U.S. patent application number 10/694563 was filed with the patent office on 2004-05-06 for structural walls.
Invention is credited to Surowiecki, Matt F..
Application Number | 20040083665 10/694563 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46300188 |
Filed Date | 2004-05-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040083665 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Surowiecki, Matt F. |
May 6, 2004 |
Structural walls
Abstract
The upper end portion of a sheet-metal stud (14) fits upwardly
into a channel space (22) formed within an upper channel member
(10). The lower end of the stud (14) fits within a lower channel
space (30) formed in a lower channel member (12). The upper end
portion of the stud (14) includes a longitudinal slot (48) on each
of its sides. Screw fasteners (52) extend through the side walls
(16, 18) of the upper channel member (10) and then extend into and
through the slots (48). These screws (52) include a head (54) a
threaded shank portion (60) and a non-threaded shank portion (62)
between the head (54) and the threaded shank portion (60). The
non-threaded shank portion (62) is narrower than the slot (48) and
is sized to slide relatively up and down in the slot (48). The
non-threaded portion (62) of the shank (58) has an axio length d
measured between the inside surface of the head (54) and a
confronting surface of an end thread (64). This distance (d) is
preferably slightly larger than the combined thicknesses of the
side walls (16, 32) of the upper channel member (10) and the stud
(14). The stud (14) is free to move up and down relative to the
screw (52) and the upper channel member (10). Side forces on the
wall are resisted in one direction by the screw head (52) and in
the opposite direction by the end thread (64). The side walls (16,
18) are provided with a line of equally spaced apart dimples (70).
The dimples (70) mark locations that may be selected to receive a
screw fastener (52). The stud (14) is positioned in the channel
members (10, 12) with the slots (48) in alignment with a selected
dimple (70). A self-tapping end (56) of a screw fastener (52) is
then placed into the selected dimple (70). The screw fastener (52)
is then located for the purpose of it forming a hole through the
base of the dimple (70).
Inventors: |
Surowiecki, Matt F.;
(Sammamish, WA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Delbert J. Barnard
BARNARD, LOOP & McCORMACK LLP
P.O. Box 58888
Seattle
WA
98138-1888
US
|
Family ID: |
46300188 |
Appl. No.: |
10/694563 |
Filed: |
October 24, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10694563 |
Oct 24, 2003 |
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10387982 |
Mar 13, 2003 |
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10387982 |
Mar 13, 2003 |
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10035488 |
Oct 19, 2001 |
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10387982 |
Mar 13, 2003 |
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09293074 |
Apr 16, 1999 |
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6374558 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
52/301 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B 2/7457 20130101;
E04B 2/7411 20130101; E04C 2003/0473 20130101; E04B 2/825 20130101;
E04C 2003/0421 20130101; E04C 3/07 20130101; E04C 2003/0434
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
052/301 |
International
Class: |
E04H 012/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A structural wall, comprising: an elongated, downwardly opening,
sheet-metal, upper channel member having spaced-apart side walls
defining an upper channel space between them; an elongated
sheet-metal stud including: an upper end portion sized to fit
within said upper channel space and including spaced-apart side
walls that are contiguous with the side walls of the upper channel
member when the upper end portion of the stud is within the upper
channel space; and a screw fastener having a head and a shank
connected to the head, said shank having a threaded end portion and
a shank portion without threads between the threaded end portion
and the head; wherein at least one side wall of the upper end
portion of the stud include a longitudinal slot for receiving the
unthreaded portion of the shank of the screw fastener, said slot
being wider than the unthreaded portion of the shank of the screw
fastener; wherein the screw fastener is adapted to be connected to
the side wall of the upper channel member with its' shank extending
through the slot and the unthreaded portion of the shank in the
slot; wherein the screw fastener is free of connection with the
upper end portion of said stud; wherein said slot is long enough to
permit vertical movement of the stud relative to the screw fastener
and the upper channel member; wherein the stud can move up and down
relative to the screw and the upper channel member; and wherein the
threaded portion of the shank includes an end thread spaced close
to the upper end portion of the stud, said end thread being wider
than the slot so that it will contact the stud on the sides of the
slot and prevent the screw from being pulled out of the slot.
2. The structural wall of claim 1, wherein the side walls of the
upper channel member each include a plurality of spaced apart
dimples extending lengthwise of the side walls, each dimple
representing a location that may be selected to receive a screw
fastener that is used to connect the side wall of the upper channel
member to the upper end portion of a said stud.
3. The structural wall of claim 2, wherein the dimples on each side
wall of the upper channel member are in alignment crosswise of the
structural wall with a corresponding dimple on the other side wall
of the upper channel member.
4. The structural wall of claim 2, wherein the screw fastener has a
self-tapping pointed end at its end opposite its head, said
self-tapping end being adapted to bore a hole through the base of a
selected dimple in response to the screw being rotated while the
pointed end is in the dimple.
5. The structural wall of claim 1, further comprising an upwardly
opening, sheet-metal, lower channel member having spaced apart side
walls defining a lower channel space between them, and said
sheet-metal stud including a lower end portion that is within the
lower channel space and is connected to the lower channel
member.
6. The structural wall of claim 5, wherein the side walls of the
upper channel member each include a plurality of space apart
dimples extending lengthwise of the side walls, each dimple
representing a location that may be selected to receive a screw
fastener that is used to connect the side wall of the upper channel
member to the upper end portion of a said stud.
7. The structural wall of claim 6, wherein the dimples of each side
wall of the upper channel member are in alignment crosswise of the
structural wall with a corresponding dimple on the other side of
the upper channel member.
8. The structural wall of claim 6, wherein the screw fastener has a
self-tapping pointed end at its end opposite its head, said
self-tapping end being adapted to bore a hole through the base of a
selected dimple in response to the screw being rotated while the
pointed end is in the dimple.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending application
Ser. No. 10/387,982, entitled Structural Walls and Construction
Method, filed Mar. 3, 2003, as a continuation-in-part of my prior
application Ser. No. 10/035,488, entitled Slotted Metal Stud, filed
Oct. 19, 2001, filed as a continuation-in-part of my prior
application Ser. No. 09/293,074, filed Apr. 16, 1999, entitled Wall
Beam And Stud, and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,374,558 B1, granted Apr. 23,
2002.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to wall structures composed of
sheet-metal frame members and to a method of constructing wall
structures from such sheet-metal frame members. More particularly,
the invention provides a wall structure in which a horizontal frame
member at the top of the wall structure, and an overhead structure
to which it is connected, are able to move vertically relative to
the remainder of the wall structure, such as during an earthquake
or as settlement occurs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] My aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,374,558 includes a
comprehensive Background of the Invention. Additional background
information is set forth by U.S. Pat. No. 4,805,364, granted Feb.
21, 1989 to Robert A. Smolik; by U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,203, granted
Jul. 7, 1992 to Robert F. Paquette; by U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,760,
granted Jul. 7, 1992, to Todd A. Brady; by U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,121,
granted Nov. 11, 1997 Frank De Framcesco and Joseph D. Alumbo; and
by U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,752, granted May 24, 1994, to Michael A.
Hatzinikolas. A problem with most of the systems disclosed by
Smolik U.S. Pat. No. 4,805,364; Paquette U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,203;
Brady U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,760 and DeFramesco et al. U.S. Pat. No.
5,313,752 is that the components of the systems are expensive to
manufacture. Another problem of the systems disclosed by Paquette
U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,203 and Brady U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,760 is that
the upper frame members are weakened by the way they are
constructed. An object of the present invention is to provide a
construction of the frame members which renders them economical to
manufacture and results in stronger upper frame members and a
stronger wall structure.
[0004] As disclosed in the above-identified patents, the horizontal
and vertical frame members are constructed from sheet-metal and are
channel shaped. The upper horizontal frame member is in the form of
a downwardly opening channel member having opposite sidewalls and a
web that extends between the upper edges of the sidewalls. The
lower frame member is in the form of an upwardly opening channel
member. It has opposite sidewalls and a web that extends between
the lower edges of the sidewall. The vertical frame members (or
"studs") are also channel-shaped, except that they include also
lips which extend inwardly in coplanar parallelism from the edges
of the sidewalls that are distal the web.
[0005] The systems disclosed by Paquette U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,203
and Brady U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,760 each include an upper channel
member having screw receiving slots in its sidewalls. The upper
ends of the studs are positioned within the upper channel member
between a pair of opposed slots, such as shown by FIG. 1 of Brady
U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,760. The upper channel members are typically
provided with a large number of slots so that there is a large
number of places to secure the studs to the upper frame member.
Consequently, most of the slots in the upper channel member remain
unused in a given application. Although they are unused, they still
require a cost to make, and there presence acts to weaken the upper
channel member.
[0006] In the systems disclosed by Paquette U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,203
and Brady U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,760, the slots in the upper channel
members are outside of the upper end portions of the studs.
Sheet-metal screw fasteners extend through the slots and are
screwed into the sidewalls of the upper ends of the studs. The
screws are intended to slide in the slots during vertical movement
of the studs relative to the upper frame members. When the screws
are tightened too much, which happen often, the studs are clamped
between the heads of the screw fasteners and the upper end portions
of the studs. This clamping retards and often prevents movement,
often causing damage to the wall structure.
[0007] De Framcesco et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,121 discloses studs
composed of telescopically connected upper and lower portions,
making them costly to manufacture. The sidewalls of one of the end
portions includes longitudinal slots. Screw fasteners extend
through the sidewalls of the other end portion and extend into the
slots. The upper end portion fits snugly within the downwardly
extending channel space of the upper frame member. The upper end of
the upper end portion extends upwardly to the web of the upper
frame member.
[0008] An object of the present invention is to provide a
simplified framing system in which the screw fasteners used to
secure the studs to the channel members can be tightened without
causing the sidewalls of the upper channel member to be clamped
between the sidewalls of the studs and the heads of the screw
fasteners.
[0009] Another object of the present invention is to provide a
system which obviates the high cost of manufacturing the upper
channel member and maintains the studs free for vertical movement
relative to the upper channel member. Another object of the
invention is to provide a system in which the placement of the
studs is not limited to the location of preformed slots in the
sidewalls of the upper channel member, but rather the studs can be
placed at any location along the upper channel member and then be
connected to the upper channel member at that location and remain
free to move vertically relative to the upper channel member.
[0010] A further object of the present invention is to provide a
system which includes a pattern of selectively useable screw
location indicators in a sidewall of an upper channel member, or
similar other member, to facilitate placement and assembly of screw
fasteners.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] A structural wall according to the present invention is
basically characterized by an elongated, downwardly opening,
sheet-metal, upper channel member having spaced apart sidewalls
which define an upper channel space between them, and by
sheet-metal studs. The sheet-metal studs include upper end portions
sized to fit within the upper channel space. The upper end portions
of the studs comprise sidewalls that are contiguous the sidewalls
of the upper channel member when the upper end portions of the stud
are within the upper channel space. At least one sidewall of the
upper end portion of each stud includes a longitudinal slot
positioned for receiving the shank portion of a screw fastener. The
slot is wider than the shank portion of the screw fastener and is
long enough to permit a desired amount of vertical movement of the
stud relative to the screw fastener and the upper channel member.
The screw fasteners are adapted to be tightened to firmly connect
them to the sidewalls of the upper channel member. The shank
portions of the screw fasteners are in the slots, free of
connection with the upper end portions of the studs. During wall
movement, the studs can move up and down relative to the screws and
the upper channel member. There is no clamping of the sidewalls of
the upper channel member between the heads of the screw fasteners
and the upper end portions of the studs.
[0012] In preferred form, there is a longitudinal slot in each
sidewall of the upper end portion of the stud and there are two
screw fasteners for each stud, one for each slot. Each screw
fastener is connected to a different one of the sidewalls of the
upper channel member and each extending into and through the slot
in the contiguous sidewall of the stud. In preferred form, the
structural wall comprises the aforementioned sheet-metal upper
channel member, and a sheet-metal lower channel member having
spaced apart sidewalls defining a lower channel space between them.
A plurality of elongated studs are spaced apart in parallelism and
each said stud includes an upper end portion positioned within the
upper channel space and a lower end portion positioned within the
lower channel space. The lower end portion of each stud has spaced
apart sidewalls that are contiguous the sidewalls of the lower
channel member. Screw fasteners firmly connect the sidewalls of the
lower channel member to the sidewalls of the lower end portions of
the studs. The upper end portions of the studs and the upper
channel members are constructed and arranged in the manner
previously described. There are slots in the upper end portions of
the studs and screw fasteners are connected to the sidewalls of the
upper channel member. The screw fasteners include shank portions
that extend into and through the slots in the studs.
[0013] According to an aspect of the invention, the sidewalls of
the structural members through which the screw fasteners pass
before they extend into the slots is provided with a plurality of
selectively useable screw position markers in the form of dimples
in the sheet metal. In use, a slot containing structural member is
positioned with its slot behind a selected dimple, and the leading
end of the screw is set into the dimple and the screw is rotated to
cause it to bore through the bottom of the dimple and enter into
the slot. Preferably, the screw has a flight diameter that is
larger than the width of the slot. It also has a head and a portion
immediately inwardly of the head that has a width or diameter that
is smaller than the width of the slot. When the screw is installed,
this portion of the screw is in the slot and the end of the flight
that is adjacent the head of the screw is positioned endwardly of
the wall that includes the slot. As a result, the shank of the
screw can slide lengthwise of the slot and any force applied to the
system tending to cause the screw to move endwise will be countered
by a contact between the end of the slights and the metal on
opposite sides of the slot.
[0014] According to a method of the invention, an upper channel
member is supported in an overhead position with its channel space
directed downwardly. The lower channel member is secured in a
position below the upper channel member, with its channel space
confronting the upper channel space. A plurality of studs are
spaced apart in parallelism with each other. The lower end portions
of the studs are positioned within the lower channel space and the
upper end portions of the studs within the upper channel space. The
studs are moved sideways along the upper channel members to place
them in desired positions. Then, screw fasteners are inserted
through the sidewalls of the upper channel member at locations
outwardly of the slots in the upper end portions of the studs. The
screw fasteners are firmly secured to the sidewalls of the upper
channel member, with their shank portions extending inwardly
through the slots. The screw fasteners are free of connection with
the studs. The sidewalls of the upper channel members are not
clamped between the heads of the screw fasteners and the upper end
portions of the studs.
[0015] Preferably, the screw fasteners that are used comprise a
head and a shank. The shank is threaded throughout a substantial
portion of its length but it includes a non-threaded portion
between the head of the screw and the threaded portion. The
threaded portion has an end thread closely adjacent to the head.
The end thread is spaced from the head a distance greater than the
thickness of the side wall of the upper channel member and the
flange of the stud which includes the slot. The end thread is wider
than the slot so that the threaded portion of the screw cannot be
moved through the slot. When the screw is in place, the head is
adjacent to the side wall of the upper channel member, the flange
of the stud that includes the slot is adjacent the side wall of the
upper channel member, and the end thread is adjacent the metal
portions of the stud on opposite sides of the slot. As a result of
this construction, a side force acting on the wall lengthwise of
the screw will be resisted by contact between the end thread and
the portions of the studs that border the slot.
[0016] Other objects, advantages and features of the invention will
become apparent from the description of the best mode set forth
below, from the drawings, from the claims and from the principles
that are embodied in the specific structures that are illustrated
and described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL FIGURES OF THE DRAWING
[0017] Like reference numerals are used to designate like parts
throughout the several views of the drawing, and:
[0018] FIG. 1 is a fragmentary pictorial view of a sheet-metal
stud, an upper sheet-metal channel member, and a portion of a wall
board panel, such view being taken from above and looking towards
the top and one side of the structure that is illustrated, and
towards the open side of the studs, such view showing a line of
dimples on the side wall flanges of the upper channel member;
[0019] FIG. 2 is an enlarged scale fragmentary, pictorial view of a
sheet-metal stud, an upper sheet-metal channel member, and a lower
sheet-metal channel member, with a center portion of the stud being
cut away for the purpose of indicating indeterminate length;
[0020] FIG. 3 is a still larger scale elevational view, with parts
in section showing a screw in alignment with a dimple in a side
wall flange of the upper channel member and a slot in an upper
portion of a stud that is in alignment with the dimple;
[0021] FIG. 4 is a view like FIG. 3 but showing the screw
installed;
[0022] FIG. 5 is a sectional view on an enlarged scale, taken along
line 5-5 of FIG. 4;
[0023] FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken substantially along line
6-6 of FIG. 4;
[0024] FIG. 7 is an enlarged scale view of the upper channel
member, showing a screw in alignment with a dimple in one of the
flanges of the channel member;
[0025] FIG. 8 is a view of a pair of rollers in the process of
being used to form the dimples in the sheet-metal;
[0026] FIG. 9 is an enlarged scale view of the central portion of
FIG. 8; and
[0027] FIG. 10 is front elevational view looking towards a
dimple.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST MOLD
[0028] The aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/387,982 contains a detailed description of many of the features
of the structural wall of the present invention. Rather than
repeating the entire disclosure of application Ser. No. 10/387,982,
that application is hereby incorporated herein by this specific
reference.
[0029] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 herein, the framing structure
that is illustrated in the drawing comprises a downwardly opening
upper channel member 10, an upwardly opening lower channel member
12 (FIG. 2) and a plurality of studs 14. All three of these members
10, 12, 14 are constructed from sheet-metal. The upper channel
member 10 is connected to a suitable overhead support and the lower
channel member 12 is connected to a suitable lower support. Channel
member 10 includes side walls or flanges 16, 18 connected together
at their upper edges by a web 20. The side walls or flanges 16, 18
depend from the web 20 and the three members 16, 18, 20 form an
upper channel space 22. The lower channel member 12 comprises first
and second side walls or flanges 24, 26 that are interconnected by
a bottom web 28. Members 24, 26, 28 form an upwardly opening
channel space 30. When channel members 10, 12 are within the wall
structure they are spaced apart vertically and the channel space is
22, 30 confront each other.
[0030] The studs 14 each include an upper end portion 32 and a
lower end portion 34. The lower end portion 34 fits down inside the
channel space 30. Screw fasteners extend through openings 36, 37
and side walls 24, 26 and firmly connect the side walls 24, 26 (and
hence the lower channel member 12) to the lower end portions 34 the
studs 14. The upper end portions 32 of the studs 14 fit within the
upper channel space 22. As shown in several of the views, the studs
14 have upper ends that are spaced downwardly from the web 20. The
studs 14 have opposite side walls or flanges 38, 40 that are
connected together along opposite side edges of a web 42. The
opposite edges of the flanges 38, 40 are provided with lips 44, 46
that turn inwardly and extend in co-planar parallelism with each
other. The side walls or flanges 38, 40, the web 42, and the lips
44, 46 form a lipped channel construction.
[0031] As shown by several figures of the drawing, the side walls
38, 40 of the upper end portions of the studs 14 are provided with
longitudinal slots 48, 50, having closed upper and lower ends. As
shown by FIGS. 1-5, for example, the upper end portions 32 of the
studs 14 extend only part way into the upper channel space 22 in
the upper channel member 10. The upper ends of the studs 14 are
thus spaced downwardly from the web 20. This provides a vertical
space within the channel space 22 below the web 20 in which the
upper ends of the studs 14 can move in the vertical direction.
[0032] Screw fasteners 52 extend inwardly through the side walls
16, 18 of the upper channel member 10 and then extend into and
through the slots 48, 50. Each screw 52 has a head 54 at one end
and a pointed opposite end 56. There is a shank between the head 54
in the plated end 56. A portion of this shank, designated 58,
includes helical threads 60, there is a portion of the shank 62
that is between a head 54 and the end thread 64 closest to the head
54 that is not threaded. When the screw 52 is installed, the
non-threaded portion 62 of the shank 58.
[0033] FIGS. 5 and 6 show the non-threaded portion 62 of shank 58
positioned within the slot 48. Shank portion 62 may have a circular
cross-section, as shown in FIG. 6. The important thing is that the
shank portion has a width that is narrower than slot 48. End thread
64 of the threads 60 is positioned so that when the screw head 54
is against the wall 16 of channel member 10, thread 64 is
contiguous the metal on the two sides of the slot 48. FIG. 6 shows
that the end thread 64 has a diameter that is larger than the slot
48 is wide. The axio distance d, between the inside surface of the
head 54 and the closest portion of the end thread 66 is slightly
longer than the combined thicknesses of walls 16, 32. As a result,
there is no clamping of the sheet-metal members 16, 32 between the
screw head 54 and the end thread 64. As a result, relative movement
of the screw shank portion 62 is permitted in the slot 48. If the
upper channel member 10 is forced downwardly relative to the stud
14, the screw shank portion 62 will move downwardly lengthwise of
the slot 48. If the stud 14 wants to move upwardly relative to the
upper channel member 10, the slot 48 will move relative to the
first shank portion 62. If a sideways force is applied against the
wall, in one direction the screw heads 54 will be forced against
member 16. In the opposite direction, the thread ends 64 will be
moved against the portions of stud walls 32 that border the slot
48. In either event, the sideways forces are carried at the screw
connections. Accordingly, this construction allows relative
movement in the vertical direction, such as might occur during an
earthquake or because of settling, while the walls brace at least
to some extent in the sideways direction. Thus, the wall is better
able to resist wind loads and other types of side loads that it
might encounter.
[0034] As well disclosed in Ser. No. 10/387,982, wall board
sheeting WB is attached to the assembly composed of the studs 14
and the lower channel member 12. The wall board sheeting WB is free
of connection to the upper channel member 10. This allows the upper
channel member 10 and the structure to which it is attached to move
relative to the assembly 12, 14 and the structure to which it is
attached. This movement is a movement in the vertical direction,
lengthwise of the slots 48. As explained above, in response to
lateral forces acting on the wall, the screw fasteners 52 will act
to transmit forces so that the wall will act to resist these
forces.
[0035] As previously mentioned, an advantage of the invention is
that the placement of the studs is not limited to the location of
pre-formed slots in the side walls of the upper channel member.
Rather, the studs can be placed at any location along the upper
channel member and then be connected to the upper channel member at
that location and remain free to move vertically relative to the
upper channel member. However, in some installations, it is
possible to have set locations for the screws. In that case, it is
desirable to provide a dimple in the side walls 16, 18 at each
screw location. These dimples are designated 70 in FIGS. 3 and
7-10. By way of example, the dimples 70 may be spaced one inch
apart lengthwise of the wall 16. The screw 52 may have a
self-tapping end 56. In that case, the end 56 is placed into a
selected dimple 70 and the screw is rotated to form a hole through
the wall 16, 18 at the location of the dimple 70. The dimple 70
will keep the screw in line as the hole is being formed. Without
the dimple 70, the screw 52 may want to move or "walk" in response
to the turning force applied to it by a screw driver.
[0036] FIGS. 8 and 9 show that the dimple 70 may be formed by a
pair of wheels 72, 74. Wheel 72 is shown to include a plurality of
projections 76. Wheel 74 includes corresponding recesses 78. The
sheet-metal member 16, 18 is moved through the nip formed by the
wheels 72, 74. As the wheel 72, 74 turn, they move within the
sheet-metal member 16, 18. In succession, a projection 76 moves
against a spot on the sheet-metal member 16, 18 and moves it into a
recess 78. This forms the dimples 70.
[0037] The illustrated embodiments are only examples of the present
invention, and therefore, are non-limitive. It is to be understood
that many changes in the particular structure, material and
features of the invention may be made without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it is my intention
that my patent rights not be limited by the particular embodiments
illustrated and described herein, but rather are to be determined
by the following claims, interpreted according to accepted
doctrines of patent claim interpretation, including use of the
Doctrine of Equivalence and Reversal of Parts.
* * * * *