U.S. patent application number 10/610742 was filed with the patent office on 2004-01-08 for rapid method to make op detoxifying sponges composed of multiple immobilized enzymes of cholinesterases and op hydrolases and oximes as reactivators.
Invention is credited to Doctor, Bhupendra P., Feaster, Shawn R., Gordon, Richard K., LeJeune, Keith, Lenz, David, Maxwell, Donald, Ross, Michelle, Russell, Alan, Saxena, Ashima.
Application Number | 20040005681 10/610742 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22447355 |
Filed Date | 2004-01-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040005681 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gordon, Richard K. ; et
al. |
January 8, 2004 |
Rapid method to make OP detoxifying sponges composed of multiple
immobilized enzymes of cholinesterases and OP hydrolases and oximes
as reactivators
Abstract
A material comprising a porous support and a plurality of
enzymes for the removal, decontamination or neutralization of
hazardous chemicals such as OP compounds is disclosed. The material
may be used on a variety of surfaces, including natural, synthetic
and biological surfaces such as skin and other delicate membranes.
Also disclosed is a process of making the material, kits and
various methods and reactivation devices for reactivating the
enzymatic activity of the material.
Inventors: |
Gordon, Richard K.;
(Potomac, MD) ; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; (Potomac,
MD) ; Saxena, Ashima; (Fairfax, VA) ; Feaster,
Shawn R.; (Damascus, MD) ; Maxwell, Donald;
(Baltimore, MD) ; Ross, Michelle; (Edgewood,
MD) ; Lenz, David; (Bel Air, MD) ; LeJeune,
Keith; (Pittsburgh, PA) ; Russell, Alan;
(Wexford, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP
P.O. BOX 34385
WASHINGTON
DC
20043-9998
US
|
Family ID: |
22447355 |
Appl. No.: |
10/610742 |
Filed: |
July 2, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10610742 |
Jul 2, 2003 |
|
|
|
09558512 |
Apr 26, 2000 |
|
|
|
6642037 |
|
|
|
|
60130987 |
Apr 26, 1999 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/175 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A62D 2101/02 20130101;
A62D 3/02 20130101; A61L 2/235 20130101; C08G 2110/0083 20210101;
A61L 2/16 20130101; A62D 2101/28 20130101; A62D 3/00 20130101; C08G
18/10 20130101; C12N 11/04 20130101; A62D 2101/26 20130101; C12N
11/18 20130101; C08G 18/10 20130101; C08G 18/3821 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/175 |
International
Class: |
C12N 011/18 |
Claims
1. A polymeric sponge or foam for the removal, decontamination,
detoxification and/or neutralization of a hazardous compound
comprising a plurality of enzymes immobilized on a polymeric porous
support, said plurality capable of detoxifying organophosphorous
and/or organosulfur compounds.
2. The polymeric sponge or foam of claim 1 wherein said plurality
of enzymes comprises at least one enzyme selected from the group
consisting of: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase
(BChE), triesterase, pseudocholinesterase, organophosphate
hydrolase (OPH), phosphotriesterase, paraoxonase and OP hydrolyzing
enzymes.
3. The polymeric sponge or foam of claim 1 wherein said porous
support comprises polyurethane.
4. The polymeric sponge or foam of claim 1 further comprising
carbon embedded or integrated on or in the porous support.
5. The polymeric sponge or foam of claim 1 further comprising a
reactivation compound, material or device embedded or integrated on
or in or attached to the porous support.
6. The polymeric sponge or foam of claim 5 wherein said
reactivation compound, material or device comprises HI-6, TMB4, or
mono-bisquaternary oximes.
7. A method of making a polymeric sponge or foam for the removal,
decontamination, detoxification and/or neutralization of a
hazardous compound comprising immobilizing a plurality of enzymes
immobilized on a polymeric porous support, said plurality capable
of detoxifying organophosphorous and/or organosulfur compounds.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the plurality of enzymes comprises
at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of:
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE),
triesterase, pseudocholinesterase, organophosphate hydrolase (OPH),
phosphotriesterase, paraoxonase and OP hydrolyzing enzymes.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of immobilizing comprises
mixing said mixture with a polyurethane prepolymer.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said polyurethane prepolymer
comprises a diisocyanate.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the diisocyanate is tolyl
diisocyanate.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein equal parts of said plurality and
said polyurethane prepolymer are simultaneously mixed.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of mixing is conducted
with an apparatus having a first chamber and a second chamber.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said first chamber contains said
plurality and said second chamber contains a polyurethane
prepolymer.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said mixing comprises extruding
equal parts of said plurality and said polyurethane prepolymer
rapidly and evenly through a static mixing stator.
16. A polymeric sponge or foam for the removal, decontamination,
detoxification and/or neutralization of a hazardous compound made
by the method of any one of claims 7-15.
17. A method of reactivating a polymeric sponge or foam of claim 1
comprising contacting said polymeric sponge or foam with at least
one compound selected from the group consisting of: HI-6, TMB4, and
mono-bisquarternary oximes.
