U.S. patent application number 10/680611 was filed with the patent office on 2004-04-15 for silica-based optical fibers and multi-pass sintering.
Invention is credited to Lum, Richard M., Mixon, David A., Monberg, Eric M., Trevor, Dennis J..
Application Number | 20040071421 10/680611 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26916793 |
Filed Date | 2004-04-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040071421 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lum, Richard M. ; et
al. |
April 15, 2004 |
Silica-based optical fibers and multi-pass sintering
Abstract
A process produces a glass overcladding tube from a silica gel
body. The process includes passing the gel body through a hot zone
under conditions that cause partial sintering of the gel body and
repassing the gel body through the hot zone under conditions that
further sinter the gel body into a glass overcladding tube.
Inventors: |
Lum, Richard M.; (Colts
Neck, NJ) ; Mixon, David A.; (Port Murray, NJ)
; Monberg, Eric M.; (Princeton, NJ) ; Trevor,
Dennis J.; (Clinton, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Docket Administrator (Room 3J-219)
Lucent Technologies Inc.
101 Crawfords Corner Road
Holmdel
NJ
07733-3030
US
|
Family ID: |
26916793 |
Appl. No.: |
10/680611 |
Filed: |
October 7, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10680611 |
Oct 7, 2003 |
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09708148 |
Nov 8, 2000 |
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60222444 |
Aug 1, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
385/123 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C03B 2201/04 20130101;
C03B 19/12 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
385/123 |
International
Class: |
G02B 006/02; G02B
006/16 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process, comprising: passing a silica gel body through a hot
zone under conditions that cause partial sintering of the gel body;
and repassing the gel body through the hot zone under conditions
that further sinter the gel body.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the passing and repassing
comprises: vertically moving the gel body through the hot zone.
3. The process of claim 1, further comprising: passing the gel body
through the hot zone under conditions that significantly purify the
gel body without shrinking the gel body.
4. The process of claim 3, further comprising: treating the silica
gel body to cause dehydroxylation prior to performing the
passing.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the gel body has a tubular
shape; the passing causes at least a 1 percent shrinkage in a
diameter of the gel body; and the repassing causes at least another
1 percent shrinkage in the diameter of the gel body.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein one of the passing and the
repassing causes at least a 5 percent shrinkage of the diameter of
the gel body.
7. The process of claim 1, further comprising: forming a sol
comprising silica particles; and casting the gel body from the
sol.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein both the passing and repassing
include vertically moving the hot zone along the gel body.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the passing and repassing
include regulating a temperature of the hot zone to be at least
1300.degree. C.
10. The process of claim 8, further comprising: inserting a
core-cladding rod into the further sintered gel body; and heat
collapsing the further sintered gel body onto the rod to produce a
preform.
11. The process of claim 9, wherein the passing and repassing
produce a preform having a level of [OH] impurities of less than 2
parts per million.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein the repassing includes
producing a transparent silica-glass overcladding tube.
13. A process, comprising: subjecting one end of a cylindrical
silica gel body to a hot zone until the end is at least partially
sintered; and vertically passing the gel body through the hot zone
to sinter the gel body by causing the partially sintered end to
enter the hot zone last.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the partially sintered end has
a diameter at least 1 percent smaller than the diameter of the end
prior to the subjecting.
15. The process of claim 13, further comprising: producing the
silica gel body from a sol comprising silica particles; and wherein
the gel body has a tubular form.
16. The process of claim 14, wherein the passing includes raising
the gel body through the hot zone in a direction opposite to the
direction of gravity.
17. The process of claim 13, wherein the passing produces a silica
glass tube.
18. A manufacture, comprising: a preform having a central core, a
cladding layer, and an overcladding layer; the core, cladding
layer, and overcladding layer each comprising silica-glass, the
preform having an OD variation of 10.sup.-1 percent or less at one
longitudinal position.
19. The manufacture of claim 18, wherein the length and outer
diameter of the preform are at least as great as 1200 mm and 90 mm,
respectively.
20. The manufacture of claim 18, wherein the overcladding layer has
less than 2 parts per million of hydroxide impurities.
21. The manufacture of claim 20, wherein the overcladding layer has
less than 0.2 parts per million of hydroxide impurities.
22. The manufacture of claim 19, wherein the preform has an OD
variation of 5.times.10.sup.-2 percent or less at one longitudinal
position.
