U.S. patent application number 10/606965 was filed with the patent office on 2004-07-01 for organically functionalized carbon nanocapsule.
This patent application is currently assigned to INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Invention is credited to Hwang, Gan Lin.
Application Number | 20040126303 10/606965 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32653877 |
Filed Date | 2004-07-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040126303 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hwang, Gan Lin |
July 1, 2004 |
Organically functionalized carbon nanocapsule
Abstract
An organically functionalized carbon nanocapsule. A carbon
nanocapsule has at least one kind of organic functional group
bonded thereon. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule
is of the following formula: F(-E).sub.n, in which F is the carbon
nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group, and n is the number
of the organic functional group. By functionalization of
high-purity carbon nanocapsules, the application thereof is
expanded.
Inventors: |
Hwang, Gan Lin; (Tainan,
TW) |
Correspondence
Address: |
SUGHRUE MION, PLLC
2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W.
SUITE 800
WASHINGTON
DC
20037
US
|
Assignee: |
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
|
Family ID: |
32653877 |
Appl. No.: |
10/606965 |
Filed: |
June 27, 2003 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
423/447.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B82Y 40/00 20130101;
B82Y 30/00 20130101; C01B 32/18 20170801 |
Class at
Publication: |
423/447.2 |
International
Class: |
D01F 009/12 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 25, 2002 |
TW |
91137273 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a
carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional
groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized
carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E).sub.n, in
which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional
group, and n is the number of the organic functional group.
2. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon
cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a
balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon
nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
3. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
4. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon
nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or
alloys.
5. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein n is 1-100,000.
6. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein each E is independently E.sub.1, E.sub.2, E.sub.3,
E.sub.4 or E.sub.5, in which each E.sub.1, independently, is
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-amino, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkyl)amino,
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.3-aryl)amino, or X.sub.1,X.sub.3-aryloxy; each
E.sub.2, independently, is Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkoxy,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-amino)alkoxy, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-aryl)oxy,
(dihydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkyl)amino,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-aryl)amino- , or dihydroxyalkylamino; each
E.sub.3, independently, is Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkoxy,
(trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino,
(dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkyl)thio,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2-aryl)thio, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkyl)thio,
(dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-dioxoalkyl; each E.sub.4,
independently, is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino,
((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-heteroaryl)amino,
(X.sub.1-diarylketone)amino, (X,X.sub.1-oxoaryl)amino,
(X,X.sub.1-dioxoaryl) amino, (Y.sub.1-alkyl,
Y.sub.2-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y.sub.1-alkyl,
Y.sub.2-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2
methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino- ,
((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino,
((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino,
((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)- amino,
((isopropylaminohydroxyalkoxy)aryl)amino, or
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-alkylaryl)amino; each E.sub.5,
independently, is (X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-heteroaryl)oxy,
(isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryl- oxy,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-oxoheteroaryl)oxy,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-- oxoaryl)oxy,
(X.sub.1,Y.sub.1-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X.sub.1-diarylketone)oxy- ,
(X,X.sub.1-oxoaryl)oxy, (X.sub.1,X.sub.2-dioxoaryl)oxy,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,diaminodihydroxy)alkyl,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2-heteroaryl)thio- ,
((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylenediamino)alkoxy,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2-oxoaryl)thio- , (X.sub.1,X.sub.2-dioxoaryl)thio,
(glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio,
Y.sub.1-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio,
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio,
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkyl(th- iocarbonyl)thio,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio,
cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio,
(aminoaryl).sub.1-20 amino, or (pyranosyl)amino; each X,
independently, is halide; each of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2,
independently, is --H, --Y.sub.1, --O--Y.sub.1, --S--Y.sub.1,
--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--O--Y.sub.1, --O--CO--Y.sub.1,
--CO--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--NY.sub.1Y.sub.2, --NH--CO--Y.sub.1,
--SO.sub.2--Y.sub.1, --CHY.sub.1Y.sub.2, or --NY.sub.1Y.sub.2; each
X.sub.3, independently, is --Y.sub.1, --O--Y.sub.1, --S--Y.sub.1,
--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--O--Y.sub.1, --O--CO--Y.sub.1,
--CO--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--NY.sub.1Y.sub.2, --NH--CO--Y.sub.1,
--SO.sub.2--Y.sub.1, --CHY.sub.1Y.sub.2 or --NY.sub.1Y.sub.2; each
of Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2 and Y.sub.3, independently, is--B--Z; each B,