18. A method for treating a contaminated surface comprising,
contacting the surface with the sponge of claim 1 to detoxifying
organophosphorous and/or organosulfur compounds present on the
surface.
19. The method of claim 18 further comprising contacting the sponge
with an oxime.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the oxime is HI-6 or 2-PAM.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the sponge additionally
contains activated carbon and/or resin.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the sponge contains activated
carbon.
23. A kit for the removal, decontamination, detoxification and/or
neutralization of a hazardous chemical comprising a polymeric
sponge or foam of claim 1.
24. A kit according to claim 23 further comprises a compound for
the reactivation of enzyme in an amount sufficient to displace
covalently attached organophosphorous compounds from the enzyme
active site by nucleophilic attack.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to materials, compositions, kits and
methods for neutralizing, detoxifying or decontaminating equipment
and/or personnel exposed to organophosphorous and organosulfur
compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Methods for decontamination, neutralization and removal of
chemicals, such as organophosphorous and organosulfur (OP refers to
both) compounds, herbicides and insecticides, are known in the art.
However, the compositions and devices utilized in the prior art
methods have undesirable properties, such as corrosiveness,
flammability, toxicity, difficulty in making and storing, and
limited shelf-life.
[0003] For example, DS2, a standard decontamination agent,
comprises 70% diethylenetriamine, 28% ethylene glycol monomethyl
ether, and 2% NaOH by weight. Although DS2 is effective, it is
corrosive upon exposure to air. DS2 and any matter resulting from
its use is classified and regulated as hazardous material. After an
application, the DS2 must stand for 30 minutes before rinsing the
treated area with water. Additionally, DS2 comprises a
teratogen.
[0004] Some decontamination methods employ hypochlorite
formulations which are corrosive and toxic and injure humans and
sensitive tissues such as eyes. Other methods comprise incinerating
the contaminated material and utilizing carbon filters to absorb
the residual chemicals. Yet other methods utilize polymer beads or
microemulsions which absorb the chemical and must be rinsed away.
These methods are inherently dangerous, expensive and generate
hazardous waste. Furthermore, as many of these compositions and
compounds utilized degrade upon exposure to water and carbon
dioxide, these compositions and compounds must be used the same day
they are made.
[0005] Some in vivo methods employ cholinesterases in the presence
of nucleophilic oximes to detoxify OP compounds. This enzyme
bioscavenger approach is effective against a variety of OP
compounds in rodents and nonhuman primates. For example,
pretreatment of rhesus monkeys with fetal bovine serum
acetylcholinesterase (FBS-AChE) or horse serum
butyrylcholinesterase (Eq-BChE) confers protection against up to 5
LD.sub.50 of soman, a highly toxic OP nerve agent. Although, the
use of an enzyme as a single pretreatment drug for OP toxicity is
sufficient to provide complete protection to an individual subject,
a relatively large (stoichiometric) amount of the enzyme is
required to neutralize the OP compound in vivo. Therefore,
OP/enzyme stoichiometry is increased by combining enzyme
pretreatment with oxime reactivation so that the catalytic activity
of OP inhibited FBS-ACHE is rapidly and continuously restored, and
the OP compound is detoxified.
[0006] Clearly, a need for better methods and devices for
neutralizing, detoxifying, decontaminating and cleaning materials,
equipment and personnel exposed to OP compounds exists.
[0007] Recently, OP detoxifying compounds, devices and methods
thereof, which allow the safe, effective and convenient
detoxification of highly toxic compounds not possible by the prior
art, have been developed. These environmentally friendly compounds,
devices and methods are disclosed hereinbelow.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides materials, compositions, kits
and methods for neutralizing, detoxifying or decontaminating
equipment and/or personnel exposed to OP compounds.
[0009] In one embodiment, the invention relates to a material
comprising a mixture of enzymes and substrates for the removal,
decontamination and neutralization of OP compounds including those
directed against humans. The mixture of enzymes utilized comprises
cholinesterases (ChEs) and/or OP hydrolases and reactivators, such
as oximes which includes mono-disquartemary oximes. The material
may comprise a flexible or rigid porous support. The porous support
may be a polyurethane matrix or equivalent.
[0010] For example, the porous support may be a flexible
sponge-like substance or like material, wherein the enzymes are
secured by immobilization. Depending on the polyurethane prepolymer
or substrate utilized, porous supports of varying degrees of
flexibility and porosity may be obtained. The porous support may be
formed into various shapes, sizes and densities, depending on need
and the shape of the mold. For example, the porous support may be
formed into a typical household sponge or a towelette. The
preferred dimensions of the sponge are 1 ".times.2".times.8" to
2".times.4".times.8". The preferred dimensions of the towelette are
4".times.4".times.0.25" to 4".times.4".times.0.03125" to
14".times.14".times.0.0625". However, during large-scale synthesis,
the dimensions of the initial immobilized enzyme product might be
large. For example, approximately 4 feet by 8 feet rolls could be
produced and sized as appropriate and described above. The
sponge-like support would be preferable for use on surfaces,
including natural, synthetic and biological surfaces such as
equipment, laboratory hardware, devices, skin and other delicate
membranes, where decontamination of a rough or irregular surface is
desired or where the prior art decontamination materials are
incompatible with human tissue. For example, the materials may be
used to clean and decontaminate wounds as it is non-toxic and the
immobilized enzymes will not leach into a wound. Therefore, the
sponges could be used to decontaminate civilians contaminated by a
terrorist attack at a public event.