23. The manufacture of claim 18, wherein the inner diameter of the
overcladding layer varies by less than 1 percent over the length of
the preform.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/222,444; titled "Silica-Based Optical Fibers And
Multi-Pass Sintering" by Richard M. Lum, David A. Mixon, Eric M.
Monberg, and Dennis J. Trevor; and filed Aug. 1, 2000.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to optical fibers and fabrication of
preforms for use in drawing optical fibers.
DISCUSSION OF THE RELATED ART
[0003] Contemporary optical fibers are drawn from a cylindrical
silica-glass object generally referred to as a preform. The preform
has an axially symmetric structure that reflects the final
structure of the optical fiber. The preform's structure usually
includes a central core, a middle cladding layer, and an outer
overcladding or jacketing layer. To achieve the desired optical
properties of the fiber, the core has a higher index of refraction
than the cladding layer. Differences in indexes of refraction of
the various fiber layers come from dopants, e.g., germanium and/or
fluorine, which are incorporated during production of the
preform.
[0004] As preform size continues to increase, in order to reduce
fiber costs, the amount of overcladding relative to cladding also
increases. The overcladding may comprise more than 85 percent of
the fiber's volume. The overcladding and its interface with the
core-cladding largely determine mechanical properties such as draw
breaking frequency and fiber limpness, i.e., curl. Though the
overcladding determines mechanical properties, the core and
cladding carry about 99 percent of the optical energy and primarily
determine the fiber's optical properties. The diminished impact of
the overcladding on optical properties suggests fabricating the
overcladding with processes that produce high mechanical quality
but lower optical quality. Since such processes are often less
costly, using them to fabricate the voluminous overcladding can
substantially reduce overall production costs for preforms and for
final optical fibers.
[0005] A sol-gel process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,488,
("'488"), which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety. By the sol-gel process, overcladding tubes can be
fabricated more cheaply than by processes using deposited soot as
starting material. Fabrication of an overcladding tube using the
sol-gel process involves casting a porous and opaque gel body from
a colloidal sol of silica particles. The gel body is then dried,
purified and sintered to produce the final silica-glass
overcladding tube. A pre-made rod structure for the core and
cladding is inserted into the overcladding tube, which is collapsed
to produce the final preform.
[0006] In the sol-gel process, the treatment of the dried gel body
has at least two stages. In a first stage, a purification treatment
removes impurities, e.g., organic matter, water, and transition
metals. These impurities are either present in the fumed silica
starting material or in additives used to produce the gel body or
are contaminants introduced during processing. In a second stage, a
heat treatment sinters the gel body to close pores between silica
particles and produce the final glass overcladding tube from the
porous gel body. Herein, sintering is defined as a heat treatment
that causes a measurable shrinkage in a gel body's linear
dimensions, e.g:, a diameter or length, of at least one
percent.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] A first embodiment features a process that produces a glass
overcladding tube from a silica gel body. The process includes
passing the gel body through a hot zone under conditions that cause
partial sintering of the gel body and repassing the gel body
through the hot zone under conditions that further sinter the gel
body into a glass overcladding tube.
[0008] A second embodiment features another process for producing a
glass overcladding tube from a silica gel body. The process
includes subjecting one end of a cylindrical silica gel body to a
hot zone until the end is at least partially sintered. The process
also includes vertically passing the gel body through the hot zone
to sinter the gel body. The act of passing causes the partially
sintered end to enter the hot zone last.
[0009] Another embodiment features a manufacture for a preform. The
preform has a core, a cladding layer, and an overcladding layer.
The core, cladding layer, and overcladding layer each include
silica-glass. The preform has an OD variation of 0.1 percent or
less at one longitudinal position along the length of the
preform.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
[0010] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a
sintering apparatus;
[0011] FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a
multi-pass process for sintering silica gel bodies;
[0012] FIG. 3 is a graph showing shrinkages of an exemplary gel
body during multiple-pass sintering; and;
[0013] FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating another embodiment of a
process for sintering silica gel bodies; and
[0014] FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a
process for fabricating preforms.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0015] Various embodiments sinter large gel bodies into
silica-glass objects, such as overcladding tubes, incrementally by
processes that reduce stress levels on the gel body below stress
levels encountered during conventional sintering processes.
Recently, conventional processes were used to sinter large gel
bodies to overcladding tubes for preforms from which about 600
kilometers of single-mode optical fiber can be drawn. For the large
overcladding tubes, initial tubular silica gel bodies had lengths,
outer diameters (ODs), and inside diameters (IDs) of about 1600,
120, and 43 millimeters (mm), respectively.