independently, is --R.sub.a--O--[Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2--O--
-].sub.1-100, C.sub.1-2000 alkyl, C.sub.6-40 aryl, C.sub.7-60
alkylaryl, C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl, (C.sub.1-30 alkyl
ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.6-40 aryl ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60
alkylaryl ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl ether).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.1-30 alkyl thioether).sub.1-100(C.sub.6-40 aryl
thioether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl thioether).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl thioether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.2-50 alkyl
ester).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 aryl ester).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-70
alkylaryl ester).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl ester).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.6-40 aryl ether).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.4-50
alkyl urethane).sub.1-100 (C.sub.14-60 aryl urethane).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.10-80 alkylaryl urethane).sub.1-100 (C.sub.10-80 arylalkyl
urethane).sub.1-100, (C.sub.5-50 alkyl urea).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.14-60 aryl urea).sub.1-100 (C.sub.10-80 alkylaryl
urea).sub.1-100, (C.sub.10-80 arylalkyl urea).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.2-50 alkyl amide).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 aryl
amide).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl amide).sub.1-100
(C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl amide).sub.1-100, (C.sub.3-30 alkyl
anhydride).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-50 aryl anhydride).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.9-60 alkylaryl anhydride).sub.1-100 (C.sub.9-60 arylalkyl
anhydride).sub.1-100 (C.sub.2-30 alkyl carbonate).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.7-50 aryl carbonate).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-60 alkylaryl
carbonate).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-60 arylalkyl carbonate).sub.1-100,
--R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.- 2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O(C.sub.2-50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60 aryl
ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1--C--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.2-5- 0 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60
aryl ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.3--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1 --NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.2-50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60
aryl ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1-- --NH-- --CO-- --NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH-- --CO-- --O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether,
C.sub.6-40 aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60
arylalkyl ether).sub.1-100, --CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--o--, --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.2-- 50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60
aryl ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.3--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--NH--(C.sub.2-50 alkyl amide, C.sub.7-60
aryl amide, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl amide, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
amide).sub.1-100, or --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)NH--CO--NH--(C.sub.2-50 alkyl amide, C.sub.7-60
aryl amide, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl amide, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
amide).sub.1-100; each Z, independently, is --C--D--, wherein each
C, independently, is --R--, --R--Ar--, --Ar--R--, or--Ar--; and
each D, independently, is --OH, --SH, --NH.sub.2, --NHOH,
--SO.sub.3H, --OSO.sub.3H, --COOH, --CONH.sub.2,
--CO--NH--NH.sub.2, --CH(NH.sub.2)--COOH, --P(OH).sub.3,
--PO(OH).sub.2, --O--PO(OH).sub.2,
--O--PO(OH)--O--PO(OH).sub.2/--O--PO(O)--O--CH.sub.2OH.sub.2NH.sub.3.sup.-
+, -glycoside, --OCH.sub.3,
--O--CH.sub.2--(CHOH).sub.4--CH.sub.24--CH,
--O--CH.sub.2--(CHOH).sub.2--CHOH, --C.sub.6H.sub.3(OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.3.sup.+, --N.sup.+HR.sub.bR.sub.c, or
N.sup.+HR.sub.bR.sub.cR.su- b.d; wherein each of R, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d
independently, is C.sub.1-30 alkyl, each Ar, independently, is
aryl.
7. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized by a
redox reaction.
8. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized by a
cycloaddition reaction.
9. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized by a
radical addition reaction.
10. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a
carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional
groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized
carbon nanocapsule is of the formula: F(-E).sub.n, in which F is
the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group selected
from --OH, --C.dbd.O, --CHO or --COOH, n is the number of the
organic functional group, and the carbon nanocapsule F is
functionalized by a redox reaction.
11. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 10, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon
cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a
balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon
nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
12. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 10, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
13. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 10, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon
nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or
alloys.
14. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 10, wherein n is 1-100,000.
15. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a
carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional
groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized
carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E).sub.n, in
which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional
group selected from --NHAr, --N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.2Ar,
.dbd.CCl.sub.2 or amino group, n is the number of the organic
functional group, and the carbon nanocapsule F is functionalized by
a cycloaddition reaction.
16. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 15, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon
cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a
balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon
nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
17. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 15, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
18. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 15, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon
nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or
alloys.
19. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 15, wherein n is 1-100,000.
20. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a
carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional
groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized
carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E).sub.n, in
which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional
group selected from --OH, --OSO.sub.3--,
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2COOCH.sub.3 or --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CN, n is the
number of the organic functional group, and the carbon nanocapsule
F is functionalized by a radical addition reaction.
21. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 20, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon
cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a
balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon
nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
22. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 20, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
23. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 20, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon
nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or
alloys.
24. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in
claim 20, wherein n is 1-100,000.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to carbon nanocapsules, and
more particularly to functionalized carbon nanocapsules.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] A carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster
constituted by multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a
ball structure. The diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is about 3-100
nm. There are two types of carbon nanocapsules: hollow and
metal-filled. The center of a hollow carbon nanocapsule is, of
course, hollow, while that of a metal-filled nanocapsule is filled
with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.
[0005] Carbon nanocapsules were first discovered with carbon
nanotubes in 1991, in the process of producing carbon nanotubes.
Owing to the strong van der Waals force between carbon nanocapsules
and carbon nanotubes, it is not easy to isolate carbon nanocapsules
from the carbon nanotubes. In addition, the amount of carbon
nanocapsules produced with carbon nanotubes is only enough for
structural observation under electron microscope, thus the
application thereof is obstructed.
[0006] By continuous research, processes producing high-purity
hollow carbon nanocapsules as well as magnetic metal-filled carbon
nanocapsules have been developed. (Please refer to U.S. patent
application Ser. No. ______ and ______) With their special
fullerene structure and optoelectronic properties, carbon
nanocapsules can be utilized in various fields such as medicine
(medical grade active carbon), light and heat absorption,
electromagnetic shielding, organic light emitting materials, solar
energy receivers, catalysts, sensors, carbon electrodes in lithium
batteries, nanoscale composite materials with thermal conductivity
and special electrical properties, and nanoscale carbon powder for
printing. However, owing to the non-solubility of carbon
nanocapsules, the related application is limited and
insufficient.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to
functionalize the carbon nanocapsules to prepare
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules, thereby expanding
the application thereof.
[0008] Therefore, the invention provides an
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule. The
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule includes a carbon
nanocapsule and at least one kind of organic functional groups
bonded thereon. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule
is of the following formula: F(-E).sub.n, in which F is the carbon
nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group, and n is the number
of the organic functional group.
[0009] According to the invention, the carbon nanocapsule is a
polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers
having a balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a
carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
[0010] According to the invention, the carbon nanocapsule is a
hollow carbon nanocapsule or a metal-filled carbon nanocapsule
filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.
[0011] Before preparing organically-functionalized carbon
nanocapsules, high-purity carbon nanocapsules must be prepared
first, by the preparation method described, for example, in the
above-mentioned references. The carbon nanocapsule obtained is a
polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers
having a balls-within-a ball structure, wherein the diameter of a
carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm. The carbon nanocapsules for
preparation of organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules can
be hollow or filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or
alloys.
[0012] By functionalization of the carbon nanocapsule, at least one
kind of functional group is bonded on the carbon nanocapsule,
thereby increasing its reactivity. By functionalization with
different functional groups, the reactive variety thereof is
enriched, and thereby the application is expanded.
[0013] The functionalizing methods of carbon nanocapsules applied
in the invention are analogic to those of carbon 60. However, owing
to the relatively greater size of carbon nanocapsules, the
nano-dispersing technique is important for the control of chemical
modifying effects. In addition, carbon nanocapsules have different
optical, electrical, and magnetic properties from carbon nanotubes
and carbon 60, thus the organically-functionalized carbon
nanocapsules have distinct applications.
[0014] The carbon nanocapsules can be functionalized by a redox
reaction, cycloaddition reaction, or a radical addition
reaction.
[0015] In the redox reaction, the carbon nanocapsule is reacted
with a strong oxidant, for example, H.sub.2SO.sub.4+HNO.sub.3,
OSO.sub.4, KMnO.sub.4 or O.sub.3, to oxidize the surface carbon
layer of the carbon nanocapsule and form a functional group, for
example, --OH, --C.dbd.O, --CHO or --COOH, on the carbon
nanocapsule.