[0011] If an object and/or area to be neutralized or decontaminated
comprises cracks, crevices, porous or uneven surfaces, a foam-like
support is suitable. Application of small quantities may be done
with a spray-bottle or spray can with an appropriate nozzle.
Further, foam may be selected so that it can be dispensed into the
opening of sensitive equipment or an orifice of a subject, such as
the ear canal. If a large area is contaminated, an apparatus that
dispenses a large quantity of foam may be utilized.
[0012] The foam-like support may dissipate after a period of time
like shaving cream or it may cure into a stable and flexible
sponge-like support. The dissipating foam may be applied on living
subjects. The foam, which cures, may be applied around an object
and contain the contamination within the foam. Once the foam cures,
the object may be handled and moved without further exposure to the
hazardous chemical.
[0013] When necessary, the material may also comprise a rigid and
porous support. The rigid material can be ground into a powder and
added to lotions, soaps and other liquids for application.
Likewise, the flexible material, supra, may be appropriately
treated to render it suitable for use in lotions, soaps and other
liquids.
[0014] The material may also be in the form of a filter for
neutralizing, detoxifying or decontaminating gases such as air.
Additionally, the material may be in a form suitable for use as
clothing or linings of clothing. Furthermore, the material may be
used to decontaminate water by placing the material in water and
then removing it from the water.
[0015] In another embodiment, the material can be color-coded
according to the specific substance it may neutralize, detoxify or
decontaminate. The color or color scheme could be selected to
indicate enzymatic concentration, activity and/or remaining
shelf-life or range thereof.
[0016] As disclosed herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will
appreciate the various materials and their uses as contemplated by
the inventors. All of these forms may be appropriately combined
with carbon for further absorption of OP compounds. The carbon may
be embedded or incorporated within the porous support of the
material or the carbon may be a layer, filter or other to be used
in conjunction with the material. Additionally, a slow release
form, such as a dry capsule, pellet, liposome or other, of a
reactivating compound and OP reacting compounds such as certain
oximes like Hl-6 and mono-bisquaternary oximes such as pralidoxime
chloride (2-PAM) may be embedded or incorporated within the porous
support of the material.
[0017] A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a material
wherein AChE and/or BChE are simultaneously immobilized with OP
hydrolases on or within the porous support during synthesis of the
material. Preferably, the enzymes are immobilized through covalent
linkages. The enzymes may be of prokaryotic or eukaryotic origin.
The enzymes may be contained within the cell or cell free. The
enzymes may be of recombinant origin. Other enzymes capable of
hydrolyzing hazardous chemicals such as OP compounds may be
employed, for example laccase. Additionally, other OP hydrolyzing
enzymes would ensure rapid and complete destruction of any toxic
intermediate (for example, phosphoryloximes) that might be
generated during the decontaminaiton process. Likewise, enzymes
such as triesterase may be used for the decontamination of
pesticides in a similar manner as herein described. Preferred
enzymes are those that may be reactivated.
[0018] The materials of the invention may be placed in containers
to complete decontamination the OP compounds on the materials.
[0019] In another embodiment, the invention relates to the process
of making a material, for the removal, decontamination or
neutralization of hazardous chemicals such as OP compounds,
comprising a mixture of enzymes immobilized on a porous support. In
this embodiment, a mixture of enzymes and a prepolymer are gently
and evenly mixed together with minimal degradation of the biotype
component so that the resulting immobilized enzyme may effectively
decontaminate, neutralize or detoxify an amount of an OP compound.
The device utilized folds the components into one another. This is
a low shear process. During synthesis of the material by prior art
methods, for example a mixing drill, the enzymes utilized are
subjected to fluid forces or shear stress. Use of a device that
gently folds the components into one another greatly reduces these
fluid forces or shear stress, and is the preferred device for
enzymes, specifically enzymes that are sensitive to the high shear
forces of the drill mixing device. Additionally use of additives
such as surface-acting polymers, e.g. P-65, or low concentrations
of glycerol protects against enzyme denaturation induced by shear
forces, and modifies the final properties of the sponge to obtain
the desired porosity and absorbent qualities.
[0020] In a preferred process of making the material, a two chamber
apparatus is utilized. See FIG. 11A and B. One chamber contains a
mixture of enzymes and the other chamber contains the prepolymer.
The mixture of enzymes and the prepolymer are simultaneously
extruded at a 1:1 ratio and mixed. Preferably, the mixture of
enzymes and the prepolymer are rapidly and evenly extruded through
a static mixing stator which gently and evenly mixes the enzymes
and prepolymer. A preferred low shear device is a double chamber
syringe and a static mixing stator typically used to mix viscous
polyurethanes or epoxy glues. The size of the apparatus may vary
depending on need. It may be pocketsize for use in the field by
soldiers. Alternatively, the apparatus may be suitable for
large-scale production and/or decontamination of a large objects or
area. The low shear mixing device more than doubles the resultant
ACHE or BCHE immobilized enzyme activity when compared to an
identical mixture prepared with the high shear device.
