U.S. patent application number 10/295654 was filed with the patent office on 2004-05-20 for lead-free copper alloys.
Invention is credited to Kirkland, Peter B., Wynne, Albert III.
Application Number | 20040094243 10/295654 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32297266 |
Filed Date | 2004-05-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040094243 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wynne, Albert III ; et
al. |
May 20, 2004 |
Lead-free copper alloys
Abstract
Disclosed is a lead-free copper alloy with superior properties
as compared to currently available lead-free copper alloys which
can be produced at lower costs than currently available lead-free
copper alloys. The lead-free copper alloy uses a novel combination
of tin, nickel and zinc along with selenium and bismuth to avoids
the problems associated with leaded copper alloys, while
maintaining physical properties comparable to traditional leaded
copper alloys. In one embodiment, the lead-free copper alloy
described contains from about 7.5 to 10.0 percent by weight zinc,
from about 0.8 to 1.5 percent by weight nickel, from about 1.6 to
2.2 percent by weight bismuth, from about 0.04 to 0.35 percent by
weight selenium, from about 2.2 to 3.0 percent by weight tin and up
to about 0.3 percent by weight iron (maximum), the balance, apart
from impurities, being copper. In an alternate embodiment, the
lead-free copper alloy described contains from about 5 to 7.5
percent by weight zinc, from about 1.0 to 1.5 percent by weight
nickel, from about 1.5 to 2.6 percent by weight bismuth, from about
0.04 to 0.35 percent by weight selenium, from about 5 to 6 percent
by weight tin and up to about 0.3 percent by weight iron (maximum),
the balance, apart from impurities, being copper.
Inventors: |
Wynne, Albert III;
(Birmingham, AL) ; Kirkland, Peter B.;
(Birmingham, AL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BRADLEY ARANT ROSE & WHITE, LLP
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DEPARTMENT-NWJ
1819 FIFTH AVENUE NORTH
BIRMINGHAM
AL
35203-2104
US
|
Family ID: |
32297266 |
Appl. No.: |
10/295654 |
Filed: |
November 15, 2002 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
148/433 ;
148/434; 420/476; 420/481 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C22C 9/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
148/433 ;
148/434; 420/476; 420/481 |
International
Class: |
C22C 009/04 |
Claims
What is claimed:
1. A machinable, lead-free copper alloy comprising: a. from about
7.5 to 10.0 percent by weight zinc; b. from about 0.8 to 1.5
percent by weight nickel; c. from about 1.6 to 2.2 percent by
weight bismuth; d. from about 0.04 to 0.35 percent by weight
selenium; and e. the balance, apart from impurities, being
copper.
2. The alloy of claim 1 where the copper is from about 85.5 to 88.0
percent by weight.
3. The alloy of claim 1 further comprising from about 2.2 to 3.0
percent by weight tin.
4. The alloy of claim 3 further comprising up to about 0.3 percent
by weight iron.
5. The alloy of claim 4 further comprising up to about 0.2 percent
by weight lead.
6. The alloy of claim 1 where the zinc is from about 5.0 to 7.5
percent by weight, the nickel is from 1.0 to 1.5 percent by weight
and the bismuth is from about 1.6 to 2.6 percent by weight.
7. The alloy of claim 6 where the copper is from 85.0 to 88.0
percent by weight.
8. The alloy of claim 6 further comprising from about 5.0 to 6.0
percent by weight tin.
9. The alloy of claim 8 further comprising up to about 0.3 percent
by weight iron.
10. The alloy of claim 9 further comprising up to about 0.2 percent
by weight lead.
11. A machinable, lead-free copper alloy comprising: a. from about
7.5 to 10.0 percent by weight zinc; b. from about 0.8 to 1.5
percent by weight nickel; c. an addition of bismuth and selenium,
where the bismuth/selenium weight ratio ranges from about 4.5 to 1
to about 55 to 1; and d. the balance, apart from impurities, being
copper.
12. The alloy of claim 11 where the copper is from about 85.5 to
88.0 percent by weight.
13. The alloy of claim 11 further comprising from about 1.2 to 3.0
percent by weight tin.
14. The alloy of claim 13 further comprising up to about 0.3
percent by weight iron.
15. The alloy of claim 4 further comprising up to about 0.2 percent
by weight lead.
16. The alloy of claim 11 where the zinc is from about 5.0 to 7.5
percent by weight, the nickel is from 1.0 to 1.5 percent by weight
and the bismuth/selenium weight ratio ranges from about 4.5 to 1 to
about 65 to 1.
17. The alloy of claim 16 where the copper is from 85.0 to 88.0
percent by weight.
18. The alloy of claim 16 further comprising from about 5.0 to 6.0
percent by weight tin.
19. The alloy of claim 18 further comprising up to about 0.3
percent by weight iron.
20. The alloy of claim 19 further comprising up to about 0.2
percent by weight lead.
21. The alloy of claim 5 where the copper concentration is about
86.1 percent by weight, the tin concentration is about 2.4 percent
by weight, the zinc concentration is about 7.9 percent by weight,
the nickel concentration is about 1.1 percent by weight, the
bismuth concentration is about 2.0 percent by weight, the selenium
concentration is about 0.35 percent by weight, the iron
concentration is about 0.07 percent by weight and the lead
concentration is about 0.11 percent by weight.
22. The alloy of claim 10 where the copper concentration is about
85.3 percent by weight, the tin concentration is about 5.1 percent
by weight, the zinc concentration is about 6.3 percent by weight,
the nickel concentration is about 1.0 percent by weight, the
bismuth concentration is about 1.9 percent by weight, the selenium
concentration is about 0.30 percent by weight, the iron
concentration is about 0.03 percent by weight and the lead
concentration is about 0.11 percent by weight.
Description
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure relates to lead-free copper
alloys.
BACKGROUND
[0002] In order improve the characteristics of copper alloys,
particularly copper alloys used in casting applications, lead has
been traditionally added to copper alloys. Among other
characteristics, the addition of lead improves the machinability of
the copper alloys and improves the pressure tightness of copper
alloy. Regarding machinability, the addition of lead facilitates
chip formation by acting as a stress raiser for the alloy. The
addition of lead also provides a lubricating function to the alloy
which minimize the tool wear, thereby decreasing maintenance costs
and down time of equipments used to manipulate the copper alloys.
In addition, lead inclusion makes the lead much easier to polish,
which is desirable in certain applications. However, the addition
of lead does decrease the tensile strength of the alloy
slightly.
[0003] As a result of these and other properties, leaded copper
alloys became the industry standard, especially in plumbing
fixtures and pipe fittings used for potable water supplies. The
current disclosure relates primarily to copper alloys referred to
in the art as leaded red brasses and leaded semi-red brasses. The
leaded red brasses typically have a copper content ranging from 82%
to 94%, while the leaded semi-red brasses have a copper content
ranging from 75% to 82%. The balance of both the leaded red and
leaded semi-red brasses is made up predominantly of tin, lead and
zinc. The current standard for the copper alloys of the leaded red
and leaded semi-red brasses is copper alloy C84400, which is also
referred to as alloy 123, leaded semi-red brass or 81-3-7-9. The
composition of alloy C84400 is set forth in Table 1. Alloy C84400
replaced alloy C83600, also known as alloy 115, leaded red brass,
ounce metal and 85-5-5-5. The composition of alloy C83600 is set
forth in Table 1.
[0004] However, it has been recognized that the presence of lead in
copper alloys is a cause for concern for several reasons. First,
lead has a tendency to leach out of copper based alloys over time,
posing a health threat to those who consume material, such as water
or foods, which have come into contact with lead containing metals
and/or alloys. Second, the use of lead in the manufacturing process
of copper alloys has also caused significant health risks for
workers exposed to lead in the workplace. Lead particles can
volatilize during the manufacturing process and become suspended in
the ambient air. Workers subsequently inhale this air and the
suspended lead particles, leading to adverse health consequences.
In order to combat this problem, workers must wear respirators when
lead is used in the manufacturing process. In addition, workers
must have their clothing specially laundered to remove the lead
contamination. Third, lead also serves as a source of environmental
contamination. The air released from the plant must be scrubbed of
lead particles by filters so as not to contaminate the surrounding
environment with the suspended lead particles. Also, the materials
used in the manufacturing process become contaminated with lead to
such an extent they are classified as hazardous wastes. As a
result, the lead-contaminated materials must be sent to special
hazardous waste landfills at great cost to the foundries that use
lead as a part of their copper alloys.
[0005] In response to these and other concerns, the Environmental
Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration have imposed safety regulations concerning the use
of lead in the workplace. For example, foundries that use lead in
their copper alloys are required to monitor the lead content in the
ambient air and must monitor the level of lead in their employees
to make certain the level of lead in their bloodstreams does not
exceed established standards. These regulations cost the
manufactures substantial amounts of money and time to ensure
compliance. Despite these issues, many foundries still employ lead
containing copper alloys, such as C84400. The primary reason for
the continued use of lead containing alloys is cost and
compatibility of lead-free copper alloys that are currently
available. In most cases, the use of currently available lead-free
copper alloys is limited to foundries that produce castings for use
with potable water where the lead content of the castings has been
limited by law to low levels.
[0006] Therefore, a lead-free copper allows having substantially
the same properties as the lead containing alloys would be useful.
If a commercially viable, lead-free copper alloy could be
developed, the risk to workers and the environment would be
significantly minimized. In addition, the cost of production would
be lowered.
[0007] Despite numerous attempts to find substitutes for lead
containing alloys, there still exists a need for a lead-free copper
alloy with improved characteristics. The primary focus of such
efforts has been to substitute one or more elements for lead. For
example, bismuth has been used as a lead replacement with some
success. Bismuth is located next to lead on the periodic table of
the elements, has many of the same physical properties as lead and
is essentially non-toxic. However, the addition of bismuth alone
leads to a brittle alloy and the problems associated therewith.
However, several alloys containing bismuth as a lead substitute
have been produced (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,094 to
Rushton). In addition, the cost of bismuth has raised concern about
its effectiveness as a substitute for lead.
[0008] To combat these problems, bismuth has been used in
combination with one or more elements to provide a lead substitute
with more desirable characteristics. For example, bismuth has been
combined with graphite, titanium, manganese, chromium, mischmetal,
silicon, sulfur and selenium (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,038 to King
and U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,712 to Singh).
[0009] However, despite these efforts, a cost effective lead-free
copper based alloy with the desired properties has not been
produced. The present disclosure provides such a solution.
SUMMARY
[0010] The present disclosure describes a lead-free copper alloy
with superior properties as compared to currently available
lead-free copper alloys. In addition, the lead-free copper alloy of
the present disclosure can be produced at lower costs than
currently available lead-free copper alloys. The lead-free copper
alloy described uses primarily a combination of selenium and
bismuth along with novel combinations of tin, nickel and zinc. As a
result, the alloy of the present disclosure avoids the problems
associated with leaded copper alloys, while maintaining physical
properties comparable to traditional leaded copper alloys.
[0011] In one embodiment, the lead-free copper alloy described
contains from about 7.5 to 10.0 percent by weight zinc, from about
0.8 to 1.5 percent by weight nickel, from about 1.6 to 2.2 percent
by weight bismuth, from about 0.04 to 0.35 percent by weight
selenium, from about 2.2 to 3.0 percent by weight tin and up to
about 0.3 percent by weight iron (maximum), the balance, apart from
impurities, being copper.
[0012] In an alternate embodiment, the lead-free copper alloy
described contains from about 5 to 7.5 percent by weight zinc, from
about 1.0 to 1.5 percent by weight nickel, from about 1.5 to 2.6
percent by weight bismuth, from about 0.04 to 0.35 percent by
weight selenium, from about 5 to 6 percent by weight tin and up to
about 0.3 percent by weight iron (maximum), the balance, apart from
impurities, being copper.
[0013] The lead-free copper alloy of the present disclosure may be
used for the manufacture of a wide variety of cast goods. One class
of such cast goods includes, but is not limited to, fittings, such
as, but not limited to, valves, check valves, foot valves and
meters for the transport of potable water, or fixtures and other
components for use with potable water. However, the lead free
copper alloy disclosed may be used for the manufacture of other
cast goods as well. As a result of the composition of the lead-free
copper alloy of the present disclosure, its physical properties are
comparable to leaded copper alloys such that the lead-free copper
alloy can be easily machined and manipulated and can be used
without requiring extensive modification to casting methods or
processes. In addition, the lead-free copper alloy of the present
disclosure can be produced at lower cost than currently available
lead-free copper alloys.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] A lead-free copper alloy with superior properties is
described. Two alternate embodiments of the lead-free copper alloy
are specifically described below and are referred to as KE88 and
KE22. As a result of this unique formulation, the lead-free copper
alloy of the present disclosure avoids the problems associated with
leaded copper alloys, while maintaining physical properties very
similar to traditional leaded copper alloys. The term lead-free as
used in the present disclosure describes an alloy that contains a
level of lead less than 0.2% by weight. The lead-free copper alloy
described herein employs a combination of bismuth and selenium
(along with unique combinations of other components) in the place
of lead. In the selenium hypo-eutectoid, the bismuth concentration
can range from about 1.6 to 2.2 weight percent in KE88 to 1.5 to
2.6 weight percent in KE22, while the selenium concentration may be
0.04 to 0.35 percent by weight in both embodiments. The resulting
bismuth to selenium ratio ranges from about 5 to 1 and higher.
[0015] The lead-free alloys EnviroBrass I (also known as alloy
C89510) and II (also known as alloy C89520) (see U.S. Pat. No.
5,614,038) also use a combination of bismuth and selenium as a
substitute for lead. However, the selenium content of EnviroBrass I
and II is significantly higher than the lead-free copper alloy of
the present disclosure. For EnviroBrass I, the bismuth
concentration ranges from 0.5 to 1.5% by weight and the selenium
concentration ranges from 0.35 to 0.75% by weight. For EnviroBrass
II the bismuth concentration ranges from 1.6 to 2.2% by weight and
the selenium concentration ranges from 0.8 to 1.1% by weight. For
both EnviroBrass I and II the bismuth to selenium ratios are not
higher than 4.3 to 1.
[0016] The selenium may be added as a bismuth/selenium compound or
a selenium/copper compound to avoid problems associated with the
use of free selenium. In addition, the time selenium is maintained
in the molten state should be minimized. Selenium is noted to have
certain toxic effects, similar to those encountered with lead. For
example, selenium is reactive with oxygen and volatile. When
selenium is added to copper based alloys, the selenium fumes,
releasing free selenium into the ambient air. In one embodiment,
the bismuth/selenium compound is Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3. Additional
bismuth may be added as elemental bismuth.
[0017] One embodiment of the lead free copper alloy disclosed is
set forth in Table 2 and referred to as KE88 contains from about
7.5 to 10.0 percent by weight zinc, from about 0.8 to 1.5 percent
by weight nickel, from about 1.6 to 2.2 percent by weight bismuth,
from about 0.04 to 0.35 percent by weight selenium, from about 2.2
to 3.0 percent by weight tin and up to about 0.3 percent by weight
iron, the balance, apart from impurities, being copper.
[0018] An alternate embodiment of the lead free copper alloy
disclosed is set forth in Table 2 and referred to as KE22, contains
from about 5 to 7.5 percent by weight zinc, from about 1.0 to 1.5
percent by weight nickel, from about 1.5 to 2.6 percent by weight
bismuth, from about 0.04 to 0.2 percent by weight selenium, from
about 5 to 6 percent by weight tin and up to about 0.3 percent by
weight iron, the balance, apart from impurities, being copper.
[0019] EnviroBrass I and EnviroBrass II differ significantly from
the lead-free copper alloy described herein. The composition of
EnviroBrass I and II is given in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the
zinc content of EnviroBrass I and II ranges from 4 to 6% by weight,
while the zinc content of KE88 and KE22 range from 7.5 to 10% by
weight and 5 to 7.5% by weight, respectively. In addition, the
specifications for EnviroBrass I and II do not specify a range of
nickel, but state that nickel content should be held at a maximum
of 1% by weight. In contrast, the nickel content of KE88 and KE 22
is specified to be in the range of 0.8 to 1.5% by weight and 1.0 to
1.5% by weight, respectively. The tin content of EnviroBrass I and
II is specified in the range of 4.0 to 6.0% by weight and 5.0 to
6.0% by weight, respectively. However, the tin content of KE88 is
specified to be in the range of 2.2 to 3.0% by weight and the tin
content of KE22 is specified in the range of 5.0 to 7.5%. Finally,
as discussed above, the selenium concentration in KE88 and KE22 is
lower than in either EnviroBrass I or II, with the result being a
higher bismuth to selenium ration in KE88 and KE22. The
concentrations of nickel and zinc in the KE88 and KE 22 can be
varied to produce customized lead-free copper alloys as might be
desired for various applications.
[0020] Increasing the zinc content increases fluidity of the alloy.
Increasing the nickel concentration increases the physical
properties of the alloy, similar to that seen when tin
concentrations are increased. However, when considering the price
of raw materials, nickel is a more cost effective alternative to
tin. Increasing the nickel concentration also increases the
soundness of the castings, which will result in fewer scrapped
castings.
[0021] In addition to copper, zinc, tin, nickel, bismuth and
selenium, the lead-free copper alloy described is open to the
inclusion of those elements commonly occurring in conventional
casting alloys. These include iron, antimony, sulphur, phosphorous,
aluminum, manganese and silicon. These elements are generally
present in a total amount less than 1% by weight. In addition, the
lead-free copper alloy described may contain incidental impurities,
generally present in an amount less than 0.5% by weight.
[0022] The lead-free copper alloy of the present disclosure may be
used for the manufacture of cast goods, such as pipe fittings for
the transport of potable water, or fixtures and other components
for use with potable water. As a result of the composition of the
lead-free copper alloy of the present disclosure, its physical
properties are similar to leaded copper alloys such that the
lead-free copper alloy can be easily machined and manipulated. As a
result of its low cost and excellent physical properties, the
lead-free copper alloys of the present disclosure will provide a
significant benefit to the foundry industry. Importantly, the
physical properties (such as, but not limited to, fluidity and
shrinkage) are similar to leaded copper alloys, such as, but not
limited to, C84400, existing patterns and other equipment may be
used with no modification or risering.
[0023] The following examples illustrate selected attributes of one
embodiment of the alloy of the present disclosure. The examples
below are not meant to be inclusive, but to illustrate certain
properties of the embodiments of the lead-free copper alloy
disclosed herein.
EXAMPLE 1
Production of KE88 and KE22
[0024] The lead-free copper alloy of the present disclosure is
produced as described below. This is only 1 embodiment and other
methods may be used, with the method below shown only as way of
example. Both KE88 and KE 22 are produced using essentially the
same method, and with the same raw materials, with only the
percentage of the raw materials being different as dictated by the
composition of the 2 embodiments.
[0025] Copper and zinc may be obtained from a variety of sources.
In one embodiment, at least a portion of the raw materials are
obtained from scrap. For example, copper and zinc may be obtained
from prime production scrap including, but not limited to, gilding
metal (95% CU 5% Zn), commercial bronze (90% copper 10% Zn) and
cartridge brass (70% Cu 30% Zn). Copper may also be obtained from
brass mill grade copper scraps and copper chops. Some of the
material described above may also be coated with tin, providing tin
to the mixture. Tin may also be derived from phos bronze. Nickel
may be obtained from sources such as cupro nickel, ranging from
about 90% Cu, 10% Ni to 70% Cu, 30% Ni. The inclusion of the raw
material from scrap sources has several advantages, including lower
costs per pound for the raw materials and lower melt losses.
[0026] The raw material stock should be melted and tested for
conformation to the desired analysis. The analysis should confirm
the relative percentage of the elements, and confirm that the
levels of trace elements such as lead, iron, silicon, aluminum,
sulfur and antimony are below the maximum allowable percentages.
The levels of the trace elements may be decreased by dilution, and
in some cases, may be reduced by refining.
[0027] The final concentrations of copper, zinc, tin and nickel may
be adjusted with additions of the unalloyed metals. After the final
adjustments are made, the bismuth and selenium are added. In one
embodiment, bismuth is added as elemental bismuth and selenide is
added as a bismuth tri-selenide compound (Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3). It is
preferred that bismuth tri-selenide be added last and that total
time in the molten phase be limited. Selenium is both reactive with
oxygen and volatile. As a result, the selenium may be released as a
gas fume, creating safety concerns similar to those caused by
lead.
[0028] After the addition of the bismuth and selenium, a final
analysis is conducted to confirm the percentages of the raw
materials are in the desired range. Once the analysis is conducted,
pour off of ingot should begin. The time taken to pour the ingot
should be kept to a minimum to avoid fluctuation in the
concentration of zinc and selenium. A sample may be taken for
analysis at the end of the ingot pour to confirm the entire
production conforms to the specification.
EXAMPLE 2
Formulation of One Embodiment of KE88
[0029] In one embodiment (the physical properties of which are
given in Example 4), the KE-88 alloy comprises 86.11 percent by
weight copper, 2.42 percent by weight tin, 7.88 percent by weight
zinc, 1.08 percent by weight nickel, 1.99 percent by weight
bismuth, 0.34 percent by weight selenium and 0.07 percent by weight
iron and 0.11 percent by weight lead. This embodiment was produced
as described in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 3
Formulation of One Embodiment of KE22
[0030] In one embodiment (the physical properties of which are
given in Example 4), the KE-88 alloy comprises 85.26 percent by
weight copper, 5.1 percent by weight tin, 6.3 percent by weight
zinc, 1.0 percent by weight nickel, 1.9 percent by weight bismuth,
0.3 percent by weight selenium, 0.03 percent by weight iron and
0.11 percent by weight lead. This embodiment was produced as
described in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 4
Comparison of Physical Properties
[0031] Table 3 below gives selected physical properties of KE88 and
KE22 and compares these properties to EnviroBrass II, FederalAlloy
I-844 and the leaded copper alloy C84400. As can be seen, the
properties of both KE88 and KE22 are similar to the currently used
copper alloys
1TABLE 3 Comparison of Selected Physical Properties UTS (Ksi) YS
0.5% (Ksi) % Elongation 123 leaded semi- 29.0 13.0 18.0 red
brass/C84400 KE88 28.0 13.0 12.0 KE22 30.0 20.0 6.0 EnviroBrass II
21.0 18.0 6.0 C89520 FederalAlloy I-844 29.0 13.0 Not determined
C89831
EXAMPLE 5
Raw Materials Cost Comparison
[0032] As a result of the unique composition of the lead-free
copper ally described, the raw material costs of the alloy are
significantly reduced as compared to conventional lead-free copper
alloys (see Table 4). The raw material cost of the metals used in
the various alloys was compared at mid-year 2002, after allowing
for melt loss during production. As can be seen, KE88 can be
produced at a raw materials cost of 67.927 cents/pound and KE22 can
be produced at a raw materials cost of 73.851 cents/pound. This is
compared to a raw materials cost of 81.999 cents/pound for
EnviroBrass II. The raw materials cost of the leaded copper alloy
C84400 is 51.602 cents/pound. Therefore, from a raw materials
standpoint, use of KE88 results in a cost savings of 14.072
cents/pound and the use of KE22 results in a cost savings of 8.148
cents/pound as compared to EnviroBrass II.
2TABLE 4 Raw Material Cost Comparison of Selected Copper Alloys
(allowing for metal loss during production) Raw Materials Cost Cost
Savings (in cents/pound as Alloy (in cents/pound) compared to
EnviroBrass II) EnviroBrass II 81.999 C89520 KE88 67.927 14.072
KE22 73.851 8.148 123 leaded semi-red 51.602 brass/C84400
[0033]
3TABLE 1 Composition of the prior art leaded copper alloys.
Concentration is expressed % of material by weight, giving maximum
and minimum ranges or as maximum concentrations by weight. C83600
C84400 Copper 84.0-86.0 78.0-82.0 Tin 4.0-6.0 2.3-3.5 Lead 4.0-6.0
6.0-8.0 Zinc 4.0-6.0 7.0-10.0 Nickel .ltoreq.1.0 .ltoreq.1.0
[0034]
4TABLE 2 Compositions of selected embodiments of the lead-free
copper alloy of the present disclosure as compared to selected
lead-free copper alloys currently available. Concentration is
expressed % of material by weight, giving maximum and minimum
ranges or as maximum concentrations by weight. KE-88 KE-22
EnviroBrass I EnviroBrass II Copper 85.5-88.0 85.0-88.0 86.0-88.0
85.0-87.0 Tin 2.2-3.0 5.0-6.0 4.0-6.0 5.0-6.0 Lead .ltoreq.0.2
.ltoreq.0.2 .ltoreq.0.25 .ltoreq.0.25 Zinc 7.5-10.0 5.0-7.5 4.0-6.0
4.0-6.0 Nickel 0.8-1.5 1.0-1.5 .ltoreq.1.0 .ltoreq.1.0 Bismuth
1.6-2.2 1.5-2.6 0.5-1.5 1.6-2.2 Selenium 0.04-0.35 0.04-0.35
0.35-0.75 0.8-1.1
* * * * *