[0016] In the cycloaddition reaction, the carbon nanocapsule is
functionalized via the double bonds on the surface of the carbon
nanocapsule. Compounds such as aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline,
CH.sub.2O(aldehyde), CH.sub.3NHCH.sub.2COOH(N-subsituted glycine
derivative), or (CHCl.sub.3+KOH), are reacted with the carbon
nanocapsule to form functional groups, for example, --NHAr,
--N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.2- Ar, .dbd.CCl.sub.2 or amino groups, on
the carbon nanocapsule.
[0017] In the radical addition reaction, the carbon nanocapsule is
functionalized via the double bonds on the surface of the carbon
nanocapsule. The carbon nanocapsule is reacted with a free-radical
initiator or molecules capable of producing radicals, for example,
K.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.8, H.sub.2O.sub.2, methylmethacrylate, or
azobis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN), to bond functional groups, for
example, --OSO.sub.3.sup.-, --OH, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2COOCH.sub.3 or
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CN on the carbon nanocapsule.
[0018] In the above three kinds of preparation methods, the method
involving redox reaction is quite different from the conventional
preparation methods of fullerene derivatives. In the redox
reaction, strong oxidants are applied to oxidize the surface layers
of carbon nanocapsules to form functional groups, for example,
--OH, --C.dbd.O, --CHO or --COOH, on the surface of carbon
nanocapsules. The functionalized carbon nanocapsules are then able
to react with any other compounds to form more complicated
functionalized carbon nanocapsules. In the preparation methods of
fullerene derivatives, however, oxidants are not applied because of
the different structure of fullerene molecules. Strong oxidants
functionalize molecules by breaking bonds between carbon atoms,
which cause damage to a fullerene structure, while still applicable
on a carbon nanocapsule by virtue of the multiple-graphite-layer
structure.
[0019] In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,248 and U.S. Pat. No.
5,294,732 incorporated herein by reference describe other
preparation methods of organically-functionalized carbon
nanocapsules.
[0020] By functionalization of carbon nanocapsule, an
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is provided,
comprising a carbon nanocapsule and at least one kind of organic
functional group bonded thereon, wherein the
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following
formula: F(-E).sub.n, in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is
the organic functional group, and n is the number of the organic
functional group. The preferable range of n is 1-100,000. In the
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, each E is
independently E.sub.1, E.sub.2, E.sub.3, E.sub.4 or E.sub.5, in
which each E.sub.1, independently, is Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-amino,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkyl)amino, Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-ethylenediamino,
(dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X.sub.1,X.sub.3-aryl)amino, or
X.sub.1,X.sub.3-aryloxy; each E.sub.2, independently, is
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkoxy, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-amino)alkoxy,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-aryl)oxy, (dihydroxyalkyl)aryloxy,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkyl)amino,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-aryl)amino- , or dihydroxyalkylamino; each
E.sub.3, independently, is Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkoxy,
(trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino,
(dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkyl)thio,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2-aryl)thio, (Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkyl)thio,
(dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-dioxoalkyl; each E.sub.4,
independently, is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino,
((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-heteroaryl)amino,
(X.sub.1-diarylketone)amino, (X,X.sub.1-oxoaryl)amino,
(X,X.sub.1-dioxoaryl) amino, (Y.sub.1-alkyl,
Y.sub.2-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y.sub.1-alkyl,
Y.sub.2-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-methyl)dioxoheteroaryl- )amino,
(di(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino,
((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino,
((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino,
((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)- amino,
((isopropylaminohydroxyalkoxy)aryl)amino, or
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-alkylaryl)amino; each E.sub.5,
independently, is (X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-heteroaryl)oxy,
(isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryl- oxy,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-oxoheteroaryl)oxy,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2,X.sub.3-- oxoaryl)oxy,
(X.sub.1,Y.sub.1-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X.sub.1-diarylketone)oxy- ,
(X,X.sub.1-oxoaryl)oxy, (X.sub.1,X.sub.2-dioxoaryl)oxy,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,diaminodihydroxy)alkyl,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2-heteroaryl)thio- ,
((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylenediamino)alkoxy,
(X.sub.1,X.sub.2-oxoaryl)thio- , (X.sub.1,X.sub.2-dioxoaryl)thio,
(glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio,
Y.sub.1-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio,
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio,
Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2,Y.sub.3-alkyl(th- iocarbonyl)thio,
(Y.sub.1,Y.sub.2-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio,
cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio,