[0021] The invention further relates to various materials, methods
and devices for reactivating the enzymatic activity of the
material. These materials, methods and devices will allow a person
to use the decontamination material of the invention for several
separate uses and/or for a single and continuous use, which would
normally require several decontamination materials but for
reactivation of the enzymatic activity of the immobilized enzymes.
Additionally, these materials, methods and devices allow for
complete decontamination and/or neutralization of excess OP
compounds absorbed by the porous support but did not react with the
immobilized enzymes. These methods and reactivation materials
employ substrates and/or oximes, to reactivate the catalytic
activity of the OP inhibited and immobilized enzymes.
[0022] The invention further relates to various materials and
additives that are added to the embodiment to aid in the removal
and decontamination of organophosphate from surfaces such as
cracks, crevices, porous or uneven surfaces such as clothes and
biological surfaces that readily absorb the organophosphates or
pesticides such as skin. The additives are used in conjunction with
the sponge material and may be incorporated within the porous
support of the material. The additives may be in a dry or liquid
form, and may be organophosphate solubilizing compounds such as
triacetin or tetraglyme, or oximes, which both aid in
decontaminating and reactivating enzymes.
[0023] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a variety of
kits. Along with the sponge containing a plurality of enzymes
needed for the decontamination of organophosphorous and/or sulfur
compounds the kit may include materials which would facilitate or
be deemed necessary for the decontamination process. Kits may also
include polymeric materials and enzymes if the foam is transient in
nature, e.g. the prepolymer, a stable enzyme mixture and a low
shear apparatus for making an organophosphorous and/or organosulfur
decontamination foam. The kits may contain items to facilitate the
use of the device, e.g. instructions, containers, test tubes,
etc.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] This invention is further understood by reference to the
drawings wherein:
[0025] FIG. 1A illustrates the modeled surfaces of
acetylcholinesterase, butyrycholinesterase and
phosphotriesterase.
[0026] FIG. 1B illustrates the modeled surface of laccase.
[0027] FIG. 2 shows a cured material.
[0028] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the specific reaction of
the enzymes with prepolymer and the product polyurethane
crosslinked ChE.
[0029] FIG. 4 shows the linear correlation between the amount of
BChE added during synthesis of the material and the amount of BChE
in the final material.
[0030] FIG. 5 shows the increasing amounts of BSA added during
synthesis to a constant amount of AChE and TDI polymer.
[0031] FIGS. 6A and B illustrates that the materials maintained
enzymatic stability for more than 12 months at 25.degree. and
45.degree. C. and 3 years at 4.degree. C. for AChE (A) and
BChE(B).
[0032] FIG. 7 shows that the material maintained enzymatic activity
after consecutive washes.
[0033] FIG. 8 shows a substrate concentration dependent curve for
soluble and polyurethane coupled AChE.
[0034] FIG. 9 illustrates the pH range of soluble and immobilized
ACHE.
[0035] FIG. 10 shows the relative activities of co-immobilized ChEs
and OPHs.
[0036] FIGS. 11A and B shows a version of a manual mixing gun and a
disposable mixing stator.
[0037] FIG. 12 illustrates how oximes reactivate
alkylphosphorylated ChE.
[0038] FIG. 13A illustrates the enzyme activity of immobilized
FBS-AChE. FIG. 13B illustrates the enzyme activity of immobilized
Eq-BChE.
[0039] FIG. 14 represents inhibition of foam-immobilized FBS-AChE
by DFP and reactivation by HI-6.
[0040] FIG. 15 represents inhibition of foam-immobilized Eq-BChE by
DFP and reactivation by TMB4.
[0041] FIG. 16 shows restoration of the original sponge activity
with HI-6.
[0042] FIGS. 17 (A, B and C) shows the protection afforded by
sponge with various additives, i.e. tetraglyme (A), HI-6 (B) and
2-PAM (C).
[0043] FIG. 18 shows the capacity of the resulting carbon sponge
for binding methylene blue.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0044] Enzymes have been incorporated in hypo-based urethane foam
during polymer synthesis. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,834.
Hypoprepolymer is synthesized from a reaction of polyether (or
polyester) polyol with isocyanates in the presence of cross-linking
agents. See Havens, P. L., et al., Ind Eng Chem Res (1993)
32:2254-2258; U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,200; LeJeune, K. E., et al.,
Biotechnology and Bioengineering (1999) 20;62(6):659-665. Synthesis
is initiated by bringing water molecules into contact with
isocyanate groups present within the polyurethane prepolymer.
[0045] A two-step procedure occurs from this point. Isocyanates
react with water to form an unstable carbonic acid, which in turn
degrades to an amine yielding CO.sub.2 that gives the porous
support lift and enables it to rise. The amines readily react with
isocyanate groups, leading to production of urea type linkages.
