fact that the blank of
the instrument following the removal of the gas continues to detect
the basic species, which scan is not reproduced here for
simplicity, thus confirming the anomalous adhesion of the latter to
the instrument walls that can only be explained via magnetic
polarization.
[0168] In conclusion, all essential novel features of this
invention are confirmed by a plurality of direct experimental
verifications. In fact:
[0169] I) The excess in specific weight of 1 gram/mole (or 8.8%)
confirms the presence of species heavier than the predicted mixture
of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2, thus confirming the presence of a species
composed of H and O atoms that cannot possibly have a valence
bond.
[0170] II) The IR scans done by Adsorption Research (FIG. 6)
clearly confirm all new species above predicted for the HHO gas,
thus providing a basic direct experimental verification of this
invention;
[0171] III) The halting of the IR instrument in the scans of FIG. 6
after one or two seconds following the injection of HHO, while the
same instrument works normally for conventional gases, is a direct
experimental confirmation of the presence of magnetic polarization
in the HHO gas, as routinely detected also for all gases having a
magnecular structure, and it is due to the clogging of the feeding
line by the HHO species via magnetic induction with consequential
adhesion to the walls of the feeding line, consequential
impossibility for the gas to enter in the instrument, and
subsequent automatic shut off of the instrument itself.
[0172] IV) The large increase of the flash point of diesel fuel
following inclusion of the HHO gas also constitutes direct clear
experimental evidence of the magnetic polarization of the HHO gas
since it provides the only possible explanation, namely, a bond
between a gas and a liquid that cannot possibly be of valence type,
but that can indeed be of magnetic type due to magnetic
induction.
[0173] V) The mass spectrometric measurements on the mixture of
diesel and HHO (FIGS. 10 and 11) provide final experimental
confirmation of the bond between HHO and diesel. In turn, this bond
establishes the capability of the species in HHO to polarize via
magnetic induction other atoms, thus confirming the chemical
composition of the HHO gas.
[0174] VI) The additional scans of FIG. 12-18 confirms all the
preceding results, including the anomalous blank following the
removal of the HHO gas that confirms the magnetic polarization of
the HHO gas at the foundation of this invention.
[0175] VII) The capability by the HHO gas to melt instantaneously
tungsten and bricks is the strongest visual evidence on the
existence in the HHO gas of isolated and magnetically polarized
atoms of hydrogen and oxygen, that is, atoms with a much reduced
"thickness" that allows their increased penetration within the
layers of other substances, plus the added penetration due to
magnetic induction, a feature typical of all gases with magnecular
structure.
[0176] It should be noted that the above experimental verifications
confirm in full the representation of the HHO combustible gas with
the symbol H.sub.mO.sub.n where m and n assume integer values with
the exception in which both m and n have the value 0. In fact, the
various analytic measurements reported above confirm the presence
of: atomic hydrogen H (m=1, n=0); atomic oxygen O (m=0, n=1);
hydrogen molecule H--H or magnecule H.times.H (m=2, n=0); oxygen
molecule O--O or magnecule O.times.O (m=0, n=2); radical H--O or
magnecule H.times.O (m=1, n=1); water vapor H--O--H or magnecule
H.times.H--O (m=2, n=1); magnecule H.times.H.times.H--O or
H.times.H.times.H (n=3, n=1); magnecule
H.times.H.times.H--O.times.O or H.times.H--O--O.times.H (m=3, n=2);
etc.
[0177] For ease in understanding the parts of an electrolyzer and
operations functions of the parts, the following general
definitions are provided.
[0178] The term "electrolyzer" as used herein refers to an
apparatus that produces chemical changes by passage of an electric
current through an electrolyte. The electric current is typically
passed through the electrolyte by applying a voltage between a
cathode and anode immersed in the electrolyte. As used herein,
electrolyzer is equivalent to electrolytic cell.
[0179] The term "cathode" as used herein refers to the negative
terminal or electrode of an electrolytic cell or electrolyzer.