(aminoaryl).sub.1-20 amino, or (pyranosyl)amino;
[0021] each X, independently, is halide; each of X.sub.1 and
X.sub.2, independently, is --H, --Y.sub.1, --O--Y.sub.1,
--S--Y.sub.1, --NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--O--Y.sub.1, --O--CO--Y.sub.1,
--CO--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--NY.sub.1Y.sub.2, --NH--CO--Y.sub.1,
--SO.sub.2--Y.sub.1, --CHY.sub.1Y.sub.2, or --NY.sub.1Y.sub.2; each
X.sub.3, independently, is --Y.sub.1, --O-- --Y, --S--Y.sub.1,
--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--O--Y.sub.1, --O--CO--Y.sub.1,
--CO--NH--Y.sub.1, --CO--NY.sub.1Y.sub.2, --NH--CO--Y.sub.1,
--SO.sub.2--Y.sub.1, --CHY.sub.1Y.sub.2 or --NY.sub.1Y.sub.2;
[0022] each of Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2 and Y.sub.3, independently,
is--B--Z;
[0023] each B, independently, is
--R.sub.a--O--[Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2--O--].s- ub.1-100, C.sub.1-2000
alkyl, C.sub.6-40 aryl, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl, C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl,
(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.6-40 aryl
ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.1-30 alkyl
thioether).sub.1-100 (C.sub.6-40 aryl thioether).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl thioether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
thioether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.2-50 alkyl ester).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.7-60 aryl ester).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl
ester).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl ester).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.6-40 aryl ether).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether).sub.1-100,
--R--CO--O--(C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl ether).sub.1-100, (C.sub.4-50
alkyl urethane).sub.1-100 (C.sub.14-60 aryl urethane).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.10-80 alkylaryl urethane).sub.1-100 (C.sub.10-80 arylalkyl
urethane).sub.1-100, (C.sub.5-50 alkyl urea).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.14-60 aryl urea).sub.1-100 (C.sub.10-80 alkylaryl
urea).sub.1-100, (C.sub.10-80 arylalkyl urea).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.2-50 alkyl amide).sub.1-100, (C.sub.7-60 aryl
amide).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl amide).sub.1-100
(C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl amide).sub.1-100, (C.sub.3-30 alkyl
anhydride).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-50 aryl anhydride).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.9-60 alkylaryl anhydride).sub.1-100, (C.sub.9-60 arylalkyl
anhydride).sub.1-100, (C.sub.2-30 alkyl carbonate).sub.1-100,
(C.sub.7-50 aryl carbonate).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-60 alkylaryl
carbonate).sub.1-100, (C.sub.8-60 arylalkyl carbonate).sub.1-100,
--R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.- 2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O(C.sub.2-50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60 aryl
ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1--C--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1 --O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.2-- 50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60
aryl ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.3--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.2-50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60
aryl ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--C--(C.sub.1-30 alkyl ether, C.sub.6-40
aryl ether, C.sub.7-60 alkylaryl ether, or C.sub.7-60 arylalkyl
ether).sub.1-100, --CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--(C.sub.2-- 50 alkyl ester, C.sub.7-60
aryl ester, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl ester, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
ester).sub.1-100, --R.sub.3--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--O--, --R.sub.1--O--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)--NH--CO--NH--(C.sub.2-50 alkyl amide, C.sub.7-60
aryl amide, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl amide, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
amide).sub.1-100, or --R.sub.1--NH--CO--NH--(R.sub.2 or
Ar--R.sub.2--Ar)NH--CO--NH--(C.sub.2-50 alkyl amide, C.sub.7-60
aryl amide, C.sub.8-70 alkylaryl amide, or C.sub.8-70 arylalkyl
amide).sub.1-100;
[0024] each Z, independently, is --C--D--, wherein each C,
independently, is --R--, --R--Ar--, --Ar--R--, or--Ar--; and each
D, independently, is --OH, --SH, --NH.sub.2, --NHOH, --SO.sub.3H,
--OSO.sub.3H, --COOH, --CONH.sub.2, --CO--NH--NH.sub.2,
--CH(NH.sub.2)--COOH, --P(OH).sub.3, --PO(OH).sub.2,
--O--PO(OH).sub.2, --O--PO(OH)--O--PO(OH).sub.2,
--O--PO(O--)--O--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.3.sup.+, -glycoside,
--OCH.sub.3, --O--CH.sub.2--(CHOH).sub.4--CH.sub.24--CH,
--O--CH.sub.2--(CHOH).sub.2--- CHOH, --C.sub.6H.sub.3(OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.3.sup.+, --N.sup.+HR.sub.bR.sub.c, or
N.sup.+HR.sub.bR.sub.cR.sub.d; wherein each of R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d independently, is
C.sub.1-30 alkyl, each Ar, independently, is aryl.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] The present invention can be more fully understood by
reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with
references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates the functionalization of carbon
nanocapsules involving a redox reaction;
[0027] FIG. 2a illustrates the functionalization of carbon
nanocapsules involving a cycloaddition reaction in the example 2a;
and
[0028] FIG. 2b illustrates the functionalization of carbon
nanocapsules involving a radical addition reaction in the example
2b.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
EXAMPLE 1
[0029] Redox Reaction
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates the functionalization of carbon
nanocapsules involving a redox reaction.
[0031] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules
(11.0 g) dissolved in sulfuric acid/nitric acid (weight ratio=1:1).
The mixture was stirred by an untrasonic cleaner for 10 mins, and
then heated to about 140.degree. C. and refluxed for 2 hours.
Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged to separate the carbon
nanocapsules from the strong acid, rinsing the carbon nanocapsules
thoroughly followed by several centrifuges, until the pH value of
carbon nanocapsules approached 7. The carbon nanocapsules obtained
were black with --COOH groups bonded thereon. By titration using
NaOH, the concentration of the --COOH groups was identified as 13
.mu.mols/per gram carbon nanocapsules. The oxidization of carbon
nanocapsules resulted in damage of the surface carbon layers, which
could be observed under a transmission electron microscope. The
organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules were soluble in
water by virtue of the --COOH groups.
EXAMPLE 2
[0032] Cycloaddition Reaction
Example 2a
[0033] FIG. 2a illustrates the functionalization of carbon
nanocapsules involving a cycloaddition reaction in the example
2a.
[0034] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules
(1.0 g) dissolved in a saturated DMF (dimethyl formamide) solution
of aldehyde and N-substituted glycine derivative (molar ratio=1:1).
The mixture was then stirred by an untrasonic cleaner for 10 mins,
and heated to about 130.degree. C. and refluxed for 120 hours.
Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged to separate the carbon
nanocapsules from the solution. The reaction was as shown in FIG.
2a, with a product soluble in chloroform or water.
Example 2b
[0035] FIG. 2b illustrates the functionalization of carbon
nanocapsules involving a radical addition reaction in the example
2b.
[0036] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules
(1.0 g) dissolved in N,N-dimethylaniline (500 ml). The mixture was
then stirred by an untrasonic cleaner for 10 mins, heated, and
refluxed for 12 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged to
separate the carbon nanocapsules from the solution. The reaction
was as shown in FIG. 2b, with a product soluble in water.
EXAMPLE 3
[0037] Radical Addition Reaction
Example 3a
[0038] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules
(100 mg) and K.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.8 (120 mg) dissolved in water (500
ml). The solution mixture was purged with N.sub.2 prior to stirring
and heating to 70.degree. C. for 5 hours. The product was black
carbon nanocapsules with --OSO.sub.3-- groups bonded thereon,
easily soluble in water. The radical addition reaction was observed
by the electron spin resonance spectrum (ESR), in which the signal
at g=2.0032, .DELTA.H.sub.pp=4.32 G represents the bonding of
radicals.
Example 3b
[0039] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules
(100 mg) and methylmethacrylate (25 ml) dissolved in toluene (250
ml). The solution mixture was illuminated at room temperature to
initiate radical generation of methylmethacrylate, thereby reacting
with the surface double bonds of the carbon nanocapsules. The
radical addition reaction was observed by the electron spin
resonance spectrum (ESR), in which signals at g=2.0033,
.DELTA.H.sub.pp=8.56 G and g=2.0037, .DELTA.H.sub.pp=4.44 G
represent the bonding of radicals.
[0040] The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of
illustration and description. Obvious modifications or variations
are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were
chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the
principles of this invention and its practical application to
thereby enable those skilled in the art to utilize the invention in
various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to
the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and
variations are within the scope of the present invention as
determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance
with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably
entitled.
* * * * *