Since the enzyme contains multiple functional groups, such as
amines and hydroxyls that can react with isocyanates, the enzyme
becomes an integral part of the porous support during synthesis.
Significant quantities of enzyme can link to the porous support
without disrupting the progress of polymer synthesis. The reaction
occurring during the polymer synthesis is shown below.
[0046] 1. CO.sub.2 Evolution: 1
[0047] 2. Urea Linkage: 2
[0048] 3. Amine Group Enzyme Immobilization: 3
[0049] 4. Hydroxyl Group Enzyme Immobilization: 4
[0050] The following list of enzymes and chemicals are examples of
those suitable for use in the instant invention:
[0051] Acetylcholinesterase (AChE);
[0052] Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE);
[0053] Pseudocholinesterase;
[0054] Organophosphate hydrolases (OPH);
[0055] Phosphotriesterase;
[0056] Pseudomonas diminuta bacterial OPH (paraoxonase);
[0057] Laccases;
[0058] Organophosphate acid anhydrase (OPAA)
[0059] Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM):
[0060] 7-(methoxyphosphinyloxy)-1-methylquinolium iodide
(MEPQ),
[0061] Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP);
[0062] Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATC);
[0063] S-butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTC);
[0064] 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB);
[0065] N,N'-trimethylene bis(pyridinium-4-aldoxime) dibromide
(TMB4); and
[0066]
1-(2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinium)-1-(4-carboxyaminopyridinium)--
dimethylether hydrochloride (Hl-6).
[0067] The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to
limit the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Determination of Possible Enzyme Interference
[0068] As polyether prepolymer derived from tolyl diisocyanate
(TDI), reacts most favorably with free aliphatic amines such as
lysine and arginine present on the surface of the ChEs (or any
protein) to become a permanent cross-linked part of the material,
computer aided molecular modeling of the enzymes was performed to
highlight the available amino groups on the surface of each enzyme,
and to determine whether the coupling of these groups to a porous
support would interfere with enzymatic function. This may be
performed on every enzyme for which its crystal structure is known,
or enzymes which may be modeled by homology.
[0069] FIG. 1A illustrates the modeled surfaces of
acetylcholinesterase, butyrycholinesterase and phosphotriesterase
and shows the lysine and arginine residues on the surface of the
ChEs which are available for coupling to the prepolymer. This was
generated by Insight II, molecular modeling software, by Biosym
Technologies. Based on the molecular modeling, there are at least
one lysine and 29 arginine water-accessible residues on the surface
of FBS-ACHE to couple to the porous support, while 26 lysine and 26
arginine residues were modeled for equine-BChE. The majority of the
lysine and arginine residues were found on the backside of the
ChEs, and only a few are found on the side of the enzyme where the
catalytic site gorge is located. The rim and the catalytic site
gorge opening of both ACHE and BChE appeared to be essentially
devoid of lysine and arginine. Therefore, coupling these enzymes to
the porous support should have minimal effect on the entrance of
substrate, inhibitors such as OPs, or reactivators such as oximes
which includes mono-disquarternary oximes, release of products of
catalysis to and from the active site, and the kinetic rates of the
enzymes. Similarly, a model of the surface of laccase (FIG. 1B) is
shown with available residues to couple covalently to the
prepolymer.
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of an Enzyme Bound Polyurethane Material
[0070] A typical synthesis of the material comprises mixing enzymes
in phosphate buffer containing 1% (final concentration) surfactant
with prepolymer. Polyether prepolymer derived from tolyl
diisocyanate (TDI), Hypol prepolymer TDI 3000 (Hampshire Chemical,
Lexington, Mass.), and Pluronic P-65 surfactant (BASF Specialty
Chemicals, Parsippany, N.J.) were used. The 2-phase system is mixed
and placed into a suitable mold and left to cure. FIG. 2 shows a
cured material which comprises a sponge-like support.
[0071] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the specific reaction of
the enzymes with prepolymer. Synthesis begins when H.sub.2O
molecules react with the isocyanate groups present within the
polyurethane prepolymer. Isocyanate reacts with the water to form
an unstable carbonic acid, which degrades to an amine yielding
CO.sub.2. The CO.sub.2 causes the polymer to rise and become
porous, and simultaneously the amines readily react with the
isocyanate groups leading to urea linkages. While the amino groups
are the preferred reaction site between the enzyme(s) and the
prepolymer, hydroxyl (OH) groups are also available to interact
within the reaction buffer, e.g. H.sub.2O and on the enzyme(s).
[0072] Since the ChE contains amines that are on the surface and
available to react with the isocyanate groups, they can become an
integral part of the polyurethane support during synthesis. There
is no significant entrapment of the enzyme in the material as found
with cyclodextrins, or physical adsorption of the enzymes, as
observed with activated carbon. The inclusion of a surfactant such
as Pluronic P-65 at about 1% final concentration controls the final
structure and absorption potential of the material.