Reduction typically occurs at the cathode.
[0180] The term "anode" as used herein refers to the positive
terminal or electrode of an electrolytic cell or electrolyzer.
Oxidation typically occurs at the cathode.
[0181] The term "electrolyte" as used herein refers to a substance
that when dissolved in a suitable solvent or when fused becomes an
ionic conductor. Electrolytes are used in the electrolyzer to
conduct electricity between the anode and cathode.
[0182] The term "internal combustion engine" as used herein refers
to any engine in which a fuel-air mixture is burned within the
engine itself so that the hot gaseous products of combustion act
directly on the surfaces of engine's moving parts. Such moving
parts include, but are not limited to, pistons or turbine rotor
blades. Internal-combustion engines include gasoline engines,
diesel engines, gas turbine engines, jet engines, and rocket
engines.
[0183] With reference to FIG. 19, an exploded view of an
electrolyzer is provided. Electrolyzer 2 includes electrolysis
chamber 4 which holds an electrolyte solution. Electrolysis chamber
4 mates with cover 6 at flange 8. Preferably, a seal between
chamber 4 and cover 6 is made by neoprene gasket 10 which is placed
between flange 8 and cover 6. The electrolyte solution may be an
aqueous electrolyte solution of water and an electrolyte to produce
a mixture of the novel gases; however, to produce the novel
inventive gases, distilled water preferably is used.
[0184] The electrolyte partially fills electrolysis chamber 4
during operation to level 10 such that gas reservoir region 12 is
formed above the electrolyte solution. Electrolyzer 2 includes two
principle electrodes--anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode
16--which are at least partially immersed in the electrolyte
solution. Anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 slip into
grooves 18 in rack 20. Rack 20 is placed inside chamber 4. One or
more supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are also placed in rack
16 (not all the possible supplemental electrodes are illustrated in
FIG. 19.) Again, supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are at
least partially immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution and
interposed between the anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16.
Furthermore, anode electrode 14, cathode electrode 16, and
supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are held in a fixed spatial
relationship by rack 20. Preferably, anode electrode 14, cathode
electrode 16, and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are
separated by a distance of about 0.25 inches. The one or more
supplemental electrodes allow for enhanced and efficient generation
of this gas mixture. Preferably, there are from 1 to 50
supplemental electrodes interposed between the two principal
electrodes. More preferably, there are from 5 to 30 supplemental
electrodes interposed between the two principal electrodes, and
most preferably, there are about 15 supplemental electrodes
interposed between the two principal electrodes. Preferably, the
two principle electrodes are each individually a metallic wire
mesh, a metallic plate, or a metallic plate having one or more
holes. More preferably, the two principle electrodes are each
individually a metallic plate. A suitable metal from which the two
principal electrodes are formed, includes but is not limited to,
nickel, nickel containing alloys, and stainless steel. The
preferred metal for the two electrodes is nickel. The one or more
supplemental electrodes are preferably a metallic wire mesh, a
metallic plate, or a metallic plate having one or more holes. More
preferably, the one or more supplemental electrodes are each
individually a metallic plate. A suitable metal from which the two
principal electrodes are formed, includes but is not limited to,
nickel, nickel containing alloys, and stainless steel. The
preferred metal for the two electrodes is nickel.
[0185] Still referring to FIG. 19, during operation of electrolyzer
2 a voltage is applied between anode electrode 14 and cathode
electrode 16 which causes the novel gas to be produced and which
collects in gas reservoir region 12. The gaseous mixture exits gas
reservoir region 12 from through exit port 31 and ultimately is fed
into the fuel system of an internal combustion engine. Electrical
contact to anode electrode 14 is made through contactor 32 and
electrical contact to cathode electrode 16 is made by contactor 33.
Contactors 32 and 33 are preferably made from metal and are slotted
with channels 34, 35 such that contactors 32, 33 fit over anode
electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16. Contactor 32 is attached to
rod 37 which slips through hole 36 in cover 6. Similarly, contactor
33 is attached to rod 38 which slips through hole 40 in cover 6.