[0016] The sintering of these large cross-sectional area (CSA) gel
bodies was accompanied by several problems. First, the
last-to-sinter ends of the large gel bodies tended to fracture with
conventional sintering procedures. Second, overcladding tubes made
from the large gel bodies had less uniform inside diameters (IDs)
and CSAs, which degrades the ability to physically match such
overcladding tubes to core-cladding rods thereby increasing
dispersion variations among the final fibers produced from such
tubes. Dispersion is a critical performance fiber parameter for
many applications. Third, the overcladding tubes made from the
large gel bodies had high variations in [OH] levels, e.g., from
about 5 to 30 parts per million (ppm). High [OH] levels are
undesirable for overcladding tubes used to make optical fibers that
will transmit light with any wavelength between about 1.55 and 1.31
microns, i.e., a range containing a strong [OH] optical absorption
peak.
[0017] FIG. 1 shows a sintering apparatus 10 for producing a
silica-glass overcladding tube from a tubular silica gel body 12.
Silica gel bodies are porous and opaque to visible light. The
silica gel body 12 is made by one of the sol-gel processes
described in the '488 patent. The gel body 12 may contain residual
impurities such as organic materials adsorbed onto the gel body 12
subsequent to purification and purification byproducts that may
remain in the body's pores due to their low volatility.
[0018] In some embodiments, the silica gel body 12 may have another
shape and may be prepared by other processes. For example, the gel
body 12 may have a shape adapted for producing lenses, prisms, or
silica flanges or fixtures of diverse shapes. Such gel bodies can
be produced from aerogels, alkoxide-based gels, or xerogels known
to those of skill in the art.
[0019] During sintering, the gel body 12 is enclosed in a
controlled-atmosphere muffle 14, e.g., a fused quartz firing shroud
with an end plate or a furnace liner. The muffle 14 has a port 16
for introducing gases into and a second port for exhausting gases
from the region adjacent the gel body 12. One opening 18 into the
muffle 14 allows attaching a mechanical device 20 that supports the
weight of the gel body 12 during sintering. For example, the device
20 may be the top support described in co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/459,775, filed Dec. 13, 1999, which is
incorporated herein by reference.
[0020] The sintering apparatus 10 can vertically raise or lower the
gel body 12 through a hot zone 22 of a furnace 24 at an adjustable
speed so that the gel body 12 passes through the hot zone 22. The
length of the muffle 14 accommodates raising and lowering the gel
body 12 completely through the hot zone 22.
[0021] The temperature of the hot zone 22 can be gradually and
controllably varied between about 0-1,600.degree. C. by a control
apparatus 26. During sintering, portions of the gel body 12 are
heated to temperatures between about 1350 and 1600.degree. C. This
initiates viscous sintering causing the gel body 12 to shrink and
finally transform into a transparent silica overcladding tube. For
a given furnace configuration, the gel body's CSA and the traversal
rate through the hot zone 22 will determine axial and radial
temperature gradients within the gel body 12. During sintering,
temperature gradients may produce large stresses in the gel body
12. The stresses induced in the gel body can increase the chances
of cracking during the sintering or subsequent processing.
Performing the sintering incrementally can lower such stresses.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a process 30 for multi-pass
sintering of silica gel bodies, e.g., using sintering apparatus 10
of FIG. 1. Initially, the process 30 causes the gel body to pass
along the hot zone partially sintering the gel body (step 32).
Passing the body along hot zone may entail raising the gel body
vertically up through the hot zone in a direction opposite to
gravity or lowering the gel body vertically down through the hot
zone in the direction of gravity. Alternatively, passing the gel
body along the hot zone may entail moving the hot zone instead of
the gel body so that the hot zone passes over the gel body. During
the sintering, the furnace's hot zone is kept at a high enough
temperature to cause closure of pores between silica particles and
shrinkage of the gel body, e.g., 1300-1550.degree. C. Partial
sintering occurs if shrinkage reduces linear dimensions of the gel
body, e.g., the diameter and length, by 1% or more and may cause
shrinkage of these dimensions by 5% or more. The extent of
shrinkage depends on the time in the hot zone, temperature of the
hot zone, pore size in the gel, and the viscosity of the silica.
After the first partial sintering pass, the process 30 causes the
gel body to pass through the hot zone producing further sintering
of the gel body (step 34). The further sintering incrementally
shrinks linear dimensions of the gel body by one percent or more.
By incrementally sintering the gel body through two or more steps,
the process 30 decreases mechanical stresses with respect to
conventional processes that entirely sinter the gel body in one
pass. Performing sintering incrementally in several passes lowers
risks that the gel body will crack during sintering.
[0023] In the process 30, each incremental sintering pass shrinks
linear dimensions of the gel body by a fraction of the total
shrinkage needed to fully sinter the gel body. About a 24 percent
total shrinkage is generally needed to produce the transparent
overcladding tube from a gel body prepared via a sol-gel process
such as described in '488. The sintering-induced volume shrinkage
of process 30 is more gradual than single pass processes and
produces lower cracking stresses in the gel body. One embodiment of
the process 30 performs three sintering passes through the hot zone
to shrink the gel body's diameter by a total of about 8, 16, and 24
percent after the first, second, and third sintering passes,
respectively (see FIG. 3). In this embodiment, the successive
sintering passes are performed at successively higher furnace
temperatures between about 1300 and 1580.degree. C. The temperature
is not however, raised after each sintering pass in all
embodiments.
[0024] Each pass may vertically pull the gel body 12 up through the
hot zone 22 opposite to the direction of gravity so that the top of
the gel body 12 is sintered first. Sintering the top first reduces
the probability of a catastrophic crack. Cracks usually form at the
last sintered end of the gel body 12, because the last-to-sinter
end is subject to the higher sintering stresses. If the gel body 12
is pulled up through the hot zone 22, a crack is more probable to
form near the bottom of the gel body 12, because the bottom is the
last portion to sinter. Then, only the bottom of the gel body is
likely to crack and break off if the sintering-induced expansion
stresses become too large.
[0025] Each pass may alternatively lower the gel body 12 vertically
down, in the direction of gravity, through the hot zone 22. In this
case, a crack is more probable to form near the top of the gel body
12, because the top becomes the last portion to sinter. Then,
cracks are more likely to form near the top of the gel body 12.
Such a crack could be catastrophic and cause the whole gel body to
break off top supporting mechanical device 20 completely destroying
the gel body and possibly damaging the furnace 24.
[0026] One embodiment sinters a silica gel body having an initial
length of about 1600 mm or more, an OD of about 120 mm or more, an
ID of about 43 mm or less, and a weight of about 14 kilograms or
more in three sintering steps. The three steps produce a total
reduction of the OD and length by about 24 percent. During each
sintering step, the atmosphere surrounding the gel body 12 is an
oxygen and helium mixture. For the sintering steps, which cause
pore closure, the molar ratio of oxygen to helium is less than or
equal to about 0.025. For these steps, a higher oxygen percentage
can cause bubble formation due to the low diffusivity of trapped
oxygen. Bubbles in the glass can cause air lines in the fiber drawn
from a preform using the overcladding tube or frothing of the
overcladding tube itself. The low partial pressure of oxygen aids
to remove organic impurities and to oxidize the Si--Cl moiety
created during a previous dehydroxylation step. The oxygen combines
with the Si--Cl moiety to form siloxane bonds, i.e., Si--O--Si, and
release chlorine gas.
[0027] In the exemplary embodiment, the temperature is about
1380.degree. C. during the first sintering pass, and the gel body
is vertically pulled up through the hot zone 22, against gravity,
at a rate of about 30 mm per minute. The pass produces substantial
shrinkage of the gel body 12. After the entirely passing through
the hot zone 22, the gel body 12 is rapidly lowered back through
the furnace 22, e.g., at a rate of 500 mm or more per minute, to
reposition the gel body 12 for the next pass. The lowering rate is
fast enough to not produce substantial sintering or shrinkage.
[0028] For the next sintering pass, the temperature is ramped up to
a higher temperature of about 1440.degree. C., and the gel body is
vertically pulled up through the hot zone 22, against the pull of
gravity, at the rate of about 30 mm per minute. The higher
temperature decreases the processing time needed to produce further
sintering. During the second pass, chlorine gas, water and volatile
compounds continue to discharge from the gel body 12 as impurities
are further removed. After entirely passing through the hot zone
22, the gel body 12 is rapidly lowered back through the furnace 22
to reposition the gel body 12 for the next pass.
[0029] For the third sintering pass, the temperature of the furnace
24 is raised further to about 1500.degree. C., and the gel body is
pulled up through the hot zone 22, against gravity, at a slower
rate of about 10 mm per minute. This last pass produces further
shrinkage and completes sintering to produce the transparent
overcladding tube. After the last pass, the gas mixture is changed
to pure helium, and the silica-glass tube is cooled down to
25.degree. C. over a period of about an hour.
[0030] FIG. 3 indicates data points 35-38 for shrinkages of the OD
of one tubular gel body during individual passes of the gel body
through a hot zone of a sintering furnace. The first three passes
lifted the gel body through the sintering furnace at rates of about
30 mm per minute. The final pass lifted the gel body through the
sintering furnace at a rate of about 10 mm per minute. The data
point 37 below 1350.degree. C. corresponds to a purification pass
of the gel body through the hot zone in which sintering does not
occur, i.e., less than one percent shrinkage of the body's diameter
and length. The last data point 38 corresponds to the final
transparent overcladding tube for which the diameter of the initial
gel body has undergone a total shrinkage of about 24 percent.
[0031] FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing an alternate process 40 for
multi-pass sintering of silica gel bodies, e.g., using apparatus 10
of FIG. 1. Initially, the process 40 performs an end dip by
subjecting an end portion of the gel body to the furnace's hot zone
to partially or fully sinter that end portion (step 42). For
example, the process 40 may lower 20-100 mm of the gel body into a
1500-1540.degree. C. hot zone at a rate of 5-50 mm per minute
during the end dip. The resulting heat treatment causes shrinkage
of the end of the gel body that is indicative of sintering, i.e.,
shrinkage of the diameter by 1% or more. After partially or fully
sintering the end portion, the tube is rapidly lowered vertically
through the hot zone until the top of the gel body is at the center
of the hot zone. Then, process 40 pulls the entire gel body,
opposite to the direction of gravity, vertically up so that the gel
body passes through the furnace's hot zone in a manner that sinters
the entire gel body and sends the partially sintered end portion
through the hot zone last (step 44). This complete sintering pass
of the gel body through the hot zone shrinks the diameter of the
gel body by about 23-27 percent. During this sintering pass, lower
stresses are exerted on the end portion of the gel body due to the
previous sintering of that portion. The lower stresses at the
last-to-sinter end reduce risks of crack formation during the
complete sintering pass, because cracks tend to propagate out from
the last-to-sinter end of the gel body.
[0032] The multi-pass process 30 and the end-dip process 40 use
similar amounts of time to sinter a silica gel body.
[0033] FIG. 5 is a flow chart for a process 50 that fabricates
preforms for drawing single-mode or multi-mode optical fibers. The
process 50 includes preparation of a porous silica gel body (step
52). The gel body may be formed by the sol-gel process, which molds
a silica gel body from a sol of silica particles and then dries the
gel body to remove 95-98% of the water initially present therein as
described in the '488 patent. The gel body may also be formed from
an aerogel, an alkoxide-based gel, or an xerogel, which has been
dried, for example, through a microwave process.
[0034] After drying, the gel body may still have contaminants,
e.g., quaternary ammonium salts, organic polymers, metal oxides and
transition metals. To remove these contaminants, the process 50
performs a purification and dehydroxylation treatment of the gel
body in a moderate-temperature furnace, i.e., below 1000.degree. C.
(step 54).
[0035] The purification and dehydroxylation treatment includes
several stages. The first exemplary stage heats the dried gel
bodies to about 350.degree. C. in a bath of nitrogen gas to
decompose quaternary ammonium salts releasing gaseous byproducts.
The next stage changes the atmosphere to air so that oxygen therein
reacts with and decomposes the organic impurities releasing gaseous
byproducts. The next stage changes the atmosphere to thionyl
chloride, which reacts with the refractory metal oxides releasing
gaseous byproducts. The last stage changes the atmosphere to
chlorine and raises the temperature to about 950.degree. C. The
chlorine dehydroxylates the gel body by reacting with silica
hydroxides to produce silicon-bound chlorine and gaseous
byproducts. The gaseous byproducts are removed.
[0036] After the purification and dehydroxylation treatment, the
gel bodies may still have residual impurities including chemically
bound chlorine (bound during dehydroxylation), metal chlorides, and
organic materials adsorbed during any storage period. To remove
these residual impurities, the process 50 passes the gel body
through a sintering furnace's hot zone, e.g., the hot zone 22 of
FIG. 1 (step 56). This purification pass does not significantly
close pores between silica particles, because the hot zone is kept
below about 1300.degree. C. or at least below about 1350.degree. C.
Shrinkage of the diameter or length of the gel body by less than
about 1 percent is indicative of insignificant pore closure and
characteristic of the purification pass through the hot zone.
[0037] The purification pass through the hot zone is performed in
an atmosphere of oxygen and helium in which the molar ratio of
oxygen to helium may be between 0.5 and 0.025. High molar fractions
of oxygen are allowed, because the purification pass does not
result in the closing of pores and the subsequent trapping of
oxygen. The oxygen reacts with the bound chlorine to produce silica
glass and chlorine gas. The chlorine is flushed out of the muffle
surrounding the gel body. The oxygen also oxidizes adsorbed organic
impurities to produce other gaseous byproducts that are flushed
out.
[0038] For the above-described 1600 mm long silica gel body, one
embodiment pulls the gel tube vertically up through a hot zone
heated to about 1320.degree. C. at a pull rate of about 30 mm per
minute to perform the purification pass. After passing through the
hot zone 22, the gel body 12 is rapidly lowered back through the
furnace 22, e.g., at 150 mm per minute, to reposition the gel body
12 for the sintering passes. Some embodiments use the same oxygen
partial pressure in the purification and sintering passes.
[0039] After the purification pass, the process 50 sinters the gel
body by a multi-pass process, e.g., process 30 or 40 of FIG. 2 and
4, respectively (step 58). Sintering passes of the gel body through
the hot zone close pores of the gel tube to produce a final
transparent overcladding tube.
[0040] The process 50 also prepares a silica-glass core-cladding
rod of high optical quality (step 60). The preparation of the
core-cladding rod may proceed by vapor axial deposition (VAD),
outside vapor deposition (OVD), or modified chemical vapor
deposition (MCVD) as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,217,027;
4,262,035; and 4,909,816, which are incorporated by reference
herein.
[0041] After preparation of the core-cladding rod and overcladding
tube, the process 50 inserts the core-cladding rod into the
overcladding tube (step 62). The process 50 heat collapses the
overcladding tube onto the core-cladding rod, e.g., by heating
sections with a torch to 2000.degree. C. or more, to produce the
final preform (step 64). After cooling, the preform is ready for
use in optical fiber drawing.
[0042] From a gel body with initial length, OD, and ID of about
1600, 120, and 43 mm and produced by the sol-gel process, the
process 50 produces an overcladding tube with final length, OD, and
ID of about 1200, 90, and 35 mm, respectively. Thus, the
overcladding tubes produced by the process 30 or 40 are useable to
construct cylindrical preforms with lengths and ODs greater than
1000 mm and 75 mm, respectively. Some such preforms have length and
OD greater than about 1200 mm and about 90 mm, respectively.
[0043] The sintering process 30 produces overcladding tubes with
small D and CSA variations. For 1000 mm long overcladding tubes,
tolerances for ID variations along the tube can be kept below 1
percent or between 0.5 and 5 percent. CSA variations along the tube
can be kept below about 1 percent if each sintering pass starts at
the bottom end of the cast gel body and below about 0.5-1.0 percent
if successive sintering passes start at the top end of the cast gel
body. In either case, CSA variations are between about 0.4 to 2.0
percent. Uniformity of ID and CSA reduces dispersion variations
along the length of the final optical fiber.
[0044] The sintering process 30 produces overcladding tubes with
low ovalities. Herein, the ovality is defined to be the maximum OD
minus the minimum OD at one longitudinal position along the
overcladding tube. Ovalities can be equal to or smaller than 100
microns, 50 microns, or 30 microns when 90 mm OD overcladding tubes
are produced according the sintering process 30. These ovalities
produce a variation in OD equal to about 10.sup.-1,
5.times.10.sup.-2, or 3.times.10.sup.-2 percent or less at any
longitudinal position along the final preform.
[0045] Variations in a preform's OD result in variations in the
core-cladding geometry of the final fiber. The variations in
core-cladding geometry occur, because fiber drawing is controlled
by the OD of the preform. Preforms with lower ovalities produce
fibers with a more uniform core-cladding ODs. This better control
of the core-cladding OD is increasingly important as the ratio of
deposited cladding to core material decreases.
[0046] Preforms produced by processes 50 and 30 have very low
levels of [OH]. For example, levels of [OH] impurities can be below
about 2 ppm and even below 0.2 ppm in overcladding tubes produced
by the process 30. Optical fibers made with these overcladding
tubes can have light absorption levels of about 0.4
decibels/kilometer (dB/km) at 1.385 microns and levels of about 0.2
dB/km at 1.55 microns. These low absorption levels enable using
such fibers for optical transmission applications over the whole
wavelength range between about 1.31 and 1.55 microns.
[0047] Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those
skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and
practice of the invention disclosed herein.
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