[0073] To create a material comprising a porous polyurethane
support, approximately 30 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0,
containing P-65 surfactant buffer, was placed in a 600 mL plastic
beaker. 3 to 5 mL of either purified FBS-AChE (7500 units) or
purified Eq-BChE (5000 units) was added, followed by approximately
40 gm of Hypo 3000 prepolymer (tolyl diisocyanate). The two-phase
system was mixed and the material was allowed to expand for 10 min,
extruded from the container. The material was washed thoroughly
with 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, dried and stored in a zippered
bag at 4.degree. C. for future use.
EXAMPLE 3
Characteristics of Synthesized Material
[0074] Approximately 20-90% of the enzymes were covalently linked
to the porous support through free amino- or hydroxyl groups. This
was determined by the presence of enzyme in first and second washes
of the material.
[0075] Since the enzymes can be attAChEd at multiple points, they
become a part of the cross-linked polymer support. The cross-linked
polymer support imparts considerable stability to the bound
enzymes. A large quantity of enzyme can be incorporated into a
small polyurethane support, thereby rendering the cross-linked
polymer support a highly effective material for
decontamination.
[0076] A. Enzymatic Activity.
[0077] Five samples of materials containing FBS-ACHE and five
samples of materials containing Eq-BChE, ranging in weight from 1
to 40 mg, were suspended in 2.8 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH
8.0, and assayed using the method of Ellman. See ElIman, G. L., et
al., (1961) Biochem Pharmacol. 7:88-95. A linear correlation was
found between the weight of the sponge and enzyme activity for both
FBS-ACHE and Eq-BChE immobilizations. See FIGS. 13A and B. The
linear correlation between the weight of the material and enzyme
activity indicates a uniform immobilization of AChE or BChE
throughout the material.
[0078] The material was washed with either 50 mM phosphate buffer,
distilled water, or 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate without affecting
substrate hydrolysis. Therefore, the mixing of prepolymer,
surfactant, and enzyme in situ at 22.degree. C. yields a useful and
effective material retaining about 50% of the original activity of
soluble ChE.
[0079] B. Protein Loading Capacity.
[0080] The material has a significantly higher loading capacity for
ChEs such as BChE or ACHE. The final activity of the BChE
immobilized in the material could be increased by adding larger
quantities of enzyme during synthesis. See FIG. 4. When nonspecific
protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) was added to a constant amount
of purified AChE, there was no reduction in ChE activity. See FIG.
5. Thus, higher potency materials may be synthesized with
additional proteins, enzymes and other ChEs. Additionally,
materials effective against a diverse array of OP compounds may be
readily synthesized by with combinations of multiple enzymes or a
plurality of enzymes.
[0081] C. Enzymatic Stability.
[0082] As illustrated by FIG. 6, the immobilized ChE and OP
hydrolase maintained enzymatic stability for more than 12 months at
25.degree. C. and 45.degree. C., respectively. If the material is
frozen in liquid nitrogen, most of the original activity remains.
TDI imparts remarkable stability to the immobilized ChE; about 50%
of the original activity of the immobilized ACHE and 20% of the
activity of the immobilized BChE remained after 16 hours at
80.degree. C., conditions under which the soluble enzymes would
exhibit no activity. The ChE materials can be exhaustively dried
under vacuum at 22.degree. C. and then rehydrated without loss of e
nzyme activity. When ACHE or BChE materials were exhaustively
washed and assayed for activity, the wash and assay cycle repeated
more than twenty times over three days, no decrease in activity
occurred. See FIG. 7. This indicates that the material may be used
repeatedly.
[0083] These results also demonstrate that the ChEs are covalently
cross-linked in the porous support and that the ChEs will not leach
out to skin, water, or equipment. Therefore, once the immobilized
enzymes bind an OP compound the OP is removed from the surface
requiring decontamination.
[0084] D. Kinetic Constants.
[0085] The number of active sites of either the immobilized or
soluble ChEs was determined by titration with the organophosphorous
compound MEPQ, 7-(methylethoxyphosphinyloxy)-1-methylquinolinium
iodide. The bimolecular rate constants for the inhibition of AChE
material and BChE material and the respective soluble enzymes by
MEPQ at 25.degree. C. showed that there was no significant
difference between the soluble and covalently bound enzymes. See
Table 1. These
1TABLE 1 Time-Dependent Inhibition of ChEs by MEPQ Enzyme
Bimolecular rate constant ChE Form (M.sup.-1 min.sup.-1) .+-. SD
FBS-AChE soluble 1.59 .+-. 0.52 .times. 10.sup.8 coupled to 1.00
.+-. 0.28 .times. 10.sup.8 sponge Equine-BChE soluble 4.15 .+-.
0.78 .times. 10.sup.7 coupled to 4.21 .+-. 2.00 .times. 10.sup.7
sponge
[0086] results demonstrate that the immobilized and soluble forms
of ChEs interact with the OP compounds similarly. Therefore,
enzymatic activity assays which are generally available and known
in the art may be used.
[0087] An initial rates method using a modified Ellman's assay was
used to determine the parameters K.sub.m, k.sub.cat, and
k.sub.cat/K.sub.m for immobilized and soluble AChE and BChE. The
number of active sites of either the coupled or soluble ChEs was
determined by titration with MEPQ. As shown in Table 2 and FIG. 8
for AChE, the Km values for the immobilized ChEs were about 10-fold
greater than the corresponding soluble enzymes, and the k.sub.cat
values were less dramatically affected. The combined effects on
affinity for substrate and k.sub.cat resulted in approximately a 20
to 50-fold decrease in acylation (k.sub.cat/K.sub.m).
Interestingly, while soluble BChE lacked substrate inhibition,
immobilized BChE yielded substrate inhibition. These results
suggest that covalent binding of surface residues of ChEs to the
porous support changed some properties of the active site region of
the bound enzymes directly or indirectly.
2TABLE 2 Kinetic parameters for soluble and polyurethane coupled
ChEs. Substrate K.sub.m K.sub.ss K.sub.cat K.sub.cat/K.sub.m Enzyme
Form inhibition (mM) (mM) B (min.sup.-1) (M.sup.-1 min.sup.-1)
FBS-AChE Soluble yes 0.119 18 -- 2.8 .times. 10.sup.5 2.5 .times.
10.sup.9 immobilized yes 1.090 22 -- 5.9 .times. 10.sup.4 5.4
.times. 10.sup.7 Equine-BChE Soluble no 0.127 1.5 1.8 3.1 .times.
10.sup.4 2.4 .times. 10.sup.8 immobilized yes 1.200 16 -- 1.8
.times. 10.sup.4 1.5 .times. 10.sup.7 Determined in 50 mM
phosphate, pH 8 at 25.degree. C using an initial rates method.
Calculated from V.sub.max and the active site concentration of ChE
that was determined by MEPQ titration. Values were calculated.sup.2
using modified Haldane equations, and the special case where b = 0.
The best fit between the two was determined using an F test, where
significance was defined as p < 0.05.
[0088] Generally, immobilized cholinesterases or OP hydrolyzing
enzymes exhibit between the same to 10 fold greater K.sub.m values
than the corresponding soluble enzymes. In addition to the
cholinesterases, OPH (derived from Pseudomonas diminuta, FIG. 19A)
shows about a 10-fold increase in Km because a shift to the right
is also observed in the immobilized (sponge) form when determined
using the substrate paraoxon. On the other hand, OPAA (derived from
Alteromonas, FIG. 19B), shows little change in Km for the substrate
paraoxon.
[0089] E. pH of Soluble and Immobilized Enzymes.
[0090] The pH profiles of immobilized and soluble ACHE are
identical and the enzymes exhibit activity throughout the broad pH
range of 7-8.5. See FIG. 9. Since the pH profiles of soluble
cholinesterases and OP hydrolases have optimal activities in this
same pH range, the materials may be optimized and diversified by
employing a plurality of these multiple enzymes immobilized on or
within a porous support.
EXAMPLE 4
Immobilization of a Plurality of Enzymes
[0091] ChEs were co-immobilized with bacterial OP hydrolase
(OPH.sub.B) and/or rabbit serum OP hydrolase (OPH.sub.R). There was
no reduction in the enzymatic activities of ACHE or BCHE
co-immobilized with OPH as compared to the enzymatic activities of
each of these enzymes individually immobilized. See FIG. 10.
Additionally, there was no reduction in the enzymatic activity of
co-immobilized OPH. Therefore, a plurality of enzymes, which each
enzyme differentially reacts with various OP compounds, may be
selected and utilized in a material to create a decontamination
material effective against a wide range of OP compounds.
EXAMPLE 5
Rapid Mixing Synthesis
[0092] By utilizing a method of syntheses modified from the
adhesive industry (CPA, Greenville, R.I. 02828) shear forces which
decrease enzymatic activity are reduced. See FIG. 11. In this
method, the enzyme is not in an organic buffer as required in some
immobilization techniques. This results in less air-induced
shearing, thereby maintaining enzymatic activity. This method is
also simple to conduct, rapid and reproducible. The low shear
mixing device more than doubles the resultant AChE and/or BChE
immobilized enzyme activity when compared to an identical mixture
prepared with the high shear device such as a mixing drill. See
Table 3.
3 TABLE 3 Technique AChE Activity U/mg High shear mixing drill
0.100 Low shear 2-chamber device 0.270
Example 6
Inhibition of Immobilized FBS-BChE with DFP and Reactivation with
HI-6
[0093] 100 mg samples of immobilized FBS-AChE were incubated with
varying concentrations of DFP in 2 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH
8.0, for 1 hour at 25.degree. C. In parallel experiments, 1 mM HI-6
was added to the same amount of material and DFP. Residual DFP in
the samples was measured by adding a 0.5 mL aliquot of the reaction
mixture to 0.5 mL of a fresh 1 U/mL solution of FBS-AChE,
incubating for 1 hour, and assaying 10 Tl aliquots using the Ellman
procedure. The results are shown in FIG. 14.
[0094] The inhibition of FBS-AChE activity by DFP was proportional
to the stoichiometric amount of DFP added to the foam suspended in
buffer. The presence of 1 mM HI-6 nearly completely prevented
enzyme inhibition by DFP. This indicates that immobilized FBS-AChE
may be repeatedly reused after reactivating the enzyme with an
oxime solution such as HI-6.
[0095] FIG. 12 illustrates how oximes may reactivate
alkylphosphorylated ChE activity.
EXAMPLE 7
Inhibition of Immobilized Eq-BChE with DFP and Reactivation with
TMB4
[0096] 50 mg samples of immobilized Eq-BChE were incubated with
varying concentrations of DFP in 2 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH
8.0, for 18 hours at 25.degree. C. In parallel experiments, 1 mM
TMB4 was added to the same amount of material and DFP. Residual DFP
in the samples was determined by adding a 0.5 mL aliquot of the
reaction mixture to 0.5 mL of a fresh 1 U/mL solution of Eq-BChE,
incubating for 1 hour, and assaying 10 Tl aliquots using the Ellman
procedure.
[0097] TMB4 was used as a reactivator instead of HI-6, since TMB4
is a more efficient reactivator of inhibited Eq-BChE than is HI-6.
These results are shown in FIG. 15. As in Example 6, the foam-bound
Eq-BChE may be repeatedly reused after reactivating the enzyme with
an oxime solution such as TMB4.
EXAMPLE 8
Inhibition of Immobilized ACHE with the Organophosphate MEPQ and
Detoxification of the MEPQ and Reactivation of the Immobilized
Enzyme in the Presence of HI-6
[0098] 50 mg samples of immobilized acetylcholinesterase were
incubated with varying concentrations of MEPQ in 2 mL of 50 mM
phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 at 25.degree. C. for 1 hr. In the absence
of oxime HI-6, the sponge soaks up the MEPQ and is inactivated.
Addition of HI-6 reactivates the sponge's activity, and the MEPQ is
detoxified, and most of the original activity of the sponge
returns. Only at very high ratios of organophosphate (1000-fold
molar excess) is the process of binding, reactivation, and
detoxification not complete. However, fresh HI-6 can restore most
of the original activity once again. See FIG. 16.
EXAMPLE 9
Additives to the Sponge to Improve Decontamination of Soman (GD)
Contaminated Skin of Guinea Pigs
[0099] Sponges approximately 1 1/2.times.21/2.times.1/4
"(H.times.L.times.D) contained 9.0 mL of additive and a second
sponge contained 4.5 mL of additive. Each guinea pig was wiped with
the first sponge and then the second sponge after soman (GD)
exposure. Survival of the guinea pigs was determined after 24
hours, and the protective ratio determined. The protective ratio is
the ratio of the LD.sub.50 of the sponge containing an additive to
the LD.sub.50 of soman in the absence of sponge. Thus, the higher
the LD.sub.50, then the higher the protective ratio and the more
effective the sponge combination is for decontamination of guinea
pig skin and protecting the animal from the organophosphate. The
sponge was compared to the M291 kit (available from Truetech,
Inc.), the currently used decontamination kit fielded by the US
Army. As shown in the table, the sponges provide 4 to 5-fold better
protection than the M291 kit.
[0100] FIG. 17A shows the protection afforded by tetraglyme; FIG.
17B the protection afforded by HI-6, and FIG. 17C the protection
afforded by 2-PAM. The number on the top of each bar shows the
number of guinea pigs evaluated at the indicated dose of soman
(GD). For reference, the LD.sub.50 of soman on guinea pigs without
any effort to decontaminate is shown by the label "GP", while the
protection offered by the M291 kit is shown by "M291". Other
additives to the sponge such as triacetin also afforded some
additional protection compared to the M291 kit.
4 Additive to sponge LD.sub.50 Protective Ratio HI-6 (oxime, 50 mM)
79 8.0 2-PAM (oxime, 50 mM) 76 7.7 Tetraglyme (30%) 88 8.9
Reference values M291 decon kit 17.7 1.8 Soman alone 9.9 --
EXAMPLE 10.
Activated Carbon Containing Sponge.
[0101] 0.5-1 grams of activated carbon was added to about 4 mL of
the prepolymer prior to mixing with acetylcholinesterase (5 mL of
Electric eel, in 50 mM pH 8.0 phosphate buffer with 1% Pluronic
P-65) to produce an acetylcholinesterase immobilized carbon sponge.
The addition of carbon did not interfere with the immobilization of
the enzyme, as shown in the table. The capacity of the resulting
carbon sponge for binding methylene blue (an colorimetric indicator
for activated carbon or resin) is illustrated in the FIG. 18.
Therefore, comparison of the sponge with activated carbon to the
sponge lacking activated carbon demonstrates that it can bind about
2-fold more methylene blue at less than saturating
concentrations.
5 Activities of Sponges and Activated Carbon Relative Activity
Relative Activity (% control in to absorb Type of Sponge absence of
carbon) methylene blue Electric eel 100 % 1X AChE sponge Electric
eel 108 % 2X AChE sponge with Activated Carbon Activated -- 13X
Carbon not in the sponge
[0102] Incorporation by Reference
[0103] To the extent necessary to understand or complete the
disclosure of the present invention, all publications, patents, and
patent applications mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by
reference therein to the same extent as though each were
individually so incorporated.
* * * * *