Preferable holes 36, 40 are threaded and rods 37, 38 are threads
rods so that rods 37, 38 screw into holes 36, 40. Contactors 32 and
33 also hold rack 20 in place since anode electrode 14 and cathode
electrode 16 are held in place by channels 34, 35 and by grooves 18
in rack 20. Accordingly, when cover 6 is bolted to chamber 4, rack
20 is held at the bottom of chamber 4. Electrolyzer 2 optionally
includes pressure relief valve 42 and level sensor 44. Pressure
relief 42 valve allows the gaseous mixture in the gas reservoir to
be vented before a dangerous pressure buildup can be formed. Level
sensor 44 ensures that an alert is sounded and the flow of gas to
the vehicle fuel system is stopped when the electrolyte solution
gets too low. At such time when the electrolyte solution is low,
addition electrolyte solution is added through water fill port 46.
Electrolyzer 2 may also include pressure gauge 48 so that the
pressure in reservoir 4 may be monitored. Finally, electrolyzer 2
optionally includes one or more fins 50, which remove heat from
electrolyzer 2.
[0186] With reference to FIG. 20, a variation of an electrolyzer is
provided. A first group of the one or more supplemental electrodes
52, 54, 56, 58 is connected to anode electrode 14 with a first
metallic conductor 60 and a second group of the one or more
supplemental electrodes 62, 64, 66, 68 is connected to cathode
electrode 16 with second metallic conductor 70. With reference to
FIG. 21, a perspective view showing the electrode plate securing
mechanism is provided. Anode electrode 14, cathode electrode 16,
and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are held to rack 20 by
holder rod 72 which slips through channels 74 in rack 20 and holes
in the electrodes (not all the possible supplemental electrodes are
illustrated in FIG. 3.) Rack 20 is preferably fabricated from a
high dielectric plastic such as PVC, polyethylene or polypropylene.
Furthermore, rack 20 holds anode electrode 14, cathode electrode
16, and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 in a fixed spatial
relationship. Preferably, the fixed spatial relationship of the two
principal electrodes and the one or more supplemental electrodes is
such that the electrodes (two principal and one or more
supplemental) are essentially parallel and each electrode is
separated from an adjacent electrode by a distance from about 0.15
to about 0.35 inches. More preferably, each electrode is separated
from an adjacent electrode by a distance from about 0.2 to about
0.3 inches, and most preferably about 0.25 inches. The fixed
spatial relationship is accomplished by a rack that holds the two
principal electrodes and the one or more supplemental electrodes in
the fixed spatial relationship. The electrodes sit in grooves in
the rack which define the separations between each electrode.
Furthermore, the electrodes are removable from the rack so that the
electrodes or the rack may be changed if necessary. Finally, since
rack 20 and anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 are held in
place as set forth above, the supplemental electrodes are also held
in place because they are secured to rack 20 by holder rod 72.
[0187] With reference to FIGS. 22 and 23, a schematic of the
plumbing and electrical operation of an electrolyzer is depicted
for an application with an internal combustion engine. During
operation, the novel combustible gas is formed by the electrolysis
of the electrolyte solution in electrolyzer 2. Electrolyzer 2 is
connected to collection tank 80 by pressure line 82. The gases are
collected and temporarily stored in collection tank 80. Collection
tank 80 optionally includes pressure relief valve 84 to guard
against any dangerous pressure build up. Collection tank 80 is
connected to solenoid 86 by pressure line 88. Solenoid 86 is in
turn connected by pressure line 90 to engine intake manifold 92 of
engine 94. Optionally, flash arrestor 96 is incorporated in
pressure line 90 to prevent a flame from propagating in tube 88.
Furthermore, pressure line 90 also includes orifice 97 to regulate
the flow of the gaseous mixture into intake manifold 92. The size
of this orifice will depend on the size of the engine. For example,
an orifice diameter of about 0.04 is suitable for a 1 liter engine,
about 0.06 inches is suitable for a 2.5 liter engine, and about
0.075 inches is suitable for a V8 engine. The applied voltage to
electrolyzer 2 is provided through solenoid 98 by electrolyzer
battery 100. When the pressure in collection tank 80 drops below
about 25 psi, solenoid 98 switches and a voltage of about 12 V is
applied between the anode electrode and cathode electrode of
electrolyzer 2 Battery isolator 102 allows for charging of vehicle
battery 104 and electrolyzer battery 100 by alternator 106 while
keeping electrolyzer battery 100 and vehicle battery 104
electrically isolated. Furthermore, solenoid 98 is powered by
vehicle battery 104 when main switch 108 is activated. Gas mixer
solenoid 86 is also powered by vehicle battery 104 and opens when
the gas mixture is provided to intake manifold 92. Solenoid 86 also
receives feedback from level sensor 44 which causes solenoid 86 to
shut off gas flow if the electrolyte solution level in electrolyzer
2 gets too low. Finally, when the method and apparatus of the
present invention are used in a vehicle, the operation of the
vehicle's oxygen sensor needs to be adjusted to take into account
the additional oxygen that is added to the fuel system from the
electrolyzer. Normally, if the oxygen sensor senses more oxygen,
the vehicle's computer would determine that the engine is running
lean and open up the fuel injectors to a richer fuel mixture. This
is undesirable and would cause poor fuel economy. Electrical lines
110, 112 of oxygen sensor 114 preferably include RC circuit 116. RC
circuit 116 includes resistor 118 and capacitor 120. Preferably,
resistor 118 is about 1 megaohm and capacitor 120 is about 1
microfarad. Electrical line 110 is the check engine light signal
and electrical line 112 carries the control signal that is related
to the amount of oxygen in a vehicle exhaust. Resistor 118, which
is in series in electrical line 110, ensures that the vehicle
control system interprets the oxygen sensor as operating correctly.
Similarly, capacitor 120 provides the vehicle's computer with a
signal such that the vehicles fuel injectors do not incorrectly
open when the gas from electrolyzer 100 is being supplied to the
fuel system. Finally, main switch 108 switches RC circuit in when
gas is being supplied (i.e., the electrolyzer is being used) and
out when gas is not being supplied.
[0188] In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for
increasing the fuel efficiency of an internal combustion engine is
provided. The method of this embodiment utilizes the electrolyzer
described above in conjunction with an internal combustion engine.
Specifically, the method comprises providing an electrolyzer
equipment described above or as further described below in other
novel embodiments; applying an electrical potential between the
electrodes wherein the novel combustible gas described herein is
generated and collected in the gas reservoir region and wherein the
electrolyzer is adapted to deliver the combustible gas to the fuel
system of an internal combustion engine; and combining the
combustible gas produced with fuel in the fuel system of an
internal combustion engine. The step of adjusting the operation of
an oxygen sensor as set forth above is also provided.
[0189] Referring to FIG. 24, which is a flow diagram of another
embodiment 300 of a gas (hydrogen and oxygen) electrolyzer
generator system depicted in the figure as being used integrally
with a welder/cutting torch type of equipment. This system can also
be used in other types of equipment where heat/combustion is
desired. This system 300 comprises an electrolyte reservoir 318,
having a top and a bottom, containing electrolytic fluid 319
therein. The fluid herein is preferably water. The electrolyte
reservoir 318 comprises a broken or permeable plate 320 which is
sealably and circumferentially positioned around a top end of the
electrolyte reservoir 318. Plate 320 functions to release gas
pressure within the electrolyte reservoir 318 when exceeding a
pre-determined safety level.
[0190] The self-producing hydrogen and oxygen gas generating system
300 further comprises a pump 316, preferably an electromagnetic
pump, which is connected at one distal end to the bottom of the
electrolyte reservoir 318. Pump 316 is connected at an opposite
distal end to at least one hydrogen and oxygen
electrolyzer/generator 312 containing an electrical conductor 352
therein. The electrical conductor 352 is electrically connected on
one distal end to an electrical ground. The opposite distal end of
the electrical conductor 352 is electrically connected to one
distal end of a pressure controller 328. The opposite distal end of
the electrical conductor 352 is electrically connected to a power
source. Pump 316 functions to circulate electrolytic fluid 319 from
the electrolyte reservoir 318 through at least one hydrogen and
oxygen electrolyzer/generator 312 through a radiator 314 back into
the electrolyte reservoir 318 via a gas pipe 350. The radiator 314
functions to cool the generated hydrogen and oxygen gas before
returning to the electrolyte reservoir 318.
[0191] The pressure controller 328 is connected to the electrolyte
reservoir 318 and monitors the pressure therein. When gas pressure
within the electrolyte reservoir 318 exceeds a pre-determined
level, electrical current is terminated to the electrical conductor
352 contained within the hydrogen and oxygen generator 312 thereby
ceasing production of hydrogen and oxygen gas. When gas pressure
within the electrolyte reservoir 318 drops below a pre-determined
level, electrical current is connected to the electrical conductor
352 contained within the hydrogen and oxygen generator 312 thereby
commencing production of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The preselected
level is less than the preselected level required to cause a
pressure release through plate 320.
[0192] This self-producing on-demand hydrogen and oxygen generating
system 300 further comprises a non-return valve 322 connected at
one end to an upper end of the electrolyte reservoir 318 below
plate 320. The non-return valve 322 is further connected to a
dryer/filter means or tank 332 at an opposite distal end.
[0193] System 300 further comprises another filter/dryer means or
tank 330 in fluid communication with one end of the electrolyte
reservoir 318 above plate 320 and further connected at an opposite
distal end to another non-return valve 344 via gas line 342, which
is connected at an opposite end to another filter/dryer means or
tank 332.
[0194] System 300 further comprises a decompression valve 326 in
fluid communication at one end to the top end of the electrolyte
reservoir 318 and further being in fluid communication with the gas
pipe 350, which in turn is connected to radiator 314.
[0195] The welding system 300 further comprises a microprocessor
controlled D.C. amperage regulator 305 adapted to regulate the D.C.
amperage from the power source to the hydrogen and oxygen generator
312. A first microprocessor controlled cut-off switch 306 is
adapted to terminate the power source to the welder in response to
a malfunction of the pump 316.
[0196] A second microprocessor controlled cut-off switch 307 is
adapted to terminate the power source to the welder in response to
an insufficient electrolyte solution condition within the
electrolyte reservoir 318. A microprocessor controlled liquid
crystal display 308 is adapted to display operating statistics
regarding the welding system 300, such statistics to include hours
of operation, amperage, indicator lights and pressure gauge
readings. The liquid crystal display receives input from a
plurality of locations within the system 300.
[0197] A microprocessor controlled polarity change system 309 is
adapted to change the polarity of the electrical conductor located
within the hydrogen and oxygen generator 312. A microprocessor
controlled cool-down system 313 is adapted to operate a generator
fan 311 and the pump 316 wherein operation of the fan and the pump
continue throughout a cool-down stage following manual shut-off of
the welder 300.
[0198] The produced gas or HHO gas is routed from the dryer means
332 to the final gas reservoir tank 336. Dryer means 330 and 332
are only exemplary. It is understood that a single unit may be
designed to effectively accomplish the same objective. The gas is
then supplied on-demand to the engine or in this case, the welding
equipment, through gas line 348 and hydrogen flash suppressor check
valve (non-return valve) 338 and control valve 340.
[0199] In any of the embodiments of the apparatus/systems described
above, it is understood that safety devices such as hydrogen flash
suppressors and/or check valves may, when appropriate, be added
components to any apparatus/systems.
[0200] While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and
described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and
describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words
used in the specification are words of description rather than